暥帤楍専嶕(String Search)
乮拲乯暥帤楍専嶕偵偮偄偰偼僂傿儞僪僂偺儁乕僕専嶕婡擻偁傞偄偼儚乕僪偺暥帤楍専嶕婡擻傪偛棙梡偔偩偝偄丅
傾傾儘儞(Aaron)丗 儌乕僛僘(Moses)偺孼丄儐僟儎嫵嵟弶偺嵳巌挿丅
傾僀僟僽(Aydhab)丗 傾僀僟僽偼峠奀傪嫴傫偱僕僢僟偺懳娸偵偁傞傾僼儕僇増娸偺挰丅
乽傾僀儎僔偺椃偺報徾婰乿丗 17悽婭屻敿偺儌儘僢僐恖偺弰楃乮傾僀儎僔儕儔 僼僃僘(Al-Ayyashi Rihla Fez)乯偺報徾婰偼1898擭偵弌斉偝傟偨(Al-Ayyashi Rihla Fez 1316H or 1898A.D.)丅
傾僀儐乕僽挬 (Ayyubid)丗 僒儔僨傿乕儞 (Saladin) 偑惣楋1171 擭偵憂愝偟偨僀僗儔儉嫵偺墹挬偱僄僕僾僩, 僀僗儔儉嫵偺僔儕傾丄僷儗僗僠僫, 忋晹偺儊僜億僞儈傾 (Mesopotamia) 媦傃僀僄儊儞傪巟攝偟偨丅傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid) (1169 – 1249) 偺巟攝偱僄僕僾僩偼嫮椡側拞搶僀僗儔儉嫵孯偺婎斦偵側偭偨丅 1193 擭偵僒儔僨傿乕儞偺巰偱, 掗崙偼暘楐偟偨偑墹挬偼僩儖僐偺搝楆孯戉儅儉儖乕僋(Mamelukes) 偑椡傪埇偭偨惣楋1249 擭傑偱僄僕僾僩傪巟攝偟偨丅
傾僀儞(Al 'Ayn)丗 僫僕儔儞(Najran)杒晹偱傾儖 僈乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)乮昗崅1,794m乯偺傗傗撿搶丄儎僟儅乕(Yadamah)偐傜栺30km杒偺嶳嵐敊偵嵼傞乽愹乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偨愹偺偁傞晹棊丅
傾僀儞 僗僢僋儔乕(Ain Sukkrah丄梊尵幰偺愹)丗 偙傟偼僀僗儔儉埲慜偐傜偺屆戙偺愹偱偁傝丄僞僽僋(Tabuk)傊偺怤峌偺嵺偵梐尵幰儌僴儞儅僪(Prophet Mohammad)偑10擔娫埲忋傕偙偺愹嬤偔偵廻塩偟偙偺悈傪堸傫偱偄偨丅
乫傾僀儞 僼儚僀僘('Ayn Huwayz)丗 僈乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)乮昗崅1,794m乯偺10km埵搶偱傾僀儞(Al 'Ayn)偺彮偟杒惣偵偁傞嶳嵐敊偺拞偺晹棊偱乽岾塣偺愹乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
傾償傽(Ava)丗 儈儎儞儅乕(Myanmar)偺儅儞僟儗僀(Mandalay)廈偺挰偱僀儞儚(Innwa)偲傕屇偽傟丄僀儔儚僨傿愳(Irrawaddy River or Ayeyarwady River)偺娸曈偵偁傞傾儅儔僾儔巗(Amarapura)偺撿偵椬愙偟偰偄傞丅傾償傽(Ava)偼1364擭偐傜1841擭傑偱價儖儅(Burma)偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅
傾償傽僯乕(Avanies)丗 抏埑傗晄惓偺巆擡側峴堊(wanton act of oppression and injustice)丅
傾僂僌僗僩僁僗(Augustus)丗儘乕儅峜掗僆乕僈僗僞僗 僔乕僓乕(Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus, 63 B.C. - 14 A.D.) 偼僕儏儕傾僗 僔乕僓乕(Julius Caesar)(c.100-44 B.C.)偺屻宲幰偱丄儘乕儅偺弶戙峜掗(27 B.C – 14 A.D.)偱偁傝丄崙惌傪夵妚偟丄暥妛傪彠椼偟丄暥妛偺墿嬥帪戙傪嶌偭偨丅峜掗懻姤慜偼傾僂僌僗僩僁僗 僆僋僞償傿傾僰僗(Augustus Octavianus)偲屇偽傟偨丅傾僂僌僗僩僁僗偼乽悞崅側傞幰乿偵堄偺懜徧偱偁傞丅
愒偄嵒娾偲愒偄嵒丗 傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsular)偱傒傜傟傞嵒娾偺杦偳偼妼揝峼偺懡偄壴浖娾(Limonite Rich Granite)傪婲尮偲偟偰嫃傝丄傒偢傒偢偟偄愒偄怓傪偟偰偄傞丅崱擔丄愒偄嵒娾偼僒僇僇(Sakaka)丄僞僽僋(Tabuk)丄傾儖-乫僂儔(Al 'Ula)丄僞僀儅(Tayma)丄僴僀儖(Hayil)傗撿惣晹偺儚僨傿 傾僪 僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi Ad Dawasir)丄價乕儖 僸儅(Bir Hima)丄僞僩儕乕僗(Tatlith)丄價僔儍乕(Bishah)丄儎僟儅乕(Yadmah)丄僫僕儔儞(Najiran)摍偱尒傜傟傞丅偙偺愒偄嵒娾偺峀偑傝偼戝偒偔丄敿搰偺堦斣崅偄応強偱偁傞傾僽僴(Abha)偺僴僶儔乕(Habala)傗僜僂僟乕(As Soudah)偱傕尒傜傟傞偟丄敿搰拞墰晹僕僶儖 僥儏儚僀僌(Jibal Tuwaiq)偺壓晹憌偑抧昞偵尰傟偨儃僂儉嶳(Mt. Boum)晅嬤偱傕尒傜傟傞丅3枩3愮擭慜偐傜2枩4愮擭慜偺栆楏側塉偺崀傝懕偄偨帪戙偺屻丄傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsular)偼姡憞偟巒傔丄1枩5愮擭慜傑偱偵嵐敊忬懺偵側偭偨丅愒偄嵒娾偼姡憞偲嫟偵晽壔偝傟愒偄嵒偲側傝丄戩墇晽岦偵増偭偰堏摦偟偨丅偦偺戙昞揑側戝偒側愒偄懷偼杒偺僫僼僪嵐敊(Nafud)偐傜僟乕僫嵐敊(Dahna)傪捠偠偰撿偺儖僽 傾儖僇儕嵐敊(Rub' al Khali)傊偲墑傃偰偄傞丅
傾僈僒儖僠僨僗(Agatharchides)丗 彫傾僕傾撿惣晹偺僄乕僎奀偵柺偡傞抧曽偱偁傞僇儕傾(Caria)偵偁偭偨屆戙僊儕僔儍偺怉柉巗僋僯僪僗(Cnidos)偺傾僈僒儖僠僨僗乮婭尦慜170 -100擭崰乯偼暥朄妛幰偱丄抧棟妛幰偱楌巎挊弎偺嶌壠偱偁傝丄僄儕儏僩僁儔乕(Erythraean)奀偵娭偡傞榑暥傪5嶜偺杮偵傑偲傔偰偄傞丅傾僈僒儖僠僨僗偼擭榁偄偰傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偱庒偄崙墹僾僩儗儅僀僆僗 僜乕僥乕儖擇悽(Ptolemaeus Soter II)偺壠掚嫵巘傪柋傔偨偺偱丄僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀(Erythraean Sea)偺摿挜偲偦偺奀娸抧懷偵娭偡傞怣棅偱偒傞忣曬傪娙扨偵庤偵擖傟傞帠偑弌棃偨丅傾僈僒儖僠僨僗偑撿惣傾儔價傾偺僒僶墹崙(Sabaean Kingdom, 715BC - 570AD)偺晉偲斏塰偵偮偄偰嵟弶偵弎傋偨挊幰偱傕偁傝丄偦偺堊偵乽晉桾側(岾暉側)傾儔價傾(Arabian Felix)乿偲尵偆柤偑傾儔價傾敿搰偺偙偺晹暘傪巜偡條偵側偭偨丅
埄(madder)丗 傾僇僱壢偺枲惈懡擭憪丄嶳栰偵帺惗偟丄崻偼烌怓丄宻偼巐妏偔拞嬻偱灆偑偁傞丅奺愡偵巐梩傪椫惗偟丄廐偵敀怓偺彫壴傪晅偗傞丅崻偐傜愼椏傪嵦偭偨丅惗栻柤傪埄崻乮偣傫偙傫乯偲偄偄丄捠宱栻丄巭寣栻偵梡偄傜傟傞丅
傾僈僶僩(Al-'Aqabat)丗 僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偺忈暻偼傾儔價傾敿搰惣偺墢傪宍嶌傞掱丄崅偔戕偊偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺嶳乆偺椗慄偼暘悈椾偵惉偭偰嫃傝丄僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偵岦偐偭偰偼暻偺條偵媫偱偁傝丄嬻敀抧懷偵岦偐偭偰偼搶傊側偩傜偐偵壓偭偰偄傞丅僥傿僴儅乕偵岦偐偭偰壓偭偰偄傞媫孹幬偺扟偺忋棳晹暘傪傾僈僶僩(Al-'Aqabat)偲屇傫偱偍傝丄廧恖偼偙偙偐傜僥傿僴儅乕傊偲壓偭偰峴偔丅
傾僈僶僯(Aghabani or Kassideh)丗 對偲柸偺晜偒怐傝儌僗儕儞丅
傾僇儔儉恖(Akhlamu)丗 曻楺幰傪堄枴偡傞傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偲傕屇偽傟傞傾僇儔儉恖(Akhlamu)偼灦宍暥帤(Cuneiform)偵傛傞傾僢僇僪暥帤(Akkadian Alphabet)偱擲搚斅偵彂偐傟丄婭尦慜14悽婭崰偺弌棃帠傪婰弎偟偨傾儅儖僫暥彂乮Amarna letters乯偵嵟弶偵搊応偟偨丅偙偺傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偺懚嵼偼傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺僯僢僾儖(Nippur)傗僶僴儗僀儞(Bahrain)偺僨傿儖儉儞(Dilmun)偐傜弌搚偟偨堚暔偱傕徹柧偝傟偰偄傞丅傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺僔儍儖儅僱僙儖1悽(Shalmaneser I, 1274 BC - 1245 BC)偼僼儕儖恖偺墹崙儈僞儞僯(Mitanni)偺墹僔儍僣傾儔(Shattuara)傪懪偪攋傝丄偦偺僸僢僞僀僩(Hittite)偲傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偺彜恖払傪巟攝壓偵偍偄偨丅僄僕僾僩偱偼A僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偼僄僕僾僩岅偺曻楺幰傪堄枴偡傞僔儍僗(Shasu or Shsw)偲摨摍偱偁傝丄僔儍僗偑僣僞儞僇乕儊儞(Tutankhamen, 1361 BC - 1352 BC)埲棃偺僄僕僾僩巟攝偺儗償傽儞僩掗崙(Egyptian Levantine Empire)偺柍朄幰偱丄憶棎偺庡側尨場偱偁偭偨傾僺儖(乪Apiru)乮灦宍暥帤偱偼SA GAZ乯偲擖傟懼傢偭偨乿偲傕塢偆丅婭尦慜13悽婭偵傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偼僶價儘儞(Babylon)偐傜僸僢僞僀僩掗崙(Hittie Empire, 18 - 14 Century BC)偺庱搒僴僢僩僁僔儍(Hattusas)傊偺摴傪暘抐偟偨偺偱傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺僩僁僋儖僥傿丒僯僰儖僞1悽(Tukulti Ninurta I, 1244 BC - 1208 BC)偼摙敯偵弌偐偗丄乽儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(The Euphrates)増偄偺儅儕(Mari)丄僴僫(Hana)丄儔僺僋儉(Rapiqum)偍傛傃僔儕傾偺價僔儏儕嶳(Jebal Bishri)傪愯嫆偟偨乿偲愰尵偟偨丅價僔儏儕嶳(Jebal Bishri)偼柧傜偐偵乽傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偺嶳乿偱偁偭偨丅傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)偱偼墹僥傿僌儔僩丒僺儗僙儖1悽乮Tiglath Pileser, 1115 BC - 1077 BC乯偺旇暥偑嵟弶偵傾僼儔儉丒傾儔儉恖(Ahlamû-Aramaeans)傪堷梡偟偨偑丄偦偺捈偖屻偵傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)偼傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans, Aramu or Arimi)偵庢偭偰戙傢傜傟丄傾僢僔儕傾偺擭戙婰偐傜媫懍偵徚偊偰偟傑偭偨丅傾僼儔儉丒傾儔儉恖(Ahlamû-Aramaeans)偼傾僼儔儉晹懓(Ahlamû Tribes)偺廳梫惈偲帪婜傪摼偨桪惃側梫慺偲偟偰偼傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偲峫偊傜傟傞偩傠偆偗傟偳傕丄偙偺擇偮偺晹懓偼壗傕嫟捠偱偼柍偔丄摨偠抧堟偱妶桇偟偰偄偨偺偐傕抦傟側偄丅乽婭尦慜2000擭婜慜敿偵儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(The Euphrates)惣堟偱尃椡傪埇偭偨僙儉岅傪榖偡彅晹懓(Semitic Language People)偼傾儉儖恖(Amurru)偲傕傾儉儖(Amorite)偲傕屇偽傟偨丅偙偺柤偼偙偺晹懓偺柤偱偁傝丄偦偺庡恄(Principal Deity)偺柤偱傕偁偭偨丅梀杚柉傾儌儕恖(Amorites)偺椞搚偼尦乆傾儔價傾敿搰偱偁偭偨偑丄婭尦慜栺2400擭偺弶傔偵偼僔儕傾(Syria)偍傛傃僇僫傾儞(Canaan)傪娷傓儐乕僼儔僥僗愳惣堟傪愯傔丄傾儌儕恖偺嶳(Mountain of the Amorites)偲屇偽傟傞僔儕傾偺價僔儏儕嶳(Jabal Bishri)嶳妜抧曽偲摿暿側偮側偑傝偑偁偭偨乿偲塢偆傾儉儖恖(Amurru)埥偄偼傾儌儕恖(Amorite)偲傾僼儔儉晹懓(Ahlamû Tribes)偑摨堦晹懓偩偲傕峫偊傜傟傞偑丄偙傟傕偵偮偄偰傕妋偐側婰弎偼側偄丅
傾僋僟乕儖(Al-Akhdar)墂丗 僸僕儍僘揝摴
傾働儊僱僗挬乮Achaemenid dynasty, 550 – 330 BC乯丗 傾働儊僱僗壠乮Achaemenes乯偺僉儏儘僗擇悽(Cyrus II)偑惣傾僕傾傪惇暈丅僟儗僀僆僗堦悽乮Dareios I, 558 – 486 BC乯偺帪戙偵僆儕僄儞僩傪摑堦偟偰慡惙婜傪寎偊偨偑丄僊儕僔儍墦惇乮儁儖僔儍愴憟 492 – 449 BC乯偵偼幐攕偟偨丅掗崙偼儁儖僙億儕僗(Persepolis)偵戝揳傪憿塩偟丄斏塰傪鎼壧偟偰偄偨偑丄婭尦慜4悽婭偵偼廈憤撀乮僒僩儔僢僾乯偺斀棎偵擸傑偝傟丄傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹(Alexander the Great)( 336-323 BC)偺搶惇偵傛傞怤峌偱柵朣偟偨丅
傾僒乕儖(Athar)丗 僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵傾儔僽懓偑傗偭偰棃偰丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺挰偼曪埻偝傟偨丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺廧恖偼悈偑朢偟偔惉偭偨偺偱帺暘払帺恎偺慏偵忔偭偰摝憱偟偨丅斵摍偼奀傪渇渞偭偨偑偦偺撪偺埥傞幰払偼僔僢儔僀儞(al-Sirrayn)丄儔僴(al-Raha)偍傛傃傾僒乕儖(Athar)偵嫃傪峔偊偨丅
乽傾僕傾偺億儖僩僈儖(Asia Portuguesa)乿丗 儅僰僄儖 僨 僼傽儕傾 僀 僜僂僒(Manuel De Fariia Y Sousa)挊丄1666 - 1674擭偵儕僗儃儞(Lisboa)偱弌斉丅
傾僕僕儎愹峴惌嬊(Ain Aziziyah administration)丗 僕僢僟傊偺媼悈偼姰慡偵屘傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘(Abdulaziz)偑婑晅偟偨廆嫵揑怣戸婎嬥(Waqf)偱愝棫偝傟偨傾僕僕儎愹峴惌嬊(Ain Aziziyah Administration)偺愑擟傪帩偭偰偄偨丅偙偺巗偺庡梫側悈帒尮偼熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi Fatima)偵壛偊偰丄僕僢僟偺杒栺70km梋傝偵熆傟扟僇儔僀僗(Wadi Khalais)偲僋僢僶僩 傾僔儍儔(Kubbat Asharah)偺扙墫憰抲偱偁偭偨丅
傾僕儏儅儞(Ajman)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚(United Arab Emirates (UAE))偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄儁儖僔傾榩偵椪傒丄恖岥3.6枩恖丅
傾僔儏乕儖暥壔(Acheulean)丗 150枩擭彮偟慜偵儂儌 僴價儕僗(Homo habilis)傛傝傕戝偒偔傕偭偲恑壔偟偨儂儌 僄儗僋僩僗(Homo erectus)偲屇偽傟傞恖椶偑尰傢傟偨丅偦偺慶愭払傛傝傕懱椡揑偦偟偰抦揑偵桪傟丄戝抇偱恑庢偺婥惈偵晉傫偱偄偨丅儂儌 僄儗僋僩僗(Homo erectus)偼屻婜僆儖僪儚儞宆愇婍(Developed Oldowan types)傪庤晙(hand ax)丄愇曪挌偍傛傃撍偒婍摍偺怴偟偄傾僔儏乕儖宍懺(Acheulean forms)偺愇婍偵師戞偵庢傝懼偊偰丄慶愭偺惗傒弌偟偨摴嬶偺拞偵怴偟偄宍懺傪庢傝擖傟偨丅偙偺暥壔偼偦偺屻150枩擭嬤偔懕偒恖椶偺嶌偭偨嵟傕挿偄暥壔偲惉偭偨丅傾僼儕僇偱偼庤晙(Hand Ax)傪摿挜偲偡傞偡傋偰偺暥壔偺憤徧偱偁傞偑丄儓乕儘僢僷偱偼嵟弶婜偺Hand Ax傪摿挜揑側愇婍偲偡傞慜婜媽愇婍暥壔偱偁傞傾僽償傿儖暥壔(Abbevillian)偵懕偔丄摨偠偔愇晙傪摿挜揑側愇婍偲偡傞慜婜媽愇婍暥壔偱偁傞丅偙偺暥壔偵柦柤偝傟偨僙儞僩 傾僔儏乕儖(St. Acheu)l偼僼儔儞僗杒晹僜儞儉(Somme)導偺導挕強嵼抧傾儈傾儞(Amiens)偵嬤偄堚愓偱偁傞丅
傾僔儑乕儖(Ashour)丗 廫暘偺堦惻(Tithe)丄19悽婭弶傔偵僕僢僟偱偼娭惻傪傾僔儑乕儖(Ashour)偲屇傫偱偄偨丅
傾僔乕儖('Asir)丗 撿偺僀僄儊儞偐傜杒偼傾僇僶榩傑偱懕偄偰偄傞傾儔價傾敿搰惣偺嶳柆傪僒儔儚僩(Sarawat)偲屇傃丄傾僔乕儖('Asir)傕偦偺堦晹偱偁傞丅傾僔乕儖('Asir)偼僀僄儊儞杒晹偐傜杒偼僶僴傾(Bahah)廈偺廈嫬偺僶僴傾 僈傾儈僪(Bahah Ghamid)傑偱懕偄偰偄傞丅傾僔乕儖偺柤偼拞悽偵惉偭偰丄摿偵僒儔僩 傾僓僪(Sarat al-Azad)傪拞怱偲偟偨僒儔儚僩崅抧(Heights of Sarawat)偵廧傓晹懓摨柨偺柤偲偟偰巊傢傟偨丅傾儔僽偺抧棟妛幰傾儖 僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)偼乽墦偔愄偺10悽婭崰偵偼偙偺抧曽偺恖乆偵庢偭偰傾僔乕儖(Asir)偲塢偆尵梩偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)晹懓摨柨偑廧傫偱偄偨傾僽僴(Abha)廃曈偺尷傜傟偨抧曽傪堄枴偡傞揱摑揑側晹懓揑梡岅偱偁偭偨乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅傗偑偰丄偙偺抧偼傾僔乕儖偲偟偰抦傜傟傞條偵側偭偨丅偙偺抧偺懡偔偺嶳傗扟偺娫偵擄楬偱偁傞嵶摴傗嶳摴偑偁偭偨堊丄懡偔偺愱栧壠偼乽傾僔乕儖偺柤偼傾儔價傾岅偱崲擄傪昞偡傾儖 僂僗儖(al 'Usr) 偲塢偆堄枴傕帩偮傾僪僫儞懓(Adnan)偺屆偄廧恖偺柤偵場傫偱晅偗傜傟偨乿偲峫偊偰偄傞丅19悽婭屻敿偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Turks)偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偍傛傃僀僄儊儞(Yemen)傪巟攝偟丄偦偺僀僄儊儞廈偺嵟傕杒偵埵抲偡傞4偮偺僒儞僕儍僌(sanjaq)偵傾僔乕儖(Asir)偲柤晅偗偰偄偨丅傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺拞怱偱偁傞傾僽僴(Abha)傪峴惌晎偲偡傞偙偺嫄戝側僒儞僕儍僌(sanjaq)偼僞僀僼(Taif)偺撿100 km偐傜撿偼杦偳僫僕儔儞(Najran)偍傛傃僕僓儞(Jizan)傑偱峀偑傝丄僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)奀娸暯抧傪娷傫偱偄偨丅傾僔乕儖(Asir)偲塢偆尵梩偺尰戙偺夛榖偱偺巊梡偝傟傞堄枴偼偙偺僆僢僩儅儞掗崙巟攝偺帪戙偵晛媦偟偨丅尰嵼偱偼傾僔乕儖偺柤偼僟傾儔儞 僕儏僰僽(Dharan al-Junub)偲屇偽傟傞儚僨傿 傾儗乕儞(Wadi al-Areen)偐傜杒偺價儔僪 僇傾僔儍乫傾儉 (Bilad Khash'am)傑偱丄偦偟偰惣偺峠奀娸偐傜搶偺儕儅儖 僞僥傿儕乕僗(Rimal Tathleeth)傑偱傪娷傓抧傪巜偡傛偆偵惉偭偨丅廬偭偰丄傾僔乕儖抧曽偼僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偺撿惣晹偺拞墰偵埵抲偟丄杒堒17搙20暘偐傜20搙50暘丄搶宱41搙30暘偐傜44搙30暘偺斖埻偵偁傞丅偙偺抧曽偺墑挿偼偍偍傛偦巐昐僉儘儊乕僩儖偱偁傞丅
傾僗僇(Asca)丗 僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偲僋儞僼僟乕(Qunfudah)偺傎傏拞娫偵埵抲偡傞峠奀娸偺峘挰儔僀僗(Al-Lith丄Al-Laith)偺屆戙柤丅
傾僗僟乕儖(Al-Asdar)丗 僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偺忈暻偺惁傑偠偔愗傝棫偭偨抐奟愨暻偼傾僗僟乕儖(Al-Asdar)偲屇偽傟傞丅
傾僗僩儔(ASTRA)丗 傾儔價傾嫙媼捠彜夛幮 (Arab Supply & Trading Corporation)偺擾墍偼1979擭偵僞僽僋(Tabuk)偵愝棫偝傟偨丅帩偪庡偼僞僼傿乕儖 僒價儞 儅僗儕 儅乫僢僔巵(Mr. Tafir Sabin Masri Al-Ma'ssi)偱丄摨巵偺壠懓偼僷儗僗僠僫(Palestine)弌恎偱偁傞堊丄ASTRA偺姴晹怑堳偼傎偲傫偳偑僷儗僗僠僫恖偱偁傞丅枖丄ASTRA偼惗嶻偟偨擾嶌暔傪儓乕儘僢僷傗榩娸彅崙(GCC)偵桝弌偟偰偄傞帠偱傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丅ASTRA擾応偺峀偝偼30 km2 (3,000ha)偱僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偺擾応偲偟偰偼摿偵峀偔偼柍偄偑偦偺嶌暔偼惗慛栰嵷丄愗傝壴丄壥暔丄梴寋偦偟偰1愮2昐枩塇偺闓偺梴怋偲庬椶偑懡偄丅
傾僗僩儔僇儞(Astrakhan)丗 儘僔傾撿搶晹償僅儖僈(The Volga)愳壓棳偺嶰妏廈偵偁傞巗丅
傾僗儖儔(Athrula)丗 尰嵼偺傾僽僴(Abha)偲巚傢傟傞丅
傾僛儖僶僀僕儍儞(Azerbaijan)丗 僀儔儞杒惣晹偺抧堟偱僞僽儕乕僘(Tabriz)丄屆戙柤儊僨傿傾(Media)埥偄偼傾僩儘僷僥僱(Atropatene)摍偑娷傑傟傞丅
傾僝僼奀乮Sea of Azov乯丗 崟奀杒晹偵偁傞撪奀偱丄働儖僠奀嫭(Strait of Kerch)偵傛偭偰崟奀偲寢偽傟偰偄傞丅杒偼僂僋儔僀僫偵愙偟丄搶偺儘僔傾楢朚偲惣偺僋儕儈傾敿搰(Crimea)偵嫴傑傟偰偄傞丅惣娸偵偼110km偵傢偨傝丄傾儔僶僩丒僗僺僢僩乮懲愊暔偑奀拞偵撍婲偟偨傕偺乯偑峀偑傝丄僔僶僗乮Syvash乯偵偼墫暘擹搙偺崅偄幖抧懷偺擖傝峕偑偁傞丅戝偒偝偼挿偝340km丄暆135km丄柺愊37,555km2偱偁傞丅僪儞愳(The Don)偲僋僶儞愳(Kuban River)偑棳傟崬傒丄偦傟偵傛偭偰斾妑揑掅擹搙偺墫悈偲怴慛偝偑曐偨傟偰偄傞丅
傾僟儉(Adam)丗 揤抧憂憿偵嵺偟偰恄偑嵟弶偵憿偭偨抝偱丄恖椶偺巒慶丅
傾僠儏乕僩(Dalits)丗 僷乕儕傾(Pariah)偲傕塢偄丄僇乕僗僩(caste)奜偺乽晄壜怗柉(Untouchable)乿偲傕東栿偝傟傞丅椡偑側偔僸儞僪僁乕嫵(Hindu)偺斴岇偺傕偲偵惗偒偞傞傪摼側偄恖乆偱偁傞丅偵傕娭傢傜偢1壄恖傕偺恖乆偑傾僠儏乕僩偲偟偰僀儞僪崙撪偵曢傜偟偰偄傞丅
傾僠儏儕傾儞暥壔(Acheulean)丗 乮傾僔儏乕儖暥壔(Acheulean)嶲徠丅乯
傾僢僔乕僕(Assisi)丗 僀僞儕傾拞晹僂儞僽儕傾廈(Umbria)偺挰乮2.5枩乯偱僀僞儕傾偺廋摴巑惞僼儔儞僠僃僗僐(St Farncis )(1181/82 - 1226)偺惗抧丅
傾僢僔儏乕儖(Ashur)丗 傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺屆戙柤偱傕偁傝丄傾僢僔儕傾偺庡梫搒巗偺堦偮偱偁傞丅
傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)丗 儊僜億僞儈傾杒晹傪拞怱偲偟偨屆戙墹崙偱婭尦慜18悽婭崰偐傜慜7悽婭偵傢偨偭偰僆儕僄儞僩嵟弶偺悽奅掗崙偲偟偰塰偊偨丅庱搒偼弶婜偵偼傾僢僔儏乕儖(Ashur)偱丄屻偵僯僱償僃(Nineveh)偵慗搒偟偨丅婭尦慜612擭偵僇儖僨傾(Chaldea)丒儊僨傿傾(Media)楢崌孯偵傛偭偰柵朣偟偨丅傾僢僔儕傾偼尰嵼偺僔儕傾偺岅尮偱傕偁傞丅
傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Dynasty)丗 僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)偱梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺廸晝傾僢僶僗(Abbas)偺捈宯偱偁傞傾僢僶乕僗挬偼惣楋750擭偵僂儅僀儎僢僪挬(Umayyad Dynasty)傪搢偟丄庱搒傪僟儅僗僇僗偐傜僶僋僟僢僩(Baghdad)偵堏偟偨僀僗儔儉掗崙(Caliphate)戞2偺悽廝墹挬乮749擭 - 1258擭乯偱偁偭偨丅傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids) 偑惣楋750擭偵扗尃偟丄僀僗儔儉崙搒傪僶僋僟僢僩(Baghdad)傊偲慗搒偟偨丅偙偺帠偱傾儔價傾榩岎堈偼10悽婭傑偱懕偔怴偨側墿嬥帪戙傊偲摫偐傟丄嵟惙婜偵偼偦偺巟攝偼惣偼儌儘僢僐偐傜搶偼拞墰傾僕傾傑偱媦傫偩丅傾僢僶乕僗挬偺僀僗儔儉掗崙偺巟攝偼惣楋1258擭偺儌儞僑儖(Mongol)偺拞搶惇暈偵傛偭偰廔鄟偟偨丅
傾僢儔乕僩(Allat)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵埲慜偺偄傢備傞僕儍乕僸儕乕儎帪戙(Jahiliyyah or Jahalia)(Ignorance of Divine Guidance)偵悞傔傜傟偰偄偨彈恄偱丄偦偺柤偼傾僢儔乕僼(Allah)偺彈惈宍偱乽彈恄乿偺堄枴偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾偺彜嬈搒巗僞乕僀僼(Taif)嬤偔偺宬扟偵庡恄揳偑偁傝丄忺傝偮偗傜傟偨敀偄棫曽愇傪埶戙偲偟偰偄偨丅儅僫乕僩(Manat)丄傾儖 僂僢僓乕(Al-Uzza)偲嫟偵丄嵟崅恄傾僢儔乕僼(Allah)偺嶰恖偺柡偺堦恖偲偝傟偰偄偨偑丄僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)偵偼_偵偼巕懛偑偄側偄茝q傋傜傟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
傾僥傿儖僩儗僗(Athil Tress)丗 傾僥傿儖僩儗僗偼傾僥傿儖 僞儅儕僗僋(Athel tamarisk or Tamarix aphylla)偱擔杮柤偼屼桍乮僊儑儕儏僂乯偱偁傞丅僞儅儕僗僋偺嵟戝庬偑Tamarix aphylla偡側偼偪Athel tamarisk偱偁傝丄忢椢庽偱庽崅偼15m偵払偡傞丅懴姡惈偵桪傟丄塉偑崀傜側偔側偭偰傕庽栘偺拞偱堦斣丄嵟屻傑偱惗偒巆傞丅偝傜偵懴墫惈偑嫮偔墫暘擹搙15,000 ppm傑偱嫋梕偱偒丄懴傾儖僇儕惈偱傕偁傞丅巬偼斾妑揑嵶偔梩偼奃椢怓傪偟偰偄傞丅壴偼僺儞僋偐敀偱偁傞丅嵐敊抧懷偺婱廳側椢偱偁傞偲嫟偵丄僫僣儊灲巕墍偺杊嵒椦偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偒偨丅姴偼寶暔傗壠嬶摍偺庡梫側寶嵽偲傕側傞丅
傾僥僶懓(Ateba)丗 僫僕僪(Najd) 4偮偺晹懓偺堦偮偱偁傞傾僥僶懓偑梀杚偺堊偵弰夞偡傞斖埻偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偺嫬奅偐傜僇僔儉(Qasim)曽岦偺摴偵増偭偰儅僢僇(Makkah)傑偱峀偑偭偰偄偨丅
傾僨儏僢儅僣偲屲恖偺彈墹 (Five Queens of Adummatu)丗 僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偼婭尦慜8悽婭偐傜7悽婭偵偐偗偰杒傾儔價傾杒晹偺庡梫側傾儔僽嫃廧抧偱偁傝丄傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)偺擭戙婰偵偼傾僨儏僢儅僣(Adummatu)偲塢偆柤偱婰榐偝傟偰偄傞嵐敊偺墹崙偱偁傞丅傾僨儏僢儅僣偲偼晄栄嵐敊偺峳傟抧偺拞怱偵偁傞傾儔僽偺嵲偲塢偆堄枴偱偁傝丄偙偺僆傾僔僗偼僎僟乕儖(Qedar)偲塢偆傾儔僽晹懓偺椞抧偺拞偵偁偭偨丅僷儖儈儗僫(Palmyrena)偲屇偽傟偨撿搶僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)傪娷傓抧堟偑僎僟乕儖偺惗妶寳偱偁傝丄僎僟乕儖晹懓偺奺巟懓傗僎僟乕儖偵廬懏偟偰偄偨懠晹懓偺巟懓偺梀杚抧偼墦偔僫僼僪嵐敊(An Nafud)傑偱峀偑偭偰偄偨丅僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖偺廧恖偼僎僟乕儖偺曐岇偑柍偗傟偽偦偺戉彜(Caravan)偑嵐敊傪墇偊傜傟側偐偭偨偺偱僎僟乕儖偵楆懏偟偰偄偨丅傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)偺擭戙婰偵偼僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖偼堦楢偺傾儔僽彈墹宯晥偺庱搒偱偁偭偨偲婰榐偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偺彈墹払偲偼彈墹僓價儀 (Queen Zabibe)丄彈墹僒儈僔 (Queen Samisi)丄彈墹儎僥傿乫僄 (Queen Yati'e)丄彈墹僥乫僄儖僋僰 (Queen Te'elkhunu)偍傛傃墹彈僞僽乫傾 (Princess Tabu'a)偱偁偭偨丅
乽傾僨儖崙偲僔儑傾墹崙傊岦偐偆搑忋偺峠奀搶梞娸偺峲奀乿丗 儘僔僃 僨儕僋乕儖(Rochet d'Héricourt) 挊丄1841擭僷儕偱弌斉(Rochet D'Hèricourt, C.E.X Voyage sur la côte orientale de la mer Rouge, dans le pays d'Adel et le Royaume de la Choa Paris 1841.)丅
乽傾僨儖崙偲僔儑傾墹崙傊岦偐偆搑忋偺峠奀椉娸偺峲奀乿丗 儘僔僃 僨儕僋乕儖(Rochet d'Héricourt) 挊丄1846擭僷儕偱弌斉(Rochet D'Hèricourt, C.E.X. Voyage sur les deux rives de la mer Rouge, dans le pays d'Adel et le Royaume de la Choa Paris 1846. )丅
傾僨儞(Aden)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰偺撿惣晹偺尦塸崙曐岇椞偱偁偨撿僀僄儊儞偺峠奀擖岥偺奀峘偱僀僄儊儞偺宱嵪偺拞怱抧丄恖岥29枩恖丅
傾僪僕儑僂僄(Adjoue)丗 僨僀僣偑弉偡偲戝偒側僶僗働僢僩偵擖傟偰寴偔屌宍偺儁乕僗僩偁傞偄偼働乕僉偵惉傞傑偱埑弅偝傟丄乽傾僪僕儑僂僄(Adjoue)乿偲屇偽傟攧傝偵弌偝傟傞丅
僥儏乕儖(At Tur)丗 僔僫僀敿搰偺僩乕儖 (Tor in the Sinai)乮僩乕儖傪嶲徠乯丅
傾僪儖僼 僼僅儞 償儗乕僨(Adolf von Wrede)丗 1870擭偵H.F. 儌儖僣傾儞(H.F. Maltzan)偑曇廤偟 僽僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Braunschweig)偱弌斉偟偨乽僴僪儔儅僂僩偺椃(A. Reise in Hadramaut ed. by H.F. Maltzan, Braunschweig 1870.)乿偺挊幰丅
傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)丗 尰嵼偺僩儖僐椞彫傾僕傾丅
傾僶乕(Abba)丗 傾儔價傾恖偺懗偺側偄備傞偄堖暈乮閜閗傗嶳梤偺栄偺怐暔偱晛捠偼幦暱乯丅
傾僶僀儎(Abaiyah)丗 傾僢僶(Abbah)丄傾僶(Aba)偲傕塢偆丅傾儔僽懓偑梡偄傞懗偺柍偄備傞偄奜搮丅
傾僶僟儞搰(Abadan Island)丗 僔儍僢 僞儖 傾儔僽愳(The Shatt-al-Arab)偺僨儖僞偵偁偨傞搰偱摨搰偵偼30枩BPD偺愇桘惛惢丒桝弌婎抧偑偁傞丅
傾僴儅僪 僀僽儞 僴儞僶儖(Ahamad ibn Hanbal)丗 僴儞僶儕乕攈(Hanbali)偼僗儞僫攈(Sunna)偺4妛攈偺堦偮偱儚僢僴乕僽庡媊偺嫵媊(Wahhabism)偲堦抳偡傞丅
傾僴儅僪 僀僽儞 儅僕僪(Ahmad ibn Majid)丗 嵟崅偺奀梞壢妛偵娭偡傞傾儔價傾岅偱彂偐傟偨昐壢帿揟乽桳梡側忣曬埥偄偼峲奀壢妛偺婎慴偲尨懃(Book of Useful Information or Basis and Principles of Nautical Sciences)乿偺挊幰偱丄僀儞僪梞傪搉傞弰楃偺堊偺奀忋捠峴傪彮側偔偲傕4悽戙偵搉偭偰庴偗宲偖丄桬姼偱攷妛側峲奀幰偱偁傞僫僕僨傿懓(Najdi)偵懏偡傞寙弌偟偨傾儔價傾恖峲奀幰偱偁偭偨丅乽僀僽儞 儅僕僪偼儅儗儌 僇僫僋(Malemo Canaqua)乮儅儗儌 僇僫(Malemo Cana)乯偺柤偱儅儕儞僨傿(Malindi)偐傜報搙傑偱償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)巜婗偺僀儞僪墦惇戉偺悈愭埬撪恖傪柋傔偨乿偲億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠払偼婰榐偟偰偄傞丅
傾僴儅僪 僋僂儖僔僪 僷僔儍(Ahmad Khurshid Pasha)丗 傾僴儅僪 僷僔儍偼僼儔儞僗偑1801擭偵僄僕僾僩偐傜揚戅偟偨屻偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottomans, 1299 – 1923)偑惓幃偵擟柦偟偨傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偺巗挿偱偁傝丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1769 - 1849)偺偨偭偰偺婅偄偱1804擭偵僄僕僾僩偺峴惌扴摉憤撀(Wali or Vali or Governor))偵擟柦偝傟偨丅塸崙偺奜岎戙昞偲摨柨偟丄傾僴儅僪 僷僔儍偼僔儕傾(Syria)偐傜僨儕乕晹戉(Delhi Troop)傪楢傟偰偒偰丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕偲偦偺婙壓偺傾儖僶僯傾晹戉(Albanians)傪僄僕僾僩偐傜攔彍偟傛偆偲偟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕偼僇僀儘(Cairo)偺僀僗儔儉恄妛幰(Ulema or Mullah)偲摨嬈幰慻崌(Guild)偺巜摫幰偵巟墖偝傟偰丄僨儕乕晹戉傪帺恮偵堷偒崬傓帠偵惉岟偟丄1805擭5寧偵帺傜傪僄僕僾僩憤撀(Governor of Egypt)偵擟柦偟偨丅帺暘偺孯戉偵尒幪偰傜傟偨傾僴儅僪 僷僔儍偼乽儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕傪僄僕僾僩憤撀偵擟偠傞乿偲偺捄椷(Firman or Decree)偑弌傞傑偱僇僀儘偺梫嵡(Cairo Citadel)偵桯暵偝傟偰偄偨丅
傾僴儊僪 僷僔儍(Ahmed Pasha)丗
1832擭偵僩亅儖僋僠僃 價儖儊僘(Turkche Bilmez)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞僸僕儍乕僘孯彨峑(Hejazi officer)偑僀儅儉(Imam)偲儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad
Ali)*偵斀峈偟丄儂僨僀僟(Hodeida)丄僛價僪(Zebid)偍傛傃儌僇(Moka) 傪愯嫆偟偨丅偙偺婡夛傪偲傜偊偰丄傾僔乕儖抧曽偺崅抧懓偼僄僕僾僩孯偵懳偟栤戣傪婲偙偟巒傔丄偦傟偵懳偟偰儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕偼帯埨傪夞暅偡傞堊偵1枩8愮恖偺挦敱墦惇孯傪慻怐偟偨丅偦偺巜婗姱偑僗儖僞儞戙棟恖傾僴儊僪 僷僔儍(Ahmed Pasha)偱偁偭偨丅偙偺墦惇孯偵偼6柤偺儓乕儘僢僷恖偑嶲壛偟偰偍傝丄墦惇孯偵愴摤寢壥偵偮偄偰偼偦偺撪偺堦恖儌乕儕僗 僞儈僔僄(Maurice Tamisier)偑1840擭偵僷儕(Paris)偱弌斉偟偨乽傾儔價傾偱偺峲奀乮僸僕儍乕僘懾嵼偲傾僔乕儖偱偺愴摤乯(Voyage en Arabie. Sèjour dans le
傾僶乕儖 僫乫傾儉(Abar Na'am)丗 傾僔乕儖廈惣晹偺僇乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)偐傜杒傊偲壓傞熆傟扟僫乫傾儉(Na'am)尮摢偺晹棊偱乽閗捁偺堜屗乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)丗 傾儔價傾岅偑岅尮偺僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偺暿柤丄媽徧丅
乽傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abu'lfida)偺抧棟乿丗 傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abu'lfida)挊偺乽僞僋僂傿儉 僽儖僟儞乮崙乆偺昤幨乯(Takwin al-Buldan)乿傪M. 儗僲乕(M. Reinaud)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abu'lfida)偺抧棟乿偲塢偆戣柤偱1848擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偟偨(Géographie d'Abu'l Feda tr. and ed. by M. Reinaud. Paris.)丅
傾價僔僯傾奀懐(Abyssinian Pirate)丗 7悽婭偵傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偺傾僋僗儉墹崙(Aksumite Empire or Kindom of Axum)偼悐戅偟巒傔偨偑丄傾價僔僯傾奀懐((Abyssinian Pirate)偼偦偺屻傕悢悽婭偵傢偨偭偰惃椡傪曐偪丄僟僢儔僋彅搰(Dahlak Archipelago)傪惉攕偡傞堊偺墦惇傊偺曬暅偱丄702擭偵偼僕僃僢僟傪廝寕偟丄攑毿偵偡傞掱偺椡傪帩偭偰偄偨丅
乽傾價僔僯傾偺惗妶(Life of Abyssinia)乿丗 1853擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟丄挊幰偼柍柤偱偁偭偨偑丄儅儞僗僼傿乕儖僪 僷乕僉儞僗(Mansfiled Parkins)偱偁傞偺偑傢偐偭偨丅偨傑偨傑丄僷乕僉儞僗(Parkins)偼堎側傞峘偐傜桝擖偝傟傞彜昳偺擭娫庢傝埖偄妟偺傒傪婰嵹偟偨廤寁昞傪東栿偟偰偍傝丄墲帪偺婱廳側帒椏傪採嫙偟偰偄傞丅
乽傾價僔僯傾偱偺擟柋偵偮偄偰乿丗 儘乕儖僼僗(Gerhard Rohlfs)挊丄1883擭儔僀僾僠僢僸偱弌斉(Rohlfs, G. Meine Mission nach Abessinien Leipzig 1883.)丅
乽傾價僔僯傾偱偺僼僃儗偲僈儕僯僄偺椃峴乿丗 1847擭偵僷儕偱弌斉(Ferret - Galinier Voyage en Abyssinie Paris 1847)丄偙偺杮偺壗張偵傕僼僃儗偺摢暥帤偑婰榐偝傟偰嫃側偄(ch. X. Nowhere in the book are Ferret's initials recorded.)丅
乽傾價僔僯傾偲峠奀偱偺埥傞擟柋乿丗 僗僞僯僗儔僼 儔僢僙儖(Stanislas Russel)棨孯彮嵅挊丄1884擭僷儕偱弌斉(Russel, S. Une Mission en Abyssinie et dans la Mer Rouge Paris 1884.)丅
傾僽 傾儕僔儏(Abu Arish)丗 僒僂僕撿惣晹僕僓儞廈偺廈搒僕僓儞偺搶偵偁傞挰丅
傾僽 傾儖儚(Abu Arwa)丗 僕僢僟(Jeddah)偺惣杒惣70km梋傝偺嫍棧偵偁傞熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi Fatima)撪偺旍梹偱抧壓悈偺朙晉側懞丅
傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働(Afonso d'Alboquerque)丗 僀儞僪偺擭戙婰偱旕忢偵挊柤側億儖僩僈儖偺戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀(1508 - 1515)偱偁傝丄傾僼僅儞僜丒僨丒傾儖僽働儖働(Afonso de Albuquerque)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働(Afonso d'Alboquerque,1453 - 1515)偼1453擭儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偱惗傑傟丄1503擭偵堦搙僀儞僪傊晪偄偨丅婣崙屻丄億儖僩僈儖墹儅僰僄儖1悽(Manuel I丄1495 - 1521)偺怣擟傪摼丄1506擭僀儞僪憤撀偲偟偰16惽偺娡戉傪棪偄偰儕僗儃儞傪弌敪偟偨丅峲奀偺搑拞偱偼峠奀擖傝岥偺僜僐僩儔搰(Socotra or Suquṭra)丄傾儔價傾榩偺儂儖儉僘搰(Hormuz Island)傪愯椞偟偨丅僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟Francisco d'Almeida, 1505 - 1508) 偼1505擭偵弶戙僀儞僪憤撀(Viceroy of India)偵擟柦偝傟偰偰埲棃丄僐乕僠儞(Cochin)傗僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺彜娰傪忛嵡偵嶌傝懼偊丄屻偵僋僀儘儞(Quilon)偵傕傕偆堦偮偺梫嵡傪嶌偭偨丅1509擭2寧3擔偵偼僨傿僂(Diu)壂偱揋偲岎愴偟丄嫢朶側奀愴偱僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)巜婗壓偺僄僕僾僩娡戉偵寣傒偳傠偺攕愴傪旐傜偣偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄懡偔偺尃椡偑1恖偺庤偵挿偔廤拞偡傞偺傪嫲傟偰偄偨儅僰僄儖墹(Manuel I)偼傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偵僀儞僪摑帯椞(the Viceroyalty of India)偺嵟崅尃埿傪傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働 (Afonso d'Alboquerque)偵搉偟丄婣崙偡傞條偵柦椷偟偰夝擟偟偨丅傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)偼戞俀戙僀儞僪憤撀(Viceroy of India)偵廇擟偡傞偲僀儞僪梞慡懱偵柍揋偺億儖僩僈儖偺攅尃傪妋棫偟傛偆偲偟偰丄傑偢1510擭僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)峌寕偟偨偑偵幐攕偟偨丅偦偺屻杒忋偟丄儉僈儖掗崙峜掗 (Great Mogul)偐傜1479擭偵撈棫傪彑偪庢偭偨朙偐側儉僗儕儉(Moslem)墹崙偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨僑傾搰(Goa Island)傪堦帪愯椞偟丄8寧偵偄偭偨傫偼堷偒忋偘偨偑丄11寧偵嵞傃僑傾傪峆媣愯椞偟偨丅偙傟埲屻丄僑傾偼億儖僩僈儖偺傾僕傾巟攝偺嫆揰偲偟偰僀儞僪憤撀偺挀嵼抧偲側傞丅1511擭偵偼儅儗乕敿搰(Malay Peninsula)偵偍偗傞崄椏杅堈偺拞宲抧偲偟偰斏塰偟偰偄偨儅儔僢僇墹崙(Sultanate of Malacca丄1402 - 1511)偺愯椞偵惉岟偟丄儅儔僢僇(Malacca)偵1擭懾嵼偟偰億儖僩僈儖偺搶撿傾僕傾偵偍偗傞嫆揰偲偡傞丅偦偺屻傕僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)奺抧偺儉僗儕儉(Moslem)巟攝壓偺峘巗峌寕偵廬帠偟丄儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)丄僑傾(Goa)丄僇僫僲傾(Cananore)丄僐乕僠儞(Cochin)丄僋僀儘儞(Quilon)偍傛傃僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)摍偺嫆揰傪帩偭偰丄億儖僩僈儖偑傾儔價傾奀偺岎堈峲楬傪巟攝偟丄堄偺傑傑偵棯扗偡傞帠傪壜擻偵偟偨丅僀儞僪偵偍偗傞億儖僩僈儖偺抧埵偺奼戝偲嫮壔傪寽擮偟偨儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk)偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan)僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Qansawh al-Ghawri)偼僗僄僘偱14鋤偺僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)偲6鋤偺僈儗乕慏(Galley)傪娷傓怴偟偄娡戉傪寶憿偟偨丅偦偺巌椷姱偵擟柦偟偨儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)偵懳偟丄僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)偺娡戉偲崌棳偟偰億儖僩僈儖偵懳偡傞嵞峌寕傪奐巒偡傞條偵柦椷偟偨丅怴僗僄僘娡戉偵傛傞僀儞僪椞撪怤棯偺壜擻惈偺嵎偟敆偭偨嫼埿偵懳峈偡傞堊偵丄儅僰僄儖墹(Manuel I)偼1515擭4寧7擔丄怴憤撀儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)巜婗壓偺15鋤偺慏偐傜惉傞娡戉傪弌峲偝偣丄傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)巜婗壓偺娡戉偺巌椷傕擟偣偨丅扐偟丄傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)偑墹偺柦椷偑撏偔慜偺1515擭12寧16擔偵僑傾(Goa)偱巰朣偟偨偺偱丄偙偺巜帵偼幚峴偝傟側偐偭偨丅53嵨傪墇偊偰偐傜巒傑傝丄婛偵10擭偵媦傫偩搶曽偺晄寬峃側婥岓偱偺崲擄偱晄埨偵枮偪偨栶栚偑傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)傪巰側偣偨丅傾儖儃働儖働偼拤幚偵丄姰慡側專恎傪帩偭偰崙墹偵巇偊偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄壎抦傜偢偺崙墹偼儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偱嶔杁傪傔偖傜偣丄嫮堷偱晄摉側傗傝曽偱傾儖儃働儖働傪巜婗偐傜奜偟丄幐堄偺撪偵巰朣偝偣偨丅
乽傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働偺愴婰乿丗 (Commentaries of Afonso d'Alboquerque)丄摨彂戞IV姫34 - 35暸(op. cit., t. IV, p. 34 - 35)偐傜僕僢僟偵忛嵡偑傔偖傜偝傟偨偺偼(Jiddah Circumvallation) 僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi) 偑僀儞僪墦惇(Indian campaign)偐傜栠偭偰棃偰偐傜偱偁傞偺偑暘偐傞丅
傾僽 僓僀僪 傾儖-僶儖僸(Abu Zayid al-Balkhi)丗 850擭崰偵僐儔僒儞 (Khorasan) 抧曽偺僶儖僸 (Balkh) 偵嬤偄僔儍儈僗僩儎儞 (Shamistyan) 懞偱惗傑傟丄934擭偵杤偟偨丅傾儖-僶儖僸偼偙偺抧曽偺僒乕儅乕儞挬(Samanid, 819–999)偺掛恇 (courtier) 偱偁傝丄梋壣傪抧宍妛傗抧棟妛偺挷嵏偵巊偄丄抁偄抧棟揑婰弎偟偐婰偝傟偰偄側偄堦懕偒偺抧恾孮偱峔惉偝傟偨僀僗儔儉崙抧恾挔傪廋惓偟偰嫃偨丅
傾僽 僞儕乕僽 價儞 傾僽僨儏儖 儉僢僞儕乕僽(Abu Talib bin `Abd al-Muttalib, 549 – 619)丗 傾僽 僞儕乕僽偼僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraish)僴乕僔儉壠(Clan of Banu Hashim)偺摉庡偱丄彜恖偱偁偭偨丅僀僗儔乕儉嫵偺奐慶儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad, ca, 570 – 632)偺攲晝偱堢偰偺恊偱傕偁傝丄儉僴儞儅僪偺桳椡側巟墖幰偱偁傝懕偗偨丅偙偺堊丄惗奤僀僗儔乕儉偵擖怣偡傞偙偲偼側偐偭偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄僀僗儔乕儉嵟弶婜偵偍偗傞廳梫恖暔偺堦恖偲偝傟傞丅傾僽僪丒傾儖 儉僢僞儕僽(Abdul al-Muttalib, c. 497 -578)偼晝丄戞4戙惓摑僇儕僼(4th Rashidun Caliph, 656 -661) 傾儕乕(Ali ibn Abi Talib, 598/599 - 661)偼懅巕偵偁偨傞丅
乽傾僽僪 僄儖 儚僸僪偵傛傞儊僢僇弰楃乿丗 儕僠儍乕僪 僼儔儞僔僗 僶乕僩儞嫧 (Sir Richard Francis Burton)挊偱1893擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨乽儊僨傿傾偍傛傃儊僢僇傊偺屄恖揑弰楃婰乮婰擮斉乯乿偺晅懏彂VII乮Burton, R.F. A Personal Narrative of a
Pligrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah (Memorial Edition).
傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽(Sultan Abdul Hamit II, 1842 - 1918)丗 僗儖僞儞 傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽(Sultan Abdul Hamit II, 1842 - 1918)傪嶲徠丅
傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Abdullah bin Saud)丗 傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Abdullah bin Saud, 1814 - 1818)偼晝僒僂乕僪(Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud, 1803 - 1814)偑巰朣偟偨1814擭偵僒僂乕僪僨儖僀乕儎岒崙乮戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙丄(First Saudi Sate, 1744 – 1818)乯偲屻偵屇偽傟偨儉儚僸僨傿乕儞(Wahhabis or Muwahhideen)偺戞4戙偱嵟屻偺僀儅儉(Imam)偲側傝丄1818擭傑偱儉儚僸僨傿乕儞傪摑帯偟偨丅僒僂僪壠(House of Saud)偼僒僂僪偑僀儅儉偱偁偭偨帪戙偵惃椡傪奼戝偟丄偦偟偰1811擭偐傜1818擭傑偱懕偄偨僄僕僾僩丒儚僢僴乕僽愴憟(Egyptian – Wahhabi War)偲傕傛偽傟傞僆僗儅儞丒僒僂僕愴憟(Ottoman – Saudi War)傪巒傔偨丅傾僽僪僁僢儔乕偼僀儅儉偵側傞偲捈偖偵僆僗儅儞掗崙僄僕僾僩憤撀孯(Ottoman – Egyptian Army)偵傛傞帺暘偺椞抧傊偺怤棯偵捈柺偟偨丅偙偺怤棯孯偼僄僕僾僩憤撀(Governor of Egypt, 1805 - 1848) 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad 'Ali Pasha or rahimah-Allahu ta'ala, 1769 - 1849)*偺懅巕僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha, 1789 - 1848)*偑巜婗偟偰偄偨丅僆僗儅儞孯偼偡偽傗偔儊僢僇(Meca)偲儅僨傿乕僫(Madinah)傪扗夞偟丄嶌愴峴摦傪奐巒偟偨丅悢偱偼彑傞偑憰旛偺昻庛側堊偵僒僂僕孯(Saudi Force)偼夊忛偺僫僕僪(Najd)偵戅媝偟偨丅帺暘偺椞搚偱怤棯幰偲奐愴偡傞傛傝傕傾僽僪僁僢儔乕偼僫僕僪偺挰乆偱帺暘偺孯戉偺杊旛傪屌傔丄怤棯幰傪怘偄巭傔條偲寛堄偟偨丅寢壥偲偟偰傾僽僪僁僢儔乕偼僀僽儔僸儉偑掞峈偡傞懞傪棯扗偟側偑傜丄師乆偲僫僕僪偺懞乆傪峌棯偟丄偮偄偵僒僂僕壠偺庱搒僨傿儔僀儎(Diriyah, Dir乫iyah or Dir乫aiyah)偵敆傞偺傪挱傔傞帠偲側偭偨丅悢儢寧懕偄偨曪埻傪庴偗丄嵟廔揑偵1818擭搤丄戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙偺廔鄟偲側傞崀暁傪偟偨丅僀僽儔僸儉偼惍慠偲僨傿儔僀儎傪偦偺愓宍偑柍偔側傞傑偱攋夡偟丄懡悢偺曔椄偲側偭偨僒僂僪堦懓傪僄僕僾僩宱桼偱僀僗僞儞僽乕儖(Istanbul)偵憲偭偨丅傾僽僪僁僢儔乕帺恎偼僀僗僞儞僽乕儖偵拝偔偲捈偖偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺僗儖僞儞(Ottoman Sulta)偺柦椷偱庱傪檰偹傜傟丄偦偺摢晹偼儃僗億儔僗奀嫭(Bosphorus)偵搳偘崬傑傟偨丅僆僗儅儞掗崙偼僫僕僪偵婔偮偐偺梫嵡傪堐帩偟偨偑丄僒僂僕堦懓偺僩儖僉傿 僀僽儞 傾僽僟僢儔 僀僽儞 儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Turki ibn Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn Saud, 1755 - 1834)偑戞僯師僒僂乕僪岒崙丄(Second Saudi Sate, 1824 – 1891)傪庽棫偡傞偺傪杊偘傜傟側偐偭偨丅
傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞丒僘僶僀儖(Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr丄624 - 692)丗 僀僗儔乕儉嫵偺僇儕僼偺堦恖偱683擭偵僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad, 661 – 750)偺僂儞儅(Umma)乮僀僗儔乕儉嫟摨懱乯摑帯偵堎媍傪彞偊偰斀棎傪婲偟丄儊僢僇偱僇儕僼偵懄埵偟偨丅扐偟丄摉帪偺僂儅僀儎挬偺僇儕僼(Umayyad Caliph)偼儉傾乕僂傿儎2悽(Muawiyah II ibn Yazid, 683 - 684)偱偁傝丄惓摉側僇儕僼偲偟偰尒傜傟傞偙偲偼婬偱偁傞丅僀僽儞 僘僶僀儖偺晝偼656擭偺"閜閗偺愴偄(Battle of Bassorah or Battle of Camel)"偱愴巰偟偨僇僨傿乕僕儍(Khadija bint Khuwailid, 555 – 619)偺墮偺巕僘僶僀儖 (Zubayr ibn al-乪Awwam) 偱丄曣偼弶戙惓摑僇儕僼(First Rashidun Caliph, 632 - 634)偱偁傞傾僽乕 僶僋儖(Abu BakrAs-Siddiq, c. 573 – 634)偺挿彈偱偁偭偨堊僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)偺寣傪堷偔傕偺乮儉僴儞儅僪偺嬤恊偲偦偺巕懛乯偲偄偆僇儕僼偺忦審傪枮偨偟偰偄偨丅斵偺僇儕僼愰尵屻丄僂儅僀儎壠偵晄枮傪書偔丄僔儕傾丄僀儔僋丄僄僕僾僩側偳儓儖僟儞埲奜偺奺抧偺儉僗儕儉偑斵偺傕偲偵拤惤偺惥偄(僶僀傾)傪偟丄擇恖偺僇儕僼偑懚嵼偡傞偲偄偆忬懺偑婲偙偭偨 (戞擇師撪棎偺巒傑傝) 丅僀僽儞 僘僶僀儖偼僀儔僋丄僄僕僾僩傪惂攅偟丄僔儕傾偺敿暘埲忋傪偦偺嵟戝惃椡斖埻偵帯傔丄堦帪偼僂儅僀儎挬傪埑搢偡傞傎偳偺惃椡傪尒偣偨偑丄偦偺屻丄戞5戙僂儅僀儎挬僇儕僼(5th Umayyad Calph, 685 - 705)傾僽僪 儅儕僋(Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, 647 – 705)偺傕偲偱峌惃偵揮偠偨僂儅僀儎挬偵傛偭偰偦偺椞抧偼庢傝曉偝傟偰偄偒丄嵟屻偼惞抧儊僢僇廃曈偺傒傪椞桳偡傞偩偗偲側偭偨丅傾僽僪 儅儕僋偼僴僢僕儍乕僕儏丒僽儞丒儐乕僗僼(al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf)傪巌椷姱偲偡傞俀愮偺僂儅僀儎挬孯傪儊僢僇偺僇儕僼丄僀僽儞 僘僶僀儖偺傕偲偵嵎偟岦偗丄儊僢僇傪曪埻偟丄淲媩(偳偒傘偆)(愇媩丄淲)偵傛傞搳愇偱儊僢僇偺庣旛戉丄僇乕僶恄揳(Ka乫ba or Ka乫aba)側偳傪峌寕偝偣偨丅偦偺偨傔丄儊僢僇偺庣旛戉偼嬯愴傪嫮偄傜傟丄夡柵偟偨丅僇乕僶恄揳傕戝偒偔旐奞傪庴偗偨丅692擭丄偙偆偟偨拞偱丄僀僽儞 僘僶僀儖偼僴僢僕儍乕僕儏丒僽儞丒儐乕僗僼偵傛偭偰丄儊僢僇傪6儢寧曪埻偝傟偨偺偪丄愴巰傪悑偘偨丅(戞擇師撪棎偺廔寢)
傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 價儞 傾僢僶僗(Abdullah bin al-Abbas)丗 梐尵幰偺廬孼掜乮晝払偼孼掜偱丄傾僽僪 儉僢僞儕乕僽(Abd al-Muttalib)偺懅巕払乯偱傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)偺慶愭偱偁傞價儞 傾僢僶僗偼僸僕儏儔(Hijirah)偺3擭慜偵惗傑傟偨丅梒偄帪偐傜價儞 傾僢僶僗偼婛偵僋儖傾乕儞(Quran)傗僀僗儔儉巎偺夝庍偐傜巌朄栤戣傑偱條乆側暘栰偺尋媶傗挷嵏偵栚棫偮婥幙傪帵偟偨丅價儞 傾僢僶僗偼偦偺妛栤偺峀偝偐傜乽奀(al-Bahr or Sea)乿偲偺偁偩柤傪晅偗傜傟傞掱丄偡偖傟偨抦幆傪拁愊偟偨丅價儞 傾僢僶僗偼乽僋儖傾乕儞偺夝庍偺梕擣偝傟偨晝乿偱偁傝丄梐尵幰偺拠娫傗壠懓傊偺幙栤偡傞庤抜偱梐尵幰偵娭偡傞傕偭偲傕憗婜偺忣曬廂廤幰偺堦恖偱偁傞丅執戝側妛幰偱偁傞偺傪棧傟偰傕價儞 傾僢僶僗偼妶摦揑側恖暔偱傕偁傝丄儉僗儕儉孯偺僄僕僾僩(Egypt)丄杒傾僼儕僇(North Africa)丄杒晹僀儔儞(Northern Iran)偍傛傃僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Costantinople)偺弌惇偵傕廬孯偟偰偄傞丅價儞 傾僢僶僗偼3恖偺僇儕僼傊怣棅偱偒彆尵幰偲偟偰傕巇偊丄僸僕儏儔楌36擭乮惣楋657擭乯偵僶僗儔抦帠(Governor of Basra)偵擟柦偝傟偨丅僸僕儍乕僘傊塀戅偡傞慜偺2丄3擭偼帠柋強偵嬑柋偟偰偄偨丅屻偵傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僘僶僀儖(Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, 624 - 692)偑僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Caliphate, 661 – 750)摑帯偵斀棎偟丄儊僢僇(Mecca)偱僇儕僼(Caliph)偵懄埵偟偨帪偵偙傟偵斀懳偟偨丅偙偺堊丄價儞 傾僢僶僗偼儅僢僇(Makkah)偱搳崠偝傟偨偑丄僋僼傽(Kufa)偐傜儉僼僞乕儖(al-Mukhtar, 622 - 687)偑攈尛偟偨摿暿婻暫孯抍偵傛傞椡偯偔偺峌寕偱帺桼偵側偭偨丅惌帯惗妶偱偺偙偺楢嵗傪嵟屻偵塱媣偵僞乕僀僼(Taif)偵塀戅偟丄僸僕儏儔楌68擭乮惣楋688擭乯偵杤偟偨丅
傾僽僪 儎 儔僀儖 僀僽儞 傾儉儖(Abd-Ya-Layl ibn Amr)丗 僞僀僼(Taif)偑僀僗儔儉(Islam)偵揋懳偟偰偄偨崰偺僒僉僼懓挿(Thaqif乫I Chieftain)偺堦恖偱偁傞偑丄631/632擭偵僀僗儔儉傊偺夵廆傪庴偗偨僞僀僼巗戙昞抍偺堦恖偱傕偁偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia)
傾僽僪儖 儔僼儅儞 僗僟僀儕(Amir 'Abd al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Sudairi)丗 1943擭偐傜1990擭傑偱僕儑僂僼廈抦帠偱偁傝丄乽傾儔價傾偺嵐敊曈嫬丄僕儑僂僼偺曄慗(The Desert Frontier of Arabia, Al-Jawf Trough the Ages)乿傪挊嶌偟偨丅摨尦抦帠偼偦偺挿偄擟婜傪捠偠偰僕儍僂僼偵廧傒丄偙偺抧曽偵婑梌偡傞堊偵僗僟僀儕嵿抍(The 'Abd al-Rahman al-Sudairi Foundation)傪愝棫偡傞掱丄偙偺抧曽傪垽偟偨恖偱偁傞丅偙偺嵿抍傪捠偠偰摨尦抦帠偼廈搒僒僇僇(Sakaka)偱巹棫恾彂娰(Dar al-Jawf lil-'Ulum)丄攷暔娰寭儂僥儖(Al-Nusl)偍傛傃嶰偮偺晅懏梒抰墍傪帩偮帨慞抍懱(Jam'iyyat al-Birr al-Khairiyya) 傪愝棫偟塣塩偟偰偄傞丅
傾僽 僰儅僀僀(Abu Numayy)丗 儊僢僇庱挿(the Sharif of Mecca)偺僶儔僇僩擇悽(Barakat II, 1497–1525)偑恇廬傪帵偡偨傔偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks)偺僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I, 1516-1520)偺墹媨偵憲偭偨師抝丅
傾僽僴(Abha)丗 乽慺惏傜偟偄旤偟偝乿偲塢偆柤傪帩偮偙偺巗偼傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)偺廈搒偱偁傝惌帯偺拞怱偱偁傞丅昗崅 2,050 m偺帺慠偼僒僂僕崙撪偱偼崀塉検偑懡偔丄壞偱傕椓偟偔丄朙偐側扞敤偵埻傑傟偨擾嬈抧懷偱偁傞偲嫟偵崅嶳悪乮價儍僋僔儞丄juniper乯偵旐傢傟偰偄傞丅巗偼搊傝崀傝偺偁傞娐忬摴楬偱埻傑傟丄戝偒側僐僲僇儖僾僗(Conocarpus丄Button Mangrove)偺椢偺暲栘摴偲惉偭偰偍傝丄崅戜枅偵偼岞墍偑愝偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟偼帺慠偲宨娤傪妝偟傔傞岞墍搒巗傪栚巜偟偨扥壓寬嶰巵偺愝寁偲塢傢傟丄傾僽僴(Abha)偺旤偟偝傪堦憌嵺棫偨偣偰偄傞丅挰偺拞怱晹偼墇偟壆崻傪帩偮崅憌偱撈摿側揇偺壠暲傒偑摿挜偱偁偭偨偑丄崱偱偼愄偺寶暔偼杦偳壗傕巆偭偰嫃傜偢丄150擭埲忋傕慜偵傾僽僴(Abha)偺摑帯幰(Amir)偺嫃忛偱偁偭偨僔儍僟忛(Shada Palace)偑婏柇偵傕応堘偄偵尒偊傞掱偱偁傞丅傾僽僴(Abha)偺廡巗偼壩梛擔偱丄廡巗偱偼嫮偄朏崄偑嬻婥傪枮偨偟偰偄傞丅曈傝堦懷偵峀偑傞彫壆偵偼慡偰偺庬椶偺暔帒偑偁傞丅偦傟傜偼饽嵶岺丄巋廕偟偨儘乕僽丄婄椏傪揾傜傟偨崄楩丄僷儞從偒嶮丄崄悈時摍抧曽偺怓嵤偲惣梞偺埨暔偺婏柇側崿偤崌傢偣偱偁傞丅傾僽僴(Abha)偺楌巎偼屆偔丄乽傾僔乕儖(Asir)抧曽偼屆戙偵偼崄椏(incense)丄崄恏椏(spice)傗杤栻(myrrh)偺廳梫側岎堈楬偱偁傝丄屆戙僄僕僾僩彈墹僴僩僔僃僾僗僩(Hatshepsut, 1473-1458 BC)偼峠奀傪墇偊偰戝偒側慏傪傾僽僴(Abha)偵巊傢偟偨乿偲偺婰榐偑僄僕僾僩偺屆戙帥堾偺暻偵徾宍暥帤(Hieroglyphic)偱巆偝傟偰偄傞丅慺惏傜偟偄宨娤偲椓偟偄婥岓偺壎宐偱傾僽僴(Abha)偲偦偺廃曈偵偼崙棫岞墍偑愝偗傜傟丄僒僂僕偺戙昞揑儕僝乕僩抧偲惉偭偰偍傝丄恖岥栺10枩恖偺偙偺巗偵偼傾僽僴 僷儗僗(Abha Palace)傪巒傔丄旔弸抧偲偟偰偺懡偔偺儂僥儖(Hotel)丄僐儞僪儈僯傾儉(condominium)丄儁儞僔儑儞(Pension)傗暿憫偑寶偰傜傟偰偄傞丅
傾僽僴 僀儞僞乕僐儞僠僱儞僞儖儂僥儖(Abha Intercontinental Hotel)丗 僀儞僞乕僐儞僠僱儞僞儖儂僥儖(Intercontinental Hotel) 偼崙嵺夛媍応偲栚傪堷偔夞嫵撈摿偺墌壆崻偺嫄戝側儌僗僋乮楃攓摪乯傪帩偮丄僒僂僕惌晎偑崙埿傪偐偗偰偙偺昗崅2,910 m偵寶憿偟偨傾儔僽儅僱乕傪戙昞偡傞偲塢傢傟偰嫃偨儂僥儖偱偁傝丄僒僂僕偺嬤戙寶愝傪戙昞偡傞寶暔偱傕偁傞丅宱塩傪僀儞僞乕僐儞偵埾戸偟偰偄傞堊偵偙偺柤偑偁傞丅偙偺儂僥儖偺廃埻偺崅嶳悪(攼隊丄Juniper)偺怷偵偼峀戝側梀曕摴偑愝偗傜傟丄摿偵壞偺娫丄旔弸偺堊偵壠懓偱戄偟價僢儔(Villa)偵懾嵼偡傞悁棷媞偵偼愨岲偺娐嫬偱偁傞丅儂僥儖偺峏偵忋偵偼崙墹偺媨揳偑偁傞丅
傾僽乕僶僋儖(Abu Bakr)(632-634)丗 傾僽乕僶僋儖傾儖 僗傿僢僨傿乕僋(Abu Bakr as-Siddiq)偼632擭偵梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偑巰嫀偟偨屻丄乽恄偺巊搆儉僴儞儅僪偺戙棟恖僇儕僼(Calif)乿傪柤忔傝丄弶戙惓摑僇儕僼(Calif) (632-634)偵廇擟偟偨嫵桭(Sahaba)偺堦恖偱偁傝丄僋儔僀僔儏懓乮Quraysh tribe乯偺僞僀儉乮Banu Taym branch乯壠偺弌恎偱丄儉僴儞儅僪偺恊愂嬝偱傕偁傞丅
傾僽僴 僷儗僗 儂僥儖(Abha Palace Hotel)乮昗崅 2,170 m乯丗 傾僽僴(Abha)偺恖岺屛(As Sad Lake)偺撿懁偵惍旛偝傟偨戝婯柾側梀墍抧晅偒偺戝偒側儂僥儖偱偁傞偑丄奜尒偐傜偼戝偒夁偓偰偲偰傕儂僥儖(Hotel)偵尒偊柍偄丅儘價乕傕媞幒傕嬤戙揑崑壺偱偟偐傕晅懷巤愝偑晅偒丄偟偐傕巗奨抧偵傕捈偖偺応強偩偟丄僟儉(As Sad Lake)偺屛斎偵偁傞偺偱傾僽僴偵悁棷偡傞偵偼椙偄応強偩丅偦偺忋丅僐儞僪儈僯傾儉(Condominium)傗娤岝嬻拞働乕僽儖偺敪拝強傪娷傓杮奿揑側梀墍抧偑摨偠晘抧偵偁傞偟丄偙偺儂僥儖(Hotel)偺帩偪庡偑偙偙偺傾僔乕儖廈抦帠(Governor)傕娷傓墹懓(Prince)偺僼傽僀僒儖(Faisal)壠偱偁傞偺偱丄擖傝岥(Gate)偵偼寈姱偑尒挘偭偰(Watch)嫃傝丄儉僞儚乮廆嫵寈嶡偺庤愭乯偲偺娭傢傝崌偄(Trouble)傕柍偄丅偙偺儂僥儖偺憢偐傜挱傔傞偲傾僽僴(Abha)偼壗搙朘傟偰傕旤偟偄挰偩偲巚偆丅
傾僽 儈僼僕儍儉(Abu Mihjam Al-Thaqifu, ? - 650 A.D.)丗 636擭偺僒乕僒乕儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Empire, 224 - 651)偲偺僇乕僨傿僔乕儎偺愴偄(Battle of Al-Qadisiyah)偵傕嶲愴偟偨婻巑摴惛恄傪帩偭偨桬姼側僞乕僀僼(Taif)弌恎偺傾儔僽帊恖偱忢偵塰岝傪戣嵽偲偟偰偄偨丅
傾僽儔僴(Abraha)丗 傾儕傾僗(Ariath)傪堷偒宲偄偩傾價僔僯傾偺僀僄儊儞憤撀(Abyssinian Governor, his death to some time after 553)偱丄傾僽儔儌僗(Abramos)埥偄偼乽旲傪愗傞乿傪堄枴偡傞儃儖僴 傾僔儏儔儉(Al Borha Al Ashram)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偼570擭偵孯戉傪儊僢僇(Mecca)偵恑寕偝偣偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜僇乕僶(Ka'ba)偼傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偑堷偒楢傟偨7,8摢偺徾偑儊僢僇乮Mecca乯偵擖傠偆偣偢偵嵗傝崬傓偲塢偆婏愓偑婲偒偰丄彎偮偔帠柍偔擄傪摝傟偨丅偦偺婏愓偑傾價僔僯傾孯傪堷偒曉偝偣偨丅偙傟傪傾儔僽懓偼枩恄揳(pantheon)傪摑妽偡傞恄奿(deity)偱偁傞傾僢儔乕(Allah)偺偛壛岇偩偲偟丄偙偺擭傪乽徾偺擭(Year of Elephant)偲屇傫偱偄傞丅
傾僽儔僴偺斀棎丗 傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偑僄僔儊僼傽僄僂僗(Esimephaeus)傪偆偪晧偐偣偨屻偱丄傾價僔僯傾峜掗偼僄僔儊僼傽僄僂僗偵懳偟偰峏偵擇孯抍偺墖孯傪憲偭偨丅嵟弶偺孯抍偼斀棎傪婲偙偟丄傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偲摨柨偟丄偦偺孯抍偺巜婗姱偱峜掗僄僢儔 傾僗儀僴嶰悽(Ella Asbeha III)偺恊椶偱偁傞傾儕傾僗(Ariath)傪嶦偟偨丅擇搙栚偺孯抍偼愴摤偱懡偔傪嶦偝傟偨丅偦偺屻傕鎦偄偼懕偄偨偑丄僄僢儔 傾僗儀僴嶰悽(Ella Asbeha III)偺巰屻丄傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偼傾價僔僯傾掗崙偺怴墹偵拤惤傪惥偭偨丅
傾僼儔儉恖(Ahlamû)丗 乮傾僇儔儉恖(Akhlamu)嶲徠乯丅
乽傾僼儕僇偺慡斒揑婰弎乮儌僴儊僢僩嫵偺憂愝偐傜1571擭傑偱偺愴憟偲惙悐偵偮偄偰乯乿丗(Descripción General de Africa, sus guerras y vicisitudes, desde la fundación del Mahometismo el aňo 1571 )丄儖僀僗 僨儖 儅儖儌儖 僇儖償傽僴儖(Luis del Mármol Carvajal)挊丄1573擭偐傜偵1599擭傑偱偵僌儔僶僟(Granada) 偲儅儔僈(Málaga)偱弌斉丅
傾僽儖僼傿僟丗 惣楋1273擭僟儅僗僇僗偱惗傑傟偨傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid)偺墹巕傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abulfida)偼乽僞僋僂傿儉 傾儖-僽儖僟儞(Takwin al-Buldan)乿偺挊幰偱丄偦傟埲慜偺弌揟偐傜偺嵽椏傪庡偵曇廤偟偰偄偨丅傾僽儖僼傿僟偺庡梫側岟愌偼2丄3悽婭慿偭偨惓妋側忣曬偱偺嵟怴壔偱偁偭偨偑丄擭寧偑宱偮偲嫟偵偦偺岠椡偼幐偣偰偟傑偭偨丅
傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗(Abu'l Abbas)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱僒僢僼傽乕(Saffah)懄偪嶦滳幰(Slaughterer)偲屇偽傟傞傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗 傾僽僪僢儔 僒僢僼傽乕 僀僽儞 儉僴儞儅僪(Abu al Abbas Abdullah as Saffah ubn Muhammad)偼傾僢僶乕僗挬(the Abbasid)偺弶戙僇儕僼(Caliph, 750-754)偱偁偭偨丅傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗(As-Saffah)偼僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh tribe)偱丄梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺慭慶晝僴乕僔儉(Hashim偐傜暘偐傟偨僶僰 僴乕僔儉壠(Banu Hashim clan)偺堦暘壠僶僰 傾僢僶僗(Banu Abbas)偺搹椑偱偁偭偨丅僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Dynasty)僇儕僼 僸僔儍儉 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 傾儖 儅儕僋(Hisham ibn Abd al Malik, 723-743)偑杤偡傞偲僀僗儔儉掗崙撪偱偼撪愴偑杣敪偟偨丅僔乕傾攈(Shi乫as)丄僴儚乕儕僕儏(戅嫀偟偨幰)攈(Kharijis)偍傛傃儂儔乕僒乕儞(Khurasan)偺廧柉払偺巟墖傪摼偨傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗偼帺孯傪棪偄偰彑棙偟丄僂儅僀儎挬嵟屻偺僇儕僼 儅儖儚乕儞擇悽(Marwan II)傪750擭偵捛曻偟丄僂儅僀儎壠偺巆傝慡偰偺峔惉堳傪傪杘嶦偟偨丅桞堦偺惗懚幰傾僽僪 傾儖 儔僴儅儞堦悽(Abd ar Rahman I)偼傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalusia or al Andalus)傊摝朣偟丄偦偙偱嶰悽婭偵搉偭偰塰偊偨屻婜僂儅僀儎挬(Caliphate of Cordoba, 756-1031)傪奐偄偨丅傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗偼柍帨斶側曽朄偱僂儅僀儎壠傪崻愨傗偟偵偟偨偺偱僒僢僼傽乕(Saffah)偲塢偆徧崋傪摼偨丅偙傟偼乽嶦滳幰(Slaughterer)乿埥偄偼乽寣傪拲偖幰(Shedder of Blood)乿偲塢偆堄枴偱偁傞丅偙偺撪愴偼乽傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗(As-Saffah)偑僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺夝曻幰儅僴僨傿(Mahdhi)偱偁傞乿偲偺僔乕傾攈(Shi乫as)偺怣嬄偵傛傞1000擭婜偺梐尵偵婎偯偄偰堷偒婲偙偝傟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗(As Saffah)偼乽帺暘偺堊偺僇儕僼崙壠(Caliphate)傪寶崙偡傞乿偲偺僔乕傾攈嫵搆払(Shi乫as)偲偺栺懇傪庣傜側偐偭偨偺偱丄僔乕傾攈嫵搆払偼棧斀偟偨丅754擭偵丄傾僽儖 傾僢僶乕僗偼揤慠摋(smallpox)偱朣偔側傞慜偵帺暘偺孼掜偺傾僽 僕儍乪僼傽乕儖 傾儖 儅儞僗乕儖(Abu Ja乫far al Mansur)屻宲幰偲偟偰巜柤偟偰偄偨丅
傾儀僋僗(Abex)丗 僄僕僾僩丒僰價傾(the Egyptian - Nubian乯崙嫬偐傜僶僪 儅儞僨僽奀嫭(Strait of Bad al-Mandeb)傑偱偺峠奀娸偵増偭偨抧堟偺惓幃柤徧丅
傾儅僌(Amaq)丗 傾儅僌(Amaq)偼價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk)偺峠奀娸偺堦斣杒偵埵抲偡傞儊僢僇廈(Emirate of Makkah)偺廤棊偱丄儎僣僨偺條側梩傪偟偨攎徳灲巕乮僄僟僂僠灲巕乯偲巹偑壖偵熡柤偟偨僄僟僂僠儎僔偑孮惗偟偰嫃傝丄梠娾抧懷偲敾傞丅傾儅僌(Amaq)偵棳傟崬傓熆傟扟(wadi)偼暆20m掱搙偺愳偵惉偭偰偄傞丅偦偺悈偺偣偄偐傾儅僌(Amaq)晅嬤偺奀娸偼儅儞僌儘乕僽(mangrove) )偵暍傢傟偰偄傞丅傾儅僌(Amaq)偺撿偱偼僫僣儊灲巕傕偙偺孮惗偵崿偞偭偰帺惗偟偰偄傞偺偑傾儅僌(Amaq)偺杒偲偼堘偆丅
傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekites)丗 憂悽婰(Book of Genesis)偺宯晥偵傛傟偽乽傾儅儗僋(Amalek)偼僄僒僂(Esau)偺懅巕僄儕僼傽僘(Eliphaz)偲儘僞儞(Lotan)偺巓枀偱儂儕僥懓偺懁幒僥傿儉僫(Timna)偲偺懅巕偱偁偭偨乿偲婰嵹偝傟偰偄傞偑丄幚嵺偵僫僼儅僯僨僗(Nahmanides, 1194 - 1270)偵傛偭偰婰榐偝傟偨惞彂偺梋榎偼乽傾儅儗僋懓偼僄僒僂偺懛偺巕懛偱偼柍偔丄偙偺懛偑偦偺柤偵場傫偱柤晅偗傜傟偨傾儅儗僋偲塢偆柤偺抝偺巕懛偱偁傞乿偲弎傋偰嫃傝丄傾儅儗僋懓偺柤偺桼棃偲側偭偨偦偺愭慶偵偮偄偰偼屆偄傾儔價傾偺帊偺拞偱傕搊応偟偰偄傞丅僀僽儞 僴儖僪僁乕儞(Ibn Khaldun, 1332 – 1406)丄僀僽儞 傾僗傿乕儖(Ali ibn al-Athir, 1160 - 1233)偺條側傾儔價傾偺楌巎壠偵傛傟偽乽傾儅儗僋(Amalek)偼摨偠寣摑偺傾儉儖恖(Amorites)丄僇僫儞恖(Canaanites)偍傛傃僸僋僜僗恖(Hyksos)偵梌偊傜傟偨柤慜偱偁傞乿偲尵偄丄偙偺柤偼帪偵偼乽扟偺廧恖(Dweller in Valley)偲栿偝傟傞帠傕偁傞偑丄懡偔偺愱栧壠偼弌強偼傢偐傜側偄偲峫偊偰偄傞丅枖丄憂悽婰偵偼乽傾儅儗僋懓偼儐僟儎恖偺愭慶偺傾僽儔僴儉(Abraham)偺帪戙偵偼屻偵儘乕儅椞傾儔價傾懏廈(Arabia Petraea)偲側偭偨抧曽偵偡偱偵廧傫偱偄偨乿偲婰弎偑偁傞偑丄傾儔價傾偺楌巎壠儉僗僨傿(Abu al Hasan 乪Ali al-Mus乫ud, 896 - 956)偼乽傾儅儗僋懓偼傾僽儔僴儉偺帪戙偺慜偵儊僢僇抧曽傪婲尮偵偙偺憗偄帪戙偵懚嵼偟偰偄偨乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅儌乕僛屲彂(Prntateuch)*偵偼乽傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)偼弌僄僕僾僩偺嵺偵儐僟儎恖(Hebrews)傪僔僫僀敿搰偺嵐敊(Desert of Sinai)偺儗僼傿僨傿儉(Rephidim)偱廝偭偨梀杚晹懓偱偁傞乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅僒儉僄儖婰偺忋(1 Samuel)偱偼偙偺廝寕偵偮偄偰乽嵟屻晹傪廝偄丄偦傟偼抶傟偰偄偨庛偄幰払偱偁偭偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅儐僟儎嫵偺惞彂僞僫僴(Tanakh)偼傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)傪搚拝偺晹懓偲偟偰擣傔丄柉悢婰(Numbers)偵偼乽戞堦斣偺堎嫵搆乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偍傝丄嫲傜偔尰嵼偺僱僎償嵐敊(Negeb)偲巚傢傟傞姡偄偨杚憪抧偱偁傞撿偺掅抧偵傕搚拝偺傾儅儗僋懓偑嫃偨丅偙偺傾儅儗僋懓偼憗婜偺儐僟儎恖偵偲偭偰栵夘側揋懳幰偱偁傝丄乽傾儅儗僋懓偼僴償傿儔(Havilah)偐傜僔儏(Shu)傑偱撿偺搚抧偵廧傫偱愜傝丄帪偵奺乆偺墹偑摨偠僄僀僈僌(Agag)偲塢偆悽廝偺柤傪帩偮儌傾僽恖(Moabites)*傗儊僨儎儞恖(Midianites)*偲摨柨偟偨乿偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅枖丄僒儉僄儖婰偺忋(1 Samuel)偍傛傃巑巘婰(Judges)偵傛傟偽儗僶儞僩抧曽(Levant)偺曻杚柉堦栧偺働僯懓(Kenites)*偼帪偵摨柨傪寢傫偱偄偨丅傾儅儗僋懓偼儐僟儎恖(Israelites)傪儂儖儅(Hormah)偱傕廝偭偨偺偱儐僟儎偺弶戙偺墹僒僂儖(Saul)*偼晹懓挿払偲儐僟儎孯傪巜婗偟偰傾儅儗僋懓偺恖乆傪杦偳夡柵偝偣偨丅偙偺帪丄僒僂儖偼恄(Lord)偺柦椷偵斀偟偰恖乆傗壠抺偺堦晹傪惗偐偟偨傑傑偱奐曻偟偨偺偱梐尵幰僒儉僄儖(Samuel)偼寖搟偟偨丅僒僂儖偲晹懓挿払偼暯抧偵偁傞晄徻偺傾儅儗僋懓搒巗偵墦惇偟庱旜傛偔傾儅儗僋懓偺墹僄僀僈僌(Agag)傪曔椄偵偟偨偑丄僄僀僈僌傪嶦偡偺傪鏢鏞偟偨偺偱僒儉僄儖(Samuel)帺恎偑傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)偺墹傪張孻偟偨丅僒僂儖偺懅巕僟價僨(David, c.1037–970 BC)*偼儐僟儎偺晄曄偺揋傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)傪愨柵偝偣傞堊偺惞愴傪悑峴偟丄偦偺寢壥丄傾儅儗僋懓偼楌巎偐傜徚柵偟偨丅峏偵僸僛僉儎(Hezekiah, 12th King of Kingdom of Judah, regned 715/716 – 687 BC)偺帪戙偵500恖偺僔儊僆儞懓(Simeonites)偵傛偭偰僙僀乕儖嶳(Mount Seir)偵摝傟丄掕廧偟偰偄偨傾儅儗僋懓偺嵟屻偺惗偒巆傝偑奆嶦偟偵偝傟偨丅儐僟儎恖(Israelite)偑婰弎偟偨惞彂偱偺儐僟儎恖(Hebrew)偲傾儅儗僋懓偺娭學偼乽屳偄偵揋懳偟偰偍傝丄傾儅儗僋懓偼僼傽儔僆(Pharaoh)傗儁儕僔傾恖(Philistine)傛傝傕椻崜偱嶔棯傪傔偖傜偟丄墶朶偱偁偭偨乿偲塢偆丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
傾儈乕儖(Amir)丗 傾儈乕儖偼巟攝幰埥偄偼戙姱摍偺堊惌幰丄僀僗儔儉嫵崙偺墹懓丒庱挿丄孯巌椷姱丒戉挿丄儉僴儞儊僪(Mohammed偺柡僼傽乕僥傿儅(Fatima)偺巕懛偺懜徧丅
傾儈乕儖 僟僂僪 僀僽儞 僴僔儉(Amir Dawud ibn Hashim)丗 僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)傪曪埻偟丄愯嫆偟偨儀僪僂僀儞偺巟攝幰丅
傾儉僟儕傾愳(The Amu Darya)丗 僷儈乕儖崅尨(Pamir)傪敪偟丄傾儔儖奀(the Aral Sea)偵拲偖愳丅
傾儉僴儔岅(Amharic)丗 僙儉宯偱僄僠僆僺傾偺岞梡岅丅
傾儉儖恖(Amurru)丗 乮傾儌儕恖(Amorite)嶲徠丅乯
傾儉儖 價儞 乫傾乕僗(Amr bin al-'As, 583/589 - 664)丗 傾儉儖偼640擭偺乽儌僗儕儉偺僄僕僾僩惇暈(Muslim Conquest of Egypt)乿傪巜婗偟偰峷專偟偨傾儔價傾偺晲彨偱偁傞丅傾儉儖偼儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偲摨擭戙偱偁傝丄629擭偵僀僗儔儉嫵偵夵廆偟偨屻丄儉僗儕儉巟攝懱惂偺拞偱媫懍偵戜摢偟偨丅傾儉僗偼僄僕僾僩偺庱搒僼僗僞僩(Fustat)傪憂寶偟丄傾僼儕僇戝棨偱偺弶傔偰偺儌僗僋(Mosque of Amr bin al-As)傪寶憿偟偨丅傾儉儖偼僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)偺僒僼儉壠(Banu Sahm)弌恎偱偁傝丄杤偟偨帪偵乽90嵨傪挻偊偰偄偨乿偲塢傢傟丄惗擭偼573擭埲慜偱偼柍偄偐偲傕巚傢傟傞丅尦乆偼彜恖偱戉彜偲嫟偵傾僕傾傗僄僕僾僩傪娷傓拞搶偺岎堈楬偱彜偄傪塩傫偱偄偨丅僀僗儔儉嵟弶婜偵偼儊僢僇(Makkah)偺懡偔偺巜摫幰偨偪偲嫟偵斀僀僗儔儉恮塩偵恎傪抲偄偰偄偨丅傾儉儖偼僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)偑儉僗儕儉(Muslims)傪捛曻偡傞條偵愢摼偡傞堊偵傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)傊攈尛偟偨巊愡偺戙昞偱偁偭偨偑丄偙偺擟柋偼惉岟偣偢丄幐攕偵廔傢偭偨丅622擭偵儉僴儞儅僪偑儅僨傿乕僫(Madina)偵堏偭偨惞慗(hegira)偺屻丄傾儉儖偼僋儔僀僔儏懓偑儉僗儕儉偲憟偭偨偡傋偰偺愴偄偵嶲壛偟丄625擭偺僂僼僪偺愴偄(Battle of Uhud)偱偼僋儔僀僔儏孯暘尛戉偺巜婗傪偟偨丅偦偺屻丄傾儉儖偼629擭偵僴乕儕僪 僀僽儞 儚儕乕僪(Khalid ibn al-Walid, 592 - 642)偲嫟偵儊僢僇偐傜儊僨傿乕僫偵晪偒丄僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨丅搶儘乕儅椞僔儕傾(Syria under Byzantian Control)崙嫬偺傾儔僽懓(Arabian Tribes)偲偺怣棅娭學傪抸偒丄搶儘乕儅偐傜棧斀偝偣傞堊偵630擭偵峴傢傟偨僓僩 僒儔僔儖墦惇(Campaign of Dhat As-Salasil)偱偼傾儉儖偼傾僽乕 僶僋儖(Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, 573 - 634)丄僂儅儖 僀僽儞 僴僢僞乕僽(Umar ibn al-Khattab, 586/590 - 644)偍傛傃傾僽乕 僂僶僀僟(Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, 583 - 638)傪廬偊偨偽偐傝偱柍偔丄壗廡娫偵傕傢偨偭偰楃攓偺愭摫傪峴偭偨堊偵孯偺巌椷姱偩偗偱偼柍偔丄廆嫵忋偺揟楃偺巜摫幰偵傕側偭偨丅偦偺屻丄傾儉儖偼儉僴儞儅僪偵傛偭偰僆儅乕儞(Oman)偺巜摫幰僕儍僀僼傽乕儖(Jayfar)偍傛傃傾僢僶僪 僀僽儞 僕儏儔儞僟(`Abbad ibn Julanda)傪夵廆偝偣傞堊偵攈尛偝傟丄儉僴儞儅僪偺杤屻偺捈屻傑偱偦偙偺憤撀傪柋傔偨丅632擭丄梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺巰屻偺攚嫵幰偲偺儕僢僟愴憟(Ridder War)偱妶桇偟偨丅偝傜偵634擭4寧偵偼傾儉儖偼弶戙僇儕僼(1st Rashidun Caliph, 632 - 634)傾僽乕 僶僋儖偵傛偭偰儉傾乕僂傿儎乕晝偱偁傞儎僕乕僪 僀僽儞 傾價乕 僗僼儎乕儞(Yazid Ibn Abi Abu Sofyan, ? - 640)丄僔儏儔僼價乕儖 僀僽儞 僴僒僫(Shurhabil ibn Hassana, 583 - 639)偲傕偵僔儕傾墦惇孯偺巌椷姱偲偝傟丄僷儗僗僥傿僫抧曽偺惇暈(Conquest of Palestine)傪柦偠傜傟偨丅傾儉儖偼僀僗儔儉掗崙(Rashidun Caliphate)偺搶儘乕儅(Byzantine)偲偺嵟弶偺戝婯柾側愴摤偱偁偭偨傾僕儍僫僟僀儞偺愴偄(Battle of Ajnadayn, 634)丄搶儘乕儅孯傪攋傞偙偲偵惉岟偟偨儎儖儉乕僋偺愴偄(Battle of Yarmouk, 636)偍傛傃僟儅僗僇僗娮棊(Fall of Damascus)偱妶桇偟偨丅僔儕傾(Syria)偺搶儘乕儅惃(Byzantines)堦憒偺屻丄傾儉儖偼2戙栚僇儕僼(2st Rashidun Caliph, 634 - 644) 僂儅儖偵僄僕僾僩墦惇寁夋傪恑尵偟丄僂儅儖偺摨堄傪摼偨丅640擭枛偵岦偗偰丄傾儉儖偼3,500偐傜4,000偺暫椡傪廬偊偰僔僫僀敿搰(Sinai Peninsula)傪墶抐偟丄幚嵺偺怤棯傪巒傔偨丅僄僕僾僩偱偼僐僾僩攈僉儕僗僩嫵搆(Coptic Christians)傪枴曽偵偮偗丄僫僀儖嶰妏廈(Nile Delta)偱偺儁儖僔僂儉(Pelusium)傪峌棯丄偍傛傃價儖僶僀僗(Bilbais)嬤峹偱偺搶儘乕儅孯(Byzanyine Forces)偺嫮廝傪斀寕偟偨屻丄傾儉儖偼尰嵼偺僇僀儘巗(Cairo)偵偁偭偨僶價儏儘儞忛(Babylon Fortress)偵岦偗偰恑寕偟偨丅彫嫞傝崌偄偺屻丄傾儉儖偼僔儕傾偐傜偺憹墖晹戉傪摼偰丄僄僕僾僩挀棷偡傞僥僆僪乕儖(Thedore)巜婗壓偺搶儘乕儅孯庡椡偲懳洺偡傞堊偵傾僀儞丒僔儍儉僗(Ain Shams)乮屆戙偺僿儕僆億儕僗(Heliopolis)乯偵岦偗偰偝傜偵杒傊偲恑寕偟偨丅僀僗儔儉掗崙孯(Rashidun Caliphate Forces)偼僿儕僆億儕僗偺愴偄(Battle of Heliopolis, 640)偱偺彑棙偱僄僕僾僩偺戝敿傪庤偵擖傟丄悢儢寧曪埻偟偰偄偨僶價儏儘儞忛傪棊忛偝偣丄偦偺悢儠寧屻偵偼悢愮擭偵傢偨偭偰僄僕僾僩偺庱搒偱搶儘乕儅(Byzantine)偺嫆揰偱偁偭偨傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)傪崀暁偝偣偨丅641擭枛偵偼儊儞僼傿僗(Memphis)偵偁傞媨揳愓偱暯榓忦栺偑掲寢偝傟偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄搶儘乕儅孯(Byzanyine Forces)偼645擭偵僄僕僾僩扗夞傪婜偟偨偑丄僯僉僂偺愴偄(Battle of Nikiou, 646)偱僀僗儔儉掗崙孯(Rashidun Caliphate Force)偼彑棙偟丄僄僕僾僩偼姰慡偵僀僗儔儉掗崙(Rashidun Caliphate)偺巟攝壓偲側偭偨丅怴庱搒偑昁梫偲側傝丄傾儉儖偼戝婯柾偵惍旛偝傟偰偄傞僫僀儖嶰妏廈惣抂偵偁傞傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾偵峴惌晎傪抲偔傛偆偵恑尵偟偨偑丄僂儅儖(Umar of Omar)偼怴椞抧偺庱搒偑壨愳偱妘偰傜傟傞偺傪寵偭偰摨堄偟側偐偭偨丅偦偙偱641擭偵傾儉儖偼僫僀儖愳搶娸偺僶價儏儘儞忛嬤偔偵挘偭偨帺暘偺揤枊傪拞怱偵怴搒巗傪憂寶偟偨丅揱愢偵傛傟偽乽傾儉儖偑傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾偱偺彑棙偐傜栠傞偲數偑帺暘偺揤枊偵憙傪嶌偭偨偺傪尒偮偗偨丅偙偺怴搒巗偼揤枊偺搒巗偡側偼偪儈僗儖 僼僗僞僩(Misr al-Fustat)偲屇偽傟傞條偵側傝丄偙傟偑傾儔價傾岅偱偺僄僕僾僩(Misr)偺岅尮偱偁傞乿偲塢偆丅偨偩偟丄僄僕僾僩偺傾儔價傾柤偼僀僗儔儉惇暈(Islamic Conquest or Muslim Conquests, 632–732)偺偢偭偲慜偐傜椙偔抦傜傟偰偄偨偲偺愢傕偁傞丅傾儉儖偼偙偺搒巗偺拞怱偵儌僗僋(Mosque)傕寶憿偟偨丅偙傟偼僄僕僾僩傪娷傓傾僼儕僇戝棨偱偺嵟弶偺儌僗僋偱偁偭偨丅傾儉儖丒儌僗僋(Mosque of Amr)偼崱偱傕僇僀儘(Cairo)媽巗撪偵寶偭偰偄傞偑丄婔悽婭傕偺娫偵寶偰捈偝傟偰偄傞偺偱峔憿偺尨宆偼巆偝傟偰偄側偄丅懡偔偺孯帠揑惇暈帠嬈偺屻偵傾儉儖偼僀僗儔儉掗崙()偺撪暣偵戝偒側栶妱傪壥偨偟偨丅3戙栚僇儕僼(3rd Rashidun Caliph, 644 - 656)僂僗儅乕儞 僀僽儞 傾僢僼傽乕儞(Uthman ibn Affan)偺埫嶦偺屻丄屻宲幰傪憟偭偰傾儕乕(Ali)偺巟帩幰払偲偲儉傾乕僂傿儎(Muawiyah)偺巟帩幰払偺榑憟偲側偭偨丅傾儉儖偼嵟弶偼4戙栚僇儕僼(4th Rashidun Caliph, 656 - 661)傾儕乕 僀僽儞 傾價 僞乕儕僽(Ali ibn Abi Talib)傪巟帩偟偰偄偨偑丄屻偵儉傾乕僂傿儎(Muawiyah)偺懁偵晅偄偨丅僼僗僞僩傪憂寶偟偨屻丄傾儉儖偼儊僢僇(Makkah)偐傜僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偵慗搒偟偨庱搒偵彚娨偝傟丄傾儉儖偼偦偙偱僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad, 661 - 750)弶戙僇儕僼 儉傾乕僂傿儎(Muawiyah I or Muawiyah ibn乪Abi Sufyan, 661 – 680)偺恊偟偄屭栤偲側偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乮Wikipedia乯乯
傾儌儕恖(Amorite)丗 傾儉儖恖(Amurru)偲傕屇偽傟丄庡偵婭尦慜2000擭婜慜敿偵儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(The Euphrates)惣堟偱尃椡傪埇偭偨僙儉岅傪榖偡彅晹懓(Semitic Language People)偺柤徧偱丄傾儉儖(Amurru)偲偼偙偺晹懓偺柤偱偁傝丄偦偺庡恄(Principal Deity)偺柤偱傕偁偭偨丅梀杚柉傾儌儕恖(Amorites)偺椞搚偼尦乆傾儔價傾敿搰偱偁偭偨偑丄婭尦慜栺2400擭偺弶傔偵偼僔儕傾(Syria)偍傛傃僇僫傾儞(Canaan)傪娷傓儐乕僼儔僥僗愳惣堟傪愯傔丄乽傾儌儕恖偺嶳(Mountain of the Amorites)乿偲屇偽傟傞僔儕傾偺價僔儏儕嶳(Jabal Bishri)嶳妜抧曽偲摿暿側偮側偑傝偑偁偭偨丅婭尦慜22悽婭偐傜21悽婭偵妡偗偰儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)傪巟攝偟偨僂儖戞嶰墹挬(Ur -Third Dynasty)偺嵟屻偺墹僀僢價-僔儞(Ibbi-Sin)偺帯悽偺娫偵澺榀偱儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)傊戝婯柾側堏廧傪偟偨傾儌儕恖(Amorites)偼懡偔偺抧曽偱椡傪拁偊丄僀僔儞(Isun)丄儔儖僒(Larsa)偍傛傃僶價儘儞(Babylon)傪娷傓條乆側応強偱尃椡傪彾埇偟丄嵟廔揑偵偼婭尦慜栺2004擭偵僄儔儉恖(Elamites)偑僂儖(ur)傪柵傏偟偨丅偦偺彮偟屻偱丄僶價儘儞(Babylon)偺僴儞儉儔價(Hammurabi, c. 1795 BC – c. 1750 BC)偑戜摢偡傞丅偍傛偦婭尦慜2000擭偐傜1600擭偺娫偺傾儌儕墹挬孮(Amorite Kingdom)偼儊僜億僞儈傾楌巎(Mesopotamia History)偺拞偱傾儌儕帪戙(Amorite Period)偲偝傟傞帠傕偁傞丅庡側傾儌儕墹挬偼儅儕(Mari)丄儎儉僴僪(Yamhad)丄僇僩僫(Qatna)丄傾僢僔儏乕儖(Assur)丄僀僔儞(Isin)丄儔儖僒(Larsa)偍傛傃僶價儘儞(Babylon)偱戜摢偟偨丅偙偺帪戙偼婭尦慜栺1595擭偺僸僢僞僀僩(Hittite)(ca.1680BC – ca.1190BC)偵傛傞僶價儘儞(Babylon)偺惂埑偱廔鄟偟偨丅傾儌儕恖(Amurru)偑巊偭偰偄偨傾儌儕岅(Amorite Language)偼傾僼儘丒傾僕傾岅懓(Afro-Asiatic Language)偺僙儉岅攈(Semitic Linguages)偺杒惣僙儉岅曽尵(Northwest Semitic Dialect)偲悇掕偝傟傞丅
傾乕儌儞僪(Almonds)丗 滸搷傗攂扷埱乮偼偨傫偒傚偆乯偲傕屇偽傟傞丅僶儔壢偺棊梩崅栘丄拞墰傾僕傾尨嶻丄崅偝6m偵払偟丄梩丒壴丒壥幚偲傕搷偵帡傞偑丄壥擏偼敄偔丄弉偡偲楐奐偟丄暯偨偄妀偑偁傞丅妀拞偺恗偺偆偪丄娒偄傾乕儌儞僪偼怘梡丄嬯偄昳庬偺嬯滸搷(Bitter Almonds)偼捔奝乮偪傫偑偄乯丒捔醶乮偪傫偗偄丒醶澒傪捔傔傞乯摍偺栻梡偲偡傞丅
傾儎僢僘墹(Meliqu Az or Malik Ayyaz)丗 僀儞僪偺僨傿僂(Diu)偺摢椞乮15 - 16悽婭崰乯丅
傾儔僇(Alaca)丗 傾僨儞(Aden)偺僴僒儞嶳(Jebel Hasan)偺嬤偔偺儔僗 傾乕儖枽(Ras al-Argh)丅
傾儔僟(Aradh)丗 1948擭1寧6擔丄僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger)偑儅儞儚僋(Manwakh)偐傜擇搙栚偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊墶抐偟偨嵺偵埬撪偺儀僪僂僀儞偑乽儚僨傿 僪儚僔乕儖(Wadi Dawasir)偺挰僗儔僀僀儖(Sulayyil)偺撿偵偁傞僴僢僔(Hassi)偲塢偆悈堜屗偱閜閗偵悈傪堸傑偣偨帠偑偁傝傾儔僟(Aradh)偲塢偆撿偺嵒媢抧懷傑偱挿偔墑傃傞愇奃娾奟抧偵偝偊扝傝拝偗偽偦偺悈堜屗傪扵偟弌偡帺怣偑偁傞乿偲婰弎偑偁傞丅僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger)ha乽傾儔價傾敿搰偺愐椗僕儍僶儖 僩儚僀僌(Jabal Tuwayq)偺僗儔僀僀儖(Sulayyil)偐傜撿偺愇奃娾偺奟傪傾儔僟(Aradh)偲屇傫偱偄傞乿偲巚傢傟傞丅
傾儔僢僋(Arrack)丗 拞嬤搶偱儎僔偺廯傗摐枿側偳偱憿傞儔儉偵帡偨嫮偄忲棷庰丅
乽傾儔價傾墶抐椃峴婰乿丗 僕儑乕僕 僼傽乕僗僞乕 僒僪儔乕戝堁(Captain George Forster Sadleir)偺椃峴婰偺傕偭偲姰慡側宍偼乽傾儔價傾墶抐椃峴婰乿偲尵偆戣柤偱1866擭偵P. 儔僀傾儞 僶僀僇儔(P. Ryan. Byculla)偑曇廤偟丄杮偺宍偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(A more complete edition was published later in book
form. The title is Diary of Journey across
乽傾儔價傾奀娸傪弰偭偰(Around the Courts of Arabia)乿丗 傾儈乕儞 儕僴僯(Ameen Rihani)挊丄1930擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉丅
傾儔價傾岅尮妛丗 Arabic Etymology.
傾儔價傾岅惓帤朄乮捲傝曽乯丗 Arabic Orthography.
傾儔價傾恖(Arabians)丗 乽傾儔價傾恖乮傾儔僽恖乯乿偲偼 杮棃偼傾儔價傾敿搰偵廧傓僙儉宯偺梀杚柉偺憤徧偱偁偭偨偑丄尰嵼偱偼傾儔價傾岅傪巊梡偡傞恖乆偺憤徧偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄傞丅
傾儔價傾摿桳偺帺慠嬥(Fireless Gold Peculiar of Arabia)丗 偙傟偼懠偺慡偰恖乆偑峴偭偰嫃傞條偵峼愇偐傜惢楤偣偢偵抧拞偐傜捈愙孈傝弌偝傟偰偄傞丅偍偍傛偦孖偺幚戝偺嬥夠偱尒偮偐傝丄偦傟偼擱偊棫偮傛偆側愒偝側偺偱怑恖偑嵟崅偵婱廳側曮愇偺堊偺偼傔崬傒戜偲偟偰巊偆帪偵憰忺偺崑壺偝傪嶌傝弌偟偨丅
乽傾儔價傾嵐敊偺椃峴(Travels in Arabia Deserta乿丗塸崙偺嶌壠丒椃峴壠(1843 - 1926)僠儍乕儖僘 儌儞僞僊儏乕 僟僂僥傿(Charles Montague Doughty)挊丄1926擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉乮扐偟丄弶斉偼1888擭乯(Doughty, C.M. Travels in Arabia Deserta London 1926. ) 丅
乽傾儔價傾偺怤峌(Penetration of Arabia)乿丗 僟償傿僪 僕儑乕僕 儂僈乕僗(David George Hogarth)挊丄1904擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉丅
乽傾儔價傾偱偺峲奀乮僸僕儍乕僘懾嵼偲傾僔乕儖偱偺愴摤乯乿丗 儌乕儕僗 僞儈僔僄(Maurice O, Tamisier)挊丄1840擭僷儕偱弌斉(Tamisier, M.O. Voyage en Arabie. Sèjour dans le
乽傾儔價傾偺怱(Heart of Arabia)乿丗 僼傿儖價乕(H.St. John B. Philby)挊丄1922擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽傾儔價傾偺嵐敊偵娭偟偰(Concerning Arabia Deserta)乿丗 乮儃儘乕僯儍(Bolognese)弌恎偺朻尟壠儘僪償傿僐 僨 償傽儖僥儅(Lodovico de Varthema)偺乽1502擭偐傜1508擭傑偱偺椃峴婰(the Itinerary)乿偺戞擇復傪嶲徠乯丅
乽傾儔價傾偺椃(Travels in Arabia)乿丗 僕僃乕儉僗 R. 僂僄儖僗僥僢僪拞堁(Lieut. James R. Wellsted)挊丄1838擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉(Travels in Arabia by Lieut. James R. Wellsted, London 1838, t. II, P. 264 - 290.)丅乮僕僢僟偵娭偡傞婰弎偼摨彂戞II姫264 - 290暸偺乽峠奀偺奀娸偲岎堈偺曪妵揑婰弎乿傪嶲徠乯丅
乽傾儔價傾偺僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偺椃(Travels in The Hedjaz of Arabia)乿丗 僽儖僋僴儖僩(Johana Ludwig Burckhardt)挊丄1829擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉丅
乽傾儔價傾偺僼僃儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)乿丗 僨儞儅乕僋偺1761擭偐傜1767擭傕墦惇偵偮偄偰婰弎乽僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten Niebuhr)偲偦偺拠娫偺朻尟偲嬈愌乿偺姰慡側塸栿偼乽傾儔價傾偺僼僃儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)乿偲偺戣偝傟丄H. 僜乕儖僉儖僪(H. Thorkild)偵傛偭偰儘儞僪儞(London)偱1964擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsula)乿丗 僒儞僈乕(R.H. Sanger)挊丄1954擭僯儏乕儓乕僋偱弌斉丅乮摨彂偺2-3暸偵僕僢僟偺忛暻偺庢傝夡偟偵偮偄偰弎傋傜傟偰偄傞乯丅
傾儔價傾 僼傿乕儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)丗 僊儕僔傾(Greek)偱偼傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偼乽宐傑傟偨傾儔價傾乿傪堄枴偡傞乽傾儔價傾偺岾暉(Arabia Eudaimon)乿偲屇偽傟丄偦偟偰儔僥儞(Latin)乮屆戙儘乕儅恖乯偱偼乽岾暉側傾儔價傾(Happy Arabai)乿傪堄枴偡傞乽晉桾側傾儔價傾(Arabia Felix)乿偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅傾儔價傾 僼僃儕僋僗偵偮偄偰婭尦慜450擭崰偵僿儘僪僩僗(Hērodotos)偑乽偙傟偼悽奅偱擕崄(frankincense)偑堢偮桞堦偺崙偱偁傝丄杤栻乮儈儖儔乯(myrrh)丄宩旂(cassia)丄擏宩旂(cinnamon)乮僔僫儌儞乯偍傛傃儔僽僟僫儉(ladanum)乮敿擔壴偐傜嵦偭偨揤慠庽帀乯傕嶻偡傞偺偱丄崙拞偱偙偺悽偺傕偺偲偼巚偊側偄擋偄偑敪嶶偟偰偄傞乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅擕崄傪嵧攟偟偰偄傞晹懓傪惇暈偡傞偺偼傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹(Alexander the Great)偺彮擭帪戙偺柌偱偁傝丄巰偸慜偺婭尦慜323擭偵戝墹偼傾儔價傾 僼僃儕僋僗(Arabia Felix)偵懳偟偰奀孯墦惇傪峴偭偰偄傞丅婭尦慜25擭偵傕儘乕儅峜掗傾僂僌僗僩僁僗(Augustus)偼僄僕僾僩傪峌棯愯椞偟偨屻丄峠奀娸偺峘孮偲僸僕儍乕僘嶳柆(Hijaz Mountains)傪墇偊偰偺擕崄岎堈儖乕僩傪妋曐偟丄傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偺擕崄偺惗嶻抧堟傪惇暈偡傞堊偵丄僄僕僾僩懏廈挿姱(the Prefet of Egypt)偺傾僄儕僂僗 僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)傪憲偭偨丅傾僄儕僂僗 僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偼僫僕儔儞傑偱2,500km恑孯偟丄僫僕儔儞傪曪埻偟丄棯扗偟丄從偒暐偭偨屻丄峏偵恑寕偟丄儅乕儕僽(Marib)傪曪埻偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄僈儖僗偺孯戉偼悈晄懌偺堊偵 6擔娫偩偗偱儅乕儕僽(Marib)偐傜戅媝偣偞傞傪摼偢丄擕崄惗嶻抧偵偼扝傝拝偗側偐偭偨丅傾僄儕僂僗 僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偼僄僕僾僩偵戅媝偟偨偑丄偦偺娡戉偼報搙傊偺儘乕儅彜慏偺峲楬傪妋曐偡傞堊偵傾僨儞峘乮the port of Aden)傪攋夡偟偨丅偙偺墦惇偑惉岟偟側偐偭偨堊丄儘乕儅恖払偼惣楋1悽婭偐傜掕婜揑偵擕崄偲杤栻偺抧偵峠奀宱桼偱朘傟丄偦傟偑儉僓(Muza)傗僇僫(Qana)摍偺傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偺峘傪敪揥偝偣偨丅戉彜楬偺愴棯揑偵埵抲偵偁傝丄懠崙偐傜偺怤棯傪杊偖偨傔偵嫮椡側墹崙偱偁偭偨儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)傪拞怱偵僔僶(Saba or Sheba)丄僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut) 偍傛傃僫僕儔儞(Najran)偼楢実偟偰偄偨丅楌巎妛幰傗僆儕僄儞僩妛幰偼乽僫僕儔儞偺屆戙儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)墹崙偲偺楢崌偺徹嫆偼抧拞奀(Mediterranean Sea)偲僀僄儊儞偲偺娫偺岎堈楬偱尒偮偐偭偨娾偵崗傑傟偰偄傞乿偲尵偆丅偄偢傟偵偣傛丄傾儔價傾 僼傿乕儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)偼挿偄戉彜帪戙偺杦偳傪捠偠偰擕崄(frankincense)摍偺崄枴椏偲崄椏傪塣傇戉彜岎堈楬偺岎嵎揰偵埵抲偡傞彜嬈偺戝偒側拞怱偱偁傝懕偗丄悢悽婭偵搉偭偰塰偊偨偑丄3悽婭偺儘乕儅悽奅偺宱嵪晄怳偵傛偭偰偦偺嶻暔偺廀梫偑棊偪崬傓偲悐戅偟偰偟傑偭偨丅傗偑偰丄僔僶(Saba or Sheba)丄儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)丄僇僞僶乕儞(Qataban)丄傾僂僒乕儞(Awsan)偍傛傃僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramawt)摍偺屆偄撿傾儔價傾搒巗崙壠孮偼僀僄儊儞嶳妜崅抧偺僓僼傽乕儖抧曽(Zafar)偺僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarite)偲塢偆堦抧曽惃椡偵暪撣偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
乽傾儔價傾椃峴擔帍(Journal d'un voyage en Arabie)(1883-1884)乿丗 僔儍儖儖 儐儀乕儖(Charles Huber)偺巰屻偺1891擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨(Huber, C. Journal d'un voyage en Arabie
(1883 - 1884)
乽傾儔價傾偺椃峴婰乮僸僕儍乕僘偲傾僔乕儖偱偺懾嵼乯乿丗 (Voyage an Arabie. Séjour dans le
乽傾儔價傾偺楌巎揑抧棟 (Histrocal Geography of Arabia) 乿丗 僼僅乕僗僞乕(Forster)挊丅
傾儔價傾 儁僩儔僄傾(Arabia Petraea)丗 2悽婭巒傔偵儘乕儅掗崙偼尰嵼偺儓儖僟儞丄撿僔儕傾丄僔僫僀敿搰偍傛傃杒惣僒僂僕傾儔價傾傪娷傓媽僫僶僥傾墹崙椞傪傾儔價傾懏廈(Privincia Arabia)偁傞偄偼扨偵傾儔價傾偲屇傫偱偄偨丅
傾儔價傿 僨僀儔僯傿(Araby Djeylany)丗 僪僀僣偺椃峴壠偱丄應検巑寭揤暥娤應幰偱偁偭偨僯乕僽乕儖(M.[C.] Niebuhr)偑僨儞儅乕僋惌晎偑攈尛偟偨傾儔價傾扵専戉偵嶲壛偟偰丄僕僢僟傪朘栤偟偨帪偵僕僢僟(Djidda)偱傕偭偲傕嬥帩偪偺彜恖偱偁偭偨偺偑僨僀儔僯傿偱偁傞丅僯乕僽乕儖 (M.[C.] Niebuhr)偼僨僀儔僯傿偺奜崙恖傪墖彆偡傞巔惃傪敾抐偟丄偦偺撪梕偵娫堘偄偺柍偐偭偨帠偵帺暘帺恎偱擺摼偟偨丅
傾儔僼傽僩(Arafat)丗 傾儔僼傽('Arafa)偼儅僢僇傊偺弰楃峴帠偱嵟廳梫側僂僋乕僼(Wuquf)傪峴偆弰楃抧偱丄堦斒揑偵暋悢宍偺傾儔僼傽僩偱屇偽傟丄儅僢僇偵偁傞惞儌僗僋偐傜搶偵25km棧傟偨峀戝側尨栰偱偁傞丅傾儔僼傽偺拞墰偵偼儔僼儅嶳偑偁傝丄偦偺嶳偱抧忋偵崀傝偨傾僟儉偲僀償偑嵞奐偟偨偲揱偊傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儔僼傽偵偼 嵞奐偺堄枴偑偁傝傾僟儉偲僀償偺嵞奐偵場傫偱弰楃偑偙偺抧偱夛偆偨傔偵傾儔僼傽偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偲傕塢偆丅乮娾攇僀僗儔乕儉帿揟偐傜堷梡乯
傾儔僽攏(Arabian Horse)丗 嵐敊傗扟偱婻忔偝傟偨傝丄彫偝側扟娫偱曻杚偝傟偨傝偡傞彫暱側攏傪栚偵偡傞丅偙偺攏偑乭晽傪堸傓摦暔(Drinkers of the Wind)乭偲屇偽傟丄抦擻丒桬婥丒懴媣椡偱儀僪僂僀儞偑晹懓枅偵屩傝偵巚偆僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺柤嶻偱偁傝丄乽傾儔僽攏偺婥昳偺偁傞奜尒偼宍偲婡擻偑帺慠偵惗傒偩偟偨寢崌偺柇偱偁傞乿偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅揱愢偱偼乽傾儔僽攏偼傾儔僽晹懓偺愭慶偲側偭偨僀僗儅僄儖(Ishmael ibn Ibrahim)偺帩偪攏偱偁偭偨傾僴儚僕(Ahwaj)偺巕懛偱偁傞乿偲塢傢傟丄僶價儘僯傾偺擭戙婰摍偱傕屆偔偐傜徯夘偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺傾儔僽攏偑儓乕儘僢僷偵揱偊傜傟偨偺偼廫帤孯偵傛偭偰偱偁傝丄乽桬姼姲梕側揟宆揑拞悽婻巑偱偁傞偲徧巀偝傟偨巶巕怱墹儕僠儍乕僪(Richard, 1157-1199)偼婔偮偐偺懅傕偮偐側偄愴摤偺崌娫偵傾儔僽攏傪尒偰偦偺旤偟偝偵懪偨傟偨乿偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅儚僔儞僩儞(George Washington, 1732-1799)偼傾儊儕僇撈棫愴憟偺娫丄傾儔僽攏偵忔偭偰偄偨偟丄償傿僋僩儕傾彈墹(Queen Victoria, 1837-1901)偼傾儔僽攏偵孧復傑偱庼偗偰偄傞丅僫億儗僆儞(Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821)偼垽攏儅儗儞僑崋(Marengo)偵8枩僉儘埲忋傕婻忔偟丄偦偺桬巔偼僪儔僋儘傾(Delacroix)偺桳柤側奊偵昤偐傟偰晄柵偵側偭偨丅
傾儔僽攏偺塸崙婻暫戉傊偺桝弌丗 僾儔僢僔乕偺愴偄(Battle of Plassey)偺屻丄僀儞僪掗崙(1858擭-1947擭乯偵傛傞報搙偺巟攝偑屌傑傞傑偱偺娫丄塸崙搶報搙夛幮孯塸崙婻暫戉梡偵傾儔僽攏偑嵟傕埨掕偟偰戝検偵傾儔價傾偐傜僀儞僪偵桝弌偝傟偨丅
傾儔僽慏(Arab Ship)丗 傾儔僽慏(Arab Ship)偵偼僶僢僈儔(Baggalah)丄僽乕儉(Boom)丄僒儞僽乕僋(Sambuk)偍傛傃僓儖僋(Zaruk)偺庡梫側4偮偺宆偑偁傝丄僀儞僪梞(the Indian Ocean)偲峠奀奀堟傪峲峴偟偰偄偨丅
乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)乿丗 僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)偼挊嶌乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)(Description of the Island of the Arabs)乿偺拞偱乽偙偺崙偼嶰曽傪奀偵埻傑傟丄杒晹偼儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(The Euphrates) 偲抧拞奀 (the Mediterranean sea) 偑崙嫬偱偁偭偨偺偱丄傾儔僽懓偼偙偺崙傪Jazirat al-Arab 偡側偼偪亀傾儔僽懓偺搰(Island of the Arabs)亁偲屇傫偱偄偨乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Island of the Arabs)乿偺D.H. 儈儏儔乕偺東栿斉丗 傾儖-僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)偺挊嶌乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)乿傪D.H. 儈儏儔乕(D.H. Müller)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1884擭偐傜1891擭偵偐偗偰儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱弌斉偟偨(Al Hamdanis Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel ed. by D.H. Müller, Leyden 1884 - 1891.)丅
傾儔僽偺5恖偺彈墹丗 僓價儀 (Queen Zabibe)丄僒儈僔 (Queen Samisi)丄儎僥傿乫僄 (Queen Yati'e)丄僥乫僄儖僋僰 (Queen Te'elkhunu)偍傛傃僞僽乫傾 (Princess Tabu'a)偼乽嵐敊偺墹崙傾僨儏僢儅僣(Adummatu)乿偺嬼憸恄偺涋彈偱偁傝丄彈墹偱傕偁偭偨丅斵彈払5恖偼婭尦慜8悽婭偐傜俈悽婭崰偵儀僪僂僀儞偺庱挿傪棪偄偰傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偵懳峈偟偨丅乮乽傾僨儏僢儅僣偲屲恖偺彈墹 (Five Queens of Adummatu)乿嶲徠丅乯
傾儔僽偺斀棎(Arab Revolt)丗 傾儔僽偺斀棎(Al-Thawra al-`Arabiya, June 1916 - October 1918)偼丄戞堦師悽奅戝愴拞偵丄僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire)偐傜偺傾儔僽恖撈棫偲丄撿偼傾僨儞(Aden in Yemen)偐傜杒偼傾儗僢億(Aleppo in Syria)偵帄傞摑堦傾儔僽崙壠偺庽棫傪栚巜偟偰丄儊僢僇乮儅僢僇乯(Makkah)偺懢庣僔儍儕乕僼 僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 傾儕乕(Sherif Hussein ibn Ali, 1908 - 1916)偑婲偙偟偨愴偄丅僴乕僔儉壠(Heshemite)偑庡摫偡傞傾儔僽彅晹懓偼丄僀僊儕僗偺巟墖傪庴偗偰拞搶奺抧偱僆僗儅儞掗崙孯(Ottoman Turks)偲愴偄偦偺巟攝偐傜偺扙媝偵偼惉岟偟偨丅偟偐偟傾儔僽偺抧偼僀僊儕僗傗僼儔儞僗偵傛傞埾擟摑帯椞偲側傝暘抐偝傟丄摑堦崙壠傪嶌偭偰撈棫偡傞偙偲偼偱偒側偐偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
傾儔僽柉懓丗 旍梹側嶰擔寧抧懷偱偼杒傾儔價傾傗僔儕傾嵐敊偵廧傓晹懓揑偵慻怐偝傟岲愴揑側閜閗杚抺柉偑傾儔僽(Arab)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅婭尦慜9悽婭偐傜婭尦慜6悽婭偵妡偗偰偺傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)傗僶價儘僯傾(Babylonian)偺旇暥偵偼乽傾儖僽(Arubu)偼晹懓揑偵慻怐偝傟閜閗偵婻忔偟杒偍傛傃杒惣傾儔價傾偺傾僪僢儅僣(Adummatu)丄僞僀儅(Tayma)丄僨僟儞(Dedan)傗僂儔('Ula))摍偺庡梫側僆傾僔僗廤棊傪寢傫偱岎堈傪峴偆柉懓偱偁傞乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偍傝丄傾儔僽柉懓偑撿惣傾儔價傾偐傜尰嵼偺儗僶僲儞偱偁傞儗償傽儞僩(Levant)傊暔帒傪桝憲偡傞忋偱偺彜嬈揑偵廳梫側栶妱傪扴偭偰偄偨帠傪帵偟偰偄傞丅屆戙偺傾儔僽偲塢偆梡岅偼偙偺條偵埥傞惗妶條幃傪峴偆柉懓傪堄枴偟偰嫃傝丄尵岅妛揑側寢傃偮偒偱偼柍偐偭偨偑丄偙偺梡岅偼奼挘偝傟偰拞墰傗惣傾儔價傾偺晹懓傕堄枴偡傞條偵惉偭偨丅僀僄儊儞偵掕廧偟偨僒僀僴僪(Sayhad)柉懓偼4悽婭傑偱傾儔僽(Arab)偲塢偆梡岅傪拞墰偍傛傃惣傾儔價傾偺晹懓揑側杚抺梀杚柉傪屇傇偺偵巊偭偰偍傝丄乽梀杚杚抺柉傪傾儔僽(Arab)乿偲屇傇偺偼僀僗儔儉帪戙偵擖偭偰傕懕偄偰嫃偨丅偙偺抧堟偱偼梀杚柉偲掕廧柉偑摨偠尵岅偲暥壔傪帩偭偰偄偨偺偱傾儔僽偼偙偺椉曽傪堄枴偡傞條偵惉傝丄崱擔偱偼傾儔價傾岅傪曣崙岅偲偟偰榖偡柉懓傪傾儔僽偲屇傫偱偄傞丅
傾儔儉僐丗 Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO)丗 尰嵼偺僒僂僕傾儔儉僐(Saudi ARAMCO)丅
乽傾儔儉僐僴儞僪僽僢僋乿丗 僟僴儔儞偱廋惓丒曇廤偺屻偵1968擭偵弌斉( Aramco Hand book Revised ed/, Dhahran 1968.)丅
傾儔儉岅偲傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaeans and Aramaic Alphabet)丗 傾儔價傾偱尒偮偐偭偨僀僗儔儉埲慜偵巊傢傟偨暥帤偵偼撿傾儔價傾旇暥乮撿僙儉岅(South Semitic)乯丄僒儉僨傿僋(Thamudic)棳偲傾儔儉岅(Old Aramaic Language)偺嶰偮偺庡梫側僌儖乕僾偑偁傞丅偦偺撪偺傾儔儉岅偼儗償傽儞僩(Levant)摍偺杒惣僙儉懓(West Semitic)棳偵懏偟偰嫃傝丄乽偙偺傾儔儉岅傪巊梡偟偰偄偨偺偑傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偱偁傞乿偲塢偆丅傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偼旍梹側嶰擔寧抧懷(Mesopotamia)偺暥柧壔偟偨搒巗偺廧恖偐傜偼嫲傟偲晭曁傪帩偭偰尒傜傟偰嫃偨偑丄婭尦慜2,000擭婜偵閜閗偵傛傞梀杚傗戉彜杅堈偱宱嵪揑偵孯帠揑偵嫮椡側晹懓偲側傝丄婭尦慜11悽婭崰傑偱偵丄儐乕僼儔僥僗愳乮The Euphrates乯忋棳偵掕廧偟丄婭尦慜1,000擭婜拞崰傑偱偵偼旍梹側嶰擔寧抧懷慡懱偺嫟捠岅(lingua franca)偑傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)偵惉偭偰偒偨丅閜閗傪梡偄偰僔儕傾嵐敊(Syrian Desert)側偳傪晳戜偟偨戉彜杅堈偼偝傜偵奼戝偟丄傾儔儉岅(Aramaic Language)偼屆戙僆儕僄儞僩悽奅偺彜嬈岅偲偟偰掕拝偟偨丅傾儔儉岅(Old Aramaic Language丄1100BC – AD 200)偼嵟弶丄杒惣僙儉暥帤傪婎偵偟偰婭尦慜1050擭崰偵妋棫偟偨僼僃僯僉傾暥帤(Phoenican Alphabet)傪巊偭偰彂偐傟偰偄偨偑丄帪娫偲嫟偵偦傟傪夵憿偟丄婭尦慜8悽婭傑偱偵偼傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic Alphabet)偱彂偐傟傞條偵側傝丄灦宍暥帤(Cuneiform)偱彂偐傟偨傾僢僇僪岅(Akkadian Language)偺婰弎偵旵揋偡傞傑偱偵敪揥偟偨丅婭尦慜9悽婭偐傜7悽婭偺娫偺杒傾儔價傾愴栶偵偮偄偰偺傾僢僔儕傾偺婰榐(Assyrian records)偱傕乽晹懓揑偵慻怐偝傟偨傾儖僽(Arubu)偡側偼偪傾儔僽(Arabs)偑杒偍傛傃杒惣傾儔價傾偺嵐敊偲僆傾僔僗傪愯嫆偟偰嫃偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儖僽(Arubu)偼愴応偵戝惃偺閜閗婻忔愴巑傪憲傝崬傓擻椡傪帩偪丄撿惣傾儔價傾偲偺岎堈偵廬帠偟偰偄偨丅婭尦慜6悽婭傑偱偵杒惣晹偺僞僀儅(Tayma)傗僨僟儞(Dedan)摍偑戉彜挰(caravan towns)偲偟偰廫暘偵偦偺婡擻偑妋棫偟偰丄梀杚柉偲掕廧柉偼暔帒偩偗偱偼柍偔丄栕偗偺懡偄棨忋岎堈偺塣塩偵懳偟偰憡屳埶懚偡傞條偵惉偭偰棃偨丅偦偺屻丄傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)偼婭尦慜500擭崰傑偱偵僆儕僄儞僩(Orient)拞偵峀傑傝丄傾働儊僱僗挬(Achaemenid Empire, 550 BC - 330 BC)偺嫟捠岅(Lingua Franca)偱傕偁傝丄僱僆-傾僢僔儕傾(Neo-Assyrian)偍傛傃儁儖僔儍掗崙(Persian Empire)偺岞梡岅偲傕側偭偨丅僿儗僯僘儉帪戙(Hellenism Period, 323BC - 31/30BC)偵偼慾奞偝傟偨偑丄惣楋7悽婭偺僀僗儔乕儉嫵搆偺儁儖僔傾惇暈(Islamic Conquest of Mesopotamina)傑偱曄傢傜偢偵偙偺抧曽偺嫟捠岅(Lingua Farnca)偱偁傝懕偗偨丅偙偺堊丄傾儔儉岅(Aramaic Language)偺巊梡偼峀偔峴偒搉傝丄儐僟儎嫵(Judaism)丄僀僗儔儉嫵(Islam)傗僉儕僗僩嫵偺堦晹偺廆攈偺惞彂傗暓嫵(Buddhist)偺宱揟偼傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic Alphabet)偐傜敪揥偟偨暥帤偱彂偐傟偰偄傞丅椺偊偽儁儖僔傾掗崙偺屻婜屆傾儔儉岅(Late Old Aramaic Language)偼僔儕傾嫵夛(Syriac Christianity)偺尵岅偲側偭偨儘乕儅偺僔儕傾懏椞偺拞婜傾儔儉岅宯僔儕傾岅(Middle Aramaic Syriac Language)偵敪揥偟偨丅傑偨丄偦傟偵枾愙偵娭楢偟偰攈惗偟偨偺偑僫僶僞僥儞岅(Nabataean)偱偁傞丅
傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)丗 傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偼婭尦慜3,000擭婜埲崀僷儗僗僞僀儞(Palestine)偐傜儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)偵帄傞抧堟傪惇暈偟偰偄偨傾儌儕恖(Amorites)抧堟偐傜弌尰偟偨摨偠杒惣僙儉岅(Northwest Semitic languages)傪榖偡杚抺晹懓偱丄乽傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺彂帤斅偱偼傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偺柤偼傕偭偲愄偺晹懓柤儅儖僩僁(Mar.tu) 乮傾儉儖恖(Amorites)丄乮傾儌儕恖(Amurru)乯丄惣曽偺恖乯偺曽偑惓妋偱偁傞乿偲偺婰弎傕偁傝丄乽摨偠柉懓偑堎側傞柤慜偱屇偽傟偨乿偲偺愢偑桳椡偱偁傞丅旍梹側嶰擔寧抧懷(Mesopotamia)偺暥柧壔偟偨搒巗偺廧恖偐傜偼嫲傟偲晭曁傪帩偭偰尒傜傟偰嫃偨偑丄婭尦慜2,000擭婜偵閜閗偵傛傞梀杚傗戉彜杅堈偱宱嵪揑偵孯帠揑偵嫮椡側晹懓偲側傝丄婭尦慜11悽婭崰傑偱偵丄儐乕僼儔僥僗愳乮The Euphrates乯忋棳偵掕廧偟偨丅偦偺嫆揰偲偟偰偼丄僥傿儖丒僶儖僔僢僾(Til Barsip)丄僒儅儖(Sam乫al)乮尰嵼偺僛儞僕儖儕(Zenjirli)乯丄傾儖僷僪(Arpad)丄價僩丒傾僨傿僯(Bit-Adini)側偳偑嫇偘傜傟傞丅偦偺屻丄僔儕傾(Syria)偵恑弌偟偰怴偨側搒巗崙壠傪宍惉偟丄摉弶偼僴儅(Hama)丄偦偺屻偼僟儅僗僋僗(Damascus)偑傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)惃椡偺拞怱偲側偭偨丅婭尦慜1,000擭婜拞崰傑偱偵偼旍梹側嶰擔寧抧懷慡懱偺嫟捠岅(Lingua Franca)偑傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)惉偭偰偒偨丅閜閗傪梡偄偰僔儕傾嵐敊(Syrian Desert)側偳傪晳戜偟偨戉彜杅堈偼偝傜偵奼戝偟丄傾儔儉岅(Aramaic Language)偼屆戙僆儕僄儞僩悽奅偺彜嬈岅偲偟偰掕拝偟偨丅僼僃僯僉傾暥帤(Phoenician Alphabet)偐傜傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic Alphabet)偑嶌傜傟丄惣傾僕傾丒撿傾僕傾丒拞墰傾僕傾偺條乆側暥帤偵塭嬁傪梌偊偨丅堦曽丄摿壔偝傟偨閜閗曻杚幰廤抍偼傗偑偰傾儔僽晹懓偺慶愭偲側偭偨丅婭尦慜9悽婭偐傜7悽婭偺娫偺杒傾儔價傾愴栶偵偮偄偰偺傾僢僔儕傾偺婰榐(Assyrian records)偱傕乽晹懓揑偵慻怐偝傟偨傾儖僽(Arubu)偡側偼偪傾儔僽(Arabs)偑杒偍傛傃杒惣傾儔價傾偺嵐敊偲僆傾僔僗傪愯嫆偟偰嫃偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儖僽(Arubu)偼愴応偵戝惃偺閜閗婻忔愴巑傪憲傝崬傓擻椡傪帩偪丄撿惣傾儔價傾偲偺岎堈偵廬帠偟偰偄偨丅婭尦慜6悽婭傑偱偵杒惣晹偺僞僀儅(Tayma)傗僨僟儞(Dedan)摍偑戉彜挰(caravan towns)偲偟偰廫暘偵偦偺婡擻偑妋棫偟偰丄梀杚柉偲掕廧柉偼暔帒偩偗偱偼柍偔丄栕偗偺懡偄棨忋岎堈偺塣塩偵懳偟偰憡屳埶懚偡傞條偵惉偭偰棃偨丅
傾儔儖償僃僗(Alarves)丗 傾儔價傾恖(Arabs)丅
傾儔儗僱(Ararenê)丗 儊僢僇(Mecca)偲儊僨傿僫(Medina)偺娫偺梀杚柉偵婣懏偡傞戝晹暘偼嵐敊偺搚抧偱丄僈儖僗(Gallus)孯偼婭尦慜24擭偵偙偙傪捠夁偟偨丅
傾儕乕 僀僽儞丒傾價乕 僞乕儕僽(Ali ibn Abu Talib)丗 傾儕乕 僀僽儞丒傾價乕 僞乕儕僽(Ali ibn Abu Talib, 656-661)偼戞3戙僇儕僼偺僂僗儅乕儞('Uthman) (644-656)偑埫嶦偝傟偨屻丄戞4戙惓摑僇儕僼(656-661)偲惉偭偨丅傾儕乕偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺晝曽偺廬掜偱丄斵偺曣傕儉僴儞儅僪偺晝偺廬巓枀偱偁傞丅屻偵儉僴儞儅僪偺梴巕偲側傝丄儉僴儞儅僪偺柡僼傽乕僥傿儅(Fatimah)傪沇偭偨丅儉僴儞儅僪偑僀僗儔儉嫵偺晍嫵傪奐巒偟偨偲偒丄嵟弶偵擖怣偟偨恖乆偺傂偲傝丅捈忣偺恖偱恖朷岤偔丄晲桬偵桪傟偰偄偨偲尵傢傟傞丅懳峈惃椡偲偺愴偄偵捛傢傟丄傾儕乕傕661擭偵埫嶦偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅偦偺屻丄傾儕乕偺巟帩攈偼僔乕傾攈(Shia)偲側傝丄傾儕乕偼僔乕傾攈偵傛偭偰弶戙僀儅乕儉(Imam)偲偟偰儉僴儞儅僪偵彑傞偲傕楎傜側偄懜悞傪庴偗傞偙偲偲側偭偨丅
傾儕傾僗(Ariath)丗 傾價僔僯傾峜掗僄僢儔 傾僩僗儀僴嶰悽 (the Abyssinian Emperor, Ella Asbeha III)偑525擭偵攈尛偟偨僸儉儎儖(Hymyar)摙敯孯偺巜婗姱偱偁偭偨丅乽僸儉儎儖(Hymyar)偺惃椡傪夡柵偝偣丄傾儕傾僗(Ariath偑巜婗偟偨孯戉偼丄偙偺帪偵曇惉偝傟丄7,000恖偱偼側偔丄70,000恖偱偁偭偨乿偲偺婰弎傕偁傞丅 枖丄傾儕傾僗(Ariath)偼傾僽儔僴儉(Abraham)偺娰偱偁傞儅僢僇偺僇傾僶(Kaaba)恄揳傪攋夡偟偨堦恖偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儕傾僗(Ariath)偼傾儖儎僩(Arethas丄傾儖儎傾僪(Aryaad)丄傾儗僓僗丄僄乕儖儎僩(Eryat)偁傞偄偼傾儖儎僩(Arethas or Aryat)偲傕屇偽偰偄傞丅
傾儕 傾價 僴僔儈(Ali Abi Hashimi)丗 乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偺挊幰僀僽儞 傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)偼婔偮偐偺弌揟偱乽杒傾僼儕僇恖乮儅僈儕僶乯(Magharibah)偑僕僢僟(Jiddah)偱庱挿乮傾儈乕儖乯(Amir Ali ibn Fulayta ibn Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Jafar ibn Abi Hashim)偵乮僊僕儎乯(Giziya)乮屄恖揑峷偓暔乯傪巟暐偭偨乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
傾儕僇(Arikah)丗 寉偔從偄偨僷儞惗抧(dough)傪娵偄偍杶偺忋偵峀偘偰丄偨偭傉傝偲拑怓偺朓枿傪揾傞丅
傾儕僇儞僥(Alicante)丗 僗儁僀儞撿搶晹償傽儗儞僔傾(Valencia)帺帯廈偺抧拞奀偵柺偡傞導偺導搒偱峘挰乮27枩乯丅
傾儕僗僩僥儗僗(Aristotle)丗傾儕僗僩僥儗僗(Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC)偼屆戙僊儕僔儍偺揘妛幰僾儔僩儞(Plato)偺掜巕偱偁傝丄傑偨偦偺挻崕幰偱偁傞丅僾儔僩儞偼帠暔偺杮幙傪僀僨傾偲柤晅偗丄挻墇揑側傕偺偲偟偨偑丄傾儕僗僩僥儗僗偼偦傟傪宍憡乮僄僀僪僗乯偲側偢偗丄幙椏偵撪嵼偡傞傕偺偲偟偨丅宍憡偲幙椏偼懚嵼幰傪峔惉偡傞晄壜暘偺2尨棟偲偟偰丄宍憡偑尰幚懺丄幙椏偑壜擻懺偲傕屇偽傟傞丅傾僥僱偵儕儏働僀僆儞(Lykeion)偲偄偆妛峑傪奐偒丄偦偺尋媶偼榑棟丄帺慠丄幮夛丄寍弍偺偁傜備傞曽柺偵媦傃丄偦偺妛搆偼傌儕僷僩僗乮鐤梱乯妛攈(Peripatetics)偲屇偽傟偨丅乽宍帶忋妛乿丄乽帺慠妛乿傪巒傔丄榑棟妛丄椣棟妛丄惌帯妛丄巹妛丄攷暔妛側偳偵娭偡傞懡悢偺挊嶌偑偁傞丅傾儗僋僒儞僟乕(Alexander)戝墹偺嫵巘傕偮偲傔偨丅
傾儕乕 儀僀('Alī Bey)丗 僇僼僇僗(Caucasusu)偱惗傑傟丄搝楆偲偟偰僄僕僾僩偵攧傜傟偨丅搝楆梑暫偺庱挿偲側傝丄1768擭僗儖僞儞傪愰尵偟丄僩儖僐偐傜撈棫丄僔儕傾傪惇暈偟丄傾儔價傾偺堦晹傕惇暈偟丄僄僕僾僩偺巟攝幰(1728 - 73)偲側偭偨偑丄棤愗傝偵偁偭偰捛曻偝傟丄暅埵傪帋傒偰攕巰偟偨丅
乽傾儕 儀僀(Ali Bey)偺1803擭偐傜1807擭偺娫偺椃峴婰乿丗 僪儈儞僑 僶僨傿傾 僀 儗僽儕僔儏(Domingo Badía y Leblich)挊丄乽傾儕 儀僀(Ali Bey)偺儌儘僢僐丄僩儕億儕丄僒僀僾儘僗丄僄僕僾僩丄僔儕傾媦傃僩儖僐偵偍偗傞1803擭偐傜1807擭偺娫偺椃峴婰(Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria and Turkey between the Years 1803 and 1807)乿偼1816擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅尨暥偼僼儔儞僗岅偱偁傝丄1814擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(The title of the original edition was Ali Bey Voyages en Aftique et en Asie, pendant les années 1803 à1807. Paris 1814.)丅塸岅斉偼僂僃僗僩儈乕僪偱1870擭偵嵞斉偝傟偨(The English edition has been reissued in Westmead, 1870.)丅
傾儖僊儕僂儉(Argyrium)丗 僔僔儕乕搰偺撪棨晹(in Interior of Sicily)丅
傾儖僑傾榩(Algoa Bay)丗 撿傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙搶働乕僾廈(Eastern Cape)撿晹偺榩偱峀偔愺偄擖峕丅
傾儖僐乕僩(Arcot)丗 僀儞僪撿晹僞儈儖僫乕僪僁(Tamil Nadu)廈杒晹偵偁傞廈搒儅僪儔僗(Madras)偺惣撿惣偵偁傞巗偱恖岥4.5枩恖丄1712擭僇儖僫僥傿僢僋(Carnatic)偺庱搒丄偦偺屻塸暓偱憟扗偑峴傢傟偨丅
RCAG僗僥乕僔儑儞丗 Remote Center Air to Ground Facility (Saudi Arabia)
傾儖僟僢僽(Ardeb)丗 拞搶偺悢僇崙偱巊傢傟偰偄傞扨埵偱丄僄僕僾僩偱198儕僢僩儖傑偨偼暷5.62僽僔僃儖(bushels)偵昗弨壔偝傟偨乮Bushel=35.24 Liters乯丅
傾儖僥儈僗 (Artemis)丗 僊儕僔儍恄榖偺寧偲庪椔偺彈恄偱儘乕儅偺僨傿傾乕僫(Diana)偵摉偨傞丅
傾儖僼儗僢僪 僊儑乕儉(Alfred Guilaume)丗 僊儓乕儉(A. Guillaume)嶲徠丅
傾儖儊僯傾(Armenia)丗 僐乕僇僒僗(Caucasus)嶳柆偺撿懁偵嵼傞崙(Republic of Armenia)偱恖岥350枩恖丅屆戙偺傾儖儊僯傾墹崙(Kingdom of Armenia)(戝傾儖儊僯傾(Greater Armenia) 乮惞彂柤偼儈僯埥偄偼儈儞僯(Minni)乯偼墹崙偲偟偰撈棫偡傞傑偱偼傾働儊僱僗挬(Achaemenid Empire, 550 BC - 330 BC)偺傾儖儊僯傾抧堟(Armenia)偺僒僩儔僢僾(Satrapy)偱偁偭偨丅儅働僪僯傾(Macedonia, 800s BC - 146 BC)偺庤傪庁傝偰僆儘儞僥僗挬(Orontid Dynasty, 6th Century - 72 AD)偲偟偰撈棫偟偨丅僙儗僂僐僗挬(Seleucid Empire, 312 BC - 63 BC)偺曵夡偺屻丄婭尦慜190擭偵傾儖僞僋僙僗1悽(Artaxias I, 190 BC/189 BC - 160 BC/159 BC)偵傛偭偰僿儗僯僘儉(Hellenism)偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨傾儖儊僯傾惌尃偑抋惗偟偨丅傾儖僞僋僔傾僗挬(Artaxiad Dynasty, 189 BC - AD 12)偺僥傿僌儔僱僗2悽(Tigranes II, BC 95 - BC 55)(戝墹(Tigranes the Great))偑墦惇傪峴偭偨婭尦慜95擭偐傜婭尦慜66擭偺愨捀婜偵傾儖儊僯傾偼巟攝尃傪僐乕僇僒僗(Caucasus or Caucas)傪墇偊偰丄尰嵼偺僩儖僐搶晹(Eastern Turkey))偐傜僔儕傾(Syria)丒儗僶僲儞(Lebanon)偵傑偱媦傏偟丄傾儖儊僯傾墹崙偼偦偺椞搚傪嵟戝斖埻偵峀偘偨丅偟偽傜偔偺娫偼儘乕儅搶曽偺嵟傕嫮戝側崙偲偟偰懚嵼偟偰偄偨偑丄傾儖儊僯傾偼偟偽偟偽儘乕儅偲儁儖僔傾偺娫偱榑憟偺揑偲側傝丄婭尦慜66擭偵偼儘乕儅偺塭嬁壓偵擖偭偨丅惣楋堦悽婭偵側傞偲僷儖僥傿傾(Parthia, BC 247 – AD 228)偼37擭偐傜47擭傑偱傾儖儊僯傾傪孅暈偝偣偨丅儘乕儅偼傾儖儊僯傾墹崙偺廆庡尃傪庢傝栠偦偆偲丄僱儘(Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, AD 37 - AD 68)偺帯悽壓丄儘乕儅偼摨柨傪寢傫偩傾儖儊僯傾偵怤棯偟偰偒偨僷儖僥傿傾偲55擭偐傜63擭傑偱愴偭偨丅60擭偺傾儖儊僯傾扗娨偲62擭偺憆幐偺屻丄儘乕儅偼僔儕傾憤撀僐儖僽儘(Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, AD 7- AD 67)傪攈尛偡傞丅僐儖僽儘偼63擭丄傾儖儊僯傾偺墹埵傪僥傿儕僟僨僗1悽(Tiridates I of Armenia, AD 63 - unknown)偵暅埵偝偣傞帠偱偦偺孼偱僷儖僥傿傾墹偺償僅儘僈僙僗1悽(Vologases I of Parthia, 51 - 78)偲榓媍傪寢傫偩丅 偙傟埲棃丄傾儖儊僯傾墹崙偼傾儖僒働僗挬(Arsacid Dynasty, 54 - 428)乮傾儖僔儍僋挬 (Arshakuni Dynasty)乯偺帯悽偲側傝丄僷儖僥傿傾偑朷傓恖暔傪墹偵廇偗丄懻姤偼儘乕儅峜掗媦傃偦偺戙棟偑峴偆偲偄偆椉懏懱惂偑弌棃偨丅柤栚忋偼儘乕儅掗崙偺懏崙偱丄幚幙偼僷儖僥傿傾偺懏崙偲偄偆愜拸埬偱偁傞丅償僅儘僈僙僗4悽(Vologases I of Parthia, 147 - 191)偑傾儖儊僯傾偵怤棯偟丄婙壓偺彨孯傪墹埵偵廇偗偨偙偲偵傛偭偰162擭偐傜165擭傑偱儘乕儅嫟摨峜掗儖僉僂僗丒僂僃儖僗掗(Lucius Aurelius Verus, 161 - 169)偺愴栶偑堷偒婲偙偝傟偨丅僷儖僥傿傾偺嫼埿偵懳偟丄僂僃儖僗偼搶晹曈嫬傊弌敪偟丄偦偺孯惃偼戝彑傪帯傔偨丅庱搒傪庢傝曉偟丄儘乕儅巗柉尃傪帩偪丄傾儖儊僯傾偺憡懕尃棙傪帩偮僜僴僄儉僗(Sohaemus)偑橒橲墹(Client King)偲偟偰懄埵偝偣偨丅嶰悽婭偵擖偄傞偲僒乕僒乕儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Dynasty, 226 – 651)偑252擭偵傾儖儊僯傾傪愯椞偟丄儘乕儅偑287擭偵庢傝栠偡傑偱曐帩偟偨丅僥傿儕僟僥僗戝墹(Tiridates the Great)偲偟偰傕抦傜傟傞僥傿儕僟僥僗3悽(Tiridates III or Trdat III, 287 - c. 330)偼301擭偵僉儕僗僩嫵乮屻偺傾儖儊僯傾嫵夛(Armenian Orthodox Church)乯傪傾儖儊僯傾偺崙嫵偲偟偨偑丄偙傟偼悽奅弶偱偁偭偨丅傾儖儊僯傾恖偺娫偵偼僉儕僗僩嫵偼怹摟偟偰偍傝丄儘乕儅懁偵偍偄偰傕丄儁儖僔傾懁偵暪崌偝傟偨抧堟偱傕僉儕僗僩嫵偺怣嬄偼悐偊傞帠偼側偐偭偨丅384擭偵墹崙偼搶儘乕儅偲儁儖僔傾偺娫偱暘楐偟偨丅惣傾儖儊僯傾偼懄嵗偵彫傾儖儊僯傾(Armenia Minor)偲偄偆柤偱儘乕儅偺懏廈偲側偭偨丅405擭偵惞儊僗儘僾 儅僔儏僩僣(Saint Mesrop Mashtots, 361/362 - 440)偵傛偭偰婭尦慜2悽婭傑偱偺戝傾儖儊僯傾(尰嵼偺僇儔僶僼(Nagorno-Karabakh)傪娷傓)偱榖偝傟偰偄偨傾儖儊僯傾岅(Armenian language)偺堊偺傾儖儊僯傾暥帤(Armenian Alphabet)偑憂弌偝傟偨丅尰嵼偺傾儖儊僯傾恖偼捈愙偺尵岅妛揑側巕懛偱偁傞偲峫偊偰傛偄丅搶傾儖儊僯傾(Eastern Armenia)偼428擭傑偱儁儖僔傾偺撪晹偱偦偺傑傑墹崙偲偟偰巆偭偨(a Kingdom within Persia until 428)丅偦偺屻抧曽婱懓偑墹惂傪攑巭丄僒乕僒乕儞挬偑峴惌姱(Governor)傪憲傝崬傫偩丅乮尨暥偼僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
傾儖儊僯傾恖(Armenians)丗 僀儞僪乕儓乕儘僢僷岅懓偵懏偡傞撈棫偟偨堦攈傪側偡傾儖儊僯傾岅傪榖偡偺偑傾儖儊僯傾恖偱傾儖儊僯傾嫵夛偺怣搆偱傕偁傞丅
傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹乮Alexander the Great丄336 BC – 323 BC乯丗 儅働僪僯傾墹崙僼傿儕僢億僗2悽(King Philip II of Macedon)偺墹巕偲偟偰抋惗偟偨傾儗僋僒儞僪儘僗(Aleksandros, BC356 – BC323乯偱丄20嵨偱懄埵偡傞偲丄晝墹偺寁夋傪堷偒宲偓丄搶曽墦惇傪奐巒偡傞丅暫椡偱偼埑搢揑晄棙偩偭偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄僀僢僜僗(the Battle at Issus, BC333)偍傛傃僈僂僈儊儔(the Battle of Gaugamela, BC 331)偲擇搙偺戝愴偱埑彑偟丄傾働儊僱僗挬乮the Achaemenid dynasty, BC550 - BC330乯傪柵朣偵捛偄傗偭偨丅偦偺屻傕夣恑寕傪懕偗丄惣偼尰嵼偺僄僕僾僩(Egypt)丒僊儕僔儍(Greek)丄搶偼僀儞僟僗愳(the Indus River)棳堟傑偱偵媦傇戝掗崙傪寶愝偟偨丅
傾儗僋僓儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)丗 僫僀儖愳僨儖僞(Nile Delta)偺忋偺挰偱傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹(Alexander the Great) 偑婭尦慜332擭偵寶愝偟偨屆戙悽奅偺妛栤偺拞怱抧偱偁偭偨丅崱偱傕僄僕僾僩杒晹偵偁傞僄僕僾僩戞堦偺彜峘偺挰偱恖岥340枩恖偱偁傞丅
傾儗僒僗(Arethas)丗 523擭10寧偵僸儉儎儖 (Himyar)崙墹僘 僰儚僗(Yousuf Dhu Nuwas)偑僫僕儔儞(Najran)傪扗庢偟丄椻崜偵恊傾價僔僯傾搣傪奆嶦偟偵偟偨乽僫僕儔儞偺愴偄乿偺嵺偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆巜摫幰偱Aretas埥偄偼Harith偲傕捲傜傟傞丅
傾儗僞僗(Aretas)丗 僆儃僟僗(Obodas)偺寣懓偱偦偺巟攝偟偰偄偨搚抧偼崱擔偺儊僨傿僫(Medina)偲巚傢傟傞丅
傾儗僢億(Aleppo)丗 傾儔僽(Arab)柤偼僴儗僽(Haleb)埥偄偼僴儔僽(Halab)偱丄僔儕傾杒晹偺巗乮160枩乯丄屆戙柤偼儀儘僄傾(Beroea)丅
傾儘僄(Aloe)丗 儐儕壢偺懡擏偺忢椢懡擭憪偱丄梩偼懡擏偱丄烌愒怓偺摏宍傪壴傪奐偔丅娤徿梡丄栻梡偵嵧攟丅峀偔偼儐儕壢傾儘僄懓怉暔偱偁傝丄傾僼儕僇偺姡憞抧懷傪拞怱偵300庬偑暘晍偟丄桳宻丄柍宻摍丄宍懺偵曄壔偑懡偔丄偦偺拞偺悢庬偑懡擏広暔偲幪偰嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅暿柤傪錬錐乮傠偐偄乯丄堛幰偄傜偢偲塢偆丅
乽埫崟戝棨墶抐婰乿丗 傾儊儕僇偺扵専壠僗僞儞儕乕(Henry Morton Stanley 1841 - 1904)偺挊嶌丅
傾儞僒乕儖懓(Ansar)丗 乬彆偗傞恖(Helpers)乭傪堄枴偡傞傾儔價傾岅偱丄梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammas)偵嫤椡偟偨儊僨傿僫偺廧柉(Median Citizens)傪偝偡丅610擭儉僴儞儅僪偼帺傜梐尵幰偲帺妎偟偰儊僢僇(Mecca)偱揱摴傪巒傔偨偑丄摉帪儊僨傿僫(Media)偱偼丄僴僘儔僕懓(Banu Khazraj)偲傾僂僗懓(Banu Aws)偲偑懳棫偟偰撪愴忬懺偱偁偭偨丅偨傑偨傑620擭偵儊僨傿僫偐傜儊僢僇偺嬼憸恄揳偵棃偨弰楃偑儉僴儞儅僪偺嫵偊偵嫟柭偟丄偦偙偱斵傪儊僨傿僫偵彽偒丄晹懓娫偺憟偄偺挷掆傪埶棅偟傛偆偲偟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪傕寖偟偄敆奞偱儊僢僇偵尒愗傝傪偮偗偨偺偱丄偦偺彽偒偵墳偠622擭堏廧(僸僕儏儔)傪寛峴偟偨丅儊僢僇偐傜梐尵幰偵摨峴偟偨堏廧幰(儉僴乕僕儖乕儞(Muhajirun))偲傾儞僒乕儖(Ansar)偼偲傕偵斵偺巜摫偡傞嫵抍崙壠偺廳梫側峔惉堳偱偁偭偨偑丄偙偺椉幰偺偁偄偩偵旝柇側懳棫偑偁偭偨傜偟偔丄梐尵幰偑巰偸偲丄傾儞僒乕儖偼撈帺偺巜摫幰傪梚棫偟傛偆偲偟偨丅寢嬊儉僴乕僕儖乕儞(Muhajirun)偺傾僽乕 僶僋儖(Abu Bakr As-Siddiq or Abdallah ibn Abi Quhafa, c. 573 - 634)偑僇儕僼埵(Prophet乫s Sucessor or Khalifat Rasul Allah, 632 - 634)偵偮偒丄偦偺屻傾儞僒乕儖偼嫵抍崙壠撪偺巜摫揑抧埵偐傜徚偊偨丅(弌揟丗 http://www.tabiken.com/history/doc/A/A272L200.HTM偍傛傃Wikipedia)
傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑(Dr. Angelo Pesce)丗 僀僞儕傾偺抧幙妛幰偺幏昅壠偱夁嫀25擭埲忋偵傢偨傝丄僒僴儔嵐敊偺拞墰晹傗僆儅儞榩杒娸摍偺傾僼儕僇偍傛傃拞嬤搶偵廧傫偩傝丄椃峴偟偰惛椡揑偵傾儔僽悽奅傪尋媶丄帇嶡偟偰棃偨丅摨攷巑偺挊彂偵偼乽僕僢僟埥傞傾儔價傾偺挰偺昤幨(Portrait of an Aranian City, Jiddah , 1977)乿偺懠偵乽傾儔僽晝慶偺抧偺怓(Clours of Arab Fatherland, 1975.12)乿丄乽傾儔僽攏偺弮寣庬 (The Pure Bred of Arabian Hose, 1984)乿丄乽100擭慜偺儊僢僇(Makkah, One Hundred Years, 1986.12)乿偑偁傝丄峏偵僉乕僗 僐僂儕(Keithe Colie)偲偺嫟挊偱乽晽偺楈(Spirit of the Wind, 1982.9)乿偲僄儖償傿儔 僈乕儖僶僲 儁僙攷巑(Dr. Elvira Garbano Pesce)偲偺嫟挊偱乽嵐敊偺嬃堎(Marvel of the Desert, 1983.12)乿偲乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺閜閗(The Camel in Saudi Arabia)乿偑偁傞丅
埨懅崄(Benzoin)丗 僄僑僲僉壢偺棊梩崅栘偱僗儅僩儔傗僕儍儚尨嶻丄庽旂偼拑妼怓丄梩偼棏宍偱塻摢偟偰偍傝丄壞偵梩偺晅偗崻偵愒怓傪懷傃偨彫壴傪憤忬偵偮偗傞丅僞僀丄僗儅僩儔偱嵧攟偝傟偨丅杮憪榓柤偼埨懅崄偺栘偲塢偆丅埨懅崄偼偙偺栘偵庽旂偐傜暘晍偡傞庽帀偱懷愒怓傑偨偼妼怓偺夠傪偟偰偍傝丄娒枴傪桳偟丄偦偺拞偵擕敀怓偺梓棻傪憼偟丄擬偡傟偽嫮偄朏崄傪曻偮丅孫崄偵梡偄丄埨懅崄僠儞僉偼嫀醾嵻丄屇媧巋寖嵻偱偁傞丅
傾儞僥傿僆僉傾(Antioch)丗 僩儖僐撿晹僆儘僔僥傿僗(The Orontes)愳偺壨岥偺搒巗偱傾儞僞僉傾乮傾儞僞僉傾乯偲傕屇偽傟偰偄傞丅僙儗僂僐僗挬僔儕傾(Seleucid Empire, 312 BC - 63 BC)偺庱搒(BC. 300 - BC 64)偱彜嬈偺拞怱抧偱偁偭偨丅傾儔價傾岅偱偼傾儞僞僉傾(Antakiya)丄僩儖僐岅偱偼傾儞僞僉傾(Antakya)偲柤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
傾儞僪儗傾 僐儖僒儕(Andrea Corsali)丗 儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偐傜僀儞僪傊峴偒丄偦偺峲奀婰傪僼儘儗儞僗(Florence)偺桳柤側巟攝壠懓偺僕儏儕傾乕僲(Giuliano)偍傛傃儘儗儞僝 僨僀 儊僨傿僠(Lorenzo dei Medici)埗偵擇捠偺庤巻偱巆偟偨丅僐儖僒儕(Corsali)偺恖惗偺偦偺懠偺徻嵶偵偮偄偰偼壗傕暘偐偭偰偼偄側偄偑丄偙偺擇捠偺庤巻偑楌巎揑側帒椏偲偟偰偼寁傝抦傟側偄傎偳偺壙抣偑偁傞丅偦傟偼摿偵摨偠帪戙偺億儖僩僈儖恖嶌壠偵懳偡傞専徹傪峴偆帪偵偁傜傢傟傞丅擇斣栚偺庤巻偼儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀儖僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偺墦惇偲嫟偵丄1517擭偵僐儖僒儕(Corsali)偑峠奀偱峴偭偨峲奀偵偮偄偰弎傋偰偄傞偺偱摿偵廳梫偱偁傞丅僐儖僒儕(Corsali)偼嫮晽偑帺暘偺慏傪奜奅偵堷偒偢傝弌偟偰娡戉偲偺楢棈偑庢傟側偔側傞慜偵丄僕僢僟偑尒偊傞8儕乕僌(Leqague)乮栺24儅僀儖乯埲撪偵棃偰偄偨丅慏挿偼僇儅儔儞(Kamaran)峴偒傪寛傔偰偄偨偑丄悈愭埬撪偺娫堘偄偱丄僐儖僒儕(Corsali)偼懼傢傝偵僄僠僆僺傾偺奀娸偵拝偄偨丅偦偙偱僐儖僒儕(Corsali)偼悢擔娫傪柍懯偵偟丄偦偺忔慻堳偼嵟廔揑偵僟僴儔僋彅搰(Dahlac)偵拝偒丄媬彆偝傟傞枠偵岮偺妷偒偲婹偊偵搑曽傕側偔壵傑傟偨丅
傾儞僩儚乕僾(Antwerp)丗 儀儖僊乕杒晹偺杒奀偵拲偖僗働儖僩愳(The Scheldt)壨岥偵椪傓峘榩搒巗(46枩)偱摨廈偺廈搒偱傕偁傞丅
僀傾儉價傾(Iambia)丗 乮僀僄儞儃(Yenbo)嶲徠丅乯
僀傾儞僯(Giampietro Ianni)丗 傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑偺幨恀嶣塭偺傾僔僗僞儞僩(Mr. Giampietro Ianni)丅
僀僃僯僠僃儕(Janissaries or Janizary)丗 乽怴偟偄暫巑乿傪堄枴偟丄Odjakt偲傕屇偽傟丄14悽婭屻敿偵憂愝偝傟偨怴孯乮僩儖僐峜掗恊塹戉(1300 - 1826)丄僩儖僐偺嬤塹婻暫乯偱丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偺忢旛孯抍偱偁傝丄掗崙偺椞搚奼挘偵戝偒偔峷專偟偨丅愴憟曔椄傗挜梡偟偨僉儕僗僩嫵擾柉偺巕掜傪嫵堢偟孯抍堳偲偟偨丅18悽婭枛埲崀惣梞壔夵妚偵斀懳偟丄1826擭偵攑巭偝傟偨丅
僀僃僯僠僃儕壒妝(Janissary Music)丗 僔儞僶儖丄僩儔僀傾儞僌儖丄儀乕僗僪儔儉側偳傪懡梡偡傞僩儖僐孯妝晽偺壒妝丅
僀僄儊儞忦栺丗 僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾墹崙(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)娫偵掲寢偝傟偨1934擭忦栺偱傾僔乕儖(Asir)偍傛傃僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偺崙嫬暣憟偼廔椆偟偨丅傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺柉偼僒僂僕崙柉偵惉傝丄埨慡側惗妶偺壎宐偍傛傃夁嫀偺棯扗傗寣傒偳傠偺憟偄偐傜偺夝曻傪摼偨丅偦傟偱傕曻杚尃傗晹懓偺強桳抧傪弰偭偰榑憟偟偰偄傞擇偮偺晹懓偺愽傫偩懳棫偑廡巗偱憳嬾偟偨帪偵嵞擱偡傞婋尟惈偼埶慠偲偟偰廫暘偁偭偨丅
僀僄儞儃(Yenbo)丗 尰嵼偺儎儞僽乕(Yanbu)偱偁傝丄儎儉儃乕(Yambo)埥偄僀僄儞儃乕(Yenbo)偲傕塢偆丅僕僃僢僟乮Jeddah乯偺杒350km乮杒堒24亱05亴搶宱38亱00亴乯偵埵抲偟丄儊僨傿僫廈(Al Madinah Province)偵偁傞峠奀娸偺庡梫側峘偱偁傞丅2004擭搙偺恖岥偼188,430恖偱偁偭偨丅儎儞僽乕偺楌巎偼崄恏椏(spice)偲崄椏(incense)偑僀僄儊儞乮Yemen乯偐傜僄僕僾僩乮Egypt乯傗抧拞奀抧堟乮Mediterranian region乯偵塣偽傟偰偄偨2500擭慜偵慿傞丅僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Emipre)帪戙偼彫偝側峘偱偁偭偨偑丄1975擭偵傾儔價傾榩娸偺僕儏僶僀儖(Al Jubail)偲嫟偵2戝岺嬈抧懷偵巜掕偝傟偰偐傜敪揥偟偨丅
僀僋僔僪挬乮Ikhsids乯丗 僩僁乕儖乕儞挬(Tulunids)柵朣偺屻丄惣楋905擭偐傜941擭傑偱僫僀儖扟偼嵞傃傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids)偵巟攝偝傟丄偦傟傪惣楋973擭傑偱僀僋僔僪挬(Ikhsids)偑堷偒宲偄偩丅
僀僒 僀僽儞 僼儔僀僞庱挿(Amir Isa ibn Fulayta)丗 乽僊僕儎(giziya)傪惂掕偟偨儊僢僇庱挿偼僀僒 僀僽儞 僼儔僀僞偱偁偭偨乿偲僀僽儞-傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)挊乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偵弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅
僀僗僞僴儕(Auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi al -Istakhri)丗 傾僽 僓僀僪 傾儖-僶儖僸(Abu Zayid al-Balkhi)偺栧壓丄儁儖僙億儕僗嬤偔偺懞偺弌恎偱偁傞僀僗僞僴儕偺恖惗偵偮偄偰偼僀儞僟僗扟偺僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖偲弌夛偄丄偦傟偵傛偭偰抧棟妛揑忣曬傪岎姺偟丄偦傟偧傟偺懜廳偡傞挊嶌傪斾妑偟偁偭偨帠傪彍偄偰偼幚嵺揑偵壗傕暘偐偭偰偄側偄丅950擭崰偵乽僞僋僂傿儉 傾儖-僽儖僟儞乮崙乆偺昤幨乯(Takwin al-Buldan)乿曇廤偟丄嵟怴忣曬壔偟丄憹曗偟偨斉傪嶌偭偨丅
乽僀僗僞僴儕斉崙乆偺昤幨乿丗 (Viiae Regnorum. Descriptio Ditionis Moslemicae - Auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi al -Istakhri)丄M. J. 僨 僕儑僄僕儏(M. J. de Goeje.)曇廤1927擭儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱弌斉丅
僀僗儅乕僀乕儖攈(Ismaili)丗 僀僗儅乕僀乕儖攈偺怣搆(Ismaili)偼僔乕傾攈偺戞榋戙僀儅乕儉 (Ja'far ibn Muhammad)偺挿巕偱晝偵屻宲幰偲偟偰擟柦偝傟偨偑庢傝徚偝傟偨僀僗儅乕僀乕儖(Isma'il ibn Ja'far)傪戞幍戙僀儅乕儉偱偁傞偲彞偊丄旈枾揑揘妛傪怣曭偡傞僀僗儔儉嫵僔乕傾攈(Shi'ite)偺堦暘攈偱偁傞丅僀僗儅僀儖攈(Ismailiya)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僗儅僀儖 僔儍乕(Ismail Shah)丗 1513擭偵僞僽儕乕僘(Tabriz)晅嬤偱攕杒偟丄1516擭偺弔偵僆僗儅儞偲儖僐乮Ottoman Turks乯偺僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I, 1516-1520)偐傜嵟屻偺峌寕傪旐偭偨僒僼傽償傿乕挬儁儖僔傾(Safavid Dynasty of Persia, 1501 - 1736)偺寶崙幰偱弶戙墹(Shah Ismail I丄1487 – 1524)丅
僀僘儈儖(Izmir)丗 僩儖僐惣晹丄僄乕僎奀偺擖峕僀僘儈儖榩傪朷傓峘榩搒巗乮200枩)偱媽徧僗儈儖儅(Smyrna)丅
乽僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾巎偺尋媶乿丗 乽僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾巎偺尋媶乿(Etudes sur I'histoire des Arabes avant I'Islamisme)偼1840擭摉帪偺僼儔儞僗偺僕僃僢僟椞帠偱傾僕傾 僕儍乕僫儖(Journal Asiatique)偵傕婰帠傪嵹偣偰偄傞搶梞捠偺僼儖僕儍儞僗 僼儗僱儖(Fulgence Fresnel)偑挊嶌偟丄1836擭偵僷儕(Paris)偱弌斉偝傟偨(Paris 1836)乿丅
僀僗儔儉 僔儍儕乕傾朄(Law of the Islam or Shariah)丗 僀僗儔儉悽奅偱偼廆嫵偲悽懎幮夛偺椉曽偵懳偡傞朄棩偱偁傞丅僔儍儕乕傾偺偆偪庡偵廆嫵偵娭傢傞晹暘傪僀僶乕僟乕僩(Ibadhat)乮媀楃揑婯斖乯丄悽懎揑惗妶偵娭傢傞晹暘傪儉傾乕儅儔乕僩(Mu'amalat)乮朄揑婯斖乯偲徧偡傞丅僀僶乕僟乕僩(Ibadhat)偼屄乆恖偲恄偲偺娭學傪婯掕偟偨悅捈揑側婯斖丄儉傾乕儅儔乕僩(Mu'amalat)偼幮夛偵偍偗傞彅屄恖娫偺娭學傪婯掕偟偨悈暯揑側婯斖偲埵抲偯偗傜傟傞丅
僀僗儔儉掗崙(Caliphate)丗 儓乕儘僢僷偺楌巎壠偑挿傜偔惓摑僇儕僼(Rightly Guided Caliphs or Righteous Caliphs)偐傜傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Dynasty)傑偱偺僀僗儔儉崙壠偵懳偡傞屇徧偲偟偰梡偄偰偒偨乽僒儔僙儞掗崙(Saracen Empire)乿傪僀僗儔儉(Islam)偲尵偄姺偊偨傕偺偱丄搨偱偼戝怘乮僞乕僕乯偲屇傫偱偄偨惌尃偱偁傞丅
僀僗儔儉偺惇暈(Islam Conquests): 乮儉僗儕儉偺惇暈乮Muslim Conquests乯嶲徠丅乯
僀僠僒儓僼傽僊(Inchthyophagi)丗 僀僠僒儓僼傽僊偼乽尰嵼偺儁儖僔傾偺撿搶晹偵摉偨傞僇儖儅僯傾(Carmania)偍傛傃僷僉僗僞儞撿惣晹偺僶儖僠僗僞儞(Baluchistan)廈偺曈傝堦懷偱偁傞僎僪儘僔傾(Gedorosia)偐傜僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀偺堦斣墦偄擖峕(峠奀)傑偱峀偑偭偨奀娸偵廧傫偱偄偨栰斬恖払乿偲偲僨傿僆僪儘僗(Diodorous)偺挊彂乽楌巎憄彂(Library of History)乿偱婰弎偝傟丄僆乕儖僪僼傽乕僓乕(C.H. Oldfather)偵傛偭偰乽嫑傪怘傋傞恖払乿偲東栿偝傟偰偄傞 ('Ichthyophagi' or Fish-eaters in Translation of C.H. Oldfather) 丅
僀僢僘僢僥傿儞 傾僀僶僢僋(Izz al-Din Aybak)丗 傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid)偺戞7戙僗儖僞儞(Sultan) 僒乕儕僼(Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, 1240-1249)偼1249擭丄儖僀9悽(Louis IX)(1214-1270)1偑巜婗偡傞戞7夞廫帤孯(Seventh Crusade 1248 - 1254)偑僄僕僾僩偵怤峌偟偨嵺丄攛昦傪滊偄巰朣偟丄孯抍偺摑惂偑偲傟偰偄側偐偭偨丅偙偺堊丄偦偺尦搝楆偺斳僔儍僕儍儖僪僁僢儖(Shajar al-Durr)偑3儢寧娫丄枴曽偺摦梙傪梷偊傞偨傔偵僒乕儕僼傪惗偒偰偄傞傛偆偵僗儖僞儞傪巄掕揑偵搘傔偨丅偦偺娫偵丄摉帪僗儖僞儞岇塹戉挿偱屻偺儅儉儖乕僋挬戞5戙栚僗儖僞儞偺僶僀僶儖僗(Sultan Baybars, 1233-1277) (al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al Din Baybars al Bunduqdari)偑孯抍挿晄嵼偺僶僼儕乕}儉儖乕僋孯(Bahri Mamluk)偺巜婗傪庢傝丄暠愴偟偨偍堿偱儅儞僗乕儔偺愴偄(Battle of El Mansurah)乮1250擭2寧8擔偐傜11擔乯偵偍偄偰儖僀9悽傪曔椄偲偡傞摍丄戝彑棙傪偍偝傔偨丅僔儍僕儍儖僪僁僢儖(Shajar al-Durr)偼晄榓偲側偭偨懅巕僩僁乕儔乕儞 僔儍乕(Turanshah)傪嶦奞偟丄傾僀儐乕僽挬傪柵朣偝偣丄儅儉儖乕僋(搝楆弌恎偺婻暫)傪巟帩婎斦偲偟丄帺暘帺恎傪僗儖僞乕僫(Sultana)偲偡傞僗儞僯乕攈僀僗儔儉墹挬偱偁傞儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk Sultanate, 1250 - 1517)傊偲堏峴偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄抧曽孨庡丄彨孯払丄傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid, 750 - 1258) 偺僇儕僼(Caliph)摍偺懡偔偑僗儖僞乕僫(Sultana)偵斀懳偟偨丅偙偺惃椡偵懳峈偡傞堊偵丄摉帪丄僥儏儖僋(Turkic peoples)宯偺儅儉儖乕僋乮搝楆孯恖乯(Mamluk)弌恎偱丄昅摢彨孯偱偁偭偨僀僢僘僢僥傿儞 傾僀僶僢僋(Izz al-Din Aybak)傪枴曽偵偮偗偰寢崶偟丄僗儖僞儞(Sultan)偺埵傪忳偭偨丅晇晈偺拠偼晄榓偑懕偒丄僔儍僕儍儖僪僁僢儖偼僀僢僘僢僥傿儞 傾僀僶僢僋傪埫嶦偟丄彮擭儅儞僗乕儖 傾儕(Al-Mansur Ali)傪戞2戙栚僗儖僞儞偵梚棫偟偨偑丄儌儞僑儖掗崙孯偺怤擖傪庴偗偨丅偙偺愴偄偺嵟拞偺1259擭11寧偵孯帠懺惃傪嫮屌偵偡傞堊丄彨孯僋僩僁僘(Qutuz)偼彮擭僗儖僞儞傪攑偟偰丄帺傜儅儉儖乕僋挬戞3戙栚偺僗儖僞儞偲側偭偨丅梻擭丄僋僩僁僘(Qutuz)偼傾僀儞 僕儍乕儖乕僩偺愴偄(Battle of Ain Jalut)(1260擭9寧3擔乯偱僉僩 僽僇(Kitbuqa)棪偄傞儌儞僑儖掗崙孯(Mongols in Palestine) 丒僉儕僗僩嫵搆彅岒楢崌孯傪攋傝儌儞僑儖掗崙偺惣恑傪慾巭偟偨丅
僀僢僼儔儉(Ihhram)丗 儀僪僂傿儞(Bedouins)偑崢偺廃傝偵揨偆丅
乽婾傝偺椃恖偲搶梞椃峴偺暔岅(Travelers in Disguise - Narratives of Eastern Travel)乿丗 億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio Bracciolini)偲儕僪償傿僐 僨 償傽儖僙儅(Lidovico de Varthema)偺挊弎偼僴僋儖乕僩(Hakluyt)嫤夛偺僕儑儞 僂傿儞僞乕 僕儑乕儞僘(John Winter Jones)偑東栿偟丄乽婾傝偺椃恖偲搶梞椃峴偺暔岅(Travelers in Disguise - Narratives of Eastern Travel)乿偲偺戣柤偱L.D. 僴儌儞僪(L.D. Hammond)偺徯夘傪晅偗丄1963擭偵働儞僽儕僢僕(Cambridge, Mass)偱弌斉偝傟偨丅偦偺杮偺24暸偵僕僢僟捠夁偺嵟傕昻庛側婰弎偑宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僪儕僔(Idrisi)丗 戞堦師悽奅戝愴拞偵僕僓儞(Jizan)嬤偔偺僒僽儎(Sabya)偵峴惌晎傪峔偊偨儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 傾儕 傾儖乕僀僪儕僔(Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi)偑僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偺僔儍儕僼 僼僒僀儞(Sharif Husayn)摨條偵僩儖僐(Turk)偵媡傜偄乽塸崙懁偱偁傞乿偲愰尵偟偨丅僩儖僐偑傾儔價傾偐傜揚戅偟偨帪偵偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)偼僀僪儕僔(Idrisi)偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨丅1920擭偵僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)偍傛傃墦偔僼僟僀僟乕(Hudaydah)傑偱偺僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah) 傪僀僪儕僔(Idrisi)偺柤栚巟攝偺樤偱曐岇椞偲偟偰傾僽僴(Abha)傪愯椞偟偨丅
僀僪儕乕僔乕 (Idrisi)丗 僀僪儕乕僔乕(捠徧 'ash-Sharīf al-Idrīsī, c 1098 – 1156)偼僔僠儕傾墹儘僕儍乕(Roger) 2悽偵巇偊丄偦偺姪傔偱椃傪廳偹悽奅抧恾媦傃抧棟彂乽悽奅墶抐傪朷傓幰偺堅傒偺彂乿(1154)傪姰惉偟偨丅拞悽偵偍偗傞傕偆堦恖偺庡梫側偍偦傜偔嵟傕執戝側僀僗儔儉偺塅拡峔憿榑妛幰偱偁偭偨僀僪儕乕僔乕偑惣梞偱傕嵟傕抦傜傟偰偄偨栿偼悽奅傪暯柺媴宍恾偱昤偄偨堦懙偄偺抧恾挔偱曗懌偝傟偨僀僪儕乕僔乕偺杮偑嵟弶偺庡梫側傾儔價傾抧棟妛幰偺挊嶌偲偟偰儓乕儘僢僷尵岅偱偁傞僼儔儞僗岅偵東栿偝傟偨堊偱偁傞丅儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偺僥僩僁傾儞(Tetouan)偱僼僃僗(Fez)偺巟攝幰乮惣楋791擭 - 惣楋926擭乯偺壠偵惗傑傟偨偑丄僼傽乕僥傿儅挬(Fatimid)偺敆奞偺偨傔偵崙傪摝傟丄偐側傝側帪娫傪儓乕儘僢僷偲彫傾僕傾傪椃峴偟偰夁偛偟偨丅偙偺堊偵僀僪儕乕僔乕偼僐儖僪僶偱嫵堢傪庴偗偰偄傞丅孾敪偝傟偨尦庱偱抧棟妛垽岲壠偱偁偭偨儘僕儍乕擇悽乮僲儖儅儞懓偱僔僔儕乕偺墹乯偼僀僪儕乕僔乕偺昡敾傪抦傝丄僀僪儕乕僔乕傪僷儗儖儌偺媨掛偵彽偄偨丅僀僪儕乕僔乕偼僔僔儕乕搰偵惣楋1125擭偐傜1150擭傑偱廧傒丄偦偟偰偦偺抧棟妛偺挊嶌偲嫟偵揤媴偲偦偺帪戙偵暘偐偭偰偄偨悽奅偺墌斦傪嶌偭偨丅椉曽偲傕嬧惢偱偁偭偨偺偱幐傢傟偰偟傑偭偨丅僀僪儕乕僔乕偼偙偺搰偵懾嵼偟偰偄傞娫偵丄僀僪儕乕僔乕偼偙偺搰傪峴偒棃偡傞慏忔傝傗彜恖偦偟偰婰弎偼柍偄偑嫲傜偔婣娨偟偨廫帤孯愴巑払偐傜朙晉側忣曬傪摼傞帠偑弌棃偨丅峏偵丄嵟怴偺抧棟妛揑抦幆傪摼偰丄僀僪儕乕僔乕偑偦偺挊嶌傪姰惉弌棃傞條偵丄儘僕儍乕墹偼條乆側崙偵枾掋傪攈尛偟偰丄娤嶡偝偣丄偦傟傪婰榐偝偣丄偦偟偰惓妋側帒椏偲幨惗恾傪帩偪婣傞擟柋傪柦偠偰偄偨丅偙偺堊偵僀僪儕乕僔乕偺桳柤側挊嶌偼師戞偵嬶懱揑偵傑偲傑傝丄師戞偵杮偺戣柤傪乽僉僞僽 傾儖-儖僕儍儕乮儘僕儍乕偺杮乯乿埥偄偼乽僰僓僩 傾儖-儉僔儍僞僌 僼傿 僀僋僥傿儔僋 傾儖 傾僼傽僋(Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq)乮悽奅偺條乆側抧曽傪曻楺偟傛偆偲偡傞幰払偺婌傃乯乿偲柤晅偗偨丅
乽僀僪儕乕僔乕偺抧棟(Géographie d'Edrisi)乿丗 僉僞僽 傾儖-儖僕儍儕(Kitab al-Rujari)乮儘僕儍乕偺杮乯埥偄偼僰僓僩 傾儖-儉僔儍僞僌 僼傿 僀僋僥傿儔僋 傾儖 傾僼傽僋(Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq)乮悽奅偺條乆側抧曽傪曻楺偟傛偆偲偡傞幰払偺婌傃乯偲柤晅偗傜傟偨拞悽偵偍偗傞嵟傕執戝側僀僗儔儉偺塅拡峔憿榑妛幰偱偁偭偨僀僪儕乕僔乕 (Idrisi, c 1098 – 1156))偺挊嶌偱丄乽僀僪儕乕僔乕偺抧棟(Géographie d'Edrisi)乿偲偟偰A. 僕儑僽乕儖(A. Jaubert)偵傛偭偰東栿丒曇廤偝傟丄1836 - 1840擭僷儕偱弌斉偝偰偄傞(Tr. and
ed. by A. Jaubert,
僀僴儔儉 (Ihram)丗 弰楃梡偺堖偱對抧埲奜偺敀偄朌偄栚偺柍偄2枃偺晍偱峔惉偝傟傞丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偼儊僢僇(Mecca)傊偺搑拞偱僀僴儔儉(Ihram)(Pilgrim's robe)偵拝懼偊傞儈僇僩(miqat)偺1偮偱偁傞丅
僀僽 (Eve)丗 恖椶偺巒慶Adam偺嵢丄恄偑憂憿偟偨嵟弶偺彈丅僄僶偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僽偺楈昣(Solid Mausoleum for Eve)丗 儁儖僔傾恖払偼僀僽偺曟傪楖姠偲愇峱偺幗嬺偱婃忎側楈昣偟丄偙偺楈昣偼僸僕儏儔楋621擭丄惣楋1224擭傑偱棫偭偰嫃偨偑丄偦偺帪偵曵夡偟丄暅尦偝傟傞帠偼柍偐偭偨丅
僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha)丗 僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha, 1789 - 1848)偼僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺僄僕僾僩憤撀偱敿撈棫惌尃傪庽棫偟偨儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1769 - 1849)偺巕偱僄僕僾僩偺彨孯偱偁偭偨丅1818擭9寧9擔偵僨傿儔僀儎(Diraiyah)傪曪埻偟丄娮棊偝偣丄戞堦師僒僂僪岒崙(1745 – 1819)傪懪搢偟偨丅1848擭偵晝偐傜憤撀傪宲彸偟偨偑丄抁婜娫(March – November, 1848)偱昦巰偟偨丅
僀僼儚乕儞(Ikhwan)丗 摨朎乮怣幰拠娫乯(Brethren)偼揷幧偺嫟摨懱偱晍嫵拞怱偺峔惉堳偱偁傞丅嵟弶偺僀僼儚乕儞(Ikhwan)偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabi)偺嵞寶幰傾僽僪 僇儕儉(Abd al-Karim)偵傛偭偰19悽婭枛偵杒晹僫僕僪(Najd)偺傾儖僞僂傿乕儎(al-Artawiya)偵憂愝偝傟偨丅屻偵僀僼儚乕儞塣摦(Ikhwan movement)偼僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偵傛偭偰慻怐懼偊偝傟丄僀僽儞 僒僂僪偺傾儔價傾敿搰摑堦(1912 - 1930)偺嵺偵廳梫側摥偒傪偟偨丅晹懓偺榞傪偙偊偨廆嫵丒孯帠忋偺摨朎慻怐偲側傝丄傾儔價傾偺僆傾僔僗傪拞怱偵暘嶶偟偰掕廧偟丄燇燆傪恑傔傞偲嫟偵儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偺掕廧壔傪偼偐傝丄廆嫵柺傑偱儚僢僴乕僽攈偺嫵媊傪怹摟偝偣偨丅偟偐偟丄1920擭戙屻婜偵僀僼儚乕儞(Ikhwan)偺懡偔偑傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘墹(King Abdulaziz)乮僀僽儞 僒僂僪乯帺恎偲偺棙奞偺怘偄堘偄丄枖偦偺尃埿偵恘岦偐偆偩偗偺廫暘側椡偁傞偲姶偠丄摨墹偵懳偟岞慠偲憿斀偟偨丅1930擭戙弶傔偵偼僀僼儚乕儞払(Ikhwan)偼抏埑丒暈廬偝偣傜傟丄寢壥揑偵偙偺塣摦偼夝嶶偝偣傜傟丄屻偵僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙杊孯偵媧廂偝傟偨丅
僀僽儞 傾僀僪(Ibn Aid)丗 傾僔乕儖(Asir)偼1917擭傑偱僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman)偺導偱偁偭偨丅偦偺屻傾僽僴庱挿偺僴僒儞 傾儕 僀僽儞 傾僀僪(Hasan Ali Ibn Aid)偑巟攝偟偨偑丄1919擭偺僀僽儞 僒僂僪墹(Ibn Saud)偼傾僔乕儖偵孯戉傪憲偭偰惂埑偟偨丅偟偐偟僀僽儞 傾僀僪偑嵞傃斀棎偟偨偺偱僼傽僀僒儖墹巕(Prince Faisal)偑傾僽僴(Abha)傊偲孯傪棪偄偰丄娮棊偝偣丄偦偺帪埲崀丄傾僔乕儖偼僒僂僕椞偺堦晹偲惉偭偨丅
僀僽儞 傾僂儞(Ibn Awn)丗 傾僔乕儖(Asir)偼傾儖 儅僒儈(Al Mathami)弌恎偺庱挿偵1817擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1233擭乯傑偱巟攝偝傟偰嫃偨丅偦偺屻偱僄僕僾僩孯傪棪偄偨傾儖 僔儍儕僼 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僂儞(Al Sharif Muhammad Ibn Awn)偑傾僔乕儖傪惂埑偟偰儉僴僢儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad Ali Pasha)偲傾儕傪巟帩偡傞儅僢僇乕庱挿(Sharif of Mecca)偺嫟摨摑帯壓偵擖傟偨丅
僀僽儞 傾儈乕儖(Ibn 'Amir)丗 傾僔乕儖庱挿偱偁偭偨乪傾僽僪 傾儖-儚僢僴僽 僀僽儞 傾儈乕儖('Abd al-Wahhab ibn 'Amir)偼僀僽儞 儉僴僢儅僪(Ibn Muhammad)傪暈廬偝偣傞堊丄僿僕儔楋1225擭乮惣楋1810擭/1811擭乯偵儚僨傿 價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偱愴偄丄彑棙偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偙偺愴偄偱僀僽儞 傾儈乕儖(Ibn 'Amir)帺恎偑嶦偝傟偨丅
僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋(Ibn Ishaq)丗 儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋 僀僽儞 儎僒乕儖(Muḥammad ibn Isḥaq ibn Yasar, 704 – c. 767/770)偼傾儔價傾楌巎壠偱惞恖揱嶌幰(Hagiographer)偱偁傞丅僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺嵟弶偺揱婰偺崻嫆偲側傞岥弎偺尵偄揱偊傪廤傔偨丅偦偺揱婰偼捠忢丄僔儔僩 儔僗儖 傾僢儔僼(Sirat Rasul Allah)偲屇偽傟丄乽恄偺巊偄偺堦惗(Life of God Messenger)乿偲東栿偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僽儞 僂儅儖(Ibn 'Umar)丗 僔儍儕乕僼 僴儉僪 僀僽儞 僂儅儖(Shareef Hamud ibn 'Umar)偼儚僨傿 價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺愴偄偱僀僽儞 傾儈乕儖(Ibn Amir)帺恎偑嶦偝傟偨偺偵忔偠偰丄僿僕儔楋1230擭(1814 - 1815)埲崀丄撿偺僘僶僀僪(Zubayd)偐傜杒偺傾儖 僒儔僩嶳柆(Jibal al-Sarat)傑偱傪僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偺墹偲偟偰摑帯偟偨丅
乽僀僽儞 僇僢儕僇儞揱婰乿乮Biography of Ibn Qalaqis乯丗 乽僀僽儞 僇僢儕僇儞(Ibn Khallikan)揱婰乿偺拞偺乽儚僼傽儎 傾儎儞偲傾儞僶 傾僽僫 僓儅儞(Wafayat al-ayan wa anba abna az-zaman) in the biography of Ibn Qalaqis乿偼償僃僗僥儞僼僃儖僪(F. Wüstenfeld )偵傛傝曇廤偝傟丄1835 - 1842擭偵僎僥傿儞僎儞(Göttingen)偱弌斉偝傟偨丅枖丄M. 僫儕僲(M. Nallino)偑曇廤偟1939擭偵儘乕儅(Rome)偱弌斉偟偨乽僒僂僕壠偺傾儔價傾(L'Arabia Saudina)乿偺拞偵傕堷梡偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僽儞 僐乕儖僟僪價(Ibn Khordadbih丄820 - 912) 丗 堦斣弶婜偺傾儔僽抧棟妛幰偺堦恖偱偁傝丄僶僋僟乕僪偺傾僢僶乕僗挬僇儕僼 傾儖-儉僞儈僪(Al Mu乫tamod, 870 - 892)偺媨掛妛幰偱偁偭偨丅僐乕儖僟僪價偼儁儖僔傾偺弌恎偱偦偺崰丄僇儖僼偺廧嫃偺嵼偭偨僒儅僢儔(Samarra)偵棃傞慜偼埥傞帪婜儊僨傿僫偺梄曋嬊挿傪柋傔偰偄偨丅岞柋堳偱偁偭偨偺偱僐乕儖僟僪價偼懡偔偺婱廳側摑寁揑丄椃峴偺忣曬傪擖庤偡傞帠偑弌棃偨丅偦偟偰僐乕儖僟僪價偺挊嶌乽僉僞僽 傾儖亅儅僒儕僋 儚乫儖-儅儅儕僋乮摴楬偲墹崙偺杮乯(Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik (Book of the Roads and Kingdoms))乿偼傾僢僶乕僗挬偺墹巕偺堊偵惣楋846擭偵曇嶽偝傟丄僀僗儔儉掗崙偺執戝側岎堈楬偺嫽枴偁傞奣梫傪娷傫偱偄偨丅
僀僽儞 僒僂僪墹(Ibn Saud)丗 傾僽僪儖-傾僕僘 僀僽儞 傾僽僪儖 儔乕儅儞 傾儖 僒僂僪(Abdul-Aziz Ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud, 1876 - 1953)偼僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)傪寶崙偟偨弶戙崙墹偱偁傞丅僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偼18悽婭埲棃儚僢僴乕僽攈塣摦(Wahhabi Movement))傪巟帩偟僱僕僪嵐敊(Nejid)傪丄戞堦師僒僂僪岓崙(First Saudi State, 1744 - 1818)偍傛傃戞擇師僒僂僪岓崙(Second Saudi State, 1824 - 1891)傪庽棫偟丄巟攝偟偨僒僂僪壠偵惗傑傟偨丅1902擭1寧15擔偵愭慶揱棃偺儕儎僪(Riyadh)傪儔僔乕僪懓(the Rashidi)偐傜扗夞偟丄1913擭偵偼偦偺巟攝傪傾儔價傾榩偺僴僒(Al Hasa)傑偱峀偘丄1921擭11寧枠偵偼儔僔僢僪懓(the Rashids)偑巟攝偡傞僴僀乕儖(Hail)t偲僔儍儞儅儖嶳夠(the Jebel Shammar)傪梷偊丄乽僫僕僪偲懏椞偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan of Najd and its Dependencies)乿傪柤忔偭偨丅1922擭傑偱偵僕儍僂僼(Jawf)偲熆傟扟僔乕儖僴儞(Wadi Sirhan)偍傛傃執戝側僫僼僪嵐敊(the Great Nafud)偺惣偺僴僀僶乕儖(Khaibar)偍傛傃僥僀儅(Teima)傪妉摼偟丄僱僕僪嵐敊(Nejid)偺巟攝傪妋棫偟偨丅僀僗儔儉偺僇儕僼(Caliph al-Islam)傪帺徧偟偨僼僒僀儞(Husayn)偲1924擭9寧忋弡偵嶳妜搒巗僞僀僼(Tayif)偱愴摤傪巒傔偨丅1924擭10寧13擔偵儊僢僇(Mecca)偵擖忛丄1925擭12寧23擔偵僕僃僟(Jeddah)偵擖忛偟偰僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz))傪惇暈偟偨丅1926擭1寧8擔偵偼廧柉偺巟帩傪摼偰丄乽僸僕儍乕僘偺墹(the title of King of the Hejaz)乿偵懻姤偟偨丅1932擭9寧偵僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偼帺暘偺摑堦偟偨椞搚傪乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)乿偲柤晅偗丄帺傜偑偦偺弶戙偺崙墹偵惉傞帠傪愰尵偟偨丅偦偺帯悽偺屻敿偺1938擭偵偼愇桘偑敪尒偝傟丄戞擇師戝愴廔椆屻偵偼戝婯柾側愇桘奐敪悇恑偺壎宐傪庴偗偨丅
僀僽儞 僕儍僼傽乕儖 僴僒僯(Ibn Jafar Hasani)丗 僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖偼偦偺挊彂乽僉僞僽 僗儔僩 傾儖-傾儖僪(Kitab Surat al-Ard)乮棨抧偺抧宍乯(Configuration of the Earth)乿偵乽僕儏僢僟偼斏塰偟丄宱嵪揑偵塰偊丄旕忢偵桾暉偱偁傝丄僸僕儍乕僘偵懏偝偢丄儊僢僇偐傜撈棫偟偰偍傝丄朙偐側晉傪帩偪丄懡偔偺彜庢堷傪峴偭偰嫃偨丅偦偺崰丄偙偺挰偺岎堈偼儁儖僔傾恖偵埇傜傟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜僀僽儞 僕儍僼傽乕儖 僴僒僯(Ibn Jafar Hasani)偑偍傛偦惣楋965擭偵儊僢僇傪惇暈偟丄抧曽偺巟攝幰偲偟偰怴偨側墹挬傪寶崙偟丄攅尃傪僕儏僢僟偵傕媦傏偡偲僕儏僢僟偺桳椡側巗柉偼摝嶶偟丄偙偺挰偺忬嫷偼晄埨掕偵惉偭偰偟傑偭偨 (Conqueror of Mecca, circa 965)乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞 丅乮僔儍儕僼(Sharifs)嶲徠丅乯
僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(Ibn Jubayr)丗 傾僽 乫儖-僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(Abu 'l-Husayn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Jubayr)偼乽弰楃偺擭戙婰乿偺挊幰偱惣楋1145擭9寧1擔偵僶儗儞僔傾偺柤壠偵惗傑傟偨丅偙偺壠偼儊僢僇嬤峹偺尦乆僉僫僫乕晹懓(Kinnah tribe)弌恎偱4悽婭慜偵僗儁僀儞偵堏廧偟偰偄偨丅僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖偼弰楃偵峴偙偆偲寛怱偟偨帪偼僌儔僫僟(Granada)偺儉乕傾恖(Moors)憤撀偺旈彂偱偁偭偨丅擬怱偱惤幚側儌僗儗儉(Moslem)偱偁偭偨僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(ibn Jubayr)偼偙偺挰偺撪壢堛(Physician)傪摨敽偟丄僌儔僫僟(Granada)傪1183擭2寧3擔偵弌敪偟丄搑拞偱傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偲僇僀儘(Cairo)偵棫偪婑傝丄僫僀儖愳(The Nile)傪僋僗(Qus)傑偱壓偭偨丅偦偺屻丄僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖偼僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺搶嵐敊傪傾僀僟僽(Aydhab)傑偱墶抐偟丄7寧18擔偵峠奀(the Red Sea)搉峲偵慏弌偟偨丅慏偼梻擔偵傾僀僟僽(Aydhab)傪棧傟丄峳傟婥枴偺巐擔娫妡偗偰丄斀懳娸偺僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵摓拝偟偨丅偦偺曬崘幰偼R.J.C. 僽儘乕僪僴乕僗僩(R.J.T. Broadhurst)偵傛偭偰東栿偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖偺椃峴婰乿丗 僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(Ibn Jubayr)挊偺乽僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖偺椃峴婰(Travels of Ibn Jubayr乿偼僽儘乕僪僴乕僗僩(R.JC. Broadhurst)偑東栿偟丄1952擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅
僀僽儞 僞僀儈儎(Ibn Taymiyah)丗 僴儞僶儕乕攈(Hanbali)偺廆嫵夵妚幰(1263 - 1328)偱屄恖傕惌晎傕媀幃偍傛傃巌朄偺幚慔偵嵟傕尩偟偄嫮惂傪嫮梫偟丄儌僗儕儉(Muslim)偺嵟弶偺悽戙偁傞偄偼摉弶偺僀僗儔儉(Islam)偺嫵偊埲崀偵摫擖偝傟偨偳偺傛偆側怣忦(Belief)偁傞偄偼惞揱(Tradition)傕嫅斲偟偨丅
僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖(Ibn Hauqal)丗 僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖偼執戝側僀僗儔儉椃峴幰偺堦恖偱偁傞丅惣楋943擭5寧15擔偵屘嫿偺僶僋僟乕僪傪棧傟偰丄杒傾僼儕僇丄僗儁僀儞丄偦傟偐傜僔僊儖儊僒(Sigilmessa in Morocco)偲僈乕僫(Ghana)傊峴偒丄偦傟偐傜僄僕僾僩(Egypt)丄撿儊僜億僞儈傾(Southern Mesopotamia)丄惣儁儖僔傾(Western Persia)丄僩儔儞僜僓僯傾(Transoxania)傪墇偊偰丄嵟屻偵僔僔儕乕(Sicily)傊拝偄偨乮惣楋972擭偐傜973擭乯丅僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖偺挊彂乽僉僞僽 僗儔僩 傾儖-傾儖僪(Kitab Surat al-Ard)乮棨抧偺抧宍(Configuration of the Earth)乯乿偼惣楋988擭偵姰寢偟偨丅僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖(Ibn Hauql)偼僀僗僞僴儕(Istakhri)偲嫟偵執戝側抧棟妛幰傾僽 僓僀僪 傾儖-僶儖僸(Abu Zayid al-Balkhi)偺栧壓偱偁傝丄僀僗僞僴儕(Auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi al -Istakhri)偑950擭崰偵曇廤偟丄嵟怴忣曬壔偟丄憹曗偟偨斉傪嶌偭偨僀僗僞僴儕斉乽崙乆偺昤幨乿偼僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖(Ibn Hauqal)偵傛偭偰偦偺挊嶌乽棨抧偺抧宍乿偵庢傝崬傑傟偨丅
僀僽儞 僶僢僩僁乕僞(Ibn Battuta)丗 僀僽儞 僶僢僩僁乕僞偼1304擭偵僞儞僕乕儖(Tangier)偱惗傑傟丄21嵥偱崙傪棧傟丄偦偺屻偺28擭娫丄儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪僢儔 儔儚僥傿(Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Lawati)(1304-68/69)偺暿柤偱25擭埲忋偵傢偨偭偰傾僼儕僇丄傾僕傾丄儓乕儘僢僷摍偺偦偺帪戙偵抦傜傟偰偄偨杦偳偺崙乆傪朘傟偨椃峴壠偱乽傾僼儕僇丒傾僕傾椃峴婰儕僴儔(Rihhlah)乿傪挊偟偨丅
乽僀僽儞 僶僢僩僁乕僞曻楺偺暔岅(Narrative of Ibn Battuta乫s Wanderings)乿丗 儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 僕儏僓僀(Muhammad ibn Juzay)偵傛偭偰婰榐偝傟丄僕儏僓僀偼僶僢僩僁乕僞偺婰擮旇揑側嬈愌傪乽偙偺僔儍僀僋(Shaykh)偼変乆偺帪戙偺椃峴幰偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉堟慡偰偺椃峴幰偲屇傫偱傕恀幚傪堩扙偟偰偼偄側偄乿偲偺尵梩偱寢傫偱偄傞丅
乽僀僽儞 僶僢僩僁乕僞偺椃峴婰(Travels of Ibn Battuta 1325-1354)乿丗 僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society) H.A.R. 僊僽(H.AR. Gibb)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1958擭偐傜働儞僽儕僢僕(Cambridge)偱弌斉偝傟偨偑丄1973擭傑偱偵4姫撪偺嵟弶偺3姫敪峴偝傟偨偺傒偱偁傞 (Tr. and ed. by U.A.R. Gibb (Hakluyt Society). Cambridge 1958-19.丂Four volume edition. Up to 1973 only the first three volumes have been issued)丅
僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir)丗 僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖偼惣楋1204擭偵僟儅僗僇僗偱惗傑傟偨丅僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖偼報搙偵懕偄偰傾僨儞 (Aden) 丄僓乕價僪(Zabid or Zebid) 丄儊僢僇偦偟偰僕僢僟傪椃峴偟偨丅僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖偼惣楋1291擭偵杤偟偨偑乽僞儕僴 儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al-Mustahsir)乿暃戣乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偲塢偆挊彂傪巆偟偨丅
僀僽儞 儉僴僢儅僪(Ibn Muhammad)丗 傾僽 儈僗儅儖(Abu Mismar)偺柤偱抦傜傟傞僴儉僪 僀僽儞 儉僴僢儅僪(Hamud ibn Muhammad)偼19悽婭弶傔偵僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偵偍偗傞僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir'iyah)偺尃埿偲傾儖 僒僂僪(Al-Sa'ud)傊偺恇廬偐傜撈棫偟偰懳峈偟偨丅寢壥揑偵偼傾僔乕儖庱挿偼斵傪嵞搙暈廬偝偣傞條偵柦偠傜傟偨丅
僀儅乕儉 僴僢僒儞(Imam al Hasan)丗 僴僢僒儞(al Hasan)偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad, ca. 570 – 632)偺懛偱戞4戙惓摑僇儕僼(4th Rashidum Caliph)偱弶戙僔乕傾攈僀儅乕儉(First Shi乫ah Imam)傾儕乕 僀僽儞 傾價乕 僞乕儕僽(乪Ali ibn Abi Talib, 656 - 661)偲梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪偺柡僼傽乕僥傿儅(Fatima Al Zahraa, 606 or 614 – 632)偺娫偵惗傑傟丄僗儞僫攈(Sunni Islam)戞5戙僇儕僼(Fifth Caliph)偱僔乕傾攈(Shi乫ah Islam)戞2戙僀儅乕儉(Second Imam)偲側偭偨僴僒儞 僀僽儞 傾儕乕 僀僽儞 傾價乕 僞乕儕僽(Hasan ibn 乪Ali ibn Abi Talib, 624 - 669)偱偁傞丅
僀儅乕儉 儔僢僔僪(Imam Rassids)丗 僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偱偺弶戙僓僀僪攈僀儅乕儉(First Zaidi Imam)偱僴僢僒儞(al Hasan)偺巕懛僴僨傿 儎僴儎 價儞 僼僢僒僀儞 價儞 僇僔儉 儔僢僔乕(al-Hadi Yahya bin al-Hussain bin al-Qasim ar-Rassi)丅乮僀儅乕儉 僴僢僒儞(Imam al Hasan)傪嶲徠丅乯
僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎(Imam Yahya)丗 僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎(Yahya Muhammad Hamidaddin, 1869 - 1948)偼1904擭偵僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃(Zaidi Imamate)偺僀儅乕儉(Imam)偲側傝丄1911擭偵嶳妜抧懷偺杒僀僄儊儞偱偺僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎偺巟攝偼僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks)偵擣傔傜傟丄偦偺廬懏崙偲側偭偨丅1918擭偵戞堦師悽奅戝愴偺廔愴偱僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偑杒僀僄儊儞偺巟攝傪憆幐偡傞偲僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎偼1926擭僀僞儕傾偲偺僒儞乫傾忦栺(Treaty of San乫a)偺傛偭偰撈棫崙偲側傝丄僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎偼杒僀僄儊儞偺僀僄儊儞丒儉僞儚僉僄墹崙(Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen丄Qasimid Dynasty, 1918 - 1962)偺弶戙崙墹偲側偭偨丅1934擭偺僒僂僪壠(House of Saud)偲偺愴偄偱偼姰攕偟偨偑丄僀僽儞 僒僂僪墹(King Ibn Saud)偼椞搚栤戣偵怗傟傞偙偲側偔暯榓忦栺傪採埬偟偨丅1946擭偵僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎偵斀懳偡傞惃椡偑慻怐偝傟丄僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎偼1948擭偵幩嶦偝傟偨丅僀僄儊儞丒儉僞儚僉僄墹偼偦偺懅巕僀儅乕儉 傾僴儅僪(Imam Ahmad)偑宲彸偟偨偑丄3戙屻偺儉僴儞儅僪11悽(Muhammad XI)偑1962擭偺妚柦偱捛曻偝傟丄杒僀僄儊儞偺僀儅乕儉巟攝偼廔鄟偟偨丅
僀儉儖乫 傾儖 僈僀僗(Imru' al-Qais)丗 5悽婭偺傾儔僽晹懓偺墹偱偁傝丄尦乆偼崱擔偺僀儔僋椞撪偺傾儖 僸儔(Al Hirah or Al Hira)偺帺椞偵廧傫偱偄偨偑僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偵堏廧偟偰棃偨丅崱擔偺僕儑儖僟儞(Jordan)傪椊夗偟丄價僓儞僠儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire)偐傜乫傾僈僶('Aqaba)榩偺擖傝岥偵偁傞僠儔儞(Tiran)搰傪愯嫆偡傞掱偵摨墹偺惃椡偼奼戝偟偨丅偙偙偱塢偆僀儉儖乫 傾儖 僈僀僗(Imru' al-Qais)偼儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)戞2戙崙墹(Imru' al-Qais I ibn 'Amr, 288 - 328)偱偼側偔丄戞6戙崙墹Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qais "the one-eyed"(403-431)枖偼戞7戙崙墹 al-Mundhir I ibn Nu'man ibn Imru' al-Qais(431-473)偺壗傟偱偼側偄偐偲巹偼巚偭偰偄傞偑丄斵傜偑僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖偵堏廧偟偨帠傪棤晅偗傞暥專偼枹偩偵扵偟弌偣側偄偱偄傞丅
僀儉儖乫 傾儖 僈僀僗(Imru' al-Qais)(挊柤側屆戙傾儔價傾偺帊恖)丗 僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼傾儊儖 乪傾儖 僈僀僗(Ameru乫 al Qays)丄僀儉儖乫僂 傾儖 僌傾僀僗(Imru乫u al Quais)枖偼僀僽儞 僼僕儖 傾儖 僉儞僨傿(Ibn Hujir Al Kindi)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅6悽婭偺傾儔價傾偺帊恖偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾塁暥慖廤儉傾儔僈僩(Muallaqat)偺挊幰偱傕偁傞丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼嵟屻偺僉儞僟崙墹(Last King of Kindah)偱偁偭偨僼僕儖(Hujr)偺懅巕偱偁傝丄501擭慜屻偵惗傑傟丄544擭慜屻偵巰朣偟偨丅曣恊偺僼傽僩儅 價儞僩 儔價乪傾(Fatmah bint Rabi'ah)偼2恖偼傛偔抦傜傟偰偄傞傾儔價傾晹懓巜摫幰僋儕僽(Kulib)偲儉僴儖僼儖(Al – Muhalhl)偺枀偱偁偭偨丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼崙墹偺懅巕偩偭偨偺偱偤偄偨偔偟偰偄偨偑丄晝恊偺埫嶦偺屻偼墹尃傪扗傢傟丄斵偼嬯廰偟偨丅偙偺堊偵僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼憆幐偟偨崙墹(al Malek al Delleel)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼丄晝恊偺巰傪抦傜偝傟偨帪偵偼丄乽崱栭偼堸傒柧偐偟丄柧擔偼壗偑婲偒偨偐懳張偟傛偆(Alyooma Khamr, Ghadan Am)乿偲尵偭偨掱儚僀儞(堸庰)傪垽偟偰偄偨丅乽Alyooma Khamr, Ghadan Amr乿偲塢偆堄枴偼乽晝偺媤傪摙偮乿偲偺堄枴偲巚傢傟傞偑丄傑傢傝偺幰払偼摓掙丄擺摼偱偒側偐偭偨丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼丄擬楏側垽偺帊傪彂偒丄屆戙傾儔價傾偺帊偺宍幃(Qasida or Classical Arabic Ode)傪嶌傝弌偟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偺帊偼懡偔偺僀僗儔儉慜偺帪戙偺帊偲摨偠條偵嫮楏偵庡娤揑偩偭偨丅僀儉儖 僈僀僗偼儐僗僥傿僯傾僰僗挬(Justinian Dynasty)搶儘乕儅掗崙偺峜彈偲晄椣娭學傪帩偭偨堊偵摨峜掗儐僗僥傿僯傾僰僗1悽(Justinian I, 485 - 565)偐傜撆傪巇妡偗偨奜搮傪憲傜傟丄埫嶦偝傟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅
僀儔僒儖僗(Ilasarus)丗 尰嵼偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僒儞乫傾(San'a丄僒僫)偺搶偵偁偭偨屆戙偺崙僀儔僒儖僗(Ilasarus) 丅乮僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)傪嶲徠丅乯
僀乕儔儉(Hiram or Ihram)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺儊僢僇弰楃(pilgrimage)傪峴偆堊偵拝傞僀乕儔儉(the Hiram or Ihram)偼堦斒揑偵敀偄僀儞僪惢偺柸巺偱怐偭偨敄抧偺暯怐(cambric)偺2偮挿偄晍偱峔惉偝傟丄1偮偼崢偺傑傢傝偵傕偆1偮偼嵍偺宍偵妡偗傞丅
僀儔儚僨傿愳(Irrawaddy River)丗 僸儅儔儎嶳柆(Himalayan Range)偺撿抂傪尮愹偲偟偰儈儎儞儅乕傪撿棳偟丄儀儞僈儖(Bengal)榩偵拲偓丄壓棳偼僨儖僞抧懷傪惉偡丅尰嵼偼僄乕儎儚僨傿乕愳(Ayeyarwady River)偲屇徧偝傟偰偄傞丅
報(Shehed)丗 摢晹偺報乮僔僃僿僪(shehed)(witness)乯偲偼摢偺埵抲傪報偟偨僩儖僐幃偺曟愇偱偁傞丅
僀儞僕僑(Indigo)丗 儅儊壢僐儅僣僫僊懏(Indigofera)偺懡擭憪偺憤徧偱偦偺梩偐傜僀儞僕僑傪嵦傞傕偺傪棔(Indigo)偲塢偆丅嵦庢偟偨愼椏偼埫惵怓偱崱擔偱偼傾僯儕儞傪尨椏偲偟偰崌惉偝傟傞丅
僀儞僟僗愳(The Indus River)丗 僠儀僢僩偐傜惣偵棳傟丄僷僉僗僞儞偺僷儞僕儍僽抧曽(Punjab Region)丒僞乕儖嵐敊(Thar Desert)惣曈傪宱偰丄傾儔價傾奀偵拲偖丅慡挿2,900km偱棳堟偵偼婭尦慜2300擭偐傜婭尦慜1800擭偺娫偵僀儞僟僗暥柧(Indus Valley Civilization ,Mature Period 2600 BC - 1900 BC),偑塰偊偨丅
僀儞僟僗扟(Valley of the Indus or Indus Valley)丗 僠儀僢僩偐傜惣偵棳傟丄僷僉僗僞儞傪捠偭偰傾儔價傾奀偵拲偖僀儞僟僗愳(The Indus River)偺宬扟丅
乽僀儞僪偱偺朻尟帠嬈(Enterprises of India)乿丗 僊儍僗僷乕 僐儕傾(Gaspar Correa)挊偺尨嶌偼億儖僩僈儖岅(Lendas da India)偱丄偦偺戣柤偺東栿偵偼乽僀儞僪偱偺朻尟帠嬈(Enterprises of India)乿偲乽僀儞僪偺愢榖廤(Legends of India)乿偲擇捠傝偵栿偣傞偑丄巹偼撪梕偐傜朻尟帠嬈偲夝庍偟偰偄傞丅
乽僀儞僪偺僐乕僠儞偵帄傞峠奀偍傛傃儁儖僔傾榩偺峲奀弍偵偮偄偰(Navigation in the Rea Sea and the Persian Gulf up to Cochin City of India)乿丗 僼儘儗儞僗(Florence)偺傾儞僪儗傾 僐儖僒儕(Andrea Corsali)偐傜嵟傕崅柤側峜懓偱僔僯儑乕儖(Signor)庱挿偱傕偁傞儘儗儞僝 僨 儊僨傿僠岞(the Most Illustrious Prince and Lord the Signor Duke Lorrenzo de' Meddici)埗偵1517擭9寧18擔偵彂偐傟偨庤巻偱儔儉僔僆(G.B. Ramusio)挊偺乽庡梫側峲奀偺廂榐(Delle navizazioni et Viaggi Venezia)乿偵廂榐偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僀儞僪偺億儖僩僈儖恖(Portuguese in Indea)乿丗 僟儞償傽乕僘(Danvers, F.C.)挊丄儘儞僪儞(Lodon)偱1894擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽摨彂偵偼1510擭戙偵傾儖儃働儖働偑儅僯儏僄儖崙墹埗偰偵弌偟偨庤巻偺堦偮偑宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞偑丄僟儞償傽乕僘(Danvers)偑巆偟偨擔晅偼堦斒揑擭戙婰傗偦偺屻偺傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)偺峴摦偺懕偒偲堦抳偟側偄丅僟儞償傽乕僘偼偦偺弌揟傪寛偟偰堷梡偟側偄偟丄婔偮偐偺椺偱柧妋側娫堘偄偑尒傜傟傞偺偱丄僟儞償傽乕僘偺擔晅偼惓偟偔側偄偲憐憸偱偒傞乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
償傽僉傾(Vakia)丗 乮峵検扨埵乯1/15儔僢僩儖(Rattle)偱姺嶼偡傞偲1.18oz.偱34g偱偁傞丅乮搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823擭弌斉乯
廳検扨埵偺姺嶼
峵検扨埵 |
峵検扨埵 |
pound/oz. |
kg |
1償傽僉傾(Vakia) |
1/15儔僢僩儖(Rattle) |
1.18oz. |
34g |
1儔僢僩儖(Rattle) |
1/2儅僂儞僪(Maund) |
1.11lbs |
0.51 |
1儅僂儞僪(Maund) |
1/10僼傽僕儖(Frazil) |
2.22lbs |
1.02kg |
1僼傽僕儖(Frazil) |
1/10僶僴乕儖(Bahar) |
2.2.2lbs. |
10.1kg |
1僶僴乕儖(Bahar) |
nearly |
222lbs. 6oz. |
101kg乮栺乯 |
1億儞僪(pound) |
(ounces or oz.) |
16僆儞僗 |
454g乮栺乯 |
償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺峲奀幰丒扵専壠(1460 - 1524)偱偁傝丄婌朷曯夞傝偺僀儞僪峲楬傪奐戱偟偨丅億儖僩僈儖偺奀忋岎堈偺攅尃偼偙傟偵傛偭偰偦偺婎慴偑妋棫偝傟偨丅
乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺傾儔價傾恖悈愭埬撪恖偲15悽婭傾儔價傾偺峲奀庤堷偒彂(Le pilote arabe de Vasco de Gama et les instructions nautique des Arabes au XV)乿丗 偙偺庤堷彂偼僼僃儔乕儞僪(G. Ferrand)偵傛偭偰挊嶌偝傟丄1922擭偵弌斉偝傟偨抧棟擭戙婰172崋(Annales de Géographie)偵宖嵹偝傟偨丅
償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺峲奀弌敪擔丗 僐儕傾(G. Correa) 偑乽the Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa乿乮乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偺嶰夞偺峲奀偲暃墹(The three Voyages of Vasco da Gama and his Viceroyalty)乿乯偱婰弎偟偰偄傞擔晅偲偙偺墦惇偵嶲壛偟偨柍柤偺巑姱偵傛偭偰婰榐偝傟丄嶨帍儘僥僀儘(the Roteiro)偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞擔晅乮1497擭3寧25擔乯偵偼挊偟偄柕弬偑偁傞偑丄屻幰偺擔晅偼僴僋儕乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儗乕償儞僗僥僀儞(E. G. Ravenstein)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1898擭偵London偱弌斉偟偨乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅 偺戞堦峲奀偺擔帍(A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama)乿偵弌偰偔傞偺偱丄傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼偦傟乮1497擭3寧25擔乯偵廗偭偰偄傞丅
乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅 偺戞堦峲奀偺擔帍乿(Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama)乿丗 償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅 偺戞堦峲奀偵嶲壛偟偨柍柤偺巑姱偵傛偭偰婰榐偝傟丄嶨帍儘僥僀儘(the Roteiro)偵宖嵹偝傟婰帠傪僴僋儕乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儗乕償儞僗僥僀儞(E. G. Ravenstein)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1898擭偵London偱弌斉 偟偨丅
乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺嶰夞偺峲奀偲暃墹乿(Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama and his Viceroyalty) 丗 1858擭偐傜1864擭偺娫偵儕僗儃儞壢妛妛夛偵弌斉偝傟丄償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺僀儞僪峲楬墶抐偵偮偄偰僊儍僗僷乕 僐儕傾(Gaspar Correa)偑婰弎偟偨乽僀儞僪偱偺朻尟帠嬈(Enterprises of India)埥偄偼僀儞僪偺愢榖廤(Legends of India)乿傪僴僋儕乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偵懏偟偰偄偨僗僞儞儕乕(Henry.E.J. Stanley)偑億儖僩僈儖岅傪東栿偟丄拹庍偲弿尵傪晅偗偰乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺嶰夞偺峲奀偲暃墹乿偲戣偟偰丄儘儞僪儞(London)偱1896擭偵弌斉偟偨丅乮暃墹偼憤撀偲傕揮幨偝傟傞丅乯
乽償傽儗儞僔傾嫧(Lord Valentia)偵傛傞1809擭偺弌斉乿丗 乽1802擭偐傜1806擭偺僀儞僪丄僙僀儘儞丄峠奀丄傾僽僔僯傾媦傃僄僕僾僩傊偺峲奀丒椃峴婰乿儅僂儞僩 僲儕僗攲庉僕儑乕僕 傾儞僗儗僀偺巏巕償傽儗儞僔傾(George Annesley, Earl of Mount Norris, Viscount Valentia)挊丄1809擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉(Voyages and Travels to India, Ceylon, the Red Sea, Abysinia and Egypt in the Years 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806, by George, Viscount Valentia, London 1809.)丅
償傿僋僩儕傾屛(Lake Victoria)丗 傾僼儕僇搶晹丄僞儞僓僯傾(Tanzania)丄働僯傾(Kenya)丄僂僈儞僟(Uganda)偵傑偨偑傞扺悈屛偱僫僀儖愳偺悈尮丅昗崅1,134m丄柺愊偼悽奅戞嶰埵6.9枩km2丄嵟戝恔搙82m丅
償傿僔僄乕儖(Visier)丗 僕僢僟(Jidda)偵挀嵼偡傞儊僢僇(Mecca)偺僔僃儕僼(the Sheriffe)傪戙昞偡傞僔僃儕僼偺姱棛丅
償傿僠僃儞僣傽(Vicenza)丗 僀僞儕傾搶杒晹儀僱僩(Veneto)廈偺挰儀僱僠傾乮儀僯僗乯(Venice)偺惣偵偁傞巗偱恖岥11枩恖丅
僂傿僨傿傾儞懲愊杶抂晹(Widyan Basin Margin)丗 傾儔價傾嫄戝懲愊杶偺堦晹偱敀垷婭(Cretaceous)屻婜偺傾儖儅(Aruma)愇奃娾憌偱暍傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偺懲愊杶抂晹偵偼棳傟偺曽岦偑搶傊岦偄偨懡偔偺熆傟扟(Wadi)偑偁傞丅偦偺懲愊憌偼弶婜偍傛傃拞婜敀垷婭(Cretaceous)偺嵒娾丄愇奃娾摍偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僂傿乕儞墹棫恾彂娰強憼偺傾儔價傾丄儁儖僔儍偍傛傃僩儖僐偺屆暥彂乿丗 FLÜGEL, G. "Die Arabischen, Persischen und Turkischen Handschriften der K.K. Hofbibliothek zu Wien" Wien 1856丄G. 僼儕儏乕僎儖挊丄1856擭僂傿乕儞偱弌斉丅
償傿儞僙儞僩 僜僪儗(Vincent Sodré)丗 1503擭2寧12擔偺乽僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)娡戉偲偺奀愴乿偱償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)巜婗偡傞億儖僩僈儖娡戉偺拞偐傜3鋤偺慏偲5鋤偺僇儔儀儖慏(caravel)偱曇惉偝傟丄娸増偄偵峲峴偟偨僌儖乕僾乮彫娡戉乯偺巜婗幰丅
乽償僃僥儕僗 僀乕償傿 傾僫儗僋僞(Veteris Aevi Analecta)乿丗 傾儞僩僯僂僗 儅僢僥僂僗(Antonius Mattaeus)挊丄僴乕僌(Hague)偱1738擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅乽(Veteris Aevi Analecta)乿偺拞偱傾儞僩僯僂僗 儅僢僥僂僗(Antonius Mattaeus)偼乽峠奀偺椃峴婰(the Red Sea itineraries)乿偵尵媦偟偰偄傞丅
償僃僯僗(Venice)丗 償僃僱僣傿傾(Comune di Venezia)偼丄僀僞儕傾偺杒搶晹偵埵抲偡傞婎慴帺帯懱僐儉乕僱(commune)婎慴帺帯懱偱丄償僃僱僩廈乮Veneto乯偺廈搒偱偁傝丄拞悽偵偼償僃僱僣傿傾嫟榓崙偺庱搒偲偟偰惙偊偨搒巗偱丄乽傾僪儕傾奀偺彈墹乿乽悈偺搒乿乽傾僪儕傾奀偺恀庫乿側偳丄悢乆偺柤惡傪変偑暔偵偟偰偒偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僂僃儖僗僥僪. J.R. (J.R. Wellsted)丗 塸崙恖椃峴壠偱儘儞僪儞偱 惣楋1838擭偵弌斉偝傟偨乽傾儔價傾偺椃峴(Travel in Arabia)乿偺挊幰丅
償僅儖償傿僗榩(Walvis Bay)丗 僫儈價傾拞惣晹丄戝惣梞娸偵偁傞撿傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙偺旘椞搚偱屆棃偐傜偺椙峘偱偁傞丅
僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偺墹崙 (Kingdom of Ukaidir): 僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Ukaidir)偼尰嵼偺撿僀儔僋(Southern Iraq)偺僸儔(Al Hirah)抧曽偺僨儏儅乮Duma乯偲屇偽傟傞挰偵孼掜偲廧傫偱偄偨丅僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偲孼掜払偼嵐敊偵僇儖僽(Kalb)懓偺廸晝傪朘偹傞偺偑忢偩偭偨丅偦偺椃峴偵巊偭偨僐乕僗偺堦偮偱愇憿傝偺嬐偐側暻偩偗偑巆傞峳攑偟尒幪偰傜傟偨挰偵峴偒拝偄偨丅傾儔僽偼愇傪僕儍儞僟儖偲屇傇丅揱愢偵傛傟偽孼掜払偼偦偙偵挰傪抸偒丄僆儕乕僽傪怉偊丄帺暘払偺僸儔偱偺挰偺柤偱偁傞僨儏儅偲偨偔偝傫偺愇偵場傫偱僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偲柤晅偗掕廧偟偨丅僀僗儔儉偺戜摢婜偵偼僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偼僉儞僟(Kinda)晹懓弌恎偺僂僇僀僨傿乕儖 價儞 乫傾僽僪 儅儕僋(al-Ukaidir bin 'Abd al-Malik)偺巟攝偺壓偵偁偭偨丅僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼僇儖僽懓傪巟攝偡傞堊偵僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarites)偵傛偭偰抲偐傟偨僉儞僟懓弌恎偺墹偱偁偭偨丅僇儖僽懓偼僇僴僞僯(Qahtani)晹懓偺僌僟乫傾(Quda'a)巟懓偺暘壠偱偁傝丄摉帪偼僉儕僗僩嫵傪怣嬄偟偰偄偨丅僇儖僽懓偼僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偲偦偺廃曈偺傒側傜偢墦偔杒惣傾儔價傾偺僞僽僋(Tabuk)偵傕偦偺攅尃傪峀偘偰偄偨丅僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼摉帪偺戝惃椡偱偁偭偨價僓儞僠儞(Byzantine Empire)傗僒僒儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sasanian Iran)偲楢実傪曐偭偰偄偨丅夞嫵搆(Muslin)偺巜婗姱僇儕僪 價儞 儚儕僪(Khalid bin al-Walid)偑惣楋633擭偵僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖傪峌寕偟偰偄偨帪偵僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼價僓儞僠儞掗崙偺堦惃椡偲偟偰價僓儞僠儞掗崙偲偺崙嫬抧懷偵偍偗傞晹懓偑柨庡偲偟偨僈僢僒儞挬(Ghassanids)偲摨柨偟丄偦偺墹僀僽儞 傾僀僴儉(Ibn al-Aiham)傗偦偺庱挿僕儏僨傿僀僀 價儞 儔價乫傾(Judiyy bin Rabi'a)偲枾愙側嫤椡娭學傪帩偭偰偄偨丅僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼價僓儞僠儞掗僿儔僋儕僂僗(Heraclius)傪庡孨偲偟偰庴偗擖傟偰偄偨偺偱梊尵幰儉僴僢儅僪(Muhammad)偺僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖傊偺嵟弶偺墦惇偼儘乕儅掗崙傊偺峌寕傪堄枴偟偰偄偨丅僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼僸僕儔楋(Hijra)12擭/惣楋633擭偺夞嫵搆巜婗幰僇乕儕僪 價儞 儚儕乕僪(Khalid bin Walid)偵惇暈偝傟偨丅
僂僈儞僟(Uganda)丗 傾僼儕僇搶晹愒摴忋偵偁傞撪棨崙偱償傿僋僩儕傾屛(Lake Victoria)偵愙偟丄塸楢朚偵懏偟丄1962擭偵撈棫丄柺愊24枩km2丄恖岥2,130枩恖偱庱搒偼僇儞僷儔(Kampala)丅
僂僋乕僼(Wuquf)丗 弰楃偱傾儔僼傽偺暯尨偵悁棷偡傞帠丅弰楃寧9擔偺擔偺弌偐傜弰楃抧儈僫乕偺扟偐傜堏摦偟偰傾儔僼傽偺暯尨偵岦偐偄丄擔杤傑偱傾儔僼傽偺暯尨偵悁棷偟丄夁嫀偺嵾傪夨偄夵傔丄傾僢儔乕偵幫偟傪媮傔丄偦偺柤傪彞擮偟丄婩婅偡傞偺偑媊柋偲側傞丅
僂僐儞(Turmeric)丗 烼嬥偼僔儑僂僈壢偺懡擭憪偱丄傾僕傾擬懷尨嶻偱偁傝丄壂撽偱傕嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅崻宻偼旍戝壔偟偰墿怓偱丄梩偼梩暱偲嫟偵挿偝1m偵媦傇丅壞丒廐偵壴曚傪惗偠丄棏宍敀怓偺錃傪懡偔晅偗丄奺錃偵3丄4屄偢偮偺扺墿怓怬宍壴傪奐偔丄崻宻傪巭寣栻丄寬堓栻丄崄椏傗僇儗乕暡丄戲埩捫偗偺墿怓愼椏偲偡傞丅
幐傢傟偨傾儔僽(Lost Arabs)丗乽 徚偊偨晹懓乿偲傕偄傢傟傞乽幐傢傟偨傾儔僽乮傾儖乕乫傾儔僽 傾儖乕僶乫僀僟(al-'Arab al-ba'ida)乯乿偵娭偡傞忣曬偼揱愢偺宍偱偟偐暘偐偭偰嫃側偄偑偦偺拞偱婔偮偐偼僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾偺僀僗儔儉埲慜偺峫屆妛揑堚愓偵巆偭偰偄傞丅偙偺條側晹懓偵偼僒儉乕僪(Thamud)丄乫傾僪('Ad)丄乫傾儅儕僌('Amaliq)丄僀儔儉(Iram)丄僴僪儔(Hadura)丄僕儏乕儖僼儉(Jurhum)偲僞僗儉(Tasm)偲僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偑娷傑傟偰偄傞丅僞僗儉(Tasm)偲僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偼摉帪偼儚僨傿 傾儖乕乫僀儖僪(Wadi al-'Ird)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah)傪娷傓傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偵廧傫偱嫃偨偑僀僗儔儉摓棃偺擇悽婭慜偵偙偺抧偵僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah) 堦栧偑傗偭偰棃傞慜偵巰偵愨偊偨偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅
僂僗僥儞僼僃儖僪F.(F. Wüstenfeld )丗 乽儎僋僩偺抧棟妛帿彂乿傪曇廤偟丄1866 - 1870擭偵儔僀僾僠僸(Leipzig)偱弌斉 (Jacut's Geographisches Wörtebuch ed. by F. Wüstenfeld. Leipzig 1866 - 1870)丅
僂僗儅儞 僀僽儞 傾僽 傾儖 傾傾僗(Uthman ibn Abu-al-Aas)丗 僞僀僼(Taif)偑僀僗儔儉(Islam)偵揋懳偟巒傔偨帪偺僒僉僼懓(Banu Thaqif Tribe)偺懓挿(Thaqif乫I Chieftain)偺堦恖偱偁傞偑丄631/632擭偵僀僗儔儉傊偺夵廆傪庴偗偨僞僀僼巗戙昞抍偺抍挿偱傕偁偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia)
僂僗儅儞 價儞 傾僢僼傽儞(Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan)丗 僂僗儅乕儞丒僀僽儞 傾僢僼傽乕儞(Caliph Uthman Ibn Affan)(574-656)偼戞3戙惓摑僇儕僼乮嵼埵644-656乯偱僀僗儔乕儉嫵(Islam)偺惞揟偱偁傞僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)乮僐乕儔儞(Koran)乯傪姰惉偝偣偨傝丄651擭偵偼僒乕僒乕儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Dynasty of Persia, 226 - 651)傪柵傏偟偰僀僗儔乕儉掗崙(Islamic Empire)偺椞搚傪奼戝偝偣傞側偳丄戝偒側岟愌傪巆偟偨丅傾儔價傾敿搰惣晹偺搒巗儅僢僇(Makkah)乮儊僢僇乮Mecca乯乯偵廧傓僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh Tribe)偺巟懓偱偁傞僂儅僀傾壠(Umayyad or Banu Umayya)偺弌恎丅傕偲傕偲桾暉側彜恖偱偁偭偨偑丄憗偔偐傜僀僗儔乕儉偵夵廆偟丄偺偪偵儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)傜偲塻偔懳棫偡傞偙偲偲側偭偨僂儅僀儎壠偱偼嵟弶偵儉僗儕儉(Muslim)偲側偭偨恖暔偲偝傟傞丅梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺柡儖僇僀傾(Ruqayya)偲寢崶偟丄儅僨傿乕僫乮Medina乯偵堏廧乮僸僕儏儔乯偟偰屻偵嵢傪朣偔偟丄夵傔偰儉僴儞儅僪偺傕偆堦恖偺柡偱偁傞僂儞儉丒僋儖僗乕儉(Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad)偲寢崶偟偨丅
乽僂僗儖僕乕傾僟僗(Os LusÍadas, Lusiadus or the Lusiads乿丗 億儖僩僈儖偺帊恖儖僀僘 償傽僘 僇儌儞僀僗(Luis Vaz De Camōes) (Camoënes)乮1524-1580乯偑1572擭偵僀儞僪峲楬偺敪尒傗償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偺戞堦夞墦惇傪拞怱偵億儖僩僈儖恖峲奀幰偺朻尟傪暔岅偭偨垽崙揑側戝彇帠帊丅
塅拡峔憿榑妛幰(Cosmographer)丗 帺慠尰徾偵懳偡傞塅拡峔憿榑偵傛傞夝庍乮朄乯丅
旤偟偄敡偺搝楆(Fair-skinned Slaves)丗 搶儓乕儘僢僷偐傜楢傟偰棃傜傟偨搝楆丅
僂僶僀僪僢儔乕 儅僼僨傿(Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah)丗 儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺柡偱4戙栚僇儕僼 傾儕乕(4th Rightly Guided Caliph Ali)偺嵢僼傽乕僥傿儅(Fātima)偺巕懛偱偁傝丄杒傾僼儕僇偵嫽傝丄909擭偵僠儏僯僗(Tunis)偱僔乕傾攈(Shia or Shi乫ite))偺僀僗儔儉墹挬傪愝棫偟偨丅969擭偵僄僕僾僩(Egypt)傪惇暈偟丄僇僀儘(Cairo)傪寶愝偟丄搒偲偟丄僼傽乕僥傿儅挬(Fatimid)(909-1171)偲徧偟偨丅僼傽乕僥傿儅挬偼傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate)偵懳峈偟丄搶晹抧拞奀杅堈傪撈愯偟偨丅
僂僶乕儖(Ubar)丗乽僂僶乕偲傕揮幨偝傟傞僂僶乕儖(Ubar)偼亀愮杮拰偺搒巗(City of a Thousand Pillars丄Iram of the Pillars or Wabar)亁偱偁傞丅偙偺搒巗偼傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊(Rub al Khali Desert or Empty Quarter)偵偁偭偰婭尦慜3000擭偐傜1悽婭崰傑偱岎堈偺拞怱偲偟偰斏塰偟偨偑丄楌巎偺拞偵崥慠偲偟偰徚偊偨亀揱愢偺幐傢傟偨搒巗亁偱偁傞乿偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)偱偼乽僂僶乕儖偼僲傾(Noah)偺傂懛偺傾僪 (Ad)乮傾乕僪(A乫ad)乯偺堦懓偑嶌偭偨挰偱愇偺嬼憸恄傪悞攓偡傞幾埆側恖乆偑廧傫偱偄偨丅梐尵幰僼僪(Hud)偑亀偙偺挰偼桷攑偟丄斏塰傪堐帩偱偒側偔側偭偨亁偲寈崘偡傞偲傾僪 (Ad)偺懅巕偱墹偱偁偭偨僔儍僢僟僪(Shaddad)偼偙傟傪柍帇偟丄斀峈偟偨丅偙偺堊丄恄偼偙偺挰傪柵傏偟丄嵒偺拞偵杽傔偰偟傑傢傟偨乿偲彂偐傟偰偄傞偲塢偆丅僔儍僢僟僪(Shaddad)偵偮偄偰偺弌棃帠偼傾儔價傾儞僫僀僩(Book of One Thousand and One Nights)偺拞偱傕岅傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺乽揱愢偺幐傢傟偨搒巗乿傪扵偡堊偵1980擭戙偐傜僫僒偺塹惎幨恀(NASA Remote Sensing Images)摍傪巊偭偰擕崄偺摴(Frankincense Route)傪夝愅偟丄僆儅儞(Oman)偺僪僼傽乕儖抧曽(Dhofar)偵偙偺乽揱愢偺幐傢傟偨搒巗乿偺強嵼偺壜擻惈傪尒弌偟偨丅1992擭偵儔僰儖僼 僼傽僀儞僘(Ranulph Fiennes)丄僕儏儕僗 僓乕儕儞僗(Juris Zarins)摍偐傜側傞傾儊儕僇挷嵏抍偑僔僗儖(Ash Shisar or Ash Shisr)偲塢偆愹偺朤偺16悽婭偵僔僗乪儖嵲(Shis乫r)偺偁偭偨応強偱偦偺悈尮偲惉偭偨忂擕摯傪敪孈偟丄300擭偐傜500擭偺娫偵戝偒側忂擕摯娮杤偱抧壓偵杽杤偟偨寶憿暔傪敪尒偟偨丅偙偺忂擕摯偼峏偵敪孈拞偱偁傞偑丄傎傏丄僂僶乕儖(Ubar)偲摿掕偝傟偰偄傞丅
僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Dynasty)丗 戞4戙惓摑僇儕僼(The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs)偱偁傞傾儕乕(Ali ibn Abi Talib, 656 - 661)偲偺峈憟偵偍偄偰嵟廔揑偵惌尃傪妉摼偟偨僔儕傾憤撀(Governor of Syria)儉傾乕僂傿儎(Muawiyah I ibn Abi Sufyan, 602-680)偑丄惣楋661擭偵帺傜僇儕僼(Caliph)偲側傞偙偲偵傛傝惉棫偟丄偦偺巰屻丄僇儕僼埵偑僂儅僀儎壠偺堦懓偵傛偭偰悽廝偝傟偨丅偙偺嵟弶偺僀僗儔儉墹挬乮惣楋661擭偐傜750擭乯偼僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)傪庱搒偲偟丄儓乕儘僢僷偐傜僀儞僪傊偲峀偑傞峀戝側掗崙傪巟攝偟偨丅偙偺墹挬偼儉傾乕僂傿儎乮1悽乯偐傜儅儖儚乕儞2悽 (Marwan II ibn Muhammad, ruled from Harran in the Jazira, 744 - 750 AD)傑偱偺14戙懚懕偟丄惣楋750擭偵傾僢僶乕僗挬偵柵傏偝傟偨丅偙偺帪戙傪僂儅僀儎挬帪戙(Umayyad Period, 661 - 750乯偲屇傇丅
僂儅僀儎 價儞 傾價 僒儖僩(Umayyah bin Abi al-Salt)丗 僒僉僼懓偺傕偭偲傕執戝側帊恖偱丄僞乕僀僼弌恎幰偱僂儅僀儎傪挻偊傞帊恖偼嫃側偐偭偨丅僂儅僀儎偺惗傑傟偨擔傕杤偟偨擔傕惓妋偵偼敾偭偰嫃側偄偑丄僂儅僀儎偑偦偺晹懓偑僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨擔丄懄偪儅僨傿乕僫偐傜巊搆(Apostle)偑堏廧偟偰偐傜9擭栚丄惣楋631擭傑偱偼惗偒偰偄側偐偭偨條偱偁傝丄僂儅僀儎偼儉僗儕儉偵惉傜側偄傑傑杤偟偨偺偼柧傜偐偱偁傞丅僂儅僀儎偼梐尵幰偵棪偄傜傟偨儉僗儕儉払偵懳峈偟偨僶僪儖偺愴偄(Battle of Badr)偱偺愴巰偵懳偟偰巀帿傪彂偄偰偄傞揰偱偼儉僴儞儅僪傊弶傔揋懳偟偨僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quarish)偺巟墖幰偱偁偭偨丅偦傟偱傕僂儅僀儎偺帊偵偼堦恄嫵楈姶偺揘妛揑偱廆嫵揑側娤擮帩偪崬傑傟偰偄傞丅帪偲偟偰偦傟偼僋儖傾乕儞偺奣擮偵旕忢偵嬤偔丄偦偟偰僂儅僀儎偼帺暘偺巗偺嬼憸恄悞攓傪嫅斲偟偰偄偨丅僂儅僀儎偺攷妛偼墦偔傑偱媦傃丄偦偟偰僂儅僀儎偼帺暘偺榑巪偺婔偮偐傪柧傜偐偵堷偒弌偟偰偄偨乽恄偺傕偭偲傕屆偄杮懄偪惞彂(Bible)乿傪撉傫偩梍傟傪妝偟傫偱偄偨丅恄偼幚偵偨傃偨傃僂儅僀儎偺帊偵婰弎偝傟丄偦偟偰僂儅僀儎偺暔帠偵懳偡傞嬃偒偺昞尰偲偟偰偁傢傟傒傗擣幆偑嶌傝弌偝傟偨丅懡暘丄僂儅僀儎偺執戝偝偺嵟忋偺妋擣偼丄乽壧偺杮(Kitab al-Aghani or Book of Songs)乿戞III姫190暸傪怣偠傞偲偡傟偽丄梐尵幰帺恎偑帪乆僂儅僀儎偺帊偑帺暘偵尵媦偟偰偄傞偐傪恞偹偨帠偱偁傞丅
僂儅儖丒僀僽儞 僇僢僞乕僽(Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab)丗 僂儅儖丒僀僽儞 僇僢僞乕僽(乪Umar ibn al-Khattab) (June 592 - November 644)偼戞2戙惓摑僇儕僼(634 - 644)偱丄梐尵幰偺恊愂偱戞堦戙僇儕僼(Caliph)偺傾僽 僶僋儖(Abu Bakr)偺杤屻偵戞擇戙僇儕僼乮惣楋634擭偐傜644擭乯偵廇擟偟丄惓摑巐僇儕僼(Khulafa ar Rashidim or Rightfully guided caliphs)偺戞2戙栚偲僗儞僯乕攈怣搆(Sunni Islam)偐傜尒側偝傟偰偄傞丅僗儞僯乕攈嫵搆偵偼乽恀幚偲嫊婾傪敾抐偡傞恖乿傪堄枴偡傞僆儅儖 僼傽儖乕僋(Omar al Faruq)偲屇偽傟丄塸岅偵偼Omar 埥偄偼Umar偲揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh or Quraish)偺僶僰 傾僨傿(Banu Adi)巟懓偵懏偡傞傾僨傿乕壠(Banu Adi)偺弌恎偱丄庒偄崰偼晲桬偵桪傟偨桬巑偲偟偰抦傜傟偰偄偨丅610擭崰丄僂儅儖偼僋儔僀僔儏懓偺揱摑揑怣嬄傪庣傞棫応偐傜儌僴儞儅僪(Muhammad, 570 - June 8, 632乯)偺晍嫵妶摦傪敆奞偡傞懁偵夞傝丄儌僴儞儅僪傪嶦偦偆偲偟偨偑丄僋儖傾乕儞乮僐乕儔儞乯(Qur乫an, Quran, Koran or Alcoran)偺復嬪偵怱傪摦偐偝傟偰夵湢偟丄僀僗儔乕儉偵婣埶偟偨丅632擭偵儉僴儞儅僪偑巰嫀偡傞偲丄傾僽乕 僶僋儖傪屻宲巜摫幰偵悇懻偟丄僴儕乕僼傽乮僇儕僼乯(Caliph)偺抧埵傪懷傃偰僀僗儔乕儉嫟摨懱傪巜摫偡傞姷峴偺偒偭偐偗傪偮偔偭偨丅傾僽乕 僶僋儖偑2擭屻偵巰嫀偡傞偲偦偺屻宲幰偵巜柤偝傟丄戞2戙栚偺僇儕僼偲側傝丄僸僕儏儔婭尦傪掕傔丄僋儖傾乕儞偲儉僴儞儅僪偺尵峴偵婎偯偄偨朄夝庍傪惍旛偟偰丄屻偺帪戙偵僀僗儔乕儉朄乮僔儍儕乕傾乯(Sharia)偵傑偲傔傜傟傞朄惂搙傪弨旛偟偨 丅枖丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺傾儔僽偺摑堦傪攚宨偵丄僔儕傾丄僀儔僋丄僄僕僾僩側偳懡曽柺偵墦惇孯傪憲傝弌偟偰乽儉僗儕儉偺惇暈(Muslim Conquests)乿傪巜摫偟丄傾儔僽恖庡懱偺乽傾儔僽掗崙丄僒儔僙儞掗崙枖偼僀僗儔儉掗崙乯(Caliphate)乿弶婜偺崙壠懱惂傪妋棫偟偨丅
僂儉 僋儚僀儞(Umm Al Quwain)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄僆儅乕儞枽偺惣懁偱儁儖僔傾榩偵椪傒丄杦偳嵐敊偱恖岥1.2枩恖丅
僂儉儔(Umrah)丗 夞嫵搆偑 堦擭拞偄偮偱傕儊僢僇(Mecca)偵寃偱傜傟傞弰楃丅僴僢僕偑戝弰楃偲屇偽傟傞偺偵懳偟偰彫弰楃偲屇偽傟傞丅
僂儎僀僫乕(Al-Uyaynah)丗 僂儎僀僫(Al 乪Uyayna)偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)拞墰偺懞偱丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺杒惣30km偵偁傞丅僂儎僀僫偼偦偺怣曭幰偑儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabis or Wahhabism)乮僀僗儔儉尨棟庡媊幰乯偲屇偽傟傞儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 儚僢僴僽(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab)偺惗傑傟屘嫿偱偁傞丅崱偱偼椬懞偺僕儏僶僀儔(al-Jubayla)偲崌傢偣偰傕恖岥4,000恖偺彫偝側懞偱偁傞丅偙偺懞偼僨傿儔僀乕儎 (Dir'iyyah)傗儕儎僪(Riyadh)曽柺偵岦偐偭偰撿傊偲棳傟傞熆傟扟僴僯僼傽(Wadi Hanifa)偺嫹偄姳忋偑偭偨壨彴偵偁傞丅僂儎僀僫偼632擭偺儉僴儞儅僪偺巰屻丄偦偺屻宲幰傪柤忔偭偨儉僒僀儕儅(Musaylimah)偺屘嫿偱偁傝丄儉僒僀儕儅偼僴僯僼傽懓乮Banu Hanifa乯傪棪偄偰乽儉僗儕儉偺惇暈(Muslim conquests, 632 - 732)乿偵懳峈偟偨丅632擭12寧偺儉僗儕儉孯偺晲彨(Muslim General)僴乕儖僪 僀僽儞 儚乕儕僪(Khalid iban al Walid, 592 - 642)偲偺儎儅儅偺愴偄(Battle of Yamama)偼僂儎僀僫偺偙偺懞偺嬤偔偱婲偒丄偙偺愴偄偱愴巰偟偨儉僗儕儉愴巰(Muslin Warriors)偺曟偑偙偺懞偺嬤朤偵偁傞丅愹偺垽徧偱偁傞僂儎僀僫(Al 乪Uyayna)偲塢偆柤偼偙偺帪戙偺偙偺抧堟偺廧恖偵偼巊傢傟偰偍傜偢丄儎僋乕僩(Yaqut al Hamawi, 1179 - 1229)偺條側僀僗儔儉憗婜偺傾儔價傾偺抧棟妛幰偼偙偺懞傪乪傾僋儔僶(乪Aqraba乯丄僽僟(Budha)偍傛傃僴僢僟儖(al Haddar)偺懞乆偲婰弎偟丄屻偵偼乽儉僒僀儕儅(Musaylimah)偺屘嫿偺懞乿偲婰弎偟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄抧棟妛幰摍偼偙偺抧堟偺愹傪僂儎僀儞(al Uyayn)偲婰弎偟丄偦偙偐傜僂儎僀僫(Al 乪Uyayna)偲柤偯偗傜傟偨偲巚傢傟傞丅15悽婭偵偼僶僰 僞儈儞懓(Banu Tamin)偺儉乫傾儞儅儖堦栧(Al Mu乫ammar)偑僶僰 僴僯僼傽懓(Banu Hanifa)偺巆搣偺儎僕僪堦栧(Al Yazid)偐傜僂儎僀僫(Al 乪Uyayna)傪攦偄庢偭偨丅屻偵偙偺懞偼斏塰偟丄嬤朤偐傜懡偔偺掕廧幰傪堷偒晅偗丄18悽婭傑偱偵偼僱僕僪抧曽(Region of Nejd)偺拞怱抧偲側偭偨丅僀僗儔儉妛幰偱廆嫵夵妚幰偺儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 儚僢僴僽(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab)偑偙偺帪戙偵偙偺懞偱惗傑傟偨丅峀斖埻側椃峴傪偟偨屻偵儉僴儞儅僪偼1740擭偵僂儎僀僫偵栠傝丄偙偺抧曽偺嬼憸悞攓偺塭嬁偱偺懧棊偟偨僀僗儔儉楃攓曽幃偺弮悎壔傪屇傃偐偗巒傔偨丅摿偵儉僴儞儅僪偼僂儎僀僫偵曟偑偁傝丄偙偺抧曽偵恖乆偐傜懜宧偝傟偰偄偨戞2戙惓摑僇儕僼 僂儅儖(2nd Caliph Umar or Omar)偺孼掜偺僓僀僪 僀僽儞 僇僢僞僽(Zayd ibn Khattab)偺條側儉僗儕儉惞恖(Muslim Saints)偺悞攓傪巭傔傞條偵愢嫵傪偟偨丅僴儞儅僪偼僂儎僀僫偺椞庡(Amir of Uyayna)偱偁傞僂僗儅儞 僀僽儞 儉傾乪傾儞儅儖(Uthman ibn Mu乫ammar)偵帺暘偺怣嬄偺幚巤傪愢摼偟丄僓僀僪(Zayd)偺曟傪捵偟偰偟傑偭偨丅僓僀僪(Zayd)偺堚崪偑巆偭偰偄傞曟偼報傕柍偔丄崱擔偱偼柍帇偝傟偰偟傑偭偰偄傞丅僴僒(Al Hasa)傪巟攝偡傞僶僰 僴儕僪懓(Banu Khalid Tribe)偼僂儎僀僫偵愨戝側塭嬁椡傪傕帩偭偰嫃傝丄1744擭偵僀僽儞 儉傾乪傾儞儅儖偑僴儞儅僪傪曻拃偣偞傞偊側偔偝偣偨丅僴儞儅僪偼僂儎僀僫偺撿偺僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir乫iyyah)偵嬤偄僒僂僪堦栧(Al Saud Clan)偵恎傪婑偣偨丅僒僂僪壠(Saudis)偼僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 儚僢僴僽(Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab)偺夵妚偺柤偺壓偵廃埻偺挰傗懞傪惇暈偟巒傔偨丅偙傟傜偺愴棎偺拞偱丄摿偵塽昦偑廝偭偨屻偱偼僂儎僀僫偼杦偳攋夡偝傟偨偟傑偭偨丅偦偺屻偼尒幪偰傜傟偰偟傑偭偰偄偨偑丄20悽婭偵側偭偰彫偝側懞偲偟偰暅妶偟偨丅(Wikipedia)
僂儎僀僫乕(Al-Uyaynah)丗 乽偙偺僆傾僔僗偼僨儏僶(Dhuba)偺挰偺杒偍傛偦20 km偵埵抲偟丄偦偺奀娸偵偼僫僶僥傾(Nabataean)帪戙偺桳柤側峘偱敀偄挰傪堄枴偡傞儖僉 僐儅(Luki Koma)偑偁偭偨丅儖僉 僐儅(Luki Koma)偺堚暔偼崱偱傕儅僈傾乕儖 傾儖 僐僢僼傽乕儖(Maghaar Al Koffar)偲屇偽傟傞愹偺堜屗嬤偔偺傾僀僰僫乕(Aynuah)僆傾僔僗偱尒偮偐傞乿偲嫵堢徣峫屆挕弌斉偺乽僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾偺堚愓偺徯夘(An Introduction to Saudi Arabian Antiquities)乿偵婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅尰抧偵傕僼傽乕儖僔(Farsi)偺抧恾偵傕偙偺応強偵偦偺條側抧柤偼婰偝傟偰柍偔丄尪偺僂儎僀僫乕(Al-Uyaynah)偲巹偼屇傫偱偄偨偑丄乽屆戙儘乕儅孯偺屆戙撿傾儔價傾墦惇楬(http://saudinomad.karuizawa.ne.jp/jeddah-2/Gallus%20Itinerary.JPG)乿偵傕帵偟偨儗僂働 僐儊(Leuke Kome)偺埵抲偲偼傎傏堦抳偟偰偄傞丅
僂儐僯僪墹挬('Uyunids)丗 惣楋1073擭偵僴僒丒僆僒僔僗(Hasa Oasis)杒晹偺僂儐儞(乪Uyun)弌恎偺傾僽僪丒傾儖-僇僀僗懓(the 'Abd al-Qays)偺儕乕僟乕偺堦恖偑僙儖僕儏乕僋丒僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks)偺巟墖傪摼偰丄僇乕儖儅僥傿傾(Qarmatians)傪懪偪攋傝丄墹挬傪庽棫偟偨丅偦偺僂儐僯僪墹挬('Uyunids, 1073 – 1253 AD)偼惣楋1253擭傑偱傾儖-僴僒(al-Hasa)偺巟攝傪懕偗偨丅
僂儔乕宬扟(Al Ula)丗 崅偔戕偊傞奟偺扟偺堄枴傪帩偮儊僨傿僫乕廈(Al Madinah Province)杒晹偺宬扟偱儅僟僀儞僒儗乕(Madain Salih)偑嵼傞帠偱傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丅
僂儖僋(Uruq)丗 僂儖僋偲偼嵶挿偄嵒媢偺廳側傝偱偁傞丅儖僽 傾儖 僴儕嵐敊(Rub乫 Al Khali)偺撿惣晹偱偼100傪墇偊傞僂儖僋偑1.5km偐傜2.0km娫妘偱200km偵傕搉偭偰杒搶偐傜撿惣傊暯峴偵婔偮傕憱偭偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺僂儖僋偺拞偵偼崅偝偑300m偵傕媦傇傕偺傕偁傞丅僂儖僋偼杒偺僫僼僪嵐敊(Nefud)傗懷忬偵僫僼僪嵐敊偲儖僽 傾儖 僴儕嵐敊傪寢傇僟乕僫嵒敊(Dahna)傗儕儎僪(Riyadh)杒曽偺僀儖僌 僶儞僶儞(Irq Banban)摍偱傕尒傜傟傞丅巹偼乽廲宆嵒媢(Longitudinal Dune)偺惉場偱偁傞擇曽岦偺戩墇晽偺惉偡妏搙偑戝偒偔側傞偲曄宍偟偨墶宆嵒媢偼峏偵嵶偔挿偔側偭偰廳側傞丅偦偺挿乆偲墑傃偨宍傪偟偨嵒媢偑廲宆嵒媢(Linear Dune)偁傞偄偼傾儔價傾岅偐傜寱嵒媢(Sword)偲屇偽傟傞僂儖僋偱偁傞丅僂儖僋偱偼彫婯柾側傕偺傪彍偗偽僼傽儖僕(Falj)偼杦偳尒傜傟側偄掱丄偦偺暆偑嫹偔嵶挿偄偺偱僙僀僼嵒媢(Seif Dunes)偲屇偽傟傞廲宆嵒媢(Longitudinal Dune)偲嬫暿偝傟偰偄傞偺偩乿偲巚偆丅
僂儖僋 僔儍僀僶乕(Uruq al Shaybah)丗 僂儖僋 僔儍僀僶乕(Uruq al Shaybah)偼尰嵼偺傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚丄僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾偲僆儅儞偲偺崙嫬偺傎傏墑挿忋傪撿偐傜撿撿惣傊偲昐悢廫僉儘偵傢偨偭偰墑傃傞嵒媢偺嶳柆偱偁傞丅20悽婭枛嵟戝偺桘揷奐敪偩偭偨惗嶻検50枩 BPD偺僔儍僀僶乕桘揷乮Shaybah Field乯偼偙偺柤偵桼棃偟偰偄傞偲巚傢傟傞丅
僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq Desert)丗 僂儖僋嵐敊偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺屲戝嵒媢抧懷(Sand Dune)偺堦偮偱偁傞丅偦偺嵶挿偄墑挿偼杒偺僇僔乕儉(Qaseem)抧曽偐傜撿偺熆傟扟僼傽僂(Wadi al Faw)傑偱偺1,000 km偵媦傃丄僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jebel Tuwaiq)偺惣墢傪偙偺嶳柆傪嫴傫偱偦偺搶墢偵墑傃傞僟乕僫嵐敊(Dahna)偲傎傏暯峴偵暲傫偱偄傞丅僂儖僋嵐敊偼嵶挿偄嵒媢抧懷偺廤傑傝偱丄堦斣挿偄嬝偑杒晹偼僫僼僪 僔乕儖嵒媢抧懷(Nafud al -Sirr)偱撿晹偼僫僼僪 僟僸嵒媢抧懷(Nafud al Sirr)偱偁傞丅僫僼僪 僔乕儖嵒媢抧懷(Nafud al Sirr)偲僩儚僀僋嶳柆偺娫偵偼儚僔儏儉(Al-Washm)偲屇偽傟傞愵宍偺抧宍傪嫴傫偱杒偵僫僼僪 僣儚僀儔僩嵒媢抧懷(Nafud al Thuwayrat)偑墶偨傢傝丄撿偵僫僼僪 僌僫僀僼傿僟傾嵒媢抧懷(Nafud Qunayfidhah)偑墶偨傢傞丅
僂儖儕僸 儎僗僷乕 僛乕僢僣僃儞(Ulrich Jasper Seetzen)丗 僪僀僣恖偺撪壢堛(Physician)偱怉暔妛(Botany)丄摦暔妛(Zoology)偍傛傃抧幙妛(Geology)偵慺惏傜偟偄抦幆傪帩偭偰偍傝丄1802擭偵堦楢偺搶曽椃峴傪寁夋偟偨丅巜摫揑側壢妛幰傗婱懓偺屻墖傪摼偰丄僛乕僢僣僃儞(Seetzen)偼堦楢偺彫傾僕傾(Asia Mínor)偺椃偵弌敪偟丄1809擭偵僇僀儘(Cairo)偵嫃偨丅僛乕僢僣僃儞偺偙偙傑偱偺椃偼乽僛乕僢僣僃儞偺僔儕傾丄僷儗僗僠僫丄僼僃僯僉傾丄僩儔儞僗儓儖僟儞丄傾儔價傾敿搰媦傃僄僕僾僩偺椃乿偲偟偰僋儖乕僛(F. Kruse)偵傛偭偰曇廤偝傟丄1854 - 1859擭偵儀儖儕儞偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan Länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten ed. by F. Kruse. Berlin 1854 - 1859.) 丅
幗(Lacquer)丗 僂儖僔壢偺棊梩崅栘偱拞墰傾僕傾崅尨尨嶻偱崅偝3m埲忋偱庽旂偼奃敀怓丄梩偼3 - 9懳偺彫梩傪傕偮婏悢塇忬暋梩丄偐傇傟傗偡偔丄6寧崰丄梩泓偵墿椢怓偺彫壴傪懡悢憤忬偵奐偔丅帗梇堎姅丄壥幚偼備偑傫偩滸暯偺妀壥偱丄10寧崰惉弉偟丄墿妼怓偲側傞丅壥傪姡偐偟偨屻偟傏偭偰榅傪嵦傝丄庽旂偵彎傪晅偗偰惗幗傪嵦傞丅偙偺惗幗傑偨偼偙傟偵拝怓嵻丒桘丒姡憞嵻傪壛偊偰惢偟偨揾椏乮惢幗乯偲偡傞丅
僂儖儚 僀僽儞 儅僗乪僪(Urwah ibn Mas'ud)丗 僞僀僼(Taif)偺儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammmad)偺拠娫偵側偭偨僒僉僼懓挿(Thaqif乫I Chieftain)偱偁傞丅628擭儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偑3,000恖偺儉僗儕儉(Muslim)傪堷偒楢傟偰儊僢僇(Makkah)弰楃偵岦偐偭偨丅偙傟傪慾巭偟傛偆偲偟偨僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraishi Tribe)偼儊僢僇峹奜偺僼僟僀價乕儎乮Hudaibiyya)偱岎徛傪峴偄丄10擭娫偺媥愴偑妋擣偝傟偨丅僂儖儚偼偙偺僼僟僀價乕儎偺榓媍(Peace of Hudaybiyah)偵娭偟偰僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)偵戙偭偰岎徛偵擖偭偨掱偺傾儔僽偺柤巑偱偁偭偨丅僂儖儚偺懅巕偺堦恖(Dawud ibn Unwah)偼儉僴儞儅僪偺嵢偺柮(Habibah bibte Ulbayd-Allah)偲寢崶偟偰偄偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia)
僂儞儉 傾僔儍乕儖(Umm Ashar)丗 僂儉 僔儍乕儖(Um Shar)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅巹偺摨椈偩偭偨儌僴儅僢僪僇儔僼 傾儖 儉僛僀僯乮Mohamd Kharaf al Muzeini乯偼乽傾儔價傾岅柤偼傾僔僃儖 儃僀僃儖(Asher Voyer)偲塢偆偑搶晹廈偱偼僂儞儉 傾僔儍乕儖 傾僔儏 僔儍乕儖僉儎(Umm Ashar Ash Sharqiyah)偲屇傃丄偙偺懞偵偦偺柤偑晅偄偰偄傞乿偲嫵偊偰偔傟偨丅偝偡偑偵挿偄柤傪晅偗傞偺偑岲偒側僒僂僕偱傕偙偺柤偼僂儞儉 傾僔儍乕儖(Umm Ashar)偲抁弅偟偰巊偭偰偄傞條偩丅偙偺掅栘偼斾妑揑懢偄懡偔偺巬傪抧昞晹暘偐傜4丄5m忋傊偲捈愙怢偽偟丄栘敡偼儚僯偺條側椮偑偁傝丄梩偼岤偔偐偝偽傝丄幚偼栰媴偺儃乕儖掱偱敀偭傐偄椢怓傪偟偰偄偰丄偦偺偳偙偐偵愗傝岥傪嶌傞偲敀偄儀僞儀僞偟偨擕塼傪怹傒偩偝偣傞丅偙偺掅栘偼慳傜側僞儖(Talh, Acacia Gerratdii)偺椦偺拞傗偦偺嬤朤偵孮惗偟偰偄傞偺傪傛偔尒妡偗傞丅戝愳尨攷巑偵傛傞偲偙偺掅栘偼Calotropis procera偲塢偆妛柤傪帩偪塸岅偱偼乽僜僪儉偺椦岀乿偲屇偽傟丄擔杮偵偼慡偔摨偠偱偼柍偄偑僈僈僀儌壢偺奀娸墝憪偑摨偠庬椶側偺偩偦偆偩丅m偺崙傾僔乕儖(Undiscovered Asir)虙槑覂T乕儕傿 儌僕儍乕(Thierry Mauger)偼乽巰奀椦岀乿偲屇傫偱偄傞丅
僂儞儉 傾僔儍乕儖懞丗 僂儞儉 傾僔儍乕儖懞(Umm Ashar Village)傊峴偔偵偼儅僕儅傾(Al-Majma乫ah) - 僋僂僃僀僩(Kuwait)摴楬偺僉儞僌僇儕僪墹孯帠搒巗(King Khalid Military City)傊偺廫帤楬偐傜彮偟撿偵壓偭偨僾僥僀僴僯傾(Puthihaniyah)偺挌帤楬乮僴僼傽儖 傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞(Hafar al Batin)偺85km撿乯偐傜惣偵恑傓偲嵐敊偺椢偼彮側偔惉傝戙傢傝偵抧柺偵嶶傜偽傞敀偭傐偄妏挘偭偨彫愇偑憹偊偰棃傞丅僾僥僀僴僯傾偺挌帤楬偐傜60 km埵峴偭偨強偱悢尙偺廧嫃偲2丄3偺墌宍擾応傪帩偮廤棊偺偁傞扟偵崀傝傞丅偙偺扟偼傾儔價傾弬忬抧偺嶰戝攔悈楬偺堦偮偱偁傞儚僨傿 傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞(Wadi al Batin)偺拞棳晹偱偙偺曈傝偱偼楢懕偟偨嵒媢偺搶娸偲掅偄抐憌奟偺惣娸偵嫴傑傟偰偄傞丅偙偺楢懕偟偨嵒媢偺懷偼僟僴僫(Dahna)嵐敊乮杒偺僫僼僪戝嵒敊(Nefud Desert)偐傜撿偺嬻敀抧懷嵒敊傑偱1,000 km偵傕搉偭偰懕偔嵒偺夞楲乯偐傜愩忬偵墑傃偰棃偰偄傞丅偙偺懞偺惓幃柤偼僂僢儉 傾僔儍儖 傾僔儏 僔儍儖僊儎乕(Umm Ashar Ash Sharqiyah)偱乽僜僪儉偺椦岀乿埥偄偼乽巰奀椦岀乿偲傕傛偽傟傞掅栘偺挿偄挿偄柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僂儞儉 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin)丗 僂儞儉 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin)偼1930擭偐傜1931擭偵偐偗偰巒傔偰嬻敀抧懷傪墶抐偟偨扵専壠僶乕僩儔儉 僩乕儅僗(Bertram Thomas, 1892 - 1950)偑儀僪僂僀儞偐傜揱愢偺棳嵒抧懷偲暦偄偰偄偨丅偙偺嫄戝側棳嵒抧懷偼僆儅儞(Oman)崙嫬偵峀偑傝丄偐偮偰儚僨傿 僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi Dawasir)偑棳傟崬傫偱嫃偨戝偒側屛偱偁偭偨丅尰嵼偱偼偦偺昞柺傪僒僽僇(Sabkha丄娷墫暯抧乯偺敄偄墫偺昞旂偑暍偭偰嫃偰捠峴偡傞偺偵偼旕忢偵偼傑傝埨偔傾儔價傾偱乽撆偺曣乿傪堄枴偡傞僂儞儉 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin) 偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
僄
塸崙億儞僪丗 Pound Stering丄塸壿1億儞僪丅
乽塸崙椞帠(Jago)偺1883擭偺僕僃僟偺岎堈偲彜嬈偵娭偡傞曬崘彂乿丗 偙偺曬崘彂偼彜岺嬈摍偵懳偡傞彈墹暶壓偺椞帠偐傜偺曬崘偺戞3晹12斣偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞(Reported by consul Jago on the trade and commerce of Jeddah for the year of 1883丄in Reports from Her Majesty's consuls on the manufactures, commerce, etc. Part III. No.12)丅
僄僀儔僩榩(Gulf of Eilat)丗 傾僇僶榩乮Gulf of Aqaba乯偼峠奀偺杒墱丄僔僫僀敿搰(Sinai peninsula)偺搶懁偵偁傞丄撿杒偵嵶挿偔怢傃傞榩丅僠儔儞奀嫭(Straits of Tiran)傛傝杒晹偵偁傞丅椉娸偼僄僕僾僩偲僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偁傞偑丄嵟墱晹偵偼僀僗儔僄儖偺僄僀儔僩(Eilat)丄儓儖僟儞偺傾僇僶(Aqaba)偺奺峘偑偁傝丄巐偐崙偺崙嫬偑廤拞偟偰偄傞丅僀僗儔僄儖偱偼僄僀儔僩榩(Eilat)偲傛偽傟偰偄傞丅抧妛揑偵偼丄峠奀偐傜懕偔戝抧峚懷偺堦晹偱偁傝丄偝傜偵巰奀傊偲楢側偭偰偄傞丅枖丄僄乕儔僩(Elat)偼僀僗儔僄儖撿晹傾僇僶榩('Aqaba)偺嵟墱晹偵偁傞奀峘丄恖岥3枩恖丄僀僗儔僄儖桞堦偺峠奀傊偺弌岥丅
僄僂僎僯僂僗巐悽(Pope Eugenius IV)丗 朄墹僄僂僎僯僂僗巐悽偺杮柤偼僈僽儕僄儖 僐儞僪儖儅乕儖(Gabriele Condulmer)(c. 1383-1447)偱偁傝丄1431擭偵僼僗(Huss)(1369? - 1415)乮僠僃僐偺廆嫵夵妚幰偱堎抂偲偟偰壩孻偵張偣傜傟偨乯偺堎抂巚憐偲嫵峜帄忋尃傪傔偖偭偰僗僀僗偺僶乕僛儖偱奐偐傟偨僶乕僛儖岞夛媍(the Cóuncil of Básel, 1431-37)傪夝嶶偝偣傛偆偲偟偰幐攕丄儘乕儅傪捛傢傟偨丅偦偺屻丄摨夛媍偼1449擭枠懕偄偨偑丄寢嬊攕杒偟偰夝嶶偟偨丅
僄僉僝僥傿僢僋側暔帒丗 堎崙忣弿堦攖偺彜昳(Exotic Goods)丅
僄僋僙僞乕(Exceter)丗 僀儞僌儔儞僪撿惣晹僨償僅儞(Devon)廈偺廈搒丅
僄僌儔(Egra)丗 峠奀娸増偄偵偁傞尰嵼偺儎儞僽乕(Yanbu)偱偁傞
僄僕僾僩(Egypt or Aegypt乯丗 傾僼儕僇杒搶晹偵偁傞崙偱5,000擭慜偵摑堦崙壠傪宍惉偟丄屆戙暥柧敪徦偺抧偱僺儔儈僢僪摍偺堚愓偑懡偄丅13悽婭埲崀偼僀僗儔儉悽奅偺暥壔揑拞怱偱偁偭偨丅1882擭偵塸崙偵愯椞偝傟偨偑丄1922擭偵棫寷墹崙丄1952擭偺妚柦偱嫟榓崙偲側偭偨丅1958-61擭偼僔儕傾偲傾儔僽楢崌嫟榓崙傪宍惉丄1971擭偵僄僕僾僩丒傾儔僽嫟榓崙偵夵徧丅
僄僕僾僩偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan of Egypt)丗 僄僕僾僩偺僀僗儔儉嫵崙孨庡偱丄僒儔僨傿儞(Saladin)偑1174擭偵傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid Dynasty, 1174 – 1250)傪寶崙偟丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk Dynasty,1250-1517)乮僶僼儕 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Bahri dynasty, 1250 -1382)偍傛傃僽儖僕乕 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Burji Dynasty, 1382 - 1517)乯偑巟攝傪彾埇偟偰偐傜1517擭偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turky, 1299 - 1923)偑僄僕僾僩傪惇暈偡傞傑偱偺娫偺楌戙孨庡丅
僄僕僾僩丒儚僢僴乕僽愴憟(Egyptian – Wahhabi War)丗 僆僗儅儞丒僒僂僕愴憟(Ottoman – Saudi War)偲傕傛偽傟傞丅僒僂僪壠(House of Saud)偼戞嶰戙庱挿(Third Imam, 1803 - 1814)僒僂僪(Sa乫ud ibn 乪Abd al-乪Aziz)*偺帪戙偵惃椡傪奼戝偟偨丅偦偟偰偦傟傪慾巭偟傛偆偲偟偨僆僗儅儞掗崙僄僕僾僩憤撀偲偺娫偵1811擭偐傜1818擭傑偱懕偄偨僄僕僾僩丒儚僢僴乕僽愴憟(Egyptian – Wahhabi War)偑杣敪偟偨丅廫嬨悽婭弶摢丄僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman State)偼奜岎偵朲嶦偝傟丄偝傜偵搉傝愇岺(Freemasons)偑慀摦偡傞斀棎偺壩偺庤偺捔壩偝偣傛偆偲懡擄偱偁偭偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙(First Saudi State, 1744 - 1818)*偺旕儚僢僴乕僽攈偵懳偡傞敆奞偍傛傃柍楃摍偺峌寕偑梕擣偱偒側偄掱偵寖偟偔偵側偭偰棃偨堊偵丄僇儕僼(Caliph of Muslim) 僗儖僞儞 儅僴儉僪 僇乕儞 傾僪儕2悽(Sulatn Mahmud Khan 乪Adli II or rahmat-Allahi 'alaih)*偼1811擭(僸僕儏儔楋1226擭)偵僄僕僾僩憤撀(Governor of Egypt, 1805 - 1848) 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad 'Ali Pasha or rahimah-Allahu ta'ala, 1769 - 1849)*偵彂娙偱摉帪偼儉儚僸僨傿乕儞(Wahhabis or Muwahhideen)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙偺旕儚僢僴乕僽攈偵懳偡傞峌寕傪挦傜偟傔傞條偵柦偠偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼儔儅僟儞寧(Month of Ramadan)偵帺暘偺懅巕僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍(Tosun Pasha, 1794 – 1816)*巜婗偺壓偵僄僕僾僩偐傜孯戉傪攈尛偟偨丅僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偼儅僨傿乕僫(Medina)偺奀峘儎儞僽乕(Yanbu乫)傪峌棯偟偨偑丄儅僨傿乕僫(Medina)傊偺怤峌偺搑拞丄1811擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1226擭弰楃寧弶擔乯偵僒僼儔扟(Safra Valley)偲僕儏僟僀僟摶(Judaida Pass)偺娫偱偺寖偟偄愴摤偵攋傟偨丅僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偼彎堦偮晧傢側偐偭偨偗傟偳傕僆僗儅儞掗崙懁偺儉僗儕儉(Ottoman Muslims)偺懡偔偑弣嫵偟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼偙偺晄塣傪斶扱偡傞拞丄18栧偺僇僲儞朇(Cannons)偲3栧偺戝朇傪憰旛偟偨傕偭偲戝妡偐傝側晹戉傪曇惉偟偨丅偙偺晹戉偼僒僼儔扟(Safra Valley)偲僕儏僟僀僟摶(Judaida Pass)傪1812擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1227擭梊尵幰偺寧乯偵捠夁偟丄抐怘偺寧偵偼懡偔偺懞乆傪掞峈柍偟偵峌棯偟偨丅僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿(Sharif Ghalib Effendi, 1788 – 1803 & 1813 – 1827)*偺彆尵傪庴偗偨儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼崀暁偟偨懞乆偵118,000儕傾儖傪攝偭偰愴壥傪彑偪庢傞偲塢偆旕忢偵憦柧側峴摦傪偟偨丅傕偟丄僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偑晝恊偺條偵僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿偵憡択偟偰偄偨傜戝孯傪幐傢偢偵嵪傫偩偩傠偆丅僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabis or Muwahhideen)偵傛偭偰儊僢僇偺庱挿(Amir of Mecca)偵擟柦偝傟偰偄偨偑丄僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿偼怱偐傜儊僢僇(Mecca)傪朶椡揑側儚僢僴乕僽攈偐傜夝曻偟偨偄偲婅偭偰偄偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼埨廧偺寧(Dhu 'l-Qada)偺枛傑偱偵偼儅僨傿乕僫(Medina)傕柍寣峌棯偟偨丅偙傟傜偺彑棙偼僇儕僼(Caliph)偵曬崘偡傞堊偵僄僕僾僩偵憲傜傟偨丅僄僕僾僩偺崙柉偼偙偺彑棙傪嶰擔嶰斢廽偄丄偙偺彑棙偺楴曬偼慡偰偺儉僗儕儉偺崙乆偵揱偊傜傟偨丅偝傜偵儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼堦巘抍(a division)傪僕僢僟(Jidda)宱桼偱儊僢僇(Mecca)偵憲偭偨丅偙偺巘抍偼僕僢僟偵1813擭1寧弶弡乮僸僕儏儔楋1228擭愴偄傪嬛偢傞寧乯偵拝偒丄儊僢僇偵岦偗偰峴恑偟偨丅偙偺巘抍偼僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿(Sharif Ghalib Effendi)偑撪枾偵棫偰偨寁夋偵廬偭偰梕堈偵儊僢僇偵擖忛偟偨丅儚僢僴乕僽攈偲偦偺巜摫幰偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偺巘抍偑儊僢僇偵嬤偯偒偮偮偁傞偲偺僯儏乕僗傪暦偄偰丄偙偺巗偐傜摝偘弌偟丄嶳拞偵愽傫偩丅堦曽丄僒僂僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 傾儖 傾僕僘(Sa乫ud ibn 乪Abd al-乪Aziz)*偼1812擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1227擭乯偵弰楃(Pilgrimage)傪廔偊丄懡偔偺儉僗儕儉偺寣偑棳傟偨僞乕僀僼(Ta乫if)傪朘栤偟偨屻丄崻忛偺僨傿儔僀儎(Dar乫iyah, Diriyah or Dir乫aiyah)偵栠偭偰峴偭偨丅僨傿儔僀儎偵拝偔偲僒僂僪偼儅僨傿乕僫 儉僫僂儚儔(al-Madinat al-Munawwara)偦偟偰懕偄偰儅僢僇 儉僇僢儔儅(al-Makkat al-Mukarrama)偑僆僗儅儞掗崙孯偵峌棯偝傟偨帠傪抦偭偨丅挌搙丄偙偺崰偵僆僗儅儞暫巑払偼僞乕僀僼傪峌寕偟偨偑丄僞乕僀僼偺橤庡偱偁偭偨僂僗儅儞 儉僟僀僉(乪Uthman al-Mudayiqi)偲偦偺孯戉偑嫲晐偺堊偵摝偘弌偟偰偄偨偺偱丄慡偔掞峈偵夛傢側偐偭偨丅楴曬偼僀僗僞儞僽乕儖(Istanbul)偵嫃偨僇儕僼(Caliph of Muslim) 僗儖僞儞 儅僴儉僪 僇乕儞 傾僪儕2悽(Sulatn Mahmud Khan 乪Adli II or rahmat-Allahi 'alaih)*偵揱偊傜傟傞偲儅僴儉僪 2悽偼戝曄偵婌傃丄恄偵暯埨偁傟乮傾儖儔僼 僞乫傾儔(Allahu ta乫ala or Peace be upon him)乯偲廽暉偟側偑傜偙偺帠偵怺偔幱堄傪帵偟偨丅儅僴儉僪 2悽偼儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偵幱堄偲憽傝暔傪憲傝丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偵僸僕儍乕僘偵嵞傃晪偒丄儚僢僴乕僽攈傪娔帇偟丄惂埑偡傞條偵柦偠偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼僗儖僞儞 儅僴儉僪 2悽偺柦椷偵廬偭偰嵞傃僄僕僾僩傪弌棫偟偨丅偙偺帪偵偼僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿(Sharif Ghalib Effendi)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偺孯戉偲僞乕僀僼偵嫃偰寣偵愼傑偭偨橤庡僂僗儅儞 儉僟僀僉(乪Uthman al-Mudayiqi)偺扵嶕偵朲偟偐偭偨丅慻怐偩偭偨扵嶕偺寢壥丄僂僗儅儞偼曔敍偝傟丄僄僕僾僩偵憲傜傟丄偦傟偐傜僀僗僞儞僽乕儖(Istanbul)傊岇憲偝傟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼儊僢僇偵摓拝偡傞偲僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿傪僀僗僞儞僽乕儖傊憲傝丄偦偺孼掜偺儎僼儎 價儞 儅僗僪 僄僼僃儞僨傿(Yahya bin Surour, 1803-1813 or Yahya ibn Masud Effendi (rahimah-Allahu ta乫ala))傪儊僢僇偺傾儈乕儖(Amir)偵擟柦偟偨丅傕偆堦恖偺楾錝幰儉僶儔僋 僀僽儞 儅僌儎儞(Mubarak ibn Maghyan)傕曔傜偊傜傟丄1814擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1229擭愴偄傪嬛偢傞寧乯偵僀僗僞儞僽乕儖傊偲岇憲偝傟偨丅壗愮偲塢偆儉僗儕儉払偺寣傪棳偟偨擇恖偺楾錝幰偼偝傜偟幰偲偟偰僀僗僞儞僽乕儖偺捠傝傪堷偒夞偝傟偨屻偵嵾偵憡摉偡傞孻敱傪庴偗偨丅1788擭偐傜1803擭傑偱26擭娫儊僢僇偺傾儈乕儖傪嬑傔偨僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨偼僀僗僞儞僽乕儖偱懜宧偲垽傪傕偭偰壏偐偔寎偊傜傟丄偦偟偰僊儕僔儍戞擇偺搒巗僥僒儘僯僇(Thessalonica)枖偼僒儘僯僇(Salonica)偵堏憲偝傟1816擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1231擭乯偵杤偡傞傑偱偦偙偵棷傑偭偰偄偨丅僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨偺楈昣偼堦斒偵奐曻偝傟偰偄傞丅乮暿偺帒椏偱偼僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨(Ghalib Efendi bin Musa'ed)偼嵞搙1813擭偐傜1827擭傑偱僔儍儕僼偵暅婣偟偨偲偝傟偰嫃傞丅屻宲僔僃儕僼偺柤(Abdulmutalib bin Ghalib, 1827-1827)偐傜傕巹偵偼偦偺曽偑惓偟偄條偵巚偊傞丅乯僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)偺惞搒偐傜楾錝幰払傪攔彍偟偨屻丄墦偔僀僄儊儞(Yaman)傑偱偺抧堟傪堦憒偡傞堊偵堦屄巘抍偑攈尛偝傟偨丅僄僕僾僩憤撀(Governor of Egypt, 1805 - 1848) 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad 'Ali Pasha or rahimah-Allahu ta'ala, 1769 - 1849)偼偙偺巘抍傪帺傜偺孯戉傪巊偭偰彆偗丄偙偺抧堟慡懱偐傜楾錝幰払傪捛偄暐偭偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼儊僢僇偵栠傝丄偦偙偵1815擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1230擭恄惞側寧乯傑偱偵懾嵼偟丄偦傟偐傜帺暘偺懅巕僴僒儞 僷僔儍(Hasan Pasha)*傪儊僢僇抦帠偵擟柦偟丄僄僕僾僩偵栠偭偨丅僒僂僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 傾儖 傾僕僘(Sa乫ud ibn 乪Abd al-乪Aziz)*偑1814擭偵杤偟丄乮扐偟丄尨暥偼1816擭乯偦偺懅巕傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(乪Abdullah ibn Sa乫ud)*偑宲彸偟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼懅巕僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha)*傪傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僒僂僪傊偺摙敯柦椷偺壓偵堦屄巘抍偲嫟偵攈尛偟偨丅傾僽僪僁僢儔乕 僀僽儞 僒僂僪偼僩乕僗儞僷僔儍(Tusun Pasha, 1794 – 1816)*偲乽傾僽僪僁僢儔乕傪僨傿儔僀儎(Diriyah, Dir乫iyah or Dir乫aiyah)偺抦帠偲偟偰擣傔傞戙傢傝偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottomans)偵拤惤傪惥偆乿偲偺崌堄偵払偟偰偄偨偑丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼偙偺崌堄傪庴偗擖傟側偐偭偨丅僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍偼1816擭11寧(僸僕儏儔楋1231擭枛乯偵岦偗丄僄僕僾僩傪弌敪偟丄1817擭弶傔乮僸僕儏儔楋1232擭偺弶傔乯偵僨傿儔僀儎(Dar乫iyya)偵摓拝偟偨丅傾僽僪僁僢儔乕偼僀僽儔僸儉偵懳偟偰慡暫椡傪巊偭偰掞峈偟偨偑丄1818擭9寧乮僸僕儏儔楋1233擭偺埨廧偺寧乯偱偺旕忢偵寣側傑偖偝偄愴偄偺屻偵曔椄偵偝傟偨丅偙偺楴曬偼僄僕僾僩偱偼忛偐傜7擔娫偵搉偭偰擔栭丄寕偨傟偨100夞偺廽朇偱娊寎偝傟偨丅慡偰偺捠傝偼婙偱杽傔恠偔偝傟偨丅扱婅(Takbirs and Munajat)偼岝搩(Minarets)偐傜暅彞偝傟偨丅乮弌揟丗 Hizmet Books Online http://www.hizmetbooks.org/Advice_for_the_Muslim/wah-41.htm乯
僄僔儊僼傽僄僂僗(Esimephaeus)丗傾價僔僯傾峜掗僄僢儔 傾僩僗儀僴嶰悽 (the Abyssinian Emperor, Ella Asbeha III)偑525擭偵攈尛偟偨僸儉儎儖(Hymyar)摙敯孯偺巜婗姱偱偁偭偨傾儕傾僗(Ariath)偲摨堦恖暔偲峫偊傞偺偑帺慠偱偁傞偑丄乽傾儕傾僗(Ariath)偑憤撀偲側偭偨乿偲偺婰弎偼偁偭偰傕乽墹嵗偵拝偄偨乿偲偺婰弎偼側偄偺偱巹偼偦傟傪扵偟弌偟偰偄側偄丅
僄僗僥償傽儞 僟 僈儅(Estevão da Gama)丗 償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偺懅巕偱丄1541擭偵僑傾(Goa)偐傜僗僄僘(Suez)傑偱峲奀偟丄偙傟偑16悽婭偵億儖僩僈儖恖払偑峠奀偵尰傟偨嵟屻偲側偭偨丅
僄僟僂僠儎僔(Dawn Palm)丗 僥儀僗僪乕儉儎僔偲傕屇偽傟丄塸柤偼Doom Palm, Doum Palm or Dawn Palm偱妛柤偼Hyphaene thebaica偱偁傝丄傾僼儕僇嶻偺戝偒側愵宆偺梩傪晅偗傞灲巕偱嵐敊偺搚忞傪埨掕偝偣傞偺偵廳梫側摥偒傪偟丄偦偺壥幚偼椦岀埵偺戝偒偝偱怘梡偵側傞丅巹偺宱尡偱偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺僄僟僂僠儎僔(Dawn Palm)偼梠娾抧懷偵惗偊偰偄傞丅巹偼偙偺栘偺柤偑暘偐傜側偐偭偨崰偼攎徳灲巕偲偁偩柤偟偰屇傫偱偄偨丅
僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia or Aethiopia)丗 傾僼儕僇杒搶晹偺峠奀偵柺偟偨僄僕僾僩撿晹偐傜崱擔偺僄僠僆僺傾杒晹偵帄傞抧堟偵偁偭偨屆戙崙壠偱偁傝丄丄乽僔僶偺彈墹偺崙乿偲徧偟偰悽奅嵟屆偺墹崙偲偝傟傞丅僊儕僔傾岅Aethiops偑岅尮偱Ethiop-乮擔從偗偟偨婄乯+-la乮崙柤乯偱擔從偗偟偨恖偺廧傓崙偲偺堄枴偲側傞丅4悽婭崰偐傜僉儕僗僩嫮崙偲側傞丅1936擭偵僀僞儕傾偵惇暈偝傟偨偑丄1941擭偵撈棫傪夞暅丄1975擭偵掗惌傪攑巭丄柺愊110.4枩丄恖岥5,668枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼傾僕僘 傾儀僶(Addis Ababa)偱媽徧偼傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)丅
乽僄僠僆僺傾傊偺億儖僩僈儖偺1520擭奜岎巊愡抍偺暔岅(Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Ethiopia in 1520)乿丗 僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞偺椞搚偺恀偺娭學(A True Relation of the Lands of the Prester John)偵偮偄偰偺傾儖償傽儗僗恄晝(Alvarez)挊彂丅乽摨彂偼1881擭僆乕儖僟乕儕乕(Alderley)偺僗僞儞儕乕嫧(Lord Stanley)偑東栿偟丄働儞僽儕僢僕(Cambridge)偺僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儀僢僉儞僌僴儉(C.F. Beckingham)偍傛傃僼儞僥傿儞僌僼僅乕僪(G.W.B. Huntingford)偵傛傞捛壛帒椏傪壛偊偨夵掶丒曇廤斉偑1961擭偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿丗 僄僨儞偺墍 (the Garden of Eden) 偵僲傾 (Noah) 偺峖悈埲慜偵棳傟崬傫偱偄偨僺僜儞愳 (the Pishon) 丄僊儂儞愳 (the Gihon) 丄僸僢僨働儖愳 (the Hiddekel) 偍傛傃儐乕僼儔僥僗愳 (the Euphrates) 偺巐偮偺愳偑幚嵼偟偨帠傪徹柧偡傞嶌嬈偺堦晹偲偟偰乽僺僜儞愳 (the Pishon)丄僊儂儞 (the Gihon) 偍傛傃僸僢僨働儖 (the Hiddekel) 偼偦傟偧傟丄熆傟扟傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞 (Al-Batin)丄僇儖儞愳 (the Karun River)偍傛傃僠僌儕僗愳 (the Tigris) 偱偁傝丄僠僌儕僗愳 (the Tigris) 偲儐乕僼儔僥僗愳 (the Euphrates) 偼尰嵼偲杦偳摨偠壨愳晘傪棳傟偰偄偨丅偦偺摉帪偼巐偮偺愳偺崌棳揰偼傾儔價傾榩偺墱偵偁偭偨偑丄偦偺埵抲偼崱擔偱偼撪棨偵惉偭偰偟傑偭偰偄傞乿偦偟偰乽熆傟扟儖儅/僶乕僞儞(Rumah/Batin)偑媽栺惞彂偵婰嵹偝傟偰偄傞僄僨儞偺墍(the Garden of Eden)偵拲偖4偮偺愳偺堦偮偺僺僜儞 (the Pishon)偩乿偲偺壖愢傪僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偼Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 52 (March 2000)偺巻柺偵乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(the Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿偲塢偆専徹曬崘傪宖嵹偟偰偄傞丅
僄僼僃僜僗(Ephesus)丗 彫傾僕傾惣晹偺僀僆僯傾偺屆戙搒巗丅
僄儈儕傾 儘儅乕僯儍廈(Emilia-Romagna)丗 僀僞儕傾杒晹偺億乕愳(Po)偲傾儁僯僲嶳柆偲傾僪儕傾奀偱巇愗傜傟偨廈丅
僄儈乕儖 僶僴儖丗 僄儈乕儖 僶僴儖(Chief of the Sea)埥偄偼僄儈乕儖 僄儖 僶僴儖(Emir el Bahhr)偲屇偽傟乽奀偺庱挿乿傪堄枴偡傞19悽婭巒傔偵僕僢僟峘挿(a habour master)傪柋傔偨姱椈偺徧崋偱偁傝丄慡偰偺慏偐傜埥傞妟偺搳昫戙傪挜廂偟偰偄偨丅
僄儊儔儖僪(Emerald)丗 儀儕儕僂儉偲傾儖儈僯僂儉傪庡惉暘偲偟偨宂巁墫峼暔偱榋曽徎宯丄榋妏拰忬偺寢徎偱夠忬丒棻忬偱傕嶻弌偡傞椢拰愇偺懡偔偼椢怓傑偨偼扺惵怓偱丄傗傗摟柧丄偱僈儔僗岝戲偑偁傞丅偦偺拞偺怺椢怓摟柧偺岝戲偁傞摿偵旤偟偄傕偺傪僄儊儔儖僪偲塢偄丄椢拰嬍丄椢嬍愇丄悏嬍丄椢嬍丄悏椢嬍摍偲傕屇偽傟傞丅
僄僢儔 傾僗儀僴嶰悽(Ella Asbeha III)丗 523擭10寧偺乽僫僕儔儞偺愴偄乿偱僸儉儎儖 (Himyar)崙墹僘 僰儚僗(Yousuf Dhu Nuwas)偑椻崜偵恊傾價僔僯傾搣傪奆嶦偟偵偟偨丅婔恖偐偼僘 僫儚僗偺峌寕偺慜偵摝朣偟丄僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)偺儘乕儅峜掗(Roman Emperor)偵彆偗傪媮傔偨丅儘乕儅峜掗偼乽帺暘偼偦偺搚抧偐傜梋傝偵墦偔偵偄傞乿偲偟偰傾價僔僯傾峜掗(the Ethiopian Emperor)僄僢儔 傾僩僗儀僴嶰悽(Ella Atsbeha III)偵夘擖偡傞條偵懀偡彂娙傪弌偟偨丅僄僢儔 傾僗儀僴嶰悽偼帺暘偺庣旛戉偑媠嶦偝傟丄拠娫偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆偑嶦偝傟偨偺偱偨偩偱傕偦偆偟偨偄偲巚偭偰偄偨丅枖丄僄僢儔 傾僩僗儀僴嶰悽偼僫僕儔儞偺愴偄傪乽張孻偝傟偨摨柨幰偺巰偵懳偡傞惓媊偺愴偄苽祩臈槜p偡傞帠偱丄傾儔價傾敿搰慡堟傪愯椞偡傞堊偺岲婡偲曔傜偊丄傾儕傾僗(Ariath) 巜婗壓偱7,000恖曇惉偺孯傪怤峌偝偣丄僸儉儎儖(Hymyar)偺惃椡傪夡柵偝偣偨丅僄僢儔 傾僗儀僴嶰悽偵偮偄偰偼傾價僔僯傾峜掗(Elesboas,Hellesthaeus,Kaleb or Caleb)偁傞偄偼傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)墹僫僈僔(Nagashi) 傗傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)墹僱僌僗(the Negus)偲偺婰弎傕偁傞丅
僄儕儏僩僁儔乕偺奀(Erythraean Sea or Erythraean Máin)丗 儘乕儅恖偵愒偄偲屇偽傟偨峠奀偼僊儕僔儍恖偵偼揱愢揑側儁儖僔傾偺墹崙偺僄儕儏僩僁儔墹(the king Erythras)偵場傫偱僄儕儏僩僁儔乕(Erytheraean)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅屆戙抧棟妛偱偼僄儕儏僩僁儔乕偺奀乮僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀乯偼傕偲傕偲偼峠奀偍傛傃儁儖僔傾榩傪娷傔偨僀儞僪梞杒惣晹偺徧偱偁偭偨丅僄儕僩僁儘(Erythros)偼僊儕僔儍岅偱愒傪堄枴偟丄尰嵼偺柤慜偼椺偊偦傟偑尰嵼偱偼屆戙偵廤崌揑偵僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀偲屇偽傟偰嫃偨撪偺嬐偐側晹暘偵尷傜傟偰偄偨偲偟偰傕屆戙偐傜塱懕偟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜偙偺柤偺岅尮偲尵偆柦戣偵偮偄偰傾僈僒儖僠僨僗(Agatharchides)偼偦偺挊彂乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀偵娭偡傞榑暥(A Treatise on the Erythraean Sea)乿偺戞I姫5復乮I, 5乯偵乽偙傟偼峠奀傪堄枴偟偰嫃傜偢丄揱愢揑側儁儖僔傾偺墹崙偺僄儕儏僩僁儔墹(King Erythras)傪堄枴偟偰偄傞乿偲尵偭偰偄傞丅傾僈僒儖僠僨僗偑堷梡偟偰偄傞暔岅偵傛傟偽乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕偺柤慜偼僄儕儏僩僁儔墹偺柉偵傛偭偰墹偑摑帯偟偰偄偨娸曈偺奀偵柤晅偗傜傟偨乿丅
乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀偵娭偡傞榑暥(Treatise on the Erythraean Sea)乿丗 傾僈僒儖僠僨僗(Agatharchides) 乮婭尦慜170 -100擭乯挊偺摨彂偼戞1姫偲戞5姫偐傜偺峀斖埻側敳悎傪彍偄偰崱偱偼晄岾偵傕慡偰幐傢傟偰偟傑偭偰偄傞丅抁偄抐曅偼彫傾僕傾偺屆搒偱悽奅幍晄巚媍偺堦偮傾儖僥儈僗 (Artemis) 偺強嵼抧偱偁偭偨僄僼僃僜僗(Ephesus)偵偮偄偰傾儖僙儈僪儖僗(Arthemidorus)偑婭尦慜104擭崰(circa 104 B.C.)婰弎偟偨暥復偺拞偵尒偮偗傜傟傞丅傕偭偲峀斖埻偵傢偨偭偰偼僨傿僆僪儘僗 僔僋儘僗(Diodorus Siculus)偺暥復偺拞偱偺堷梡傗僼僅僥傿僆僗(Photius)偺暥復偺拞偵尒偮偗傜傟傞丅
乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀峲奀婰(Periplus of the Erytheraean Sea)乿丗 乽儁儕僾儖僗 儅儕僗 僄儕儏僩儔僄僀(Periplus Maris Erythraei)乿偲屇偽傟傞惣楋1悽婭偺屻敿偵彂偐傟偨僄僕僾僩偐傜僓儞僕僶儖偵帄傞傾僼儕僇奀娸丄傾儔價傾偍傛傃僀儞僪偐傜僙僀儘儞偺嶌幰晄柧偺峲奀榐偱偁傞丅僗僐僼(W.H. Schoff)偑僊儕僔儍岅偐傜東栿偟丄拲庍傪晅偗丄1921擭僯儏乕儓乕僋偱弌斉偟偰偄傞丅
僄儖償傿儔 僈乕儖僶僲 儁僙攷巑(Dr. Elvira Garbano Pesce)丗 乽嵐敊偺嬃堎(Marvel of the Desert, 1983.12)乿偲乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺閜閗(The Camel in Saudi Arabia)乿傪傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)嫟挊偟偰偄傞丅
僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱偼傾儖 儅僋僨傿僗偺壠傪堄枴偡傞(Bait al-Makdis in Arabic)丅 僷儗僗僥傿僫(Palestine)偺拞怱揑挰偱儐僟儎嫵丄僉儕僗僩嫵丄僀僗儔儉嫵偺惞抧丅
僄儖僨僽(Erdeb)丗 僄僕僾僩偺僄儖僨僽(Erdeb)偼栺15塸崙僽僔僃儖(English Bushels)偵憡摉偟丄儊僢僇偱偼50僉僀儗(Keyles)偱儅僨傿僫偱偼96僉僀儗(Keyles)偱寁嶼偝傟偰偄偨 (John Lewis Burchhardt)丅乮1 塸僽僢僔僃儖 = 36.36872 儕僢僩儖 = 8 塸僈儘儞 丄1 暷僽僢僔僃儖 = 35.23907017儕僢僩儖= 8 暷崚暔僈儘儞 ≈ 9.309177489 暷塼検僈儘儞 乯
僄儖僪儞 儖僢僞乕(English Muslim, Eldon Rutter)丗儖僢僞乕偼傾儔價傾岅傪嵟弶偵儅儔儎(Malaya)偱偦偙偵廧傫偱偄偨傾儔價傾恖堏廧幰払偐傜妛傫偩屻偵僄僕僾僩偱妛傫偩丅1925擭僔儕傾弌恎偺僄僕僾僩恖弰楃傪憰偄丄儖僢僞乕偼儅僢僒儚(Massawah)偐傜傾僽僴(Abha)偺挌搙惣偵偁傞傾僔乕儖 僥傿僴儅(Tihamah of Asir)偺彫偝側峘偱偁傞僇僼儅(al-Qahmah)傊偲峠奀傪搉偭偨丅僥傿僴儅傪杒傊偲扝傝丄儖僢僞乕偼儊僢僇偵拝偄偨丅偦偙偱傾僽僪儖傾僕僘墹偵寎擖傟傜傟傞偲尵偆摿暿懸嬾傪庴偗偰丄儖僢僞乕偼弰楃偺媀幃傪峴偭偨丅偦偺屻丄儖僢僞乕僴弰楃幃揟偺椃傪懕偗偨丅偦傟偵偼儅僨傿乕僫傊偺椃偲傕偆堦偮僞乕僀僼傊偺椃偑娷傑傟偰偄偨丅偦偺條巕傪儖僢僞乕偼1928擭偵儘儞僪儞偱敪峴偟偨壙抣偁傞挊彂乽傾儔價傾偺惞側傞搒巗(The Holy Cities of Arabia)乿偺拞偵惗偒惗偒偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
乽L. 僨 儅儘儖偺椃峴婰(Cryptical Note of L. de.Marol)乿丗 L. 僨 儅儘儖(L. de Marol)偺椃峴婰偵偼僕僢僟(Jidda)偵娭偡傞婰弎傪娷傫偱偄傞丅
僆僂僌僗僩僁僗(Augustus)丗 乮傾僂僌僗僩僁僗(Augustus)傪嶲徠丅乯
墶抐宆嵒媢(Transverse Dune)丗 墶抐宆嵒媢偼僶乕僠儍儞(Barchan)偲傕屇偽傟丄戩墇晽岦偲捈妏偵嶰擔寧宆(Crescent Shape)傪嶌傝弌偡丅僶乕僠儍儞偼堏摦偟傗偡偔減渏偡傞嵒媢(Wandering Dune)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅僕儍僼儔乕嵐敊(Jafurah Desert)偼僟儞儅儞乮Damman乯偺撿偺傾僽僇僀僋(Abqaiq)偐傜儖僽 傾儖 僇儕(Rub' Al Khali)傑偱峀偑偭偰嫃傝丄僶乕僠儍儞偱暍傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偺嵒敊偺嵒偼愇塸暘偑90%埲壓偲彮側偔丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙撪偵偁傞懠偺嵒敊偺條偵嵒偑巁壔揝乮Iron Oxide乯偱旐暍偝傟偰嫃傜偢丄偦偺寢壥偲偟偰嵒偺怓偑柧傞偄愒偱偼柍偔丄惵傒偑偐偭偨敀偱偁傞丅
僆僂僪僇乕儉(Oudkham)丗 價乕僘(beads)惢嶌梡偺朏崄偺偁傞栘嵽(odoriferous wood)丅
乽墹偺恖惗偲執嬈(Da Vida e Feitos de el-Rey)乿丗 僕僃儘僯儌 僆僜儕僆 (D. Manuel de Gerónimo Osório)偑挊嶌偟偨弶斉杮偼1571擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅摨彂偼屻偵僼僃儗僀儔 億儖僩(J. Ferreira. Pôrto)偵傛偭偰曇廤偝傟丄1944擭偵嵞弌斉偝傟偨乮ed. by J. Ferreira. Pôrto 1944.乯丅
僆僇儗(Okales)丗 僔儕傾(Syria)偱偼僇乕儞(Khans)偲屇偽傟傞寶暔偱偁傝丄僸僕儍乕僘(Hedjaz)偱偼儂僔儏(Hosh)偲屇偽傟丄僄僕僾僩曽尵偱偼拞掚(Courtyard)偱偁傞丅
僆僋僨儏乕僪帠審偺暔岅(Al-Okdood Event Story)丗 嬈壩偑僩儞僱儖偱擱傗偝傟丄偦偟偰恖乆偑壩偺拞傊憲傜傟丄偦偟偰嵟屻偵傕偆堦搙偦偙偱儐僟儎嫵傊偺夵廆傪恥偹傜傟偨丅偟偐偟丄偦傟偱傕斵摍偼嵞傃嫅斲偟丄嵟屻偵壩偺拞偵憲傝崬傑傟偨丅愒傫朧偵庼擕(suckle)偟偰偄傞晈恖偑偙偺壩偺慜偵楢傟偰棃傜傟傞偲撍慠乽恏書偟側偝偄丅偍偐偁偝傫丄婱彈偼惓偟偄偺偩偐傜乿偲愒傫朧偑尵偭偨條偵巚偊偨丅偦偟偰525擭偺偦偺擔偵栺2枩恖偺恖乆偑媇惖偵側傝丄偦偟偰僫僕儔儞(Najran)偼僇儕僪 僀僽儞 儚儕乕僪(Khalid Ibn Al-Waleed)偵傛偭偰僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨僸僕儏儔楋10擭乮惣楋632擭乯傑偱僉儕僗僩嫵傪怣嬄偟懕偗偨丅
僆僋僨儏乕僪偺敪孈(Excavation of Al-Okdood)丗 暥壔扴摉暥晹徣師姱丄傾僽僪僢儔 僴僒儞 儅僗儕攷巑(Dr. Abdullah Hasan Masry)偺巜帵偱峫屆攷暔晹偼僆僋僨儏乕僪(Al Okhdood)偱擇夞偵搉傞敪孈傪峴偄丄偦偺寢壥偺婔偮偐偼峫屆攷暔晹偺巐婫曬傾僩儔儖(Atlal)偺戞5姫偍傛傃戞7姫偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
僆乕僗僩儕傾嬧壿(Autrian Thalers)丗 15悽婭偐傜19悽婭偺僪僀僣偺嬧壿偱3 marks偵憡摉偡傞丅儅儕乕僥儗乕僘(Marie-Thérèse)偑崗傑傟偰偄傞僆乕僗僩儕傾嬧壿(Autrian Thalers)偼1840擭偺僄僕僾僩偱偼51/4僼儔儞僗 僼儔儞(French Francs)丄僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)奀娸偱偼61/2僼儔儞僗 僼儔儞(French Francs)偦偟偰僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)撪棨偱偼7僼儔儞僗 僼儔儞(French Francs)偺壙抣偑偁偭偨丅
僆僗儅儞堦悽(Osman I) 丗價僓儞僠儞掗崙偺悐旝偵忔偠偰傾僫僩儕傾惣晹偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299-1922)傪憂愝偟丄1453擭僐儞僗僞儞僠僲乕僾儖傪峌棯偟丄價僓儞僠儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire, 395 - 1453)傪柵傏偟丄僒儔僙儞掗崙偺椞抧偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偵慻傒崬傑傟偰峴偭偨丅僆僗儅儞掗崙偼16悽婭偵嵟惙婜傪傓偐偊丅椞搚偼傾僕傾丒傾僼儕僇丒儓乕儘僢僷偵傑偨偑偭偨偑丄17悽婭偐傜悐戅偟丄戞堦師戝愴偱攕傟偨屻丄僩儖僐妚柦偵傛偭偰柵朣偟偨丅
僆僗儅儞懁偺埑搢揑側壩椡(Superior Firepower on Ottoman)丗 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks, 1250 - 1517)偼婻巑偵憡墳偟偄壩婍偼帩偭偰偄偨丅帪戙嶖岆偺晭怞傪帩偪丄壩婍暫偵孯偺壓媺偺抧埵偵偟偐梌偊偰嫃側偐偭偨丅帺暘払帺恎偲偟偰偼寱丄憚丄媩偺條側塸梇揑側柤梍偁傞晲婍傪岲傫偩丅
僆僗儅儞丒僒僂僕愴憟(Ottoman – Saudi War)丗 僄僕僾僩丒儚僢僴乕僽愴憟(Egyptian – Wahhabi War)傪嶲徠丅
僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire)丗 僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299-1922)偲傕屇徧偝傟傞僩儖僐宯僀僗儔儉崙壠偱丄惣楋1299擭偵僆僗儅儞堦悽(Osman I or Othman I El-Gazi)偑價僓儞僠儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire, 395 - 1453)偺悐旝偵忔偠偰傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)(彫傾僕傾)惣晹偵寶崙偟偨丅偙偺崙壠偼抧拞奀廃曈偺傾儔僽彅抧堟丄僶儖僇儞敿搰乮Balkan乯傪傕巟攝壓偵偍偒丄傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids, 750 - 1258)柵朣屻偺僀僗儔儉悽奅偺攅幰偲偟偰孨椪偟偨丅惣楋1453擭偵儊僼儊僩擇悽(Mehmed II Fath El-Istanbul)偑僐儞僗僞儞僠僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)傪惇暈偟偰偦偙偵慗搒偟偨丅16悽婭偺僗儗僀儅儞戝掗(Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, 1520 - 1566)偺崰偑嵟惙婜偱椞搚偼惣傾僕傾丒杒傾僼儕僇丒僶儖僇儞敿搰偵傑偨偑偭偨偑丄17悽婭枛偐傜悐戅偵岦偐偭偨丅戞堦師悽奅戝愴偵摨柨崙懁偵壛傢偭偰攕杒偟丄1922擭働儅儖 傾僞僠儏儖僋(Mustafa Kemal Atatürk)偺僩儖僐妚柦(The Turkish War of Independence)偵傛偭偰柵朣偟偨丅僆僗儅儞掗崙偼僆僢僩儅儞掗崙偲傕揮幨乮偰傫偟傖丄transcription乯偝傟偰偄傞丅
僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿(Othman al-Madhayfi)丗 僆僗儅儞 儊僓僀僼僃(Othman el Medhayfe)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahaby)偺挊柤側庱挿偱丄戞堦師僒僂僪岒崙(First Saudi State, 1745 - 1819)偺僀儅儉(Imam, 1803 - 1814)僒僂僪(Saud ibn Abdul Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Saud)偑僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)傪惇暈偡傞堊偺庡梫側愭摫栶偱傕偁偭偨丅僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif Ghaleb)偲偼帺暘偺巓枀偲寢崶偟偨媊棟偺孼掜偱偁傝丄僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿帺恎傕傾僪僂傾儞懓僔僃僀僋(Sheikh of Adouan)偱偁偭偨丅1802擭偵僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Ghalib Efendii bin Musa'ed, 1788 – 1803 & 1813 - 1827)*偲偺媥愴岎徛偟偰偄傞拞偱僱僕僪(Nejd)偐傜恑寕偟偰偒偨僒僂僪壠(House of Saud)偲摨柨偟偨儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabi)偺孯戉傪巟墖偟丄僞乕僀僼(Taif)傪娮棊偝偣偨丅儚僴乕僽攈(Wahhabi)偺孯戉偼懕偄偰丄儊僢僇(Mecca)偲儊僨傿乕僫(Medina)偵恑寕偟偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偑抸偒丄儚僢僴乕僽攈偵攋夡偝傟偨僞乕僀僼偺忛嵲偵戙傢傝嶰偮偺栧傪帩偮晄婯懃側巐妏宍偺忛暻傗峚偱僞乕僀僼傪怴偨偵埻偭偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼1805/1806擭偵僔儍儕僼偐傜僑儞僼僃僨(Gonfede)傪彑偪庢傝丄僕僃僢僟(Djidda)偐傜僴儕(Haly)傑偱偺奀娸慡偰偑儚僢僴乕僽攈偺巟攝抧偲偟偨丅1811擭偵儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Mohammed Aly Pasha)*偼僄僕僾僩偐傜僩儖僐孯偲嫟偵傗偭偰棃偰丄僕僃僢僟乮Djidda乯偲儊僢僇(Mekka)傪扗夞偟偨丅儉僗僞僼傽 儀僀(Mustafa Bey)*偼偙偺忋庱旜偲僞僀僼(Tayf)偺姳偟晵摳偺儚僀儞偵悓偄丄帺暘傂偲傝偱儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabi)傪惂埑偱偒傞偲巚偭偨丅儉僗僞僼傽 儀僀(Mustafa Bey)偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)偺崻嫆抧偺堦偮偱偁傝丄僞乕僀僼偐傜70偐傜80儅僀儖乮110km偐傜130km)搶曽偵偁傞僞儔僶(Taraba)偵岦偗偰恑孯偟偨偑丄嶳妜抧懷偱偺掞峈偵夛偄丄400柤偐傜500柤偺媇惖傪弌偟偰戅媝偣偞傞傪摼側偐偭偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼帺暘偺寉婻暫偑庤尦偵嫃偨偑偙偺娫丄峴摦傪偟側偐偭偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼崙拞偺慡偰偺曽岦偵拲堄傪岦偗丄棊屴幰偺戅楬傪愨偪丄帪偲偟偰儊僢僇偲偺岎怣傪朤庴偟丄1812擭偺壞偺娫拞丄僞乕僀僼庣旛戉傪尅惂偟偨丅僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偼僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偺曔敍偵5,000僪儖偺寽徿嬥傪妡偗偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偑偁傞弌寕偱僞僀僼偺搶4丄5帪娫偺嶳拞偵帺暘偑抸偄偨彫偝側忛價僢僙儖(Byssel)偱媥懅偟偰偄偨丅偦傟傪暦偄偨僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偼僞-僀僼偐傜嫮椡側晹戉傪攈尛偟偨丅偦偺晹戉偼偙偺忛傪曪埻偡傞偲壩傪曻偭偨丅堦斣昻偟偄儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouins)偺堖憰傪傑偲偭偨僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偲栺30柤偺晹壓払偼僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偺晹戉偵廝偄偐偐傝丄摝偘摴傪愗傝奐偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偺忔偭偨帗攏偑彎偮偒丄忔攏弌棃側偔側偭偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼捛愓幰払偐傜搆曕偱摝偘丄梻擔丄傾僥僀價 儀僪僂僀儞(Ateybe Bedouin)偺揤枊偵彆偗傪媮傔偨偑丄偦偙偱曔傑傝丄僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偺慜偵堷偒楢傟偰偄偐傟偨丅僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽偼寽徿嬥傪傾僥僀價 儀僪僂僀儞偵巟暐偄丄僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偵嵔傪晅偗偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼僕僢僟(Djidda)丄僇僀儘(Cairo)偦偟偰嵟廔揑偵偼僐儞僗僞儞僠僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)偵憲傜傟丄偦偙偱儌僴儞儅僪 傾儕偺枛懅巕偑偙偺崅婱側曔椄傪帺暘偺巟攝幰偵惞側傞搒巗偺尞偲懡偔偺崅婱側憽傝暔偲嫟偵嵎偟弌偟偨丅嫲傜偔丄僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偼偦偙偵拝偔偲捈偖偵懪偪庱偵側偭偨偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偆偟偰儚僢僴乕僽攈偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偱嵟傕妶桇偟丄戝抇側庱挿傪幐偭偨丅僆僗儅儞 儅僓僀僼傿偑曔椄偵側偭偨偺偼1812擭9寧偱偁傝丄1813擭偵偼僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽(Sharif Ghalib)*偲僩儖僐彨峑儉僗僞僼傽 儀僀(Mustafa Bey)*偑巜婗偡傞暘尛戉偑僞乕僀僼傪扗夞偟偨丅乮拲乯 巹偼乽僑儞僼僅僨(Gonfede)偼僋儞僼僓(Qunfudhah)偱僴儕(Haly)偼熆傟扟僴儕(Hali)偺壨岥偱偁傞乿偲棟夝偟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 僽儖僋僴儖僩(Johana Ludwig Burckhardt)挊丄乽傾儔價傾偺僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偺椃(Travels in The Hedjaz of Arabia)乿乯
僆僜儕僆(Osorio)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠偱丄1509擭2寧3擔偵僨傿僂(Diu)壂奀愴偱偺嫢朶偱柍帨斶側僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco d'Almeida)偺峴堊傪旕擄偟偨丅
僆僢僩儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Turks)丗 乮僆僗儅儞掗崙傪嶲徠乯丅
Opus丗 嶌昳丄挊嶌丄Opera偲摨岅尮丅
僆儃僟僗墹(Obodas)丗 僔僢儔僄僂僗(Syllaeus)偑巇偊偨僫僶僥傾(Nabataeans)偺墹丅乮僔僢儔僄僂僗(Sillaeus) (Nabataean Guide Sillaeus丄Nabataean Administrator)嶲徠丅乯
僆儅儖 僀僽儞 僇僢僞僽(Omar Ibn Al Khattab)丗 乮僂儅儖(the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab)嶲徠乯丅
僆儕僢僒(Orissa)丗 僀儞僪搶晹儀儞僈儖(Bengal)榩傪椪傓廈偱廈搒偼僽僶僱僗儚儖(Bhubaneswar)丅
僆儕儏儞僺傾(Olympiad)丗 屆戙僊儕僔儍偱僆儕儏儞僺傾嫞媄嵳偱尰戙偺僆儕儞僺僢僋(Olympic)偺敪徦偲側偭偨丅
僆乕儖僗僷僀僗(Allspices)丗 僼僩儌儌壢偺棊梩崅栘丄傑偨偼偦偺枹弉壥傪姡憞偟偨崄恏椏偱丄惣僀儞僪彅搰尨嶻偱庡梫側崄恏椏僋儘乕僽乮挌帤乯丄僔僫儌儞乮擏宩乯丄僫僣儊僢僌偺崄婥傪暪偣帩偮丅嶰崄巕偲傕塢偆丅
僆儗儅(Olemas)丗妛幆宱尡幰(Learned Men)丅
僇傾僶恄揳(Kaaba Building)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵搆偵偲偭偰嵟傕惞側傞恄揳偱儊僢僇偺惞儌僗僋偺拞偵偁傝丄偙偙偵寃偱傞偺偑弰楃偺嵟廔栚揑偱偁傞丅尦乆偼硳m傗嬸偐偝饒訓穫閮W儍乕僸儕乕儎(Jahiliyah)偲屇偽傟傞僀僗儔儉埲慜偺懡恄嫵偺嬼憸悞攓偺帪戙偵儅僢僇(Makkah)偺拞怱偱偁偭偨棫曽懱傪堄枴偡傞柤偺晅偄偨恄揳偱偁偭偨丅
乽夞嫵搆偺晽廗偲廗姷(Moeurs et coutumes des Musulmans)乿丗 傾僼儕僇扵専壠僑乕僥傿僄(E.F. Gauthier)偑挊弎偟丄1931擭僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
夡寣昦(Scurvy)丗 價僞儈儞C寚朢徢丅
奀嶻僒僜儕(Sea-Scorpion)丗 僇僕僇(Sculpin)丄乮屆惗乯奀嶻僒僜儕丅
僇僀僶乕儖 僕儍僲僂僽(Khaybar Al-Janoub)丗 挿榁傪堄枴偡傞偙偺挰偼僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushait)偺杒偵偁傝丄熆傟扟僕儍僕儔乕(Wadi Jazirah)偵増偭偰暲傇丅
僇僀儅僇儅僩(Qaimaqamat)丄僇僀儅僇儉(Qaimaqam)丗 僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺儊僨傿僫栧(the Medina Gate)偺嵍偵尒偊傞寙弌偟偨寶暔丅
僇僀儉 僕儍僂僕儎(Qayim al-Jawziyah)丗 1350擭杤丄僀僽儞 僞僀儈儎(Ibn Taymiyah)偺掜巕丅
僇僀儞(Khayn)丗 攚怣峴堊(Treachery)丅
壴浖娾抧懷(Granite Area)丗 壴浖娾抧懷偼傾儔價傾弬忬抧(Arabia Shield)偺庡梫晹偱偁傞丅偙偺抧堟偼娚傗偐偵婲暁偟偰偄傞偑丄僴僀儖(Hayi)l偺傾僕儍嶳夠(Jibal Aja)摍丄応強偵傛偭偰戝抧偑嬝擏偺條偵惙傝忋偑偭偰偄傞丅偙偺條側嶳夠偼偦偺愒崟偄嶳敡偲丄偦偺榌偵惗偊傞椢偺栘乆偑惵偄嬻傪攚宨偵偟偰慺惏傜偟偄挷榓傪嶌傝弌偟偰偄傞丅榌偺嵒抧偵惗偊偰嫃傞栘乆偼僞儖乕(Gerrardi or Talh)丄僒儉僌乕(Tortillis or Samgh)摍偺傾僇僔傾(Acacia)偱偁傞丅壴浖娾偺嶳(Granite Mountains)偺3暘偺1偼偦偺傕偲傕偲偺妸傜偐側嶳敡傪巆偟偰偄傞丅偦偺懠偺3暘偺1偼偦偺嶳敡偼斾妑揑戝偒側4妏偵嬤偄戝愇偵妱傟偰偄傞丅僞儖乕偼偦偺戝愇偺妱傟栚偱傕惗挿偟丄傑傞偱敔掚偺奊偺條側宨怓偲側傞丅巆傝偺3暘偺1偱偼晽壔偝傟峏偵彫偝側巐妏挘偭偨彫偝側彫愇偵妱傟丄嶳敡傪旕忢偵崟偢傫偩墿搚怓偵尒偣偰偄傞丅
壩嶳娾抧懷(Harrats)丗 壩嶳娾抧懷乮僴儔僢僩乯偼僸僕儍乕僘-傾僔乕儖嶳柆(Hijaz - Asir Mountains)偺搶懁偵敪払偟偰偄傞丅偙偺抧堟偼壩嶳娾(Volcanic Rocks)丄梠娾(Lava)丄壩嶳奃(Ash)偱暍傢傟偰偍傝丄壩嶳偑偙偺抧堟偺帄傞強偵嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺壩嶳偼巰壩嶳偐媥壩嶳偱偁傝丄妶壩嶳偼尒庴偗傜傟側偄丅僴僀儖(Hayil)撿偵偁傞僞僶乕壩岥(Tabah)偺妱傟栚偺敪払(Developing Crevasse)摍丄堦斒偵抦傜傟偰偄傞傛偆側壩嶳妶摦偼嬌傔偰尷傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺壩嶳偼崅偔傕戝偒偔傕側偄偑丄僞僀僼(Taif)偺杒搶偵偁傞儚僴僶壩岥(Wahaba Crater)摍偼偦偺廃埻偑11km傕偁傞丅儚僴僶壩岥偼偦偺戝偒偝偽偐傝偱偼柍偔丄偦偺壩岥偺掙偵屛偺條偵懲愊偟偨敀偄捑揳暔傗壩岥廃埻偺椢偺朙偐偝偱傕桳柤偱偁傞丅擲惈偑掅偄堊偵梠娾偼旕忢偵挿偄嫍棧傪梕堈偔棳傟丄峀偄斖埻傪敄偄梠娾枌偱暍偭偰偄傞丅偙偺敄偄梠娾枌偼搚忞偺悈暘偺忲敪梷偊傞堊偵丄壩嶳娾抧懷偱偼懡偔偺怉惗偑堢偭偰偄傞偺偑尒傜傟丄偦偺怉惗偵埶懚偡傞晹棊傕嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅
僇僔傾(Cassia)丗 宩偁傞偄偼僩儞僉儞僯僢働僀偲屇偽傟傞僋僗僲僉壢偺忢椢崅栘偱丄尨嶻抧偼僀儞僪僔僫丄壺撿偱懡偔嵧攟偝傟丄崅偝偼10m偱丄慡懱偵曬崘偑偁傝丄梩偼妚幙丄壴偼彫偝偔敀怓丄庽旂丒巬偼宩旂丒宩巬偲徧偟丄朏崄惈寬堓栻丒捔捝嵻偲偟偰巊傢傟丄宩旂桘傪庢傝朏崄嵻偲偡傞摍丄宩旂偼擏宩(cinnamon)偺戙梡昳偵巊傢傟傞丅
僇乕僗僩(Caste)丗 償傽儖僫乮恎暘惂搙乯偲傕塢偆丅僸儞僪僁乕嫵偺揥奐偺側偐偱丄償傽儖僫(Varuna)乮巐惄(varna)偍傛傃巐惄惂搙乯偑嫮偔巜揈偝傟傞丅僇乕僗僩偼婎杮揑側暘椶偑4偮偁傞偑丄偦偺拞偵偼旕忢偵嵶偐偄掕媊偑偁傝旕忢偵懡偔偺僇乕僗僩偑偁傞丅僇乕僗僩偼恎暘傗怑嬈傪婯掕偡傞丅僇乕僗僩偼恊偐傜庴偗宲偑傟傞偩偗偱丄惗傑傟偨屻偵僇乕僗僩傪曄偊傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄丅偨偩偟丄尰嵼偺恖惗偺寢壥偵傛偭偰師偺惗側偳枹棃偺惗偱崅偄僇乕僗僩偵忋偑傞偙偲偑偱偒傞丅婎杮揑側4偮偺僇乕僗僩偲僇乕僗僩奜偺恎暘偵偼丄埲壓偺傕偺偑偁傞丅側偍丄僇乕僗僩偵傛傞嵎暿偼1950擭偵寷朄偱嬛巭偝傟偰偄傞丅嘆 僶儔儌儞(Brahman)丗 僽儔僼儈儞(Brahmin)乮攌梾栧乯偲傕塢偆丅恄惞側怑偵偮偄偨傝丄媀幃傪峴偆偙偲偑偱偒傞丅乽巌嵳乿偲東栿偝傟傞丅嘇 僋僔儍僩儕儎(Kshatriya)丗 檵掗棙偼墹傗婱懓側偳晲椡傗惌帯椡傪帩偮丅乽墹懓乿丄乽晲巑乿偲東栿偝傟傞丅嘊 價傾僀僔儍(vaishya)丗 償傽僀僔儍偲傕塢偄丄 彜嬈傗惢憿嬈側偳偵偮偔偙偲偑偱偒傞丅乽暯柉乿偲東栿偝傟傞丅嘋 僗乕僪儔(Shudra)丗 僔儏乕僪儔(庱懮梾)偲傕塢偄丄 堦斒揑偵恖乆偺寵偑傞怑嬈偵偺傒偮偔偙偲偑弌棃傞丅僗乕僪儔偼僽儔僼儈儞偺塭偵偡傜怗傟傞偙偲偼偱偒側偄丅乽搝楆乿偁傞偄偼乽慓柉乿偲東栿偝傟傞偙偲偑偁傞丅愭廧柉懓偱偁傞偑丄巟攝偝傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨恖乆偱偁傞丅
僇僗儖 價儔儖(Kasr Bilal)丗 巹偑1975擭偵僴僼傽儖 僶乕僥傿儞傪朘傟偨帪偵偼挰帺懱偑戝偒偔偼柍偔丄偙偺忛乮僇僗儖 價儔儖乯偑挰偺恀傫拞偵戕偊偰偄偨丅壆崻偲暻偺堦晹偼柍偐偭偨偑偦偺撪晹偱偼摉帪偺搶傾儔價傾偺柤嶻偱僴僼傽儖 僶乕僥傿儞偑廤愊抧偱偁傞僫僕僪庬傪娷傓梤偺巗偑奐偐傟偰偄偨丅1998擭偵朘傟偨帪偵偼忛偼婛偵捵偝傟丄扤偵恞偹偰傕偦偺埵抲偡傜暘偐傜側偐偭偨丅僒僂僕偺峫屆妛攷暔娰挕偼夝愢摍偺娕斅傪棫偰傞帠摍偼傑偭偨偔偟側偄偵偣傛暥壔揑堚愓偵偼嶒傪傔偖傜偣偰棫偪擖傝嬛巭偵偟偰曐岇偟偰偄傞丅廃埻偺僯僢僞傾(Nitaa)丄僇儕儎 傾儖 僂儖儎(Qaryah Al Ulyah)丄儕僫(Linah)摍偑偦偺條偵曐岇偝傟偰偄傞偺偵偙偺價儔儖忛(Kasr Bilal)偼憡摉偵屆偐偭偨偺偵慡偔曐岇偝傟側偐偭偨偺傪晄巚媍偵巚偭偰偄偨丅僽儗乕儞晇嵢(Mr.& Mrs. Brain)偵傛傟偽乽僈僀儔儞壠(the House of Ghailan)敪徦偱偁傞僶僯 僸儔儖(Bani Hilal)懓偺庱挿偑壜垽偑偭偰偄偨價儔儖(Bilal)偲塢偆柤偺搝楆偑偄偨丅價儔儖偼閜閗岎堈偱戝偒側晉傪摼偰丄僇僗儖 價儔儖(Kasr Bilal)傪抸偄偨乿偲僔僃乕僋僗僺傾戝堁(Captain William Henry Irvine Shakespear)偼弎傋偰偄傞偲尵偆丅偦偺條偵搝楆偑抸偄偨偺偱偁傟偽曐岇偝傟側偄帠偵偁傞掱搙偼擺摼弌棃傞條側婥偑偡傞丅
僇僗儖 價儞 儔儅儞(Qasr bin Raman)丗 僇僗儖 價儞 儔儅儞忛偼1338擭偵戙乆僞僀儅(Tayma)偺椞庡偱偁偭偨儔儅儞堦懓(Al Raman)偑僞僀儅偵抸忛偟丄20悽婭偵擖偭偰僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偵暈廬偟偨丅忛偺擖傝岥偺戝偒側栘惢斷晅嬤偺抝梡偺廧嫃偼偐側傝峳傟偰偄傞偑拞掚傪嫴傫偩壠懓梡偺廧嫃偵偼愇偑傆傫偩傫偵巊傢傟偰偍傝丄曐懚忬懺傕椙偄丅壠懓梡廧嫃偺戜強偵偼彫偝側栘惢偺奪屗偑偁偭偰偦偙偐傜捈愙忛暻偺奜懁偵愝偗傜傟偨堜屗偐傜悈傪媯傒忋偘傜傟傞巇慻傒偵側偭偰嫃偨丅堜屗偑奜揋偵嫼偐偝傟堈偄忛奜偵壗屘嶌傜傟偰偄傞偺偐媈栤傪姶偠偨丅僇僗儖偺廃傝偼僫僣儊儎僔偺椦偲偦偺栘堿傪棙梡偟偨揱摑擾墍偵惉偭偰嫃偨偑崱偼僫僣儊儎僔傕從偐傟偰峳傟傞偵擟偝傟偰偄傞丅
僇僞僶 傾僽僪 傾儖-僇儕儉庱挿(Amir Qataba ibn Idris Ibn Mutaim ibn Abd al-Karim)丗 僸僕儏儔楋586擭乮惣楋1190擭乯偵攑巭偝傟偨杒傾僼儕僇恖偵懳偟偰峷偓暔偺尩偟偔庢傝棫偰傪嵞傃晩壽偟傛偆偲偟偨偑偦偺巰偱嵙愜偟偨丅
僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qataban)丗 僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qataban)偼僶僀僴儞宬扟(Baihan Valley)偵塰偊偨僀僄儊儞偺屆戙墹崙偺堦偮偱偁傝丄婭尦慜1000擭婜屻敿偵偍偗傞嵟傕戙昞揑撿傾儔價傾屆戙墹崙偱偁偭偨丅懠偺撿傾儔價傾偺墹崙偲摨偠條偵嵳抎(Atlar)偱悊偐傟傞擕崄(Frankincense)偲杤栻(Myrrh or Myrrha)偺岎堈偱戝偒側晉傪摼偰偄偨丅僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qataban)偺庱搒偼僥傿儉僫(Timna)偱偁傝丄僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadhramawt)丄僔僶墹崙(Sheba)偍傛傃儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)墹崙摍懠偺撿傾儔價傾屆戙墹崙傪捠傞岎堈楬偵埵抲偟偰偄偨丅僇僞僶乕儞墹崙偺庣岇恄偼廸晝傪堄枴偡傞傾儞儉(Amm)偱偁偭偨堊丄偦偺柉偼帺傜傾儞儉偺巕嫙払(Children of Amm)偲柤忔偭偰偄偨丅僇僞僶乕儞岅偼僇僞僶乕儞恖(Qatabanian)偑梡偄偨僔僶岅(Sabaean)偱偁傞丅
偙偺墹崙偼2悽婭偺屻敿偵偼僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙偵傛偭偰懏椞壔偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
僇僞儞(Qatan)丗 僫僕儔儞巗(Najran)偺杒嶳抧偺熆傟扟僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habounah)偺塃屢棳堟偵嵼傞晹棊偱偁傝丄偦偺柤偵偼乽柸嶌傝乿偲塢偆堄枴傕偁傞偑丄偙偺抧堟偵惃椡傪挘傞僇僢僞儞懓(Qattan)偵場傫偩抧柤偩偲巚傢傟傞丅偦偺捈偖忋棳偵偼杒傊偼儎僟儅乕(Yadamah)丄撿傊偼僒乕儖(Thar)傊偺暘婒偑嵼傝丄偝傜偵忋棳偵偼嶳娫偺擾懞偑嵼傞丅
僈乕僣嶳柆(Ghats)丗 僀儞僪偺僨僇儞崅尨(Decan)偺椉懁傪憱傞擇偮偺嶳柆偱搶僈乕僣嶳柆(Eastern Ghats)偍傛傃惣僈乕僣嶳柆(Western Ghats)偲塢偆丅
僈僢僒僯僪挬(Ghassanids)丗 乮僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)嶲徠乯丅
僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)丗 僈僢僒乕儞懓(Ghassanids)偼撿傾儔價傾偺僇僴僞儞晹懓(Qahatan Tribes)偺僇僴儔儞巟懓(Kahlan Branch)偺堦栧偱丄嶰悽婭巒傔偵僀僄儊儞乮Yemen乯偺儅儕僽(Ma乫rib)偐傜僔儕傾(Syria)撿晹偺壩嶳惈暯尨僴僂儔儞(Hauran)丄儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偍傛傃惞抧(Holy Land)乮僷儗僗僠僫偺抧乯偵堏廧偟丄偦偙偱僿儗僯僘儉壔偟偨儘乕儅恖堏廧幰(Hellenized Roman Settles)偍傛傃僊儕僔儍岅傪榖偡尨巒僉儕僗僩嫵搆廤抍偲崶堶娭學傪寢傫偩丅僴僂儔儞(Hauran)偵掕廧偟偨僕儍僼僫 僀僽儞 乪傾儉儖(Jafna ibn 乪Amr)偺堦懓偼僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanid)傪憂寶偟丄搚拝偺傾儔儉恖(Aramaeans)偐傜僉儕僗僩嫵傪庴偗擖傟偨丅儘乕儅恖(Romans)偼僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)傪儘乕儅椞傪怤偡懠偺儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偵懳偡傞娚徴抧懷偲偟偰摨柨傪寢傫偩丅抧棟揑偵偙偺墹崙偼僔儕傾(Syria)丄儗僶僲儞(Lenanon)偺僿儖儌儞嶳乮Mount Hermon乯丄儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偍傛傃僀僗儔僄儖(Israel) 偺戝晹暘傪愯傔偰偍傝丄偦偺埿岝偼晹懓摨柨傪夘偟偰杒僸僕儍乕僘(Northen Hijaz)偐傜偼傞偐撿偺尰嵼偺儊僨傿僫(Medina)偱偁傞儎僗儕僽(Yathrib)傑偱偵廧傓懠偺傾僘僪堦栧(Azds)偵媦傫偩丅乽儘乕儅峜掗僺儕僢僾僗 傾儔僽僗(Phillip the Arab, 244 to 249)偼僈僢僒乕儞懓(Ghassanids)偺弌偱偼側偄偐乿偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire)偼傕偭偲搶偵嫽枴傪帩偪丄儁儖僔傾(Persians)偲偺挿婜愴憟偑忢偵庡梫側娭怱帠偱偁偭偨丅僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)偼岎堈楬偺梚岇幰偲偟偰巟攝傪堐帩偟丄儀僪僂僀儞懓傪庢傝掲傑傝丄價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙棨孯偵暫戉傪嫙媼偟偰偄偨丅僈僢僒乕儞墹僴儕僗 僀僽儞 僕儍僶儔(al Harith ibn Jabalah, 529 - 569)偼僒僒儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Persia)偵懳峈偡傞價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙傪巟墖偟丄峜掗儐僗僥傿僯傾僰僗1悽(Justinian I or Justinian the Great, 527 - 565)偐傜惣楋529擭偵崙嫬晹懓崙壠偺巟攝幰(Phylarchs)偺徧崋傪梌偊傜傟偨丅僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)偼宱嵪揑偵斏塰偟偰偍傝丄儁儖僔傾(Persian)偲摨柨偟丄撿僀儔僋偲杒晹傾儔價傾偵攅尃傪帩偮僸乕儔(Hirah)偺儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)偵廫暘偵懳峈偟偰偄偨丅僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids)偼價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire)偺楆懏崙(Vassal State)偲偟偰幍悽婭偵惣楋636擭偺儎儖儌僂僋偺愴偄(Battle of Yarmouk)偺愴偄偺屻丄偦偺巟攝幰偑儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偵傛偭偰曵夡偝偣傜傟傞傑偱懕偄偨丅偙偺愴偄偱12,000恖偺僈僢僒乕儞懓傾儔僽(Ghassanid Arabs)偑儉僗儕儉(Muslims)懁偵怮曉偭偨丅僴儕僗 僀僽儞 傾價 僔儉儖(al Harith ibn ani Shimr)偺屻宲幰偱偁傞僕儍僶儔 僀僽儞 傾僀僴儉(Jabalah ibn-al-Aiham)偼巹摤偱僂儅儖 僀僽儞 僴僢僞乕僽(乪Umar ibn al Khattab, 592 - 644)偵敱偡傞條偵柦偠傜傟丄僀僗儔儉傪婞嫵(apostatize)偟偰價僓儞僥傿儞椞(Byzantine's Land)偵岦偐偭偨丅僈僢僒乕儞懓(Ghassanids)偺杦偳偑僉儕僗僩嫵傊偺怣嬄傪懕偗丄儗僶儞僩(Levant)偵棷傑偭偨丅僕儍僶儔(Jabalah)偲偍傛偦3枩恖偺僈僢僒乕儞懓(Ghassanids)偑僔儕傾杒晹傪棧傟丄怴偨側價僓儞僥傿儞崙嫬椞偵掕廧偟偨丅寶崙傪嫋偝傟側偐偭偨偑丄崅偄抧埵傪堐帩偟丄惣楋802擭偐傜813擭傑偱價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire)傪巟攝偟丄搶儘乕儅掗崙偺執戝偝傪暅尦偟偨僯働億儘僗 價僓儞僥傿儞挬(Nikephoros Byzantine Dynasty)偝偊傕惗傒弌偟偨丅
僇僢僞僽 儌僗僋(Al-Khattab Mosque)丗 僨儏乕儅僩 傾儖亅僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偺儅儕僪忛(Qasr Marid)偐傜挰傊偺擖傝岥偵愇嶌傝偺夞嫵帥堾忛偑偁傞丅偙偺夞嫵帥堾偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙撪偱嵟傕屆偔丄尵偄姺偊傞偲悽奅拞偱堦斣屆偄夞嫵帥堾偱偁傞偑丄壗搙傕壗搙傕廋暅偝傟尰嵼傕巊傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偺帥堾偵晅懏偡傞岝搩(Minaret)偼摿挜偺偁傞嵶偄僺儔儈僢僪宆傪偟偰偄傞丅
僇僢僠(Cutch)丗 僀儞僪惣晹偺媽廈僽僕(Bhuj)偱尰嵼偼僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)廈偺堦晹丅僇僢僠榩(the Gulf of Kutch)傪椪傓丅
僇僢僼傽峘(Caffa)丗 尰嵼偺僂僋儔僀僫嫟榓崙(Republic of Ukraine)僋儕儈傾敿搰(Crimea Peninsula)偵偁傞僼僃僆僪僔儎(Feodosia)偱偁傝丄婭尦慜6悽婭崰僊儕僔儍(Greeks)偺怉柉巗偲偟僥僪僔傾(Theodosia)偲偟偰寶愝偝傟丄崚暔傪桝弌偡傞廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偨丅僎儖儅儞柉懓(Germans)偺峌寕偱峳攑偟丄13悽婭廫帤孯偵傛偭偰價僓儞僠儞掗崙(Byzantine Empire)偑堦帪柵朣偟偨帪婜偵僕僃僲償傽(Republic of Genoa)偺巟攝傪庴偗丄僇僢僼傽峘(Caffa)偲夵徧偟偨丅18悽婭懸偮儘僔傾掗崙(Russian Empire)偵暪崌偝傟丄僼僃僆僪僔儎(Feodosiya)偲側偭偨丅
僇僢儔僋慏(Carrack)丗 14 - 15悽婭偺僗儁僀儞恖丒億儖僩僈儖恖偺晲憰僈儗僆儞(Galleon)彜慏丅
僈僢儖僗(Aelius Gallus)丗 乮僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)嶲徠丅乯
僇僥傿乕僼 僾儘僕僃僋僩(Qatif Project)丗 偙偺僾儘僕僃僋僩偼悽奅嵟戝偺尨桘惗嶻巤愝偺寶愝偱偁傝丄偙偺姰惉偱傾儔儉僐偼僇僥傿乕僼偵尨桘張棟検80枩僶儗儖/擔乮12.7枩棫曽暷/擔乯丄悘敽僈僗張棟検370mmcfd乮1,000枩棫曽暷/擔乯丄僐儞僨儞僙乕僩4枩僶儗儖/擔乮6愮棫曽暷/擔乯丄棸墿惗嶻検1,800僩儞/擔偺惗嶻擻椡傪曐桳偡傞丅
僇僨傿乕僽(Khediveh)丗 僆僗儅儞僩儖僐惌晎攈尛偺僄僕僾僩憤撀(1867擭偐傜1914擭偺娫)偺徧崋丅
僈僪僈僟乕(Al Qadqadah)丗 傾僔乕儖(Asir)偐傜嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)傊偲棳傟偰弌偨熆傟扟僴僽僫乕(Wadi Habunah)偺屆偄壨彴偼彫偝側嬍愇傗嵒棙偺尨傪堄枴偡傞僈僪僈僟乕(Al Qadqadah)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄偙偺熆傟扟偺忋棳堟偺傾僔乕儖嶳拞偵偼崱擔偱傕戝偒側僞儅儕僗僋(Tamarisk丄僊儑儕儏僂)偺孮惗偑偁傞丅
僈乕僫(Ghana)丗 尰嵼偺僈乕僫偼媽徧偼墿嬥奀娸(Gold Coast)偲塢偄丄僊僯傾榩娸偺塸楢朚偺崙偱19悽婭枛塸崙曐岇椞偵側傝丄20悽婭巒傔偵柉懓撈棫塣摦偑嫽傝丄1957擭撈棫丄60擭偵嫟榓崙偲側偭偨丅庡梫嶻昳偼僇僇僆偱懠偵嬥丄僟僀儎儌儞僪丄儅儞僈儞傪嶻偟丄柺愊23.8枩km2丄恖岥1,745枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼傾僋儔(Accra)丅枖丄僙僱僈儖(Senegal)搶晹丄儅儕(Mali)撿惣晹丄儌乕儕僞僯傾(Mauritania)撿晹摍僊僯傾(Guinea)榩偵椪傓傾僼儕僇惣娸偺堦抧曽偱尰嵼偺儅儕惣晹偵偵傑偨偑傞抧堟偵4 - 13悽婭偵塰偊偨暿柤僈乕僫(Gana)偲塢偆屆戙墹挬偑偁偭偨丅
僇僫僲傾(Cananore)丗 儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coast)偱僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)傛傝斂慏偱3擔娫偺峲奀暘杒偵埵抲偟偨峘挰偱丄16悽婭偵儅儔僶儖奀娸偺僐乕僠儞(Cochin)偍傛傃僑傾(Goa) 偲嫟偵偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偵弨偠傞崄恏椏杅堈峘偺1偮偱偁傝丄尰嵼偺働儔儔廈乮State of Kerala)僇儞僰乕儖乮Kannur)丅
僇僫僲乕儖墹崙(Kingdom of Cananor)丗 傾僼儕僇偐傜僀儞僪傊搉傞慏偼嵟弶偺棨抧偲偟偰僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺杒偵摪乆偲偟偨僨傿儕嶳(Mount Dilli)偡側偼偪僨儕嶳(Mount Dely)偑尒偨丅偙傟偼僀儞僪奀娸偺僇僫僲乕儖墹崙(the kingdom of Cananor)偵偁傞戝偒側嶳偱丄偙偺崙偺恖乆偼帺暘払偺尵梩偱僨儕僄儕乕嶳(Mount Delielly)丄偡側傢偪僱僘儈丄埥偄偼僨儕乕嶳(Mount Dely)偲屇傫偩丅偙傟偼偙偺嶳偵偼偙偺崙偺恖乆偑懞傪嶌傟側偄掱丄懡偔偺僱僘儈偑嫃偨堊偱偁傞丅
僇僫儕傾彅搰(Canaries)丗 傾僼儕僇杒惣娸壂偵偁傞彅搰偱丄僗儁僀儞偺帺帯廈傪側偟丄儔僗 僷儖儅僗(Las Palmas)偲僒儞僞僋儖僗丂僨 僥僱儕僼僃(Santa Cruz de Tenerife)偺2導偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽嬥帩偪墹儅僯儏僄儖偺擭戙婰乿丗 億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠僟儈傾儞 僨 僑僀僗(Damião de Gofs)偑1566擭偵弶斉杮弌斉丄暅崗斉偼僐僀儞僽儔(Coimbra)偱1949 - 1955擭偵弌斉偝傟偨(Crónica do Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel composta por Damião de Gois Nova edição conforme a primeira de 1566. Coimbra 1949 - 1955.)乿丅
僇僶悈堜屗(Khaba)丗 尰嵼偺僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾椞偺傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚撿惣晹偵嬤偄崙嫬抧懷僟僼傽儔(Dhafara)偺傎傏搶撿偺奜傟偵偁傞悈堜屗偱丄彮偟墫恏偄偑堸椏梡偵巊偊傞丅
僇僴僞儞懓(Qahtan)丗 僲傾(Noah)偺懅巕偺堦恖偱偁傞僇僴僞儞偺巕懛偲怣偠傜傟偰偄傞僇僴僞儞晹懓偼敿搰撿晹偱偼堦斒揑偱偲傝傢偗僀僄儊儞偍傛傃僆儅乕儞偺堦晹偵懡偄丅曻杚晹懓偲偼堎側傝丄僇僴僞儞(Qahtan) 懓偼堦掕偺抧堟偵掕廧偟惗妶婎斦傪帩偭偨擾柉偱偁傝丄偐偮偰偼撿傾儔價傾偺屆戙擾嬈暥柧傪嶌傝弌偟偨丅僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)懓偼撿傾儔價傾偺傾儔僽懓慡偰偺巒慶偱偁傝丄屻偵傾儔僽壔偟偨乫傾僪僫儞('Adnan)傑偱壠宯傪慿傞杒晹偺傾儔僽懓偲柧妋偵嬫暿偝傟傞丅傾儔僽懓偺偙偺嬫暘偼嫲傜偔撿惣傾儔價傾偺掕廧峩嶌幰偲拞墰偍傛傃杒晹傾儔價傾偺梀杚柉偲偺娫偺擇暘壔偵斀塮偝傟丄撿惣晹偺屆戙撿僙儈岅傪榖偡晹懓偲杒晹傾儔價傾偺傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨曽尵傪榖偡晹懓偺娫偱偺尵岅揑嬫暘傪巚偄弌偝偣傞丅僇僴僞儞(Qahtan) 懓偼僸儉儎乕儖(Himyar)懓偲僇僴儔儞(Kahlan)懓偵戝暿偝傟傞丅庡側僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)懓偵懏偡傞晹懓偲偟偰偼僋僟傾乪傾懓(Qudaa乫a(t))丄傾僘僪懓(Al-乪Azd乯丄僈僢僒乕儞懓(Gassaan)丄儔僋儉懓(Lakhm)丄僉儞僟(Kinda(t))丄傾儚僗懓(Al 乪Awas)丄僇僘儔僕懓(Al Khazraj)丄僞僀僀懓(Tay乫)乮僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)乯丄僴儉僟傾儞懓(Hamdaan)摍偑嫇偘傜傟傞丅
僈僴儖嶳 (Jibal Alqahr)丗 傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)撪棨晹偵偁傞乽惂埑乿偲偺堄枴傪帩偮柤傪晅偗傜傟偨偺嶳偱丄杒偵偁傞摨柤偺嶳偲偱熆傟扟僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)偲偺娫傪幷傞嶳椗傪惉偟偰偄傞丅偙偺嶳傪尮棳偲偟偰熆傟扟僫乪傾儉(Wadi Na乫am)偑杒傊偲摨柤偺嶳曽柺偵壓偭偰偍傝丄偙偺嶳偺撿偱偼100枩擭慜埲忋傾僠儏儕傾儞(Acheulean)暥柧偺堚愓偑尒晅偐偭偰偄傞丅
僇價乕儖 僶僋 傾儞儅乕儖 僓乕儖僇僔(Khabir Bak al-Ammar al-Djarkasi)丗 僸僕儏儔楌917擭(1511 -1512)偺崰偺儊僢僇(Mecca)偺庱挿乮僶僔儏(Bash)乯丅
僇僼(Kaf)丗 僣儔僀僼(Turaif)偐傜栺130km偱僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)傊20km曈傝偺壩嶳偺榌偵戝偒側嵲(Qasr)偑尒偊偰偔傞丅愢柧彂偒偵1338擭寶憿偲婰偝傟偰偄傞丅嵲(Qasr)偺墱偵憡摉戝偒側廤棊偱偁偭偨偲巚傢傟傞攑嫊偑僫僣儊儎僔偺栘堿偵暲傫偱偄傞丅偙偺攑懞偲嵲(Qasr)偐傜挿墌宆偵壓偭偰偄傞壩嶳偺愗傝棫偭偨悶偺娫傪敳偗僒僽僴(Sabkha)偵弌偰峴偔丅偦偺僒僽僴(Sabkha)偐傜偼挿墌宆偺戜抧偺條側壩嶳偑婔偮傕棫偪忋偑偭偰偄傞丅偙偺僒僽僴偑熆傟扟僔乕儖僴儞(Wad`il Sirhan)偑僴僢儔僩 傾儖 儔僕儖梠娾抧懷(Harrat Al-Rajil)偲傕屇偽傟傞僴僢儔梠娾抧懷(Harrat Al Harrah)偲椬愙偟偰偄傞応強偺條偩丅
僇僼僕(Al Khafji)丗 傾儔價傾愇桘乮姅乯偑1960擭偵寶愝偟偨峼嬈強偑偁偭偨傾儔價傾榩娸杒晹偺僋僂僃僀僩(Kuwait)崙嫬偺挰偱丄搶晹廈偺揱摑揑側廤棊偱偼側偄丅
僇僼僞儞(Caftan丄Kaftan)丗 僩儖僐恖丒傾儔價傾恖側偳偺拝傞懷偺晅偄偨挿懗偺挿堖丅
僈僽儕僄儖(Angel Gabriel)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵偱偼揤巊僈僽儕僄儖偼僕僽儕乕儖(Jibril)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅僀僗儔儉嫵偱偼僕僽儕乕儖偑傾僢儔乕僼(Allah)偺柦傪庴偗丄梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偵亀僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)亁傪傕偨傜偟偨偲偝傟傞偨傔丄僕僽儕乕儖偼揤巊偺拞偱嵟崅埵偲偝傟傞丅610擭崰丄僸儔乕嶳偺摯孉(Cave of Hira)偱儉僴儞儅僪偑嵋憐偟偰偄傞帪丄揤偐傜戝揤巊僕僽儕乕儖偑尰傟丄僀僗儔儉嫵偺惞揟僋儖傾乕儞偺孾帵偑巒傑偭偨偲揱偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偦傟偐傜擇廫嶰擭娫丄僕僽儕乕儖偼儉僴儞儅僪偺尦傪搙乆朘傟丄僋儖傾乕儞偺孾帵傪慡偰庼偗偰偄偭偨丅僀僗儔儉嫵偺揱彸偵傛傞偲丄儉僴儞儅僪偼偁傞栭僕僽儕乕儖偵婲偙偝傟丄梼傪帩偮僽儔乕僋偲屇偽傟傞摦暔偵傑偨偑傝丄僕僽儕乕儖偵摫偐傟偰僄儖僒儗儉偺栭偺嬻偺椃偵弌傞丅偦偙偱儉僴儞儅僪偼揤崙偲塅拡傪朘傟丄慡偰偺梐尵幰偵弌夛偄丄斵傜偲嫟偵楃攓傪峴偄丄偦偺屻嵞傃僽儔乕僋偵忔傝丄儊僢僇傊偲栠偭偰偒偨丅僀僗儔儉偺揱彸偱偼丄僕僽儕乕儖偼僴僈儖(Hagar)偲僀僔儏儅僄儖(Ishmael)偑峳栰偱巰偵偐偗偰偄偨帪偵丄斵傜偺偨傔偵寛偟偰尭傞偙偲偺側偄堜屗傪儊僢僇偵孈偭偨丅傑偨丄僕僽儕乕儖偼624擭僶僪儖偺愴偄(Battle of Badr)偵偍偄偰丄儉僴儞儅僪偲斵偺棪偄傞僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺孯惃偲嫟偵丄斀僀僗儔儉嫵偺愴巑偨偪傪憡庤偵愴偄彑棙傪摫偄偨偲偄傢傟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僇儃償僃儖僨彅搰(Cape Verde Islands)丗 惣傾僼儕僇偺僙僱僈儖惣曽奀忋偺彅搰乮39枩乯丄1975擭偵僇儃償僃儖僨嫟榓崙偲偟偰億儖僩僈儖偐傜撈棫丄庱搒偼僾儔僀傾(Praia)丅
僇儃僠儍丗 栰嵷偲偟偰峀偔嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞僂儕壢怉暔偺憤徧(Squash)偱偁傞丅
僈儃儞(Gabon)丗 傾僼儕僇拞晹偺僊僯傾榩偵椪傒丄1910擭暓椞愒摴傾僼儕僇偺堦晹偱偁偭偨偑丄1960擭偵僼儔儞僗偐傜撈棫偟偨丅尨桘嶻弌崙偱柺愊26.7枩km2丄恖岥150枩恖(1996)丄庱搒偼儖乕僽儖償傿儖(Liberville)偱丄僈儃儞愳(Gabon River or Gabon Estuary)偺杒惣晹偵埵抲偡傞丅
僈儃儞愳(Gabon River or Gabon Estuary)丗 僊僯傾榩(Gulf of Guinea))偵棳擖偡傞僈儃儞杒惣晹偵偁傞挿偔峀偄壨岥晹偱僐儌愳(River Komo)偍傛傃僄儀愳(Riber Ebe)偑棳傟崬傫偱偄傞丅丅
僇儅僔乕儞(Khamasin)丗 乽擬偄撿偐傜偺婫愡晽乿偺堄枴偱丄偙偺婫愡晽偼嵒棐傪敽偆偙偲偑懡偄丅寖偟偄僇儅僔乕儞偱偺嵒棐偺拞偱傕燇燆梡偺悈嶵偒傪峴偭偰偄傞條側熆傟扟僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi ad Dawasir)偺忬嫷偱偼偦偺拞怱偺挰偵偙偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞棟桼偑暘偐傞傛偆側婥偑偡傞丅
僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)丗 乽儉僔儍僀僩懓偺栘梛偺巗乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偨傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)戞2偺巗偱偁傞丅埲慜偵乽壩梛巗乿偲婰弎傪岆偭偨偺偱偍榣傃偟偰掶惓偡傞丅孯帠婎抧傕偁傞偑崱偱傕傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)傪娷傓撿惣僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺彜嬈偺拞怱偱偁傝丄峴惌偺廈搒傾僽僴(Abha)偲懳傪惉偟偰嫃傞丅
僇儅儔儞搰(Kamaran)丗 傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquelque)偼1513擭3寧偵傾僨儞(Aden)傪廝偭偨偑丄偙偺巗偼傾儖儃働儖働偑梊憐偟偰偄偨埲忋偵寴屌偱丄杊屼偝傟偰偍傝丄傾儖儃働儖働偺峌寕偼寕戅偝傟偨丅偙偺幐攕偱暜奡偟偨傾儖儃働儖働偼搑拞偱弌夛偆傾儔價傾慏傪擱傗偟丄柍杊旛偺曔椄傪敧偮楐偒偵偡傞摍偺巆媠峴堊傪峴偄側偑傜峠奀偵擖偭偨偑丄偙偺婋尟側悈堟偺抦幆偵寚偗丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵偼摓払弌棃偢丄僇儅儔儞搰(Kamaran Island)傊擖峘偟偨丅偦偙偱偼昦婥丄愴摤丄斶嶴側婥岓偍傛傃塰梴晄椙摍偱懡偔偺忔慻堳傪幐偭偨丅偦偺帪丄傾儖儃働儖働偼儁儕儉搰(the island of Perim)傪扵嶕偟偨偑丄偦偺棟憐揑側埵抲偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄悈偼慡偔柍偔丄梫嵡偲偟偰偼晄廫暘偱偁傞帠偑暘偐偭偨丅傾僨儞偺栠偭偨傾儖儃働儖働偼偙偺挰偑埲慜偵傕憹偟偰嫮屌偵杊岇偝傟偰偄傞偺傪尒偰丄擇夞栚偺峌寕偼峴傢偢丄嵟廔揑偵僀儞僪傊偲墶抐偟偨丅1515擭偵儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)偺娡戉偼僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)偺娡戉傪暪崌偟帺暘払傊偺柦椷傪姰椆偡傞堊偵僕僢僟傪弌敪偟偨丅斵摍偺嵟弶偺栚昗偼億儖僩僈儖恖払(Lusitanians)傊偺愴憟偺慜彛婎抧偲偟偰偺僀僄儊儞偺惇暈偱偁傝丄偦偟偰愴棯揑偵廳梫側傾僨儞(Aden)偑屻偵婏廝(coup-de-main)偟偰斀峈偟側偄條偵惇暈偡傞帠偱偁偭偨丅戞堦抜奒偲偟偰丄僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼僇儅儔儞(Kamaran)偵忋棨偟丄偙偺搰偵梫嵡傪抸偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偺峴偭偨僀僄儊儞偱偺慡偰偺愴摤偼彑棙偟偨拞偱丄傾僨儞偼忛暻偑朇寕偱栚偵尒偊傞掱偵傕懝彎偟偰偄傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄斵摍偺峌寕傪戅偗偨丅儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偼1517擭4寧16擔偵僕僢僟奀堟傪弌峲偟偰僇儔儅儞(Karaman)傊偲峲峴偟偨丅儘億 僜傾儗僗偼僇儔儅儞偱儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk)偺梫嵡傪揚嫀偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偙偺峳椓偲搰偺斶嶴側廻攽偺拞偱僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞(the Prester John)傊偺戝巊偺巜柤傪庴偗偨僪儞 僪僁傾乕僥 僈儖僶儞(Dom Duarte Galvão)傪娷傓懡偔偺億儖僩僈儖恖払偑昦婥偲婹偊偵搢傟丄堦曽偱偦偺拞偺17柤偑曔椄偲偟偰僕僢僟偵楢傟嫀傜傟偨丅
僇儊儖乕儞(Cameroons)丗 傾僼儕僇拞晹丄僊僯傾榩(Gulf of Guinea)墱偵偁傝丄塸楢朚偵懏偡尦僪僀僣椞丄戞堦師戝愴屻塸暓偺怣戸摑帯椞傪宱偰丄1960擭偵暓椞丄1972擭塸椞傕撈棫楢崌嫟榓崙寢惉偟1984擭偵僇儊儖乕儞偲夵徧丄柺愊47.5枩km2丄恖岥1,604枩恖(2004)丄庱搒偼儎僂儞僨(Yaoundé)丅
僇儌儞僀僗(Camões)丗 儖僀僘 償傽僘 僨 僇儌儞僀僗(Luiz Vaz de Camões, c. 1524/1525 - 1580)丄億儖僩僈儖偺帊恖偱1572擭偵戝彇帠帊乽僂僗儖僕乕傾僟僗乮僂僘 儖僕傾僟僗乯(the Lusiads or Os Lusiadas)乿傪彇弎偟偨丅乽僂僗儖僕乕傾僟僗(the Lusiads)偼億儖僩僈儖恖偺堄枴偱偁傝丄僇儌儞僀僗(Camões)偑嶌偭偨億儖僩僈儖偺垽崙揑側偙偺戝彇忣帊偱偼僀儞僪峲楬偺敪尒傗償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偺戞堦夞墦惇傪拞怱偵億儖僩僈儖峲奀幰偺朻尟偑暔岅傜傟偰偄傞乮10曇99帊嬪乯"Gidá, que ihe fallece agua das fontes doce, r cystallina. "Jiddah, scant-supplied - with fountain water sweet and crystalline"丅
僈儔僔儏(Garash)丗 僈儔僔儏(Garash)偼塸岅偵偼Jarash偲傕揮幨偝傟傞丅僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)偺撿惣20 km偵偁傞傾僴僪 儔僼傿僟乕(Ahad Rufaidah)偺峏偵7丄8 km撿惣偺儚僨傿 價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺撿娸偵偁傞僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)偵偼11悽婭崰傑偱僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜偺弰楃岎堈楬偺廳梫側嫆揰偱偁偭偨僀僗儔儉埲慜傗僀僗儔儉弶婜傑偱偺愇憿傝偺嫄戝寶憿暔偺堚峔傗揇嶌傝偺廧嫃愓偑巆偭偰嫃傞丅乽偙偺僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)偺僴儉儅乕嶳(Jabal Hamumah)偺朤偵僔僃僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba)偑僜儘儌儞墹(King Solomon)偵夛偆偨傔偺摴拞偱偺栰塩抧偱偁偭偨價儖僊僗(Bilqis)偑偁偭偨乿偲偙偺抧曽偱偼怣偠傜傟偰偄傞丅
僈儔搝楆(Galla Slaves)丗 岆偭偰傾價僔僯傾恖(Abyssinians)搝楆偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄僈儔(Galla)偼僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)嵟戝偺僆儘儌懓(Oromo)偺曁徧偱偁傞丅僄僠僆僺傾偱偺憗婜偺嬤戙崙壠偲塢傢傟傞僇僢僼傽墹崙(Kingdom of Kaffa, c.1390–1897)偼嬥偲阬崄桘(Civet Oil)偲搝楆岎堈傪宱嵪偺婎斦偲偟偰偄偨丅
僇儔 儉僗僞僼傽 僷僔儍(Kara Mustafa Pasha)丗 僩儖僐偺戝嵣憡(Grand Vizier) 僇儔 儉僗僞僼傽 僷僔儍(Kara Mustafa Pasha, ca 1635 - 1683)偼1676擭偐傜1683擭傑偱僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵晪擟偟丄偙偺巗偺搶偵偁傞堜屗偐傜惔悈傪塣傇憲悈娗丄怴偟偄僇儞(Khan)乮戉彜廻(caravanserai)乯丄怴偟偄僴儞儅僢儉(hummam)乮岞嫟梺応乯偍傛傃儌僗僋(mosque)乮夞嫵帥堾乯傪惍旛偟偨丅
僇儔儉僶僋(Odoriferous Kalambac)丗 敀抙 (the sandal wood)偲嫟偵僀儞僪偐傜塣偽傟偰棃傞偦偺懠偺悢庫(rosaries)偺嵽椏偺堦庬偱朏崄偑偁傞丅
僇乕儖儎僩 僼傽僂(Qaryat al-Faw)丗 偙偺堚愓偼僫僕儔儞乮Najran乯偺杒杒搶289 km偱儚僨傿 傾儖乕僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi al-Dawasir)偺撿80 km偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅偙偺忛嵡搒巗偼閜閗戉彜楬偵婭尦慜200擭偐傜婭尦200擭崰偵塰偊偨僉儞僟乕懓(Kinder)偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨丅偙偙偱桾暉側晹懓搒巗偺惛岻側堚峔偑媨揳丄帥堾丄杊屼暻丄擇奒寶偰偺僗乕僌(Suq丄巗応)丄1 km x 2 km偺峀偝偺廧嫃抧嬫丄堜屗孮偲燇燆偝傟偨戝偒側擾墍偲壥庽墍偑嫟偵敪孈偝傟偨丅偙偺堚峔堚愓偼婭尦慜擇悽婭偐傜抶偔偲傕婭尦屲悽婭偺帪戙偺傕偺偲巚傢傟傞丅僈儔僗丄曮愇丄嬥懏嵶岺丄怐暔偺愗傟抂丄栘岺嵶岺丄惵摵丄愇憸丄旇暥傗暻夋傕弌搚偟丄壿暭傑偱拻憿偟偰偄偨偙偺嵐敊搒巗偺帩偭偰嫃偨崅搙側暥柧傪徹柧偟偰偄傞丅
僇儖儘 傾儖儀儖僩 僫儕僲(Carlo Alberto Nallino)丗 尰戙埲慜(Premodern)偺帪戙偱偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾傊偺嵟屻偺朘栤幰偼僫儕僲偱偁偭偨丅僫儕僲偼僀僞儕傾恖(Italian)偱儘乕儅戝妛(University of Rome)偺傾儔價傾岅嫵庼偱偁傝丄1938擭偵柡偺儅儕傾(Maria)偲嫟偵傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘墹(King Abdulaziz)偺彽懸媞偲偟偰僒僂僕傾儔價傾傪朘栤偟丄朙偐偱執戝側擻椡傪帩偭偰僞乕僀僼(Taif)傗僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)摍偵偮偄偰偺旕忢偵嫽枴偁傞撪梕傪徻嵶偵傢偨偭偰挊弎偟偨丅儅儕傾偼嵟廔揑偵摨戝妛偺傾儔價傾尵岅偺媍挿傪堷宲偓丄晝僫儕僲偺巰屻丄偦偺挊弎傪乽岞奐暥復偲旕岞奐暥復偺廚廤(a Raccolta di scritti editi ed inediti)乿偲偟偰曇廤偟丄1939擭偐傜1948擭偵僀僞儕傾 僆儕僄儞僩嫤夛(Istituto Italiano per I'Oriente)偐傜弌斉偟偨丅偦偺廚廤偺弶姫偑乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾(L'Arabia Sa'udiana)乿偱偁傝丄M. 僫儕僲(Maria Nallino)偼尨暥傪曇嶽偟丄僕僃僢僟偵嫃偨傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘墹偵墆尒偡傞搑拞偱僞乕僀僼偲偦偺廃曈傪朘栤偡傞嫋壜傪摼偨晝僫儕僲偑儅僢僇(Makkah)傪捠傜偢偵僞乕僀僼(Taif)偲僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偺2偮偺巗偺娫偱扝傜側偗傟偽側傜側偐偭偨峴掱傪愢柧偟偰偄傞恾摍傪昤偒捈偟偰1939擭偵儘乕儅偱弌斉偟偨丅
僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)丗 僀儞僪撿惣晹働儔儔(Kerala)廈偺儅儔僶乕儖(Malabar)奀娸偵偁傞峘榩搒巗乮恖岥45枩乯偱怉柉抧帪戙儓乕儘僢僷杅堈乮搶惣杅堈乯偺廳梫側婎抧偱偁偭偨丅1498擭僶僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偼偙偺抧偺杒栺25km偺抧揰偵忋棨偟偨丅枖丄柧偺揂榓偺嫆揰偱傕偁偭偨丅偐偮偰偼僉儍儔僐(calico)偺嶻抧偱偁偭偨偑丄帺慠偺峘偑柍偔丄嬤戙揑側慏偼擖峘弌棃偢丄偦偺忋丄孞傝曉偟攋夡偝傟偨偺偱丄崱偱偼僐乕僕僐乕僪(Kozhikode)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞彫偝側峘偵奿壓偘偝傟偰偄傞丅
僇儕僼(Caliph)丗 僴儕乕僼傽(Khalifa)偲傕揮幨偝傟傞僀僗儔儉悽奅偺嵟崅尃埿幰偺徧崋丅僇儕僼偼偁偔傑偱梐尵幰偺戙棟恖偵夁偓側偄偨傔丄僀僗儔儉偺嫵媊傪嵍塃偡傞廆嫵揑尃尷傗僋儖傾乕儞乮僐乕儔儞乯傪撈抐揑偵夝庍偟偰棫朄偡傞尃尷傪帩偨偢丄偐傢傝偵偙傟傜偼僂儔儅乕(Ulma乫)払乮抦幆恖丒惞怑幰乯偺崌堄偵傛偭偰曗傢傟丄偨偩僀僗儔乕儉嫟摨懱偺峴惌傪摑妵偟丄怣搆偵僀僗儔乕儉偺媊柋傪弲庣偝偣傞栶妱偟偐帩偨側偄丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僇儕僼傽(Kalifa)丗 僇儕僼傽偺婰榐偵婎偯偒僨儏傾儖僩 僶乕儖儃僒(Duarte Barbosa)偲僶儘僗(João de Barros)偼僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺梫嵡(1514)偲僕僢僟偺忛暻偑摨偠帪婜偵寶愝偝傟偨偲偺悇榑偺崻嫆偵偟偰偄傞丅
僈儕乕僽 僄僼僃儞僨傿 價儞 儉僒乪僄僪(Sharif Ghalib Efendii bin Musa'ed)丗 僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif Ghaleb)嶲徠丅
僇儕儊乕儖枽(Calimere)丗 僀儞僪撿搶娸僞儈儖 僫僪僁(Tamil Nadu)廈搶晹偺億乕僋(Palk)奀嫭偵椪傓枽丅
僇儕儖 僓僸儕(Khalil al-Zahiri)丗
嬤尰戙偵偍偗傞挊幰偱乽僘僽僟 僇僔儏僼 儅儅儕僋(Zubdat Kashf al- mamalik)乿傪幏昅丄摨彂偼P. 儔償傽僀僢僔(P. Ravaisse)偑曇廤偟1894擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乮KHALIL AL-ZAHIRI Zubdat Kashf al-mamalik
er. by P. Ravaisse,
僇儕儞(Al-Qarin)丗 儊僢僇偲僕儏僢僟偺娫偺悈応丅
僇乕儖僉乕儖(Al Kharkhir)丗 嬻敀抧懷偺杒堒19亱搶宱51亱晅嬤偵僴乕儖僸乕儖(Kharkheer)偲塢偆柤偺彫偝側晹棊偑偁傝丄偦偺応強偼嬻敀抧懷嵐敊傪嫴傫偱僴儔僟(Haradh)偺撿偵懳洺偟丄僆儅儞椞撪偺僒僫僂(Sanaw)傗儔儈傾僩 傾僀儅乕(Ramiat Aymah)偐傜嵎傎偳墦偔柍偄応強偱偁傞丅2000擭僕僃僟忦栺(the 2000 Jeddah Treaty) 偱僀僄儊儞偲崙嫬偑妋掕偟丄偙偺僇乕儖僉乕儖(Al kharkhir)偑僒僂僕椞偲側偭偨丅偙傟偵敽偄丄僫僕儔儞廈偺僔儍儘僂儔(Sharourah)偐傜僇乕儖僉乕儖傑偱偺嵐敊偑搶晹廈偐傜暘棧偝傟丄僇乕儖僉乕儖導(Al kharkhir governorate)偲偟偰僫僕儔儞廈偵暪崌偝傟偨丅偙偺堊丄僫僕儔儞廈偺柺愊偼140,000暯曽km偐傜栺360,000暯曽km偵憹壛偟偨丅僴儔僟乮Haradh乯偐傜2000擭埲崀偵嶌傜傟偨曑憰摴楬偑嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)傪撿傊儎僽儕乕儞乮Yabrin乯傊偺摴偲傎傏暯峴偟偰偦偺搶偵墑傃偰偍傝丄摴楬榚偺昗幆偵偼乽偙偺摴偼150 km峴偭偰峴偒巭傑傝乿偲昞帵偝傟偰偄偨丅偙偺摴楬傪撿壓偟偰僟儞儅儞揝摴撿慄傪墇偊偨曈傝偵暿偺摴楬昗幆偑偁傝僉儞(Khin)傊93 km丄僂儉 傾僗儔乕(Um Athlah)傊107 km丄僴乕儖僸乕儖(Kharkheer丄Khirkhir)傊620 km偲婰偝傟偰偄傞丅僩儗僀儖偑堦偮曑憰摴楬偺廔揰偺嬤偄攑婞偝傟偨媼桘強偺偁傞僔儍儚儔乕(Shawalah)偐傜嬻敀抧懷抧懷搶晹偺拞怱晹偵億僢僣儞偲堦偮偁傞屒棫偟偨廤棊傾儖 僂僶僀儔乕(Al Ubaylah)傪捠偭偰僴乕儖僸乕儖(Kharkheer)傑偱捠偠偰偄傞條偩丅摴楬偼僴儔僟偐傜15 km撿偱儚僨傿 僒僴僶乫傪搉傞丅儚僨傿偵増偭偰堦偮枖堦偮偲僫僔儑僫儖擾嬈奐敪夛幮(NADEC)偺墌宍擾応偑暲傫偱偄傞丅傕偆堦偮偺摴楬昗幆偑儚僨傿偺撿10 km埵偵棫偭偰嫃傝僉儞(Khin)傊81 km丄僂儉 傾僗儔乕(Um Athlah)傊95 km丄僴乕儖僸乕儖(Kharkheer)傊608 km偲婰偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偙偐愭偵偼椢抧懷偼柍偄偟摴楬榚偺揹慄傕偙偙偱廔傢偭偨丅偙偙偐傜撿偑傑偝偵嬻敀抧懷偱偁傞丅
僇儖僕(Al Kharj)丗 僇儖僕(Al Kharj)偼儕儎僪偺撿搶80 km偵峀偑傞僆傾僔僗偱丄僒僂僕崙撪偱偼椢偺徾挜偲惉偭偰偄傞丅儚僨傿 僒僴僶乫(Wadi Sahba)偺嶰偮偺巟棳儚僨傿 僯僢僒乕(Wadi Nissah)丄儚僨傿 僴僂僞乕(Wadi Hawtah) 偍傛傃儚僨傿 價儖僋(Wadi Birk)偑儕儎僪偺撿150km埵偺斖埻偱僩儚僀僌奟抧(Jabal Tuwayq)傪杒偐傜弴偵偦傟偧傟搶惣偵愗傝捠偟偰嫃傝丄偦傟傜偺棳傟偼僇儖僕(Kharj)偱崌棳偟丄峏偵僩儚僀僌奟抧偺搶懁傪杒偐傜棳傟崬傫棃偨儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah)傕僇儖僕忋棳偱巟棳偺儚僨傿 僯僒乕(Wadi Nisah)偵崌棳偡傞丅偙偺堊丄偙偺僆傾僔僗偵偼抧昞悈(Surface Water)偑朙晉偵嫙媼偝傟丄愄偐傜朙偐側椢偑堢傑傟偰偒偨丅乽偙偺條偵婔偮偐偺熆傟扟偑廤傑傞偙偺僆傾僔僗偺宍偐傜埰戃偲塢偆堄枴偺柤偑偙偺挰偵晅偗傜傟偨乿偲巹偵偼巚偊傞丅
僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)丗 僆僂僌僗僩僁僗偺柦椷偱儘乕儅偺僄僕僾僩憤撀僈儖僗(the Perfect of Egypt, Aelius Gallus)偺巜婗壓偵嫮椡側墦惇孯偑弨旛偝傟丄僈儖僗孯偼撿僀僄儊儞偲僪僼傽乕儖偺朏崄怉暔惗嶻抧懷偵怤擖偟廬懏偝偣傞栚揑偱婭尦慜24擭偵僀僄儞儃偺杒偺廳梫側杅堈偺拞怱抧儗僂働 僐儊偵忋棨偟偨丅僊儕僔傾楌巎壠僗僩儔儃(Strabo)偼偦偺挊彂乽抧棟妛(the Geography of Strabo)乿偺拞偱乽僄僕僾僩憤撀僈僢儖僗偺傾僔乕儖墦惇乮The Expedition to Arabia Felix乯乿傪徻偟偔徯夘偟偰偄傞丅
僇儖僟儌儞(Cardamon)丗 僇儖僟儌儞偼僔儑僂僈壢偺懡擭憪偱尨嶻抧偼僀儞僪丒儅儗乕偱偁傝丄擔杮柤偼彫摛蔲乮偟傚偆偢偔乯偲尵偆丅妛柤偼Amomum cardamon偱偁傝丄崅偝偼2乣3m偵払偟丄梩偼斺恓宍偱儈儑僂僈偵帡丄壴宻偼崻惗偟梩偑偮偐偢丄壺偼棔怓偺怬宍偱丄壴屻丄麢壥乮偝偔偐乯傪寢傇丅幚偼1.5cm掱搙偺挿懭墌宍偱3%偺婗敪惢桘傪娷傒丄庬巕偑12乣20屄擖偭偰偄傞丅奜旂乮椢怓偺晹暘乯偵偼傎偲傫偳崄枴偑側偔丄拞偺庬巕偺崄傝偑嫮偔丄従擼偵帡偨朏崄偱丄巋寖惈偺偁傞夣偄枴偵摿挜偑偁傞丅僀儞僪偺桳柤側崄恏椏偱桪傟偨朏崄惈寬堓栻偱傕偁傝丄僀儞僪丒僙僀儘儞偱嵧攟偝傟偨丅嫮偄朏崄偑偁傞偺偱嫺廘嵻傗岥峯惔椓嵻摍偵傕巊傢傟丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼偳偙偺壠掚丄寎昽娰丄儗僗僩儔儞丄悈僞僶僐媔拑壆乮僔僔儍乕乯偱傕忢旛偟偰偄傞丅
Cartography丗抧恾嶌惢丅
僇儖僫乕僞僇廈(Karnataka)丗 傾儔價傾奀偺儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coarst)偵柺偟偨廈偱廈搒偼媽徧儅僀僜乕儖(Mysore)偺僶儞僈儘乕儖(Bangalore)丅
僇儖僶儔(Karbalā)丗 働儖儀儔(Kerbela)偲傕塢偆丅僀儔僋拞晹偺巗偱僔乕傾攈偺惞抧丄恖岥30枩丅
僈儖僼(Gulph)丗 傾儔價傾榩乮儁儖僔傾榩乯丅
僇乕儖儅僥傿傾攈乮僇儖儅僩攈乯(Qarmatians)丗 9悽婭偺屻敿偵傾僢僶乕僗挬巟攝(Abbasid control)偼曵夡偟巒傔丄僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偼條乆側斀懱惂塣摦偱堷偒楐偐傟偨丅斀懱惂偺懡偔偼僀僗儅僀儖攈楈姶(the Ismailites from Hosain al-Ahwaz)偱偁偭偨丅僀儔僋偐傜婲偙偭偨偦偺條側塣摦偺堦偮偑搶傾儔價傾偵掕拝偟偨丅僇乕儖儅僥傿傾攈乮僇儖儅僩攈乯(Qarmatians)偲偟偰抦傜傟丄斵摍偺弶戙偺僴僢僒儞丒僇儖儅僩(Hassan Qarmat)偑巜摫幰偵惉偭偨屻丄惣楋899擭偵僇僥傿乕僼(Qatif)傪愯嫆偟丄僓儔(Zara)傪從偒丄偦偟偰僴僕儍乕儖(Hajar)偺峌棯偵岦偐偭偨丅偦偺屻丄僇乕儖儅僥傿傾(Qarmatians)偼偦偺揱摴巘傾僽丒僒僀僪丒傾儖-僕儍儞僫價(Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi)偺壓偵偦偺庱搒傪傾儖-僴僒(al Hasa)偺挰偵抲偒丄偙偺僆傾僔僗偺屆偄挰僴僕儍乕儖(Hajar)偁傞偄偼偦偺彮偟奜懁傪怴偨側崻嫆抧偵帩偮丄偟偭偐傝偲慻怐偝傟偨崙憿傝偵拝庤偟偨丅奀娸抧懷偲撪棨傪嬞枾偵寢傃偮偗丄撿僫僕僪偐傜搶晹廈偵嵟嬤堏摦偟偰棃偨晹懓偺巟墖傪摼偰僇乕儖儅僥傿傾儞崙(the Qarmatian state)偼偦偺巟攝偲塭嬁傪僀儔儞傗僀儔僋撿晹偵峀偘偨丅傾儖-僴僒(al-Hasa)偺僇乕儖儅僥傿傾悐戅(Qarmatian decline)偼杒傊偺僙儖僕儏乕僋丒僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks, 1038 - 1194 AD)偺戜摢偲摨帪偵婲偒偨丅11悽婭偵僙儖僕儏乕僋丒僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks)偼媫懍偵偦偺巟攝傪僀儔儞丄僀儔僋偍傛傃僔儕傾杒晹偵妋棫偟偨丅惣楋1073擭偵僴僒丒僆僒僔僗(Hasa Oasis)杒晹偺僂儐儞(乪Uyun)弌恎偺傾僽僪丒傾儖-僇僀僗懓(the 'Abd al-Qays)偺儕乕僟乕偺堦恖偑僙儖僕儏乕僋丒僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks)偺巟墖傪摼偰丄僇乕儖儅僥傿傾(Qarmatians)傪懪偪攋傝丄墹挬傪庽棫偟偨丅偦偺僂儐僯僪墹挬('Uyunids, 1073 – 1253 AD)偼惣楋1253擭傑偱巟攝傪懕偗偨丅
僇儖儅僯傾偲僎僪儘僔傾(Carmania and Gedorosia)丗 偩偄偨偄尰嵼偺儁儖僔傾偺撿搶晹偐傜僷僉僗僞儞撿惣晹偺僶儖僠僗僞儞(Baluchistan)廈偺曈傝堦懷丅
僇儗乕(Curry)丗 墿妼怓偱暡枛忬偺恏枴偺嫮偄崿崌崄恏椏丄僂僐儞丄僐僄儞僪儘乮崄嵷乯(Coentro or Coriander)丄層灒丄搨恏巕丄僆乕儖僗僷僀僗丄挌帤摍懡庬偺崄恏椏傪攝崌偟偰嶌傞丅
僈儗乕慏(Galley)丗 屆戙僊儕僔儍偺愴娡偱丄搝楆傗廁恖偵偙偑偣偨2抜枖偼3抜僆乕儖偺斂慏丅
僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)丗 僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)偼16-18悽婭偵庡偲偟偰儓乕儘僢僷彅崙偱巊傢傟偨戝偒偔暋憌峛斅(Multi-decked)偺戝宆斂慏偱丄嵟屻旜偺烖(Mizzenmast)乮捠忢偼戞3烖乯偩偗偵廲斂乮戝嶰妏斂乯(Lateen-rigged)偑挘傜傟丄墶斂(Square-rigged)傪挘傜傟偨3-5杮偺烖(mast)傪帩偪丄姰慡偵斂偩偗偱悇恑椡傪摼偰偄偨丅堦斒揑偵拞宆朇(Demi-culvein)傪1-2楍憰旛偟丄孯娡偲彜慏偺椉曽偵巊傢傟偨丅僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)偼戝惣梞傪峲峴偡傞堊偺墦梞峲奀梡偵僉儍儔僢僋慏(Carrack)偐傜恑壔偟偨丅挿偄徴妏(Beak)丄掅偄慏庱極(Forecastle)偲慏旜偵挘傝弌偟偨巐妏偄慏旜極(Aftcastle)摍偑僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)偺栚棫偭偨摿挿偱偁傝丄挿偔偟偨慏懱偱奀忋偱偼偙傟傑偱偵柍偔埨掕惈偑椙偔丄慜曽偐傜偺晽傊偺掞峈偑彮側偄忋偵媔悈偑愺偄偺偱慏懍偑憗偔丄憖慏偑梕堈偱偁偭偨丅堦斒揑偵偼僈儗僆儞慏(Galleon)偼500僩儞埲壓偱偁傝丄僇儕僽奀(Caribbean Sea)偺惣僀儞僪彅搰(West Indies)偐傜僗儁僀儞傊怉柉抧偺晉傪塣傫偩丅椺奜揑偵偼僼傿儕儞僺儞(Philippines)偺儅僯儔(Manila)偲儊僉僔僐(Mexico)偺傾僇僾儕僐(Acapulco)偺娫偺懢暯梞傪擭偵1-2夞峲奀偡傞岎堈慏偲偟偰巊傢傟偨儅僯儔 僈儗僆儞慏(Manila Galleon)偵偼2,000僩儞偵傕側傞戝宆慏傕偁偭偨丅
熆傟扟傾僉乕僋(Wadi al Aqiq)丗 偙偺柤偺晅偔熆傟扟偼擇偮偁傝丄傂偲偮偼儅僴僢僪 傾僪 僟僴僽 (Mahd adh Dhahab)偺惣偱儅僨傿乕僫(Al Madinah Al Munawwarah)偐傜撿傊僞僀僼(Al Taif)傊偲撿杒偵暲傇儔僴僩梟娾抧懷(Harrat Rahat)杒抂偺惣傪杒傊儅僨傿乕僫偵棳傟傞熆傟扟傾儖 傾僉乕僋偱丄傕偆堦偮偼偙偺儔僴僩梟娾抧懷偺搶傪僞僀僼偵嬤偄撿抂傪撿傊偲棳傟傞熆傟扟傾儖 傾僉乕僋偱偁傞丅乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(the Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿偱堷梡偟偰偄傞熆傟扟傾儖 傾僉乕僋偼慜幰偱偁傞偲峫偊傞丅偦偆偩偲偡傟偽偙偺杮偺拞偱弎傋傜傟偰偄傞抧堟偼儔僴僩梟娾抧懷偺杒抂晹傪巜偟偰偄傞丅挊幰僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偼乽峼嶳傕柍偄偺偵傾僉乕僋偺柤偑晅偄偰偄傞偺偼晄巚媍偩乿偲弎傋偰偄傞偑僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺梟娾抧懷偱偼梟娾僩儞僱儖偑弌棃傗偡偔丄廬偭偰梟娾偺拞偵囿囗摍偺峼暔寢徎傪嶌傝弌偡擬悈忲婥傪晻偠崬傔傞嬻摯偑弌棃傞妋棫偼懡偄偺偱囿囗傪堄枴偡傞傾僉乕僋偲偺柤偑晅偔偺偼傓偟傠偁傝摼傞丅乽熆傟扟傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞偺忋棳偼儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽 (Mahd adh Dahab) 偲熆傟扟傾儖 傾僉乕僋 (Wadi al Aqiq) 偺屆戙偺墿嬥偲幦囿囗偺抧堟傪棳傟丄乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞偑偙傟偼乽熆傟扟傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞偺忋棳偺熆傟扟儖儅偺巟棳熆傟扟傾儖 僕儍儕乕儖 (the Wadi al Jarir)偼儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽 (Mahd adh Dahab) 偲熆傟扟傾儖 傾僉乕僋 (Wadi al Aqiq) 偺屆戙偺墿嬥偲幦囿囗偺抧堟偵嬤偔丄擕崄偺摴偑偦傟傜傪捠夁偟偰熆傟扟儖儅/傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞偵帄偭偰偄偨乿偲掶惓偡傋偒偱偁傞偲巹偼巚偆丅1991擭戙偵僗乕僟儞偵堏廧偟偨僆僒儅 價儞 儔乕僨儞(Osama bin Laden)偑1991 擭偺僗乕僟儞堏廧屻丄僗乕僟儞偺僑儉丄僩僂儌儘僐僔丄僸儅儚儕丄僑儅側偳偺桝弌傪傎傏撈愯偟偰偄偨熆傟扟傾儖傾僉乕僋夛幮(Wadi al-Aqiq Company, Ltd.) 偲塢偆杅堈夛幮傪帩偪丄偙偺夛幮偺棙塿傕摨偠偔僆僒儅偺搚栘夛幮傾儖僸僕儔(al-Hijira)摍偲嫟偵傾儖僇僄僟(Al Qaeda)偺帒嬥尮偵側偭偰偄偨丅傾儔價傾岅偺傾僉乕僋偵偼宬扟(Canyon丄Gorge丄Ravine) 偲峠嬍悜(carnelian-red)偺堄枴偑偁傞偑丄僆僒儅偑偙偺熆傟扟偺柤傪帺暘偺婇嬈偵柤偯偗偨偺偼乽宬扟乿偺堄枴偱偼柍偔丄偙偺扟偑惞抧偵嬤偄忋偵丄僀僗儔儉偱偼旕忢偵婱廳側愇偲峫偊傜傟偰嫃傞乽峠嬍悜乿偺堄枴偩偭偨偺偩傠偆丅
熆傟扟傾僒僼傿乕儖(Wadi Asafir)丗 僞僽僋(Tabuk)搶偺僕儍僶儖 僔儍儖儔(Sharura乯偲僸僗儅(Hisma or Hasma)嶳抧偺娫偺杶抧偵棳傟崬傓熆傟扟偺堦偮偲巚傢傟傞丅
熆傟扟傾儔僓(Wadi Aradhah)丗 熆傟扟僩儖僶(Wadi Turbah)偺尮摢晹偺堦偮偱杒堒20亱25亴搶宱41亱25亴晅嬤偐傜杒堒20亱32亴搶宱41亱08亴晅嬤傑偱偺屇徧丅
熆傟扟乫僀僩儚僪(Wadi 'Itwad)丗乮 熆傟扟僟儔乫(Wadi Dala')傪嶲徠乯丅
熆傟扟僀僴儔乕(Wadi Iharah)丗 傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)搶晹傪儕儎僪廈(Riyadh Province)偲僫僕儔儞廈(Najran Province)偲偺廈嫬偱熆傟扟僔儕 儅僪僶僌(Wadi Siri al Madbagh)偲崌棳偟丄嬻敀抧懷嵐敊曽柺偵惣偐傜搶傊偲壓傞熆傟扟偱丄傾儖 乫傾僀儞(Al 'Ayn)偍傛傃乫傾僀儞 僼儚僀僘('Ayn Huwayz)傪忋棳堟偵娷傒丄乽嫲傟扟乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僀僽儞 僴僔儏僶儖(Wadi ibn Hashbal)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)娫摴増偄偵偁傞晹棊偍傛傃熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟乫僀儎(Wadi 'Iya)丗 傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)價僔儍乕(Bishah)孲偵偁傞熆傟扟偱嵟傕屆戙堚愓偺朙晉側応強偺堦偮偱偁傞丅
熆傟扟僇傾乫(Wadi Al-Qa乫)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)偑僒儅僇(Samakh)偱暘婒偟偨嵍屢偱丄乽掅抧偺扟乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僇僴僪(Wadi Qahad)丗 乽熆傟扟儖儅(Wadi Rumah)偼熆傟扟僇僴僪(Wadi Qahad)偲熆傟扟傾儖 僕儍儕乕儖(Wadi al Jarir)偵暘偐傟傞乿偲僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偼偦偺挷嵏曬崘彂(Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, March 2000)偵弎傋偰偄傞偑丄熆傟扟傾儖 僕儍儕乕儖偲暘偐傟傞偺偼熆傟扟儖儅偺杮棳偱偁傝丄偦偺忋棳晹巬戲偺堦偮偑熆傟扟僇僴僪偱偁傞丅
熆傟扟僇儔僀僗(Wadi Khalais)丗 僕僢僟偺杒栺70km梋傝偵偁傞熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟僒僴僶乫(Wadi Sahba)丗 300枩擭慜偐傜100擭枩擭慜傑偱偺200枩擭傕懕偄偨崅崀塉偺帪婜偵偼嶰偮偺戝壨偑敿搰傪惣偐傜搶偵墶愗傝傾儔價傾榩偵拲偄偱嫃偨丅偦偺撪偺熆傟扟僒僴僶乫偼僇儖僕(Kharj) 偐傜190 km搶偺僴儔僟(Haradh乯傪捠偭偰峏偵搶偺傾儔價傾榩(Arabian Gulf)傊偲拞墰傾儔價傾傊偺崀塉傪攔弌偟丄偦偺壨岥偵峀戝側嶰妏廈傪嶌傝弌偟偰嫃偨丅偦偺儚僨傿 僒僴僶乫偺嶰妏廈偼僴儔僟偐傜200km棧傟偨傾儔價傾榩傑偱懕偒偦偺墌屖偼傾僴僒(Al Ahsa)偺搶65km偵偁傞愄偺峘僂僈僀儖(Al Uqair丄晄栄乯偐傜僇僞乕儖(Qatar)敿搰偺撿傑偱150km埲忋偵媦傇丅儚僨傿 僒僴僶乫(Wadi Sahba)偼儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺撿150km埵偺斖埻偱僩儚僀僋奟抧(Jabal Tuwaiq)傪杒偐傜弴偵偦傟偧傟愗傝捠偟偰偄傞偦偺嶰偮巟棳偱偁傞儚僨傿 僯僢僒乕(Wadi Nissah)丄儚僨傿 僴僂僞乕(Wadi Hawtah) 偍傛傃儚僨傿 價儖僋(Wadi Birk) 偺棳傟傪儕儎僪撿搶80km偵偁傞僇儖僕(Kharj)偱廤傔偰嫃傞丅僇儖僕(Kharj)偼儕儎僪撿搶80 km偵偁傞墹崙撪偱椢傪戙昞偡傞僆傾僔僗偱偁傞丅
熆傟扟僒儅儔乕(Wadi Samarah)丗 僇乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)偐傜杒傊偲壓傞熆傟扟僫乫傾儉(Wadi Na'am)偑杒僈乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)偺撿偱崌棳偟丄嬻敀抧懷惣曈偺僼僅(Al Faw)傊偲壓傞乽栭榖偺扟乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偨熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟僔儍乫僀僽 儈乫傾僔儍乕儖 僒僢儔僽(Sha'ib Mi'ashar Thallab)丗 乽棳傟偑暘嶶偟偨壨尨乿偲塢偆堄枴偺柤傪帩偮偙偺熆傟扟偼儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)搶晹偺挰僋乕儖儅乕(Al-Khurmah)偺搶30km偵偁傝丄堦書偊傕偁傞傛偆側愇偺揮偑偭偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僕儍僕儔乕(Wadi Jazirah)丗 熆傟扟僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)塃屢偺熆傟扟僗僼儞(Wadi Thufun)偺巟棳偱丄乽搰偺扟乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傟傟偨熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟僕儍僽僕儍僽(Wadi Jabjab)丗 僇僴儔乕嶳(Jabal Qaharah)偐傜儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)傪墇偊偰杒傊熆傟扟僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)傊偲壓傞丅乽悈憛偺扟乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞偺偼嫲傜偔偼崀塉帪偺悈棳傪挋傔傞悈憛偑愝偗傜傟偰偄傞扟偩偐傜側偺偩傠偆丅
熆傟扟僕儍儕乕儖(Wadi al Jarir)丗 乽熆傟扟僕儍儕乕儖偼岡攝傪搊傝丄傑偝偵媽栺惞彂偑亀僺僜儞愳偼僴償傿儔偺慡偰偺搚抧傪棳堟偲偟丄偦偙偵偼嬥偑嶻弌偡傞亁偲尵偭偰偄傞捠傝丄儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽嬥嶳 (Mahd adh Dhahab Gold Mine) 抧堟傑偱懕偄偰偄傞乿偲僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偼乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(the Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿偺拞偵弎傋偰偄傞偑丄熆傟扟儖儅(Wadi Rumah)偺巟棳偺熆傟扟僕儍儕乕儖(Wadi al Jarir)偼儕僋 傾僗儚僪嶳(Jibal Rik Al Aswad)偲儅乕儖儚嶳(Jibal Al Marwah)偑楢側傞嶳椗偵慾傑傟偰儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽嬥嶳 (the Mahd adh Dhahab)傑偱偼帄偭偰嫃側偄丅扐偟丄熆傟扟僕儍儕乕儖偺忋棳偐傜偙偺嶳椗偺撿傪敳偗偰儚僴僶壩岥(Wahba crate)偱抦傜傟偨僉僔儏僽梟娾抧懷(Harrat Kishb)偺杒傪捠偭偰儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽嬥嶳傊偺摜傒愓(Trail)偼尰嵼偱傕懚嵼偟偰偄傞丅廬偭偰丄乽偙偺昞尰偑娫堘偄偩乿偲偼尵偊側偄傑偱傕嫍棧揑偵偼150km偁傞偺偱惓偟偄偲傕尵偊側偄丅乽儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽嬥嶳 (the Mahd adh Dhahab gold mine) 抧堟傑偱懕偄偰偄傞乿偲偺昞尰偑梋傝偵抁棈揑偱偁傞偺偱乽僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偼偙偺曈傝偺抧宍傪惓妋偵擣幆偟偰偄側偄偐丄帒椏偑柍偐偭偨偺偩乿偲巚偆丅
熆傟扟僔乕儖僕儏僕(Wadi Sirjuj)丗 乽慻傒昍偺扟乿傪堄枴偡傞偙偺熆傟扟偼儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)搶晹偺僋乕儖儅乕(Al-Khurmah)撿搶72倠倣偱儔儞儎乕(Ranyah)偺杒71km晅嬤偵偁傞丅
熆傟扟僔儕儖(Wadi as Silil) 丗 僫僕儔儞(Najran)杒曽110km偺儎僟儅(Yadamah)傪忋棳堟偵娷傒丄惣偐傜搶傊嬻敀抧懷嵐敊偺惣抂偵偁傞専栤強僇僔儏儉 僌儔僽(Khashm Ghurab乯傊偲壓傝丄乽巕懛偺扟乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偨熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟僗僶僀(Wadi Subay)丗 僴僟儞梠娾抧懷(Harrat Hadan)偲僫儚僔僼梠娾懷(Harrat Nawasif)偵嫴傑傟偨儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)搶晹偵偁傞熆傟扟偱杮棳偵偼僋儖儅乕(Al Khurmah)傗僩儖僶乕(Turubah)摍偺挰偑偁傞丅偙偺熆傟扟偵偼乽栆廱乮曗怘摦暔乯乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕偲嫟偵峀斖埻偵挿偄棳堟傪帩偪丄傾僔乕儖廈撪棨晹傪戙昞偡傞熆傟扟偺堦偮偱偁傞丅
熆傟扟僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi Dawasir)丗 300枩擭慜偐傜100擭枩擭慜傑偱偺200枩擭傕懕偄偨崅崀塉偺帪婜偵偼嶰偮偺戝壨偑敿搰傪惣偐傜搶偵墶愗傝傾儔價傾榩偵拲偄偱嫃偨丅偦偺撪偺熆傟扟僟儚僔乕儖偼僔儏儔僀僀儖(Sulayyil)晅嬤偱僩儚僀僋奟抧(Jabal Tuwaiq)傪墴偟棳偟娧捠偟丄偦偺巟棳偺儚僨傿 僸僰(Wadi Hinw乯偼僈儕儎僩 傾儖 僼傽僂(Qariyat al Faw)堚愓晅嬤偱僩儚僀僋奟抧(Jabal Tuwaiq)傪娧偄偰嫃傞丅儚僨傿 僟儚僔乕儖偼嬻敀抧懷杶抧偺峀偄斖埻傪傾儔價傾弬忬抧偐傜怹怘偝傟塣偽傟偨搚嵒傗姠釯偱杽傔偨丅尰嵼偱偼岤偔愊傕偭偨昚嵒偺堊偵儚僨傿 僟儚僔乕儖偺壓棳堟偼僴僢僉儕偟偰嫃側偄偑偦偺帪戙偵偼偦傟埲慜偼奀偱暍傢傟偰嫃偨嬻敀抧懷偵掅偔墶偨傢傞嶰妏廈傪宍惉偟偨丅嬻敀抧懷搶晹偱UAE乮傾儔僽庱挿崙楢崌乯偵嬤偄僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偍傛傃僆儅儞(Oman)偺崙嫬抧懷偵峀斖埻偵峀偑傝僂僢儉 傾僗 僒儈儞(Umm as Samin)偲屇偽傟傞暯傜側娷墫掅抧(Sabkha丄Salt Flat)偼偐側傝嵟嬤傑偱儚僨傿 僟儚僔乕儖偑棳傟崬傫偱偄偨屛偱偁偭偨丅
熆傟扟僟儔乫(Wadi Dala')丗 熆傟扟僟儔乫偼傾僽僴(Abha)偐傜熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)偲熆傟扟僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)悈宯偺暘悈抧堟傪撿惣偵嶳偺奟抧傪揮偑傝崀傝傞條偵昗崅嵎2,050m傪捈慄揑偵奀娸傑偱壓傝丄峠奀偵拲偄偱偄傞丅偙偺昗崅嵎偺堊偵偙偺熆傟扟偵偼擬懷偐傜壏懷傑偱峀偄斖埻偵媦傇朙偐側怉惗偑偁傝丄偙傟傪棙梡偟偨僶僫僫墍傑偱娷傓僥傿僴儅乕嶳抧(Tihamah) 扞敤擾嬈偺摿挜傪廫暘偵娤嶡偡傞帠偑弌棃傞丅孹幬偑彮偟娚偔側傞偙偺僶僫僫墍偺曈傝偱搶懁偐傜崌棳偡傞扟偑杮棳偺熆傟扟乫僀僩儚僪(Wadi 'Itwad)偱偁傞丅熆傟扟僟儔乫(Wadi Dala')偵偼僥儞僩惗妶傪偟偰偄傞嶳梤帞偄偺晹懓偺儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓偑廧傫偱偄傞丅摦暔偱偼栰惗偺儅儞僩僸僸偑懡偄丅熆傟扟僟儔乫(Wadi Dala')偵偼搑拞偱杮棳偺熆傟扟乫僀僩儚僪(Wadi 'Itwad)偲崌棳偡傞晹暘傕娷傔丄傾僽僴(Abha)偐傜僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偺傾僪 僟乕儖僽(Ad Darb)偵壓傞庡梫摴偑嶌傜傟偰偄偨偑丄1982擭偵偼戝峖悈偑嶳暊傪楐偄偰捗攇偺條偵偙偺熆傟扟悈宯偵側偩傟崬傒丄慡偰偺娾孄丄栘乆丄摦暔丄幵傗30埲忋偺嫶寘傪愻偄棳偟偰偟傑偭偨丅嫭扟偺暻偵偼埶慠偲偟偰夡柵揑側峖悈偺愓偑巆偭偰嫃傝丄偦偺愓偐傜峖悈偺攇偺崅偝偼彮側偔偲傕30m偼偁偭偨條偩丅巹偑嵟屻偵朘栤偟偨2003擭偵帄偭偰傕摴楬偼廋棟偝傟偰偄側偐偭偨丅
熆傟扟僫乫傾儉(Wadi Na'am)丗 僈乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)杒曈偺傾僶乕儖 僫乫傾儉(Abar Na'am)乮閗捁偺堜屗乯傪尮摢偲偟偰杒傊偲壓傞熆傟扟僒儅儔乕(Wadi Samarah)巟棳偺熆傟扟偱乽閗捁偺扟乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)丗 僥傿僴儅乕奀娸抧堟(Tihamah Coastal Area)偱偼熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)偲憃帏傪惉偡戝偒側熆傟扟偱偁傞丅僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)偺柤偼僕僓儞(Jizan)偺杒55km偵埵抲偡傞挰僶僀僔儏(Baysh)傪偙偺熆傟扟偑捠夁偡傞帠偵桼棃偡傞偲巚傢傟傞丅僶僀僔儏(Baysh)偐傜熆傟扟僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)偼堦扷杒忋偟岦偒傪搶偵曄偊偰僼傽乕儖僔儍乕(Al-Farshah)晅嬤偺撿晹僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偲傾儖 僈乕儖嶳(Jabal Al Qahr)丄僴儖僽嶳(Jabal Harub)丄僼傽僀僼傽嶳(Jabal Fayfa)傗僶僯 儅儕僋嶳(Jabal Bani Malik)摍偺嶳暲傒偲偺娫偵宬扟杶抧嶌傝弌偟丄偦偺尮摢偼僟乕儔儞 僕儍僲僂僽(Dhahran Al Janoub) 傑偱峏偵搶偵墑傃偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僶僀僟乕(Wadi Baydah)丗乽巰偺扟乿偺堄枴偡傞偙偺熆傟扟偼儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)偺僩儖僶乕(Turubah)偐傜撿偵僶僴乕廈(Baha Province)廈搒僶僴乕(Al Baha)曽柺偵墑傃傞熆傟扟僗僶僀(Wadi Subay)偺嵍屢偱丄擕崄偺摴偼偙偺扟偵増偭偰晅偗傜傟偰嫃偨丅
熆傟扟僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habounah)丗 傾儖 僒儔僩(Al Sarat)乮傾僔乕儖嶳柆(Asir Mountains)乯傪悈尮偲偟丄熆傟扟僫僕儔儞(Wadi Najran)偺杒傪傎傏暯峴偵搶傊偲嬻敀抧懷嵐敊傊偲棳傟崬傓熆傟扟偱拞棳堟偵屼桍 乮偓傚傝傘偆乯(Tamaricaceae)乮僞儅儕僗僋(tamarisk)乯偺峀戝側孮惗偺尒傜傟傞丅壓棳偼彫偝側嬍愇傗嵒棙偺尨傪堄枴偡傞傾儖 僈僪僈僟乕(Al Qadqadah)偲屇偽傟傞丅偝傜偵壓棳堟偼棳栦娾(rhyolite)丄斄娾(porphyry)丄暽嬍(jasper)傗壴浖娾偺寚曅偑釯娾偺忋傪暍偆屌偄嵒偺拞偵儌僓僀僢僋柾條傪嶌傝弌偟偰偄傞僕儕僟(Jilida) 偲屇偽傟傞暯尨偲側傞丅熆傟扟僴儃僫乕偲傕揮幨偟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)丗 尟偟偄奟抧傾儖乕傾僗僟乕儖(al-Asdar)偑婲暁偺懡偄愐椗偐傜愨暻偺嫭扟丄偝傜偵媢椝惈偺僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)嶳抧偺榌偺彫媢傊偲懕偄偰偄傞丅尟偟偄奟抧偲媢椝偺娫偵偼熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)傗熆傟扟僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)摍偑僒儔儚僩(Sarawat)偺憡摉晹暘傪傎傏暯峴偡傞條偵峀偄扟偲惉偭偰敪払偟偰偄傞丅熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)偼傾僽僴(Abha)偺惣嶳榌偺儕僕儍儖 傾儖 儅乫傾(Rijal Al Ma'a)晅嬤偐傜杒偵岦偐偄丄傾僽僴(Abha)116 km偺僞僰儅乕(Tanumah)乮昗崅 2,080 m乯偺惣懁偱偼偦偺巟棳偑1,000倣埲忋傕偺棊嵎偱棊偪崬傓奟抧(escarpment)傪側偟丄熆傟扟杮棳偼惣偵岦偐偄僴儕(Hali)偱峠奀偵拲偄偱偄傞丅
熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)丗 乽僩儕僇僽僩偺扟乿傪堄枴偟丄乽愄偼嘀栆側晹懓偑嫃偨偺偱偙偺柤偑晅偄偨偺偱偼柍偄偐乿偲巹偼憐憸偟偰偄傞丅墦偔僒儔僩 傾價僟乕(Sarat Abidah)偲傾僴僪 儔僼傿僟乕(Ahad Rafidah)偺拞娫偱愄偺傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺拞怱偱嵼偭偨僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)偺15km埵搶傪悈尮偺堦偮偲偟丄傾儖 僒儔僩(Al Sarat)偐傜嬻敀抧懷嵒敊傊棳傟傞熆傟扟偺拞偱嵟傕挿偔峀偄棳堟傪帩偭偰嫃傝丄傾僔乕儖廈撪棨晹偱偼嵟戝偺熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hirjab)丗 嫹偄扟傪堄枴偡傞偙偺熆傟扟偼價僔儍乕(Bishah)偐傜暘婒偡傞熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺嵍屢偱僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushait)曽柺傊偺摴楬偼偙偺熆傟扟偵増偭偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi Fatima)丗 僕僢僟偺搶杒搶70km梋傝偺嫍棧偵偁傞僕儏儉儉(Jumum) 偍傛傃傾僽 傾儖儚(Abu Arwa)曈傝偵傕偭偲傕旍梹側嬫堟偺1偮傪帩偭偰偄傞丅熆傟扟偺壨彴偺嵒棙偺懲愊偱抧壓悈偑朙晉偱丄偙偺悈偼愹偐傜宬扟偵偁傞峀戝側壥庽墍傪燇燆偡傞堊偵摫偐傟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟僼傽僩儊(Wady Fatmé)丗 僕僢僟(Jeddah)偺6丄8儅僀儖杒偵偁傞熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟儅僔儖(Wadi Masil)丗 儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺惣栺240km偵偁傞僟儚僪儈(Ad Dawadmi)偺撿偺熆傟扟儅僔儖(Wadi Masil)偼憇娤側崟偄壩嶳惈偺媢偺娫偵桳傝丄6悽婭偺撿傾儔價傾偺僔僶暥帤(Sabaean)乮僒僶暥帤乯偱彂偐傟偨嶰偮偺旇暥偑偁傞丅傾儔價傾暥帤偺弌尰埲慜偵偼拞墰傾儔價傾偱偼偙偺條側旇暥偼僒儉乕僪暥帤(Thamudic)偱彂偐傟傞偺偑晛捠偱偁傝丄偙偺僔僶暥帤(Sabaean)偼旕忢偵捒偟偄丅偙偺旇暥偼6悽婭偵僒僶(Saba), 僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramaut)偍傛傃僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺墹偑墦惇偟偰棃偨帠傪婰擮偟偰彂偐傟偰嫃傞丅摉帪丄熆傟扟儅僔儖(Wadi Masil)偼撿偐傜偺擕崄偲捠彜偺堊偺戉彜楬偺廳梫側埵抲偵偁傝丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)恖払偼偙偺戉彜楬傪庣傞偨傔偵偙偙偵擇偮偺嵲傪抸偄偨丅尰抧偺晹懓偼帪愜偙偺嵲傪峌寕偟偰嫃傝丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺墹偼尰抧偺儅乪僢僪懓(Ma'dd)傪捔埑偡傞堊偵偙偙傑偱墦惇偟偰棃偨丅熆傟扟儅僔儖偵偼枖丄怴愇婍帪戙偺娾暻夋傕偁傞丅偙偺娾暻夋偼旇暥傛傝傕忋棳偵偁傝丄摦暔傗嬻偵岦偐偭偰庤傪怳偭偰嫃傞恖暔憸傪昤偄偰偄傞丅埥傞恖暔憸偼寱偲弢傪帩偪丄懠偺恖暔憸偼尐傑偱偁傞壖柺傪晅偗偰嫃傞丅偙偺娾暻夋偼婭尦1,000擭偺嶌偲峫偊傜傟偰嫃傞丅
熆傟扟儉儕乕(Wadi Mulyh)丗 僞僰儅乕(Tanumah)偺杒偱乮昗崅 2,300 m)偱搉傞熆傟扟偼熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺巟棳熆傟扟僞儖僕(Wadi Tarj)偺忋棳晹偱偁傞丅
熆傟扟儎僶乕(Wadi Yabah)丗 壨岥晅嬤偼嶰妏廈偺條側抧宍偟丄奀娸偐傜20km埵撪棨偺僌僘(Al Quz)傪拞怱偲偟偨彫擾嬈抧懷偲側偭偰偄傞丅僌僘(Al Quz)偐傜熆傟扟儎僶乕(Wadi Yabah)偼嵒抧傪愺偔崗傓暆偺峀偑偭偨壨彴偲側傞丅熆傟扟儎僶乕(Wadi Yabah)偼梋傝抦傜傟偰偼嫃側偄偑丄偐側傝戝偒側熆傟扟偱僫儅僗(An Namas)偐傜僶僯 傾儉儘(Bani Amro)丄儅僔儍僀乫傾乕(Al Mashay'ah)丄僩僂僼(At Tuf)偵帄傞傎傏恀偭捈偖偵50km嬤偔撿杒偵墑傃傞僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain Range) 偐傜僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah or Tihama)偵岦偐偭偰偼暻偺條偵棊偪崬傓抐奟愨暻乮傾僗僟乕儖(al-Asdar)乯傗媫孹幬偺扟偺忋棳晹暘乮傾僈僶僩(al-'Aqabat)乯傪尮摢偲偟偰偄傞丅
熆傟扟儔儞儎乕(Wadi Ranyah)丗 僶僴乕(Al Baha)偺撿偐傜傾儖 僈儕僔儍乕(Al Gharisha)偵帄傞悢懡偔偺熆傟扟傪廤傔偰熆傟扟僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi Al Dawasir)曽柺傊偲壓傞戝偒側熆傟扟丅
熆傟扟儖儅儞丒僶僥傿儞(Wadi Rumah/Batin)丗 300枩擭慜偐傜100擭枩擭慜傑偱偺200枩擭傕懕偄偨崅崀塉偺帪婜偵偼嶰偮偺戝壨偑敿搰傪惣偐傜搶偵墶愗傝傾儔價傾榩偵拲偄偱嫃偨丅偦偺撪偺儚僨傿 儖儅儞丒僶僥傿儞(Wadi Rumah/Batin)偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾杒晹傪攔悈偟杒搶傊偲棳傟僋僂僃僀僩(Kuwait)偱傾儔價傾榩(Arabian Gulf)偵拲偄偱嫃偨丅儚僨傿 儖儅儞丒僶僥傿儞傕僋僂僃僀僩廃曈傪拞怱偵傾儔價傾敿搰杒惣晹偺戝晹暘傪旐偆僨傿僽僨傿僶乕(Dibdibah)偲屇偽傟傞戝偒側嶰妏廈傪宍惉偟偨丅
僇儚僗(Kawas)丗 僇儚僗(Kawas)偼僕僢僟偱偺嵼奜岞娰偺墳愙學偱憚偱晲憰偟偨柤梍揑側岇憲丒岇塹暫丅
僇儞(Khan)丗 僩儖僐側偳偺戉彜廻(Caravansary)偱傾儔僽偱偼Inn丅
僇乕儞(Khán)丗 屆戙偺僞僞乕儖恖偺尵梩偱偁傝丄僩儖僐偱偼執戝側恖暔(the Grand Signor)偺尐彂偒偺1偮偩偑丄傾儔價傾岅偱偼乽斵偼棤愗偭偨乿傪堄枴偡傞丅
娷墫掅抧(Sabkha丄Salt Flat)丗 嵒媢偺娫偵墶偨傢傞僒僽僇乮暯傜側娷墫掅抧乯偼姦椻側婥岓偱偁偭偨帪戙偵悈偼屻戅偟墫偑棴傑傝峀戝側姡憞偟偨暯尨傪嶌傝弌偟偨帠傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偦偺暯尨偼傗偑偰嵒偱暍傢傟嵒媢偱杽傔傜傟偨丅嬻敀抧懷偺搶晹偱偼僒僽僇 儅僢僥傿(Sabkha Mutti)傗僂僢儉 傾儖 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin)偺條側峀戝側僒僽僇乮暯傜側娷墫掅抧乯偑峀偑偭偰偄傞丅
僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Qansawh al-Ghawri)丗 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501 - 1516)偼僄僕僾僩偺僽儖僕乕 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk-Buriji Dynasty, 1382 - 1517)偺嵟屻偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan)丅
娒徏乮偐傫偟傚偆乯(Spikenard)丗 僀儞僪嶻偺朏崄偺偁傞僆儊僀僫僄僔壢偺怉暔(Nardostachys jatamansi)丅
娒潋摐(Cane-sugar)丗娒潋乮僒僩僂僉價乯偺宻偐傜惢偟偨嵒摐偱潋摐偲傕塢傢傟傞丅
僇儞僝僂(Licorice)丗 Sweetroot丄娒憪乮僇儞僝僂乯偺崻偐傜惢偟偨僄僉僗偱栻憪丄忴憿丄惢壻摍偵巊梡偡傞丅
僇儞僶儎墹(King of Cambaya)丗 僗儖僞儞 儌儂儊僩(Sldaõ Mahomet)偲傕屇偽傟丄1458擭偐傜1511擭傑偱僀儞僪惣晹僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)偺墹埵偵偁偭偨僗儖僞儞 儅僴儉僪 僔儍(Sultan Mahamud Shah)偱偁傞丅
僇儞儀僀(Cambay)丗 僀儞僪惣晹僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)廈偱傾儔價傾奀偺僇儞儀僀榩(Cambay)墱偺挰乮7.7枩乯丅
娾暻夋(Petroglyph Rock Art or Stone Carving)丗 屆戙恖偼廮傜偐偄嵒娾偺昞柺偵昤偄偨奊偺曽偑峝偄壴浖娾偺昞柺偵昤偄偨奊傛傝傕屆怓壔偵傛偭偰怹怘傗晽壔偵懴偊曐懚偝傟傞帠傪抦偭偰嫃偨丅偙偺堊偵娾暻夋偼揝暘傪娷傫偩嵒娾偵昤偐傟偰偄傞丅屆怓壔(patination)偲偼嶬傃偝偣傞帠偱丄嵒娾摍偺昞柺傪恖堊揑偵彎偮偗傞偲偦偺晹暘偺揝暘偑嶬傃偰擟堄偺暥條傪昤偗傞丅屆怓壔(patination)懄偪丄嶬偺恑峴偼彎偮偗偰偐傜偺帪娫偵傛偭偰堎側傞偺偱暥條偺怴媽偑柧妋偵嬫暿偱偒傞丅
僇儞儅儗僢僨傿儞(Kammared'din, & C)丗 僨儕僇僥僢僙儞(Delikatessen)偱僴儉丄僜乕僙乕僕摍梞晽偺挷棟偢傒偺怘昳傪攧傞揦丅
僊乕乮僸儞僨傿乕岅丄Ghee乯丗 僀儞僪傗傾僼僈僯僗僞儞側偳偱屆偔偐傜嶌傜傟丄怘梡偵偝傟偰偄傞擕帀朾惢昳丅悷傑偟僶僞乕偺堦庬丅僶僞乕偵帡偰偄傞偑丄壛擬偡傞夁掱偱撈摿偺崄偽偟偄崄傝偑惗傑傟傞丅岅尮偼僒儞僗僋儕僢僩岅偱乽傆傝偐偗傜傟偨乿傪堄枴偡傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僉傾僕儍(Kiaja)丗 僯乕僽乕儖(M.[C.] Niebuhr)偑朘傟偨帪偺僕僢僟抦帠(the Pasha of Jidda) 偺暃姱丅
乽徚偊偨晹懓乿丗 乮幐傢傟偨傾儔僽(Lost Arabs)嶲徠乯丅
僉僆僢僕傾(Chioggia)丗 僀僞儕傾杒搶晹儀僱僩(Veneto)廈丄償僃僱僣僀傾(Venetian)妰屛撿抂偺彫搰偵偁傞巗丅
僊僕儎(Giziya)丗屄恖揑峷偓暔丄屄恖揑巀帿丅乮僀僽儞-傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir1丄1204 - 1291)挊乽乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偵儊僢僇乮Mecca乯偱偺僊僕儎(Giziya)偺巟暐偄偵娭偡傞婰弎偑偁傞丅乯
僊僔儏儔(Ghishla)丗 埲慜偼僩儖僐恖払偺暫幧(Barrackws)偱偁傝丄偦偺帪偵偼僕僢僟偺孯巌椷晹偱偁偭偨丅偦偺寶暔偼枹偩偵偦偺尨宆傪棷傔偰偄傞丅
婫愡晽偺棟榑(Monsoon Theory)丗 惣梞悽奅偵娭偡傞尷傝丄傾儔價傾偲報搙偺慏忔傝偼戝梞偺庡梫側婥岓揑摿挜傪抦偭偰偍傝丄偦傟傪廫暘偵棙梡偟偰偄偨丅惣楋45擭崰偵僊儕僔儍偺愭嬱揑彜恖僸僷儖僗(Hippalus)偼僀儞僪偺敿搰揑摿挜傪抦傞條偵惉偭偨丅偦傟偼5寧偐傜10寧偵妡偗偰偼僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀 (the Erythraean Sea)偺朿戝側峀偑傝傪墶愗偭偰晽偑掕忢揑偵悂偒丄慏傪傾儔價傾偐傜僀儞僪傊偲塣傫偩丅僸僷儖僗偼峏偵偦偺懠偺6儢寧偵偼晽偑曽岦傪斀懳偵曄偊杒搶偐傜忢偵悂偔帠傪抦偭偨丅婫愡晽偺弞娐偺敪尒偱椙偔抦傜傟偨弌敪揰偐傜摨偠條偵尒姷傟偰偄傞棨塭傊偲強乆偱捈峴偡傞埲奜偼墦夞傝側奀娸慄偵増偭偨峲楬傪扝傞戙傢傝偵僀儞僪梞傪墶抐偟偰捈愙丄僀儞僪偲偺墲暅峲奀偑壜擻偵側傝丄杅堈楬偑妚柦揑偵曄傢偭偨丅
僉僞僟 價儞 僀僪儕僗(Qitada bin Idris)丗 僉僞僟 價儞 僀僪儕僗(Qatada ibn Idris al-Alawi al-Hasani, 1130 - 1220)偼1201擭偐傜1220擭傑偱儊僢僇偺僔儍儕僼(Sharif)偱偁偭偨丅僉僞僟 價儞 僀僪儕僗偼僶僰 僇僞僟墹挬(Banu Qatada Dynasty)傪憂愝偟丄1925擭傑偱懕偄偨乽僔儍儕僼(Sharif)偺巕懛偑儊僢僇(Mecca)傪偡傞乿偲塢偆揱摑傪妋棫偟偨丅
乽僉僞僽 傾儖亅儅僒儕僋 儚乫儖-儅儅儕僋乿丗 [摴楬偲墹崙偺杮(Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik (Book of the Roads and Kingdoms))乿偼僀僽儞 僐乕儖僟僪價 (Ibn Khordadbih丄820 - 912)偵傛偭偰傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Dynasty, 750 - 1258)偺墹巕偺堊偵惣楋846擭偵曇嶽偝傟丄僀僗儔儉掗崙偺執戝側岎堈楬偺嫽枴偁傞奣梫傪娷傫偱偄偨丅
乽僉僞僽 儉僕儍儉 傾儖-僽儖僟儞(Kitab mujam al-buldan)乿丗 儎僋僩(Yakut)挊偺乽抧棟妛帿彂 (Geographic Dictionary)乿偼帺慠尰徾偺壙抣偺偁傞婰榐傪娷傒丄恀寱側帠幚偵娭偡傞撪梕朙偐偱徻嵶側尋媶偱偁傝丄応強偺柤慜傪抧棟揑側埵抲偵偐偐傢傝柍偔丄傾儖僼傽儀僢僩弴偵堦棗昞偵偝傟偰偄傞丅
僊僢儔乕(Qirrah)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)偺僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)擖傝岥偐傜杒73km偱丄傾僔乕儖/儕儎僪廈嫬(Provincial Boundary between Riyadh and Asir)偐傜撿30km偵偁傞乽媢乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偺晅偄偨晹棊丅
僉僫 僟儉(Qina Dam)丗 僕僢僟憂寶埲慜偺儊僢僇偺峘僔儏傾僀僶乕 (Shuaybah)峘偺堊偵熆傟扟傪墎偒巭傔偰偄偨僟儉丅
僉僫僫乕晹懓(Kinnah tribe)丗 尦乆儊僢僇嬤峹偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨偑丄4悽婭慜偵僗儁僀儞偵堏廧偟偰偄偨丅 僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramawt)弌恎偺僉儞僟墹崙(the Royal Kindah)偼僫僕儔儞(Najran)偺杒搶偺傾儖 僼傽僂(Al Fau)傪庱搒偲偟偨傾儔僽墹崙偱偁偭偨丅偙偺墹崙偼寶崙幰僼僕儖 傾僉儖 傾儖 儉儔乕儖(Hujr Akil al Murar)偺懛傾儖 僴儕僗 僀僽儞 傾儉儖(al Harith ibn Amr)偑椞搚傪杒傊偲峀偘丄僀儔僋偦偟偰傾儔僽僉儕僗僩墹崙儔僋儈僪(Lakhmid)偺庱搒僸儔乕(al-Hirahj)傪堦帪揑偵峌棯偟偨丅529擭僸儔乕偼傾儔僽僉儕僗僩嫵搆偵傛偭偰扗夞偝傟丄傾儖 僴儕僗墹偼50恖偺壠懓偲嫟偵嶦偝傟偨丅傾儖 僴儕僗墹偑嶦奞偝傟偨屻丄僉儞僟墹崙偼傾僒僪(Asad)丄僞僌儕僽(Taghlib)丄僉僫僫乕(Kinanah)偍傛傃僇僀僗(Qays)暘楐偟偨丅6悽婭偺挊柤側帊恖僀儉儖乪 傾儖 僇僀僗(Imru乫 al Qays)偼僇僀僗墹懓偺弌偱偁傞丅枖丄僀儀儕傾敿搰(Iberian Peninsula)偺傾儔僽 傾儞僟儖僔傾(Arba Andalusia)偵傕戝偒側惌帯揑塭嬁椡傪帩偭偰偄偨丅(Dr. Abdullah Mohammad Sindi)
僊僯傾(Guinea)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹偺戝惣梞娸偺抧曽偱丄杒偼僈儞價傾偐傜撿偼傾儞僑儔傑偱傪巜偡丅19悽婭枛傛傝暓椞惣傾僼儕僇偺堦晹偱1958擭撈棫偟偨丅崅尨崙偱儃乕僉僒僀僩傪嶻偟丄柺愊24.5枩km2丄恖岥740枩丄庱搒偼僐僫僋儕(conakry)丅
僊僯傾榩(Gulf of Guinea)丗傾僼儕僇惣奀娸偺戝惣梞偵柺偟偨儕儀儕傾 (Liberia)撿搶抂偺僷儖儅僗枽(Cape Palmas)偐傜僈儃儞(Gabon)偺儘儁僗枽(Cape Lopez)偺娫偺戝偒側榩丅偱丄僊僯傾偼億儖僩僈儖岅偺乽崟恖偺崙(Guiné)乿偑尨媊丅
對(Silk)丗 嶾偺枤偐傜偲偭偨慇堐偱嶌偭偨巺偍傛傃偦傟偱偍偭偨怐暔丅
僉僼僥傿(al-Qifti, ca. 1172 – 1248)丗 忋僄僕僾僩弌恎偺僀僗儔儉廆嫵妛幰偱丄揘妛幰(Philosophers)丄堛幰(Physicians)偍傛傃揤暥妛幰(Astronomers)414柤傪娷傓揱婰廤(Biographies)傪1249擭偵挊嶌偟偨丅
僉僽儔(Qibla)丗 僉僽儔(Qiblah)偲傕塢偄丄儊僢僇(Mecca)偺曽岦乮儊僢僇(Mecca)偺惞摪偵偁傞僇傾僶恄揳(Kaaba)偺岦偒乯傪帵偡暻偺偔傏傒乯偱僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺楃攓偺曽岦傪帵偡丅乮儈僼儔僽(Mihrab) 傕嶲徠乯丅
婌朷曯(Cape of Good Hope)丗 傾僼儕僇撿惣抂偺枽偱働乕僾 僞僂儞偺撿50km丅
乽婌朷曯枽摍傪墲暅峲奀偡傞堊偺怱摼彂乿丗 乽搶僀儞僪彅搰丄拞崙丄怴僆儔儞僟丄婌朷曯枽摍傪墲暅峲奀偡傞堊偺怱摼彂乿丄僕僃乕儉僗 儂儖僗僶乕僌(James Horsburgh)挊丄1809 - 11擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉乿(Directions for sailing to and from East Indies, China, New Holland, Cape of Good Hope, etc. by James Horsburgh, London, 1809 - 11.)丅
僊儍僗僷乕 僐儕傾(Gaspar Correa)丗 1512擭偵16嵨偱億儖僩僈儖傪棧傟丄僀儞僪傊峴偭偨丅偦偙偱丄3擭娫丄億儖僩僈儖偺戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀傾儖僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖僋(Alfonso d'Alboquerque)偺旈彂偲偟偰摥偄偨丅偦偺屻丄僐儕傾(Correa)偼1583擭崰偵僑傾(Goa)偱巰朣偟偰偄傞丅僐儕傾(Correa)偺楌巎偵娭偡傞挊弎偼53擭娫偺億儖僩僈儖偵傛傞惇暈傪栐梾偟偰偍傝丄1858擭偐傜1864擭偺娫偵儕僗儃儞壢妛妛夛(the Academy of Sciences of Lisbon)偵傛偭偰乽億儖僩僈儖惇暈巎偺枹敪昞執嬈慖廤(the Colecção de Monumentos Ineditos para a Historia das Conquistas dos Portuguezes)乿偺拞偱乽僀儞僪偱偺朻尟帠嬈(the enterprises of India)丄(Lendas da India)乿偲塢偆戣柤偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅庤彂偒尨峞偲憓偟奊偼億儖僩僈儖崙棫岞暥彂娰(Tôrre de Tombo)偵曐懚偝傟偰偄傞丅
僉儍儉僶僀榩(Gulf of Cambay)丗傾儔價傾奀偺惣娸偵椪傓僀儞僪惣晹僌僕儍儔僩廈(Gujarat)偵偁傞榩丅
僉儍儉儁僠僃嵽(Campeche Wood)丗 儘僢僌僂僢僪(Logwood)(Haematoxylon campechianum)偲傕塢偄丄愒崟偄怱嵽偲側傝丄枖愒偄愼椏偺嵽椏偲傕側傞丅
僉儍儉儗僢僩(Camlet)丗 拞悽偺傾僕傾偺閜閗怐傝偵帡偣偰儓乕儘僢僷偱對丒梤栄偐傜嶌傜傟偨怐暔偱偁偭偨偑丄屻偵岝戲偺偁傞敄抧暯怐傝偺栄怐暔傪堄枴偡傞條偵側偭偨丅
僉儍儔僐(Calico)丗尦乆偼 撿僀儞僪丄僇儕僇僢僩偐傜敃棃偟丄怐抧偑嵶偐偔敄偔嫮偄屝晅偗巇忋偘偟偨岝戲偺偁傞暯怐傝敀栘柸晍偱偁傞丅
僉儍儔僢僋慏(Carrack)丗 15悽婭偵億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)偵傛偭偰抧拞奀偱奐敪偝傟丄戝峲奀帪戙傪戙昞偡傞斂慏偱偁傞丅3偐傜4杮偺儅僗僩傪旛偊丄暋憌幃偺慏旜極(Aftcastle)丄慏庱極(Forecastle)傪桳偟丄崅偔娵傒傪懷傃偨慏旜(Stern)偲慏庱(Stem)偵撍偒弌偟偨斂拰忬偺傗傝偩偟(Bowsprit)傪帩偮丅慜烖(Foremast)偲庡烖(Mainmast)偵墶斂傪挘傝(Square-rigged)丄屻烖(Mizzenmast)偵戝嶰妏斂(廲斂)傪挘傝(Lateen-rigged)丄崅搙側斂憱偑壜擻偱偁偭偨丅慡挿偼30m偐傜60m丄慡挿偲慡暆偺斾偼3:1偲偢傫偖傝偟偰娵傒傪懷傃丄攔悈検偼200僩儞埲忋偱拞偵偼1500僩儞偺傕偺傕偁偭偨丅僉儍儔僢僋慏(Carrack)偼崅攇(Heavy-sea)偱傕慏懱偺埨掕傪曐偮偩偗偺嫄懱偲丄挿婜峲奀偱偺戝検桝憲偵揔偟偨峀偄慏憅傪帩偪丄儓乕儘僢僷偱奐敪偝傟偨嵟弶偺墦梞峲奀梡偺斂慏(the first proper ocean going ship)偱偁傞丅15-16悽婭偵偼億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)偲僗儁僀儞(Spain)偱惙傫偵寶憿偝傟丄僗儁僀儞(Spain)偱嶌傜傟偨傕偺偼僫僆(Nao)偲屇偽傟傞丅
僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)丗 13悽婭偵僀僗儔儉嫵崙傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalucía)偑奐敪偟偨僄僕僾僩偺僫僀儖愳偱巊傢傟偰偄偨斂慏傪尨宆偲偟偨僇儕僽慏(Qarib)傪億儖僩僈儖恖払(Protuguese)偑峏偵夵憿偟偨斂慏偱丄彫宆偱丄憖慏惈擻偑桪傟偨丄廲斂乮戝嶰妏斂乯(Lateen-rigged)傪挘傜傟偨2-3烖(Mast)傪帩偭偰偄偨丅僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)偼億儖僩僈儖 (Protuguese)偲僗儁僀儞 (Spanish)偵傛偭偰丄15悽婭偱偺挿婜偵搉傞扵専峲奀偵巊傢傟偨丅僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)偼彫宆偱偁傞堊偵丄愺偄増娸奀堟偐傜壨愳偺忋棳傑偱偺挷嵏偑壜擻偱偁偭偨丅僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)偑旛偊晅偗偺廲斂乮戝嶰妏斂乯(Lateen-sails)偱愺奀堟傕慺憗偔憖慏弌棃丄嫮晽偱傕峲峴壜擻偱丄墶斂(Square-Atlantic type sail)傪旛偊偨僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)偼旕忢偵夣懍偱偁偭偨丅偦偺宱嵪惈丄懍搙丄婡晀偝偍傛傃擻椡偱僉儍儔儀儖慏(Caravel)偼偙偺帪戙偺傕偭偲傕峲峴惈擻偺椙偄慏偲偟偰偺昡敾傪摼偰偄偨丅
僉儍儖僫僀僩(Carnaites)丗 傾儔價傾偺椬偺屆戙偺崙偱僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀(Erythraean Sea)偲挿偄嫍棧偱愙偟偰偄偨崙偺撪棨偵偼僉儍儖僫僀僩(Carnaites)偲屇偽傟傞擇偮偺尵梩傪挐傞埆鐓側柉偑廧傫偱偄偨丅偙偺柉偼懞傗曻杚偺栰塩抧偵廧傒丄峲楬傊弌傛偆偲偡傞幰払偼偙偺柉偵傛偭偰棯扗偝傟丄擄攋偟偰彆偐偭偨幰払偼搝楆偵偝傟偨丅偦偟偰偙偺柉帺恎傕傾儔價傾偺庱挿払傗墹払偵昿斏偵曔傜偊傜傟曔椄偵偝傟偰偄偨丅
僉儍儖儎儞僟(Caryanda)丗 撿惣僩儖僐(Southwest Turkey)丅
僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)丗 抧幙僐儞僗儖僞儞僩(a Consulting Geologist)偱丄乽悽奅偺摯孉峼暔(Carve Minerals of the World)乿丄乽僇乕儖僘僶僢僪摯孉孮偺抧幙(Geology of Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico)乿丄乽僨儔僂僃傾懲愊杶偺抧幙(Geology of the Delaware Basin in West Texas and Southern New Mex)乿傪挊嶌偟偰偄傞丅2002擭10寧1擔偵偼岞嫟曻憲僒乕價僗 (Public Broadcasting Service丄棯徧丗PBS乯偱曻塮偟偨乽摯孉偺恄旈偺惗柦(Mysterious Life of Caves)乿偱摿廤偝傟偨丅偦偺屻丄僌儔儞僪丒僉儍僯僆儞'''乮Grand Canyon乯偺抧幙妛揑尋媶傪峴偭偰偄傞丅僉儍儘儖偼晇偱暔棟妛幰偺傾儔儞(Alan)偲嫟偵偼僇儞僶乕儔儞僪挿榁嫵夛(the Cumberland Presbyterian Church乯偵懏偟偰嫃傝丄擔梛妛峑偱乽壢妛偲惞彂(Science and the Bible)傪嫵偊偰偄傞丅偙偺帠偑乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(the Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿傪幏昅偟偨摦婡偱偁傞偲巚傢傟傞丅
僉儍儞僽儕僢僋(Cambric)丗 柸巺偱怐偭偨敄抧偺暯怐丅
媽儊僢僇奨摴(Old Mecca Road)丗 儕儎僪(Riyadh)偐傜僨儏儖儅(Durma), 僔儍僌儔(Shaqra), 僟儚僪儈(Dawadmi)傗傾僼傿乕僼(Afif) 傪宱桼偟偰僓儕乕儉(Zalim)偵帄傞媽摴偼媽儊僢僇奨摴偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅僓儕乕儉(Zalim)偐傜惣懁偱偼擇偮偺摴楬偼崌棳偟偰堦偮偺儊僢僇奨摴偲側傞丅偙偺擇偮偺奨摴偩偗偑峀戝側僱僼僪嵐敊偺戝抧傪搶惣偵寢傫偱嫃傝丄傾儔價傾弬忬抧傪墶抐偟偰嫃傞丅
媼桘強僐儞僾儗僢僋僗(Gas Station Complex)丗 奨摴嬝偵偁傝丄媼桘強丄廋棟強丄僗僷乕儅乕働僩丄怘摪丄廻壆偱峔惉偝傟傞丅
僉儏乕價僢僩(Cubit)丗 Curbit偁傞偄偼Dhira偼旾偐傜巜愭傑偱偺挿偝偱丄Dhira al-Ahmal偼66.5cm偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
悶徥(Flinging Reefs)丗 悶徥乮僉儑僔儑僂乯丄娸偐傜懕偄偰峀偑傝奀娸傪墢庢傞嶺岃徥丅
嬍(Jade)丗 闩悏乮傂偡偄乯丄怺偄椢怓偺愇偱闩悏婸愇(jadeite)偺懠偵擃嬍(nephrite)傪娷傓丅尨媊偼儔僥儞岅ilia乮墶暊丄崢乯偱墶暊偺捝傒乮恡憻偺捝傒乯偼嬍(jade)偱帯偣傞偲偺怣嬄偵場傫偱晅偗傜傟偨丅
嬍悜 (Chalcedony)丗 嬍悜乮偓傚偔偢偄乯偼壩嶳惈塀旝徎幙愇塸偱偁傝丄宂愇偼傎偲傫偳偑柍悈宂巁偐傜側傞峝偄懲愊惈愇塸偱偁傞丅嬍悜偺撪晹偵偼愇塸偺旝寢徎偼栐偺栚忬偵廤崌偟偰偍傝丄寢徎偺娫偵偼旕忢偵彫偝側寗娫偑懚嵼偟偰偄傞丅偦偺偨傔丄嬍悜偺枾搙偼愇塸傛傝傗傗彫偝偔丄2.55乣2.64掱搙偱偁傞乮愇塸偼2.65乯丅嬍悜偼抧昞偁傞偄偼抧昞嬤偔偱擇巁壔働僀慺偵晉傫偩掅壏梟塼偐傜惗惉偟擕敀怓側偄偟敀怓偺傕偺偑懡偄偑丄巁壔揝偑崿偞偭偰偄傞偨傔偵僺儞僋怓傪掓偡傞帠傕偁傞丅嬍悜偵偼宍忬傗怓嵤偵傛傝曮愇偲偟偰偺摿暿側柤徧偱屇偽傟傞傕偺偑懚嵼偟晄弮暔偑懡偔偰擹怓偺傕偺偼暽嬍乮傊偒偓傚偔乯偲屇偽傟丄傑偨丄怓傗摟柧搙偺堎側傞幦柾條傪帵偡傕偺偼囿囗偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖(Carol A. Hill)偑丄乽僄僨儞偺墍丄尰嵼偺宨娤(the Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape)乿偺拞偱丄嬍悜 (Chalcedony) 偍傛傃宂愇 (Chert)傪崿摨偟偰偄傞偑丄囿囗偺榖側偺偱偙偙偱偺宂愇 (chert)偼嬍悜 (Chalcedony)偲撉傓傋偒偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾敿搰偺惗偄棫偪偐傜傾儔價傾弢忬抧偵僇儞僽儕傾婭 (Precambrian)偺懲愊娾偑懚嵼偡傞偺偼帠幚偱偁傝丄幚嵺偵僸僕儍乕僘丒傾僔乕儖嶳宯偺嶳捀抧堟偵揟宆揑懲愊娾偱偁傞嵒娾偑業弌偟偰偄傞応強偼彮側偔側偄丅僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖偼乽愭僇儞僽儕傾婭 (Precambrian)偺懲愊娾偺懚嵼傪斲掕偡傞帠偼弌棃側偄偑丄塀旝徎幙壩嶳惈愇塸偲柍悈宂巁幙懲愊惈愇塸偼嬫暿偡傋偒偱偁傞乿偲摨彂偺拞偵弎傋偰偄傞丅枖丄僉儍儘儖 A. 僸儖偼乽寢徎峔憿愇塸 (Cryptocrystalline quartz) 偵嬍悜 (chalcedony) 偑宍惉偝傟丄戝偒側夠偵側傞傎偳晄摟柧偱僠儍乕僩乮宂幙懲愊娾偺堦庬丄Chert乯偲屇偽傟傞庬椶偺娾偵側傞乿偲傕弎傋偰偄傞丅囿囗偼梟娾抧懷傃弌棃傞嬻摯偱宍惉偝傟傞塀旝徎幙愇塸側偺偱懲愊惈愇塸偺僠儍乕僩偲偼寢傃偮偐側偄偺偱丄偙傟偼岆夝偱偁傞偲巹偼峫偊傞丅
嫃廧摿尃摍偺惌晎娫嫤掕(Capitulation)丗 僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire)撪偱奜崙恖偑嫕庴偟偨摿暿側摿揟偼偦偺崻嫆偑岞幃側慸庁抧(Concession)傗嫃廧摿揟(Capitulation)偵偁傞偲偟偰堦斒偵埖傢傟偰偄偨丅帯奜朄尃摍偺嫃廧摿揟(Capitulation)偼偦傟傪娷傓挿偨傜偟偔丄傕偭偨偄傇偭偨懡偔偺堎側偭偨尒弌偟傗摿尃(Capitula)偺堊偵偦偺條偵屇偽傟偰偍傝丄1453擭偺僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)崀暁偺屻丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偺巟攝幰偵傛偭偰惣墷偺崙乆偵曐徹偝傟偨丅
僊儓乕儉(A. Guillaume)丗 傾僼僼儗僢僪 僊儑乕儉(Alfred Guilaume,1888 - 1966)偼傾儔僽愱栧壠(Arabist)偱僀僗儔儉妛幰(Islamic Scholar)偱偁傞丅僆僢僋僗僼僅乕僪戝妛(University of Oxford)偱恄妛(Theology)偲拞嬤搶岅妛(Oriental Languages)傪妛傫偩屻丄傾儔價傾岅傪愱峌偟偨丅戞堦師悽奅戝愴拞偼僇僀儘(Cairo)偵偁傞僼儔儞僗偺傾儔價傾嬊(Arab Bureau)偵嬑柋偟偨丅塸崙偵栠偭偨偲偒偵偼僀僗儔儉妛幰偵擟柦偝傟偰偄偨丅僊儓乕儉偼儘儞僪儞戝妛(University of London)偺拞嬤搶妛壢偺庡擟嫵庼偲側偭偨丅偦偺屻丄儀僀儖乕僩(Beiruit)偺傾儊儕僇戝妛媞堳嫵庼丄僶僋僟僢僪(Baghdad)傗僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偺妛夛夛堳摍偵慖偽傟偰偄傞丅挊嶌偲偟偰偼儁儞僊儞彂揦(Penguin Book)偐傜弌斉偝傟偨僀僗儔儉(Islam)偑桳柤偱偁傝丄枖僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋(Ibn Ishaq, 704 – c. 767)挊偺乽恄偺巊偄偺堦惗(Sirat Rasul Allah or Life of Messenger of God)乿偺東栿傕峴偭偰偄傞丅
僉儔僽嶳(Jabal al Kilab)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)傪嫴傫偱僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偺搶偵嵼傞嶳偱乽將偺嶳乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僉儕僗僩嫵搆慀摦偵娭偡傞旇暥丗 1950擭戙偵僫僕儔儞(Najran)偱敪尒偝傟偨偦偺帪戙偺旇暥(inscription)偵偼乽偙偺巗偼僸儉儎儖墹崙(the Kingdom of Himyar)偵懳偡傞傾價僔僯傾偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆慀摦偺壏彴(hotbed)偱偁偭偨丅偙偺慀摦偼拤幚側僀僄儊儞偺柉(Yemenite)偲儐僟儎嫵搆傪栚昗偵偟偨斀棎傪偗偟偐偗偰偄偨乿偲帵偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僊儕僔儍偲儘乕儅偺抧棟帿揟(Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography) 乿丗 W. 僗儈僗 (W. Smith)偵傛偭偰(1873 -1878)偵儘儞僪儞偱曇廤偝傟偨丅
僉乕儖僔儏(Al-Qirsh)丗 僕僢僟嬤峹偺Springs乮愹乯丅
僊儖 僼僃儖僫儞僨僗(Gil Fernandes)丗 僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺弶戙億儖僩僈儖彜娰挿(1503擭2寧偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)娡戉偲偺奀愴摉帪乯丅
僊儗傾僪僶儖僒儉偺栘(Balm of Gilead)丗 傾僕傾丒傾僼儕僇嶻僇儞儔儞壢儈儖儔僲僉懏乮儌僣儎僋僕儏懏乯偺忢椢彫庽偱梩偵彎傪偮偗傞偲朏崄傪敪偡傞丅
僉儘儞(Quilon)丗 僇儕僇僢僩偐傜撿偺墦偔側偄応強偁傞15丄16悽婭偺彮偟彫偝側彜嬈偺拞怱抧偺1偮丅償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅 (Vasco da Gama)偼僇儕僇僢僩偐傜墦偔側偄応強偵偙偺條側彮偟彫偝側彜嬈偺拞怱抧偑偁傞偺傪抦偭偰偄偨丅偦傟傜偺拞偱偼杒偵僇僫僲傾 (Cananore)偵偁傝丄撿偵僐乕僠儞(Cochin)偍傛傃僉儘儞(Quilon)偑偁偭偨丅偙傟傜偺巗偺尰抧巟攝幰偼僇儕僇僢僩偺峀戝側彜嬈妶摦傪偆傜傗傑偟偑偭偰嫃傝丄帺暘傛傝戝偒側惃椡傪帩偭偮嬤椬偵偁傞巗偲偼塱墦偵斀栚偟崌偭偰偄偨丅
嬥(Gold)丗 廳偔廮傜偐偔墑惈丒揥惈偵晉傒丄嬻婥拞偱嶬傃偢丄晛捠偺巁偵怤偝傟偢丄墹悈偵梟偗傞丅岝戲偑旤偟偔丄婱嬥懏悘堦偱丄壿暭丒憰忺丒帟壢帯椕摍偵巊傢傟傞丅
嬧(Silver)丗 嬥傛傝傗傗寉偔丄敀怓偺旤偟偄岝戲傪帩偮嬥懏偱丄嬻婥拞偱偼巁壔巗撪偑棸墿偺壔崌暔偵偁偆偲崟怓偵曄傢傞丅壿暭丒憰忺摍偵巊傢傟傞丅
僉儞僌 傾僽僪儖 傾僕僘嬻孯婎抧(King Abdul Aziz Military City)丗 僞僽僋(Tabuk)偼墹崙撪偱桞堦杮摉偵暺抧偵偁傞巗偱偁傝丄恖岥100,000恖婯柾偺彫偝側巗応偺拞怱偵夁偓側偄偑丄僉儞僌 傾僽僪儖 傾僕僘(King Abdul Aziz)孯帠搒巗偺杒晹抧嬫巌椷晹丄墹崙棨孯戞7婡峛椃抍丄戞8曕暫椃抍丄戞12婡峛椃抍偍傛傃戞14曕暫椃抍丄墹崙棨孯嬻掟椃抍丄墹崙棨孯婡峛愱栧妛峑偍傛傃F-5戞擇旘峴戝戉傪娷傓僉儞僌 僼傿僒儖(King Faisal)嬻孯婎抧偑偁傞丅僉儞僌 僼傿僒儖(King Faisal)嬻孯婎抧偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)巗偺捈偖撿搶偺杒堒28亱21乫55乭搶宱36亱37乫08乭偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅暷崙孯帠孭楙巊愡(The United States Military Training Mission) (USMTM)偺廧戭抧傕僞僽僋(Tabuk)偵偁傝丄偙偺廧戭抧偵偼30搹偺廧戭偲晅懏巤愝偑偁傝壥庽墍偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅
僉儞僌僇儕僪嬻孯婎抧(King Khalid Air Base)丗 僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)偺撿偵偼僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾撿曽孯巌椷晹偑偁傝丄栰朇偍傛傃曕暫妛峑偍傛傃僴儕僪崙墹嬻孯婎抧(King Khalid Air Base)偑偁傝丄暷孯孯帠屭栤抍傕挀嵼偟偰偄傞丅
僉儞僌僇儕僪孯帠搒巗(King Khalid Military City)丗 暿柤傪僄儊儔儖僪偺挰 (Emerald City) 偲傕屇偽傟傞僇儕僪崙墹孯帠搒巗(King Khalid Military City)偼儕儎僪偺杒栺400km偱僴僼傽儖 傾儖 僶乕僥傿儞偺撿60km偵杒搶崙嫬杊屼偺堊偵寶愝偝傟偨丅偙偺孯帠搒巗偼3椃抍偐傜惉傞棨孯巘抍偺堊偵愝寁偝傟丄65,000恖偺廂梕擻椡偑偁傝丄暷崙棨孯偍傛傃嬻孯偺媄弍幰偑1960擭戙偍傛傃1970擭戙偵僞僀僼丄KMMC偍傛傃僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩傪娷傓婔偮偐偺僒僂僕孯帠婎抧傪愝寁丒寶愝偟偨拞偺堦偮偱偁傞丅1991擭偺榩娸愴憟偱偼乽戝婯柾偱恦懍側揥奐偑昁梫偱偁偭偨嵐敊偺弢嶌愴傪壜擻偵偡傞掱偵偙傟傜偺婎抧偲偦偺巟墖愝旛摍偺孯帠揑婎斦偑惍旛偝傟偰偄偨乿偺傪徹柧偟偨丅暷孯傗摨柨崙孯偑嫀偭偨屻傕KKMC偼僒僂僕偺杒曽抧堟傪杊塹偡傞廳梫側孯帠婎抧偱偁傞帠偵偼曄傢傝偼側偄丅
僉儞僟懓楢崌(Kinda Confederation)丗 僀僗儔儉埲慜偺悢悽婭偺娫偱偺拞墰傾儔價傾偵懳偡傞僀僄儊儞偺僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偺庡側慱偄偼敿搰傪墇偊偰傾儔價傾榩傗儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)傊帄傞戉彜楬偺妋曐偱偁傝丄偙偺栚揑偺堊偵僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偼撿僫僕僪(southern Najd)偺僉儞僟懓(Kinda)傗儉僪僸僕懓(Mudhhij)摍偺彅懓偲摨柨埥偄偼晹懓揑娭學傪堐帩偟丄拞墰傾儔價傾慡懱偵塭嬁傪媦傏偡埥傞庬偺廬懏娭學傪抸偄偰偄偨丅僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偼偦偺廳偒傪岲愴揑側僉儞僟懓(Kinda)偵抲偒丄僉儞僟懓(Kinda)偼僫僕儔儞(Najran)偺杒偺抧堟偺僇乕儖儎僩 僼傽僂(Qaryat al-Faw)曈傝偵嫃廧傪掕傔丄撿傾儔僽晹懓偵懏偟偰嫃偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄屲悽婭偺屻敿偵偼戩墇偟偨僶僋儖(Bakr)僌儖乕僾傪娷傓拞墰傾儔價傾偺彅懓傪堦偮偺嫮偄楢崌偵寢懇偝偣偨丅熡柤偑傾僉儖 傾儖乕儉儔乕儖(Akil al-Murar)偲屇偽傟傞僉儞僟(Kindite)偺巜摫幰僼僕儖(Hujr)(Amr al-Mansur ibn Hudjr, 458-489)偼惣楋490擭偵杤偡傞傑偱偵拞墰傾儔價傾偺杦偳傪巟攝偟丄僸儔乕(Hirah)偺傾儔僽晹懓庱挿儔僋儈僪(Lakhmid)偺塭嬁壓偵偁傞搶傾儔價傾偺僶僋儖(Bakr)偺椞搚傪帺桼偵捠峴偱偒偨丅僼僕儖(Hujr)偺懛偺僴儕僗 僀僽儞 乫傾儉儖(Harith ibn 'Amr)(Al-Harith Talaban ibn Amr, 489-528)偼儔僼儉(Lakhmids)傪惇暈偟偦偺庱搒偺僸儔乕(Hirah)傪愯椞偟丄懡偔偺晹懓偲楢崌偟偰價僓儞僠儞掗崙偺椞搚傗僒僒儞挬偺儊僜億僞儈傾偵怤峌偟偨丅偝傜偵僴儕僗(Harith)偼價僓儞僠儞掗崙偲偺崙嫬抧懷偵偍偗傞晹懓偑柨庡偲偟偨僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanid)偺堊惌幰傪岎戙偝偣偨丅僴儕僗(Harith)偼惗奤偑僉儞僟懓偺嫽棽偺嵟惙婜傪戙昞偟偰偄偨偑丄僴儕僗(Harith)偺杤偟偨惣楋528擭傑偱偵僒僒儞挬(Sasanian)偺墖彆傪庴偗偨儔僼儉(Lakhmids)偵偦偺椞搚傪扗夞偝傟偨丅偦傟偱傕僴儕僗(Harith)偺掗崙偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)丄僫僕僪(Najd)丄傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偍傛傃搶傾儔價傾偐傜惉傞峀戝側抧堟傪妋曐偱偒偨偑丄懅巕払偺寣側傑偖偝偄憟偄偱曵夡偟偨丅僉儞僟懓楢崌(Kinda Confederation)偼僉儞僟(Kinda)晹懓摨柨偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅擇悽婭偐傜巐悽婭偵妡偗偰偼僉儞僟(Kinda) 晹懓摨柨憂愝偺拞怱偲偟偰僉儞僟偺挰僇乕儖儎僩 僼傽僂偑寙弌偟偰偄偨帪戙偱偁偭偨丅
僉儞僞儖(Quintal)丗 廳検偺扨埵偱塸崙偱偼100lb (45.359237kg)偱偁偭偨偑崙偵傛偭偰堘偆偑偁傝丄屻偵儊乕僩儖朄偱偼100kg乮忢峵偱220.46 lb乯偲掕媊偝傟偨(Refer to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintal)丅
僉儞儅偺梩(Betel Leaves)丗 溴忀乮僉儞儅乯偲塢偄丄乽杮憪孾栔 乿乽榓孭瀤乿偵斬岅偲偁傝丄僞僀岅傑偨偼價儖儅岅偺揮鎍偱偁傞丅儅儗乕僔傾尨嶻偺僐僂僔儑僂壢偺忢椢枲惈掅栘偱層灒偵帡偰偍傝丄梩偼戝偒側怱憻宍偱愭抂偼偲偑傝丄岝戲偑偁傞丅壞偵墿怓偺嵶壴傪奐偒丄塼壥傪寢傃丄帗梇堎姅丄梩丒崻丒庬巕傪寬堓丒嫀醾乮偒傚偆偨傫乯栻偲偡傞丅偦偺梩傪庢偭偰烣灲巕乮傃傫傠偄偠乯(betel nut)丒愇奃偲嫟偵姎傫偱歯岲昳偵偡傞丅
嬥鍱(Brocade)丗 嬥巺傪奊堒乮偊偸偒乯偲偟偰愜傝崬傒丄偦傟傪庡挷偲偟偰暥條傪昞弌偟偨怐暔偺憤徧偱暯抧丒埢抧丒銓巕抧摍偑偁傞丅
僋
僋僀儘儞(Quilon)丗 尰嵼偺働儔儔(Kerala)廈僐儔儉(Kollam)丅
嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)丗 僒僂僨傿偺撿晹偼嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)埥偄偼儖僽 傾儖僴儕(Ar Rub' Al Khali)偲塢偆柤偱抦傜傟偨洎敊偲偟偨嵐敊抧懷偱偁傞丅搶偼僆儅乕儞嶳柆丄撿偼傾儔價傾奀増偄偺奀娸嶳柆偺墱偵偁傞戜抧丄撿惣晹偼僀僄儊儞偲傾僔乕儖偺嶳榌偺媢偵埻傑傟傞杶抧偑嬻敀抧懷偱偁傝丄挿偝偑栺1,200km偱嵟戝暆偑650 km嬤偔偁傞丅偦偺柺愊偼僼儔儞僗丄儀儖僊乕偲僆儔儞僟嶰崙傪崌傢偣偨傛傝戝偒偔栺650,000 sq km 傕偁傝丄偦偺拞偺儀僪僂傿儞(Bedouin)偼扨偵儕儅儖(al-Rimal)偲屇傫偱偄傞嵒媢抧懷偼楢懕偡傞嵒嵐敊偲偟偰偼悽奅嵟戝偱偁傞丅
嬻敀抧懷廃曈偺儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouins living in and around Empty Quarter)丗 嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)廃曈偵偼惣偵傾儅儕僒乕懓(Amalisah)偍傛傃儎儉懓(Yam)丄杒偵僟儚僔乕儖懓(Dawasir)丄僗僼儖懓(Suhul)偍傛傃儉僢儔乕懓(Murrah)丄搶偵儅僫僔乕儖懓(Manasir)丄僶僯 儎僗懓(Bani Yas)丄傾儚儈乕儖懓(Awamir)偍傛傃儅僫僸儖懓(Manahil)偦偟偰撿偵僶僀僩 儎儅僯懓(Bayt Yamani)丄儔僔僪懓(Rashid)偍傛傃僒儎儖懓(Sayar)摍偺儀僪僂僀儞晹懓偑廧傫偱偄傞丅偙偺拞偱傕嵒媢抧懷偲媦偽傟傞嬻敀抧懷偺拞傪廧張偵偟偰偄傞偺偼儔僔僪懓(Rashid)丄傾儚儈乕儖懓(Awamir)偍傛傃儉僢儔乕懓(Murrah)偺傒偱偁傞丅扵専壠僂傿儖僼儗僢僪 僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger)偼1945擭偵嵒媢抧懷偺儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偵偮偄偰乽嵐敊撪晹偱偺媶嬌揑側暈憰偲偟偰儔僔僪懓(Rashid)偺條側儀僪僂僀儞偼挿偄傾儔僽暈偲嵐敊偺燇栘偺廯偱廮傜偐偄屚傟偨拑怓偵愼傔偨摢忺傝傪揨偭偰偄傞丅偙偺抝払偼彫偝偄偑庤嵺椙偔桘抐柍偔梡怱怺偄丅偦偺懱晅偒偼堷偒掲傑傝嫮枵偱庈擬偺嵐敊偲怣偠擄偔掱偺鋮嬯偵抌偊敳偐傟偰偄傞丅偙偺抝払傪尒偰偄傞偲悽奅拞偱傕偭偲弮悎側嫞憟偺拞偱堢偪嵟傕嫮枵偱桪傟偨幰偩偗偑惗偒巆傟傞娐嫬偱惗妶偟偰棃偰偄傞偺偑暘偐傞丅偙偺抝払偼弮寜庬偺條偵惛嵶偱塻晀偱偁傞乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
嬻敀抧懷偺嵒媢(Sands in Empty Quarter)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰杒晹偺僫僼僪嵐敊(Nafud)偐傜墑乆偲懕偔嵒偺夞楲僟僼僫乫嵐敊(Dahna')偼撿偵墑傃偰嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)偵堸傒崬傑傟偰嫃傞丅抧尦偱偼扨偵儕儅儖(al-Rimal)乮the sands丄嵒媢抧懷乯偲屇偽傟傞嬻敀抧懷偼悽奅拞偱嵟傕戝偒側楢懕偡傞嵒嵐敊偱偁傞丅崱擔挱傔傜傟傞嵒媢抧懷偼嵟嬤偺嬌抂偵姡憞偟偨悢悽婭偺娫偵晽偵悂偐傟偰堏摦偟偨嵒偵昞柺傪暍傢傟偰偄傞偑峏怴悽乮Pleistocene丄戞巐婜峖愊悽160枩擭慜偐傜10枩擭慜乯偵婲偒偨悢搙偺姡憞偟偨帪戙偵宍惉偝傟偨嵐敊傪戙昞偟偰偄傞丅嬻敀抧懷偺杦偳傪暍偆尰嵼偺搚忞偼嵒媢抧懷偱偁傝丄慛怴悽乮Pliocene丄戞嶰婜嵟怴悽500枩擭慜偐傜160枩擭慜乯屻婜偍傛傃峏怴悽乮Pleistocene丄戞巐婜峖愊悽乯慜婜偺幖偭偨帪戙偵悈偺棳傟偱懲愊憌偑嶌傜傟偨丅偙偺嵒媢抧懷偼偙偺懲愊憌偑姡憞偟偰幚嵺偵宍惉偝傟偰偄傞丅惣晹抧堟偱偼僀儞僪梞偐傜悂偄偰偔傞戩墇晽偑悢昐僉儘傕墑傃傞備傞傗偐偵婲暁偡傞嵒偺旜崻乮巹偼嵒媢楍偲屇傇乯傪嶌傝弌偟偨丅旜崻偺娫偵暯峴偵暲傇夞楲偱偼斾妑揑梕堈偵椃偑弌棃傞丅拞墰抧堟偱偼嵒媢抧懷偺宍偼傕偭偲暋嶨偱梊應偟擄偄偑嵟傕寑揑側挱朷偑尒傜傟傞偺偼搶晹抧堟偱偁傞丅悢昐僼傿乕僩偺崅偝偺愒偄嵒嶳偑懢屆偺奀掙偱偁偭偨暯傜側敀偄娷墫暯抧偐傜偦傃偊棫偭偰偄傞丅
僌僂儚僪(Quwwad)丗 巌椷姱払(Commanders )丅
僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujaray)丗 僌僛儔乕僩乮僌僕儍儔乕僩乯(Guzerat or Gujarat)偼僀儞僪惣晹偺僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarati)岅偺巊梡偝傟傞抧堟偱丄乽僌儖僕儍儔懓(Gujjar or Gurjar)偺抧乿偲偄偆堄枴偱偁傞丅抧恾忋偱偼丄傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)偵撍偒弌偨僒僂儔僔儏乕僩儔敿搰 (Saurashtra Peninsula)乮僇乕僥傿儎儚乕儖敿搰(Kathiawar Peninsula)乯偲偦偺晅偗崻晹暘偵偁偨傝丄敿搰忬偺僀儞僪垷戝棨 (Indian subcontinent)偺杒惣偺晅偗崻偱傕偁傞丅僌僕儍儔乕僩抧曽偼丄屆棃偐傜惣傾僕傾(Middle East or Near East)偲偺廳梫側岎堈抧偱偁偭偰丄僀儞僟僗暥柧(Indus Valley Civilization, mature period 2600 - 1900 BCE)偺峘榩搒巗偲偝傟傞儘乕僞儖乮Lothal乯傗嬤擭敪尒偝傟偨僪乕儔價乕儔乮Dholavira乯側偳偑塰偊丄偟偽偟偽杒僀儞僪傗僨僇儞抧曽(Deccan Platea)偺彅墹挬偺娫偱學憟抧偵側偭偨1悽婭偵偼丄僒僇懓(Saka)偲僒乕僞償傽乕僴僫挬(Satavahana Empire)丄8悽婭偐傜9悽婭偵偼丄杒僀儞僪傪巟攝偟偨僾儔僥傿僴乕儔挬(Pratihara丄778 - 1018)偲僨僇儞抧曽(Deccan Platea)傪巟攝偟偨儔乕僔儏僩儔僋乕僞挬(Rashtrakuta, 753 - 973)偑偦偺椞桳傪傔偖偭偰憟偭偨丅13悽婭偵偼僨儕乕丒僗儖僞儞挬(Dehli Sultanate丄1206 - 1526乯偺僴儖僕乕挬(Khalji, 1290 - 1320)偺壓偱儉僗儕儉乮僀僗儔儉嫵搆乯(Muslim)偑僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)傪惇暈丄14悽婭偐傜傾僼儅僪 僔儍乕僸乕挬(Zafar Khan Muzaffar, his son Ahmed Shah, etc.)偑僨儕乕(Delhi)偐傜帺棫偟偰傾僼儅僟乕僶乕僪乮Ahmadabad乯傪庱搒偲偟偰塰偊偨偑丄16悽婭偵儉僈儖掗崙(Mughal Empire, 1526 - 1858)偵暪崌偝傟偨丅嬤戙偵偼僀儞僪撈棫偺晝儅僴僩儅丒僈儞僨傿乕乮Mahatma Gandhi乯偑偙偺抧曽偱惗傑傟偰偄傞丅僌僕儍儔乕僩偼僀儞僪撈棫屻偼媽儃儞儀僀(Bombay)廈偺堦晹偱偁偭偨偑丄1960擭偵媽儃儞儀僀(Bombay)廈偼尵岅偺堘偄偵傛偭偰杒偺僌僕儍儔乕僩廈(Gujarat)偲撿偺儅僴乕儔乕僔儏僩儔廈(Maharashtra)偵暘妱偝傟偨丅柺愊196,024 sq km丄恖岥偼5059枩6992恖(2001擭)丅
僌僕儍儔乕僩恖(Gujarati)丗 僀儞僪惣晹偺廈偱僇儞儀僀(Cambay)榩偺杒偍傛傃搶傪愯傔傞媽儃儞儀僀(Bombay)廈偺撪丄僌僕儍儔乕僩岅抧堟偺廧恖丅
僋僔儏(Kush)丗 尰嵼偺撿僄僕僾僩(Southern Egypt)偲杒僗乕僟儞(Northen Sudan)偵摉偨傞杒傾僼儕僇偺僰價傾(Nubia)抧曽傪拞怱偵斏塰偟偨偺偑僋僔儏暥柧(Civilization of Kush)偱偁傞丅偙傟偼嵟傕憗偄帪戙偵僫僀儖愳(The Nile)棳堟偱敪払偟偨暥柧偺堦偮偱偁傞丅僋僔儏恖偺崙偼僄僕僾僩偺椞堟撪傊偺恑擖偺帪婜偺屻偱敪揥偟偨丅僋僔儏偺暥壔偼丄暲懚偟偰偄偨婜娫偼抁偄偑丄僄僕僾僩怴墹崙(c. 1570B.C. - c.1070B.C.)偲憡屳偵塭嬁傪梌偊崌偭偰偄偨丅偙偺暥柧偵梌偊傜傟偨柤慜偼丄媽栺惞彂偵弎傋傜傟偨搶杒傾僼儕僇偵堏廧偟偨僴儉(Ham)偺懅巕偺堦恖僋僔儏(Kush)偵桼棃偟偰偄傞丅惞彂偐傜丄僄僕僾僩撿晹偲僄僠僆僺傾偺堦晹傪娷傓戝偒側抧堟偑僋僔儏墹崙偲偟偰抦傜傟偰偄偨偙偲偑傢偐傞丅惞彂偼偟偽偟偽僋僔儏墹崙偵偮偄偰尵媦偟偰偄傞丅偙偺僋僔儏墹崙偲偄偆偺偼撿傾儔價傾偵偁偭偨偲庡挘偡傞恖傕偄傞丅乮僋僔僥偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅乯(僂傿僉儁僨傿傾)
僋僗(Qus)丗 僄僕僾僩撿晹僫僀儖宬扟(Nile Valley)偺慡挿傪愯傔傞働僫導(Quna Governorate)偺導挕偱丄僫僀儖惣娸偵偁傝丄懳娸偵偼屆戙偺僎僒(Gesa)偑偁偭偨丅屆戙偵偼峠奀傊偺拞宲抧偲偟偰廳梫偱偁偭偨丅
僌僘(Al Quz)丗 僌僘(Al Quz)偼僌儞僼僟乕(Qunfudhah)偺撿搶31km偵埵抲偡傞熆傟扟儎僶乕乮Wadi Yabah乯杒娸偺埵抲偡傞儊僢僇廈(Emirate of Makkah)偺挰偱奀娸摴楬偼偙偺曈傝偱偼撪棨偵彮偟擖傝崬傫偱嫃傝丄挰偼摴楬偐偐傜奀娸曽岦偵彮偟惣偵擖偭偨応強偵偁傞丅熆傟扟儎僶乕偺撿搶偺懳娸偵偼僥傿僴儅乕 奀娸掅抧(the coastal Tihamah lowlands)偵嶶嵼偡傞偦偺摿挜偱傕偁傞彫梠娾懷偲壩岥媢偑偁傞丅
僌僛儔乕僩(Guzerat)丗 乮僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujaray)嶲徠丅乯
僋僢僶僩 傾僔儍儔(Kubbat Asharah)丗 愄偺塸崙戝巊娰偱尰嵼偺僕僃僢僟巗挕幧偺偁傞応強偺捈偖撿偺奀娸偵偼擭娫600枩m3傪惗嶻偟偰偄偨扙墫憰抲偑抲偐傟偨丅扐偟丄乽1940擭戙屻敿偵揚嫀偝傟偨嬅弅婍偺屻偵扙墫僾儔儞僩偑寶愝偝傟偨乿偲偺婰帠傪巹偼妋擣偟偰偄側偄偑丄乽1971擭偵擭娫600枩m3傪惗嶻偟偰偄偨乿偲傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼婰弎偟偰偄傞丅
僋僩僁僽 僨傿儞(Qutb ad-Din)丗 16悽婭偺楌巎壠偱杮柤偼儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僴儅僪 僫僴儖儚儕(Muhammad ibn Ahmad an-Nahrwali)偱偁傝丄1511擭崰儊僢僇(Mecca)偱惗傑傟丄僕僢僟巗(Jeddah)偺憂愝偵娭偡傞屆暥傪巆偟偰偄傞丅
僌僩儔(Ghutrah)丗 僗儅僟(Sumadah)傪嶲徠丅
乽崙乆偺抦幆偺堊偺嵟揔側堦暥乮Fairest Division for Knowledge of Countries乯乿丗 傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔乮al-Makdisi乯偺挊彂偱儌僗儗儉掗崙偵偮偄偰榑偠偰偄傞丅惓妋偵昐壢帿揟揑偵嬃偔傎偳嵟怴偺庤朄偱榑偠偰偄傞丅傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔偺挊彂偺揙掙揑偵宯摑揑側惓妋偝偑丄帪戙傪墇偊偰丄傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔傪傾儔價傾抧棟妛幰偺嵟傕庡梫側恖暔偲偟偰埵抲偮偗偰偄傞丅
乽崙乆偺杮(Book of the Countries)乿丗 儎僋價 (Yakubi)挊偺乽僉僞僽 傾儖-僽儖僟儞(Kitab al-Buldan)乮崙乆偺杮乯乿偼僂傿僩(G. Wiet)偑東栿偟1937擭偵僇僀儘偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅乮Yakubi Les Pays tr. by G. Wiet. Cairo 1937)丅
僋乕僼傽懱(Kufic Script)丗 尨揟僐乕儔儞偺偐偐傟偨傾儔價傾暥帤偺彂懱丅
僋乕僼傽暥帤(Kufic Script)丗 僐僂僼傿 儌僗僫僪庤朄(Koufi 噓osnad Handwriting)偁傞偄偼僐僼傿恾埬(Cofi's Patterns)偲傕屇偽傟丄婭尦慜115擭偐傜婭尦14擭偵嵼偭偨僿儅僀乕儖崙(Hemair State)偱巊傢傟偨丅偙傟傜偺恾埬偺扨暥(simples)傗壧彞(sings)偼偙傟傜偑傾儔價傾岅偲嬤偄偺偱夝柧偝傟偰偄偨丅(乽僸儉儎儖偲僿儅僀乕儖乿傪嶲徠)丅
僋儀僶(Cubeb)丗 僸僢僠儑僂僇(Java Pepper)偺幚偱崄枴椏丒栻梡丒挷枴椏偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅
僋儈儞(Cummin)丗 僙儕壢偺堦擭憪偱庬巕偱僇儗乕暡偺尨椏偵偡傞懠丄僗儁僀儞椏棟丄僠乕僘丒僜乕僙乕僕壛岺摍偵巊傢傟傞崄枴椏偱栻梡偵傕巊傢傟傞丅
僌儉儖僋(Gumruk)丗 娭惻(Customs)丅
僌儉儖僋僕僀(Gumrukdjy)丗惻姱棛丅
僋儔僀僔(Quraishi)丗 僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraish丄Quraysh)偼傾儔僽壔偟偨儊僢僇乮Mecca乯偺桳椡晹懓偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉埲慜偵儅僢僇(Makkah)乕偐傜僀僄儊儞乮Yemen乯傊岎堈偡傞戉彜傪塩傫偱偄偨丅枖丄梐尵幰偺弌恎晹懓偱傕偁傞丅
僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)丗 僋儔僀儎僩偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偲偺惣晹崙嫬偺挰偱屆棃偐傜抧拞奀増娸(the Mediterranean)偲傾儔價傾敿搰拞墰晹傗撿晹傪寢傇廳梫側戉彜楬(An Important Caravan Route)偱偁偭偨戝夞楲偺孍抧 儚僨傿儖 僔乕儖僴儞 (Wadi'l-Sirhan)偺梫抧偱偁偭偨丅僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)偼墫偺嶻抧偲偟偰傕桳柤偱偁傝丄儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偲偺惣晹崙嫬偑慡偰僋儔僀儎僩廈(Al Qurayyat Governorate)偲偟偰撈棫偟偰偄偨帪戙偵偼廈搒偱傕偁偭偨丅尰嵼偱傕僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)偼崙嫬偺挰偲偟偰廳梫偱偁傞偲摨帪偵偙偺抧堟偱惙傫側擾嬈q抺偺拞怱偱傕偁傞丅僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)偼Al `Aqaylah, Al `Uqaylah, Al `Uqaylah Kaf, Al `Uqaylah Kāf, Al-`Akejla, An Nabk, An Nabk Abu Nakhlah, Nabek摍偲傕揮幨偝傟偰棃偰偍傝丄偦偺岅尮偼偼偭偒傝偟側偄偑乽懞棊W棊乿傪堄枴偡傞岅偱偼側偄偐偲巹偼巚偭偰偄傞丅
僌儔僫僟(Granada)丗 僗儁僀儞撿晹抧拞奀増娸偺傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalicia)抧曽偺挰偱儉乕傾恖(Moor)偺僌儔僫僟墹崙(Emirate of Granada, 1228 - 1492乯偺庱搒偱僗儁僀儞(Spain)偵偍偗傞儉乕傾恖嵟屻偺嫆傝強偱偁偭偨丅14悽婭偵姰惉偟偨乽愒偄忛乿傪堄枴偡傞僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺墹媨傾儖僴儞僽儔媨揳(Alhambra)偑偁傞丅
僌儔僫僟墹崙(Emirate of Granada)丗 僗儁僀儞(Spain)撿晹偺抧拞奀増娸偵偁偭偨儉乕傾恖(Moor)偺墹崙乮惣楋1228擭偐傜惣楋1492擭乯偱偁偭偨丅摨柤偺挰偼尦僌儔僫僟墹崙偺庱搒偱丄僗儁僀儞偵偍偗傞儉乕傾恖嵟屻偺嫆傝強偱偁偭偨丅
僌儔儖僟僼傿枽(Cape Guardafui)丗 僜儅儕傾杒搶晹偺枽偱丄傾僨儞(Aden)榩偺撿偺擖傝岥偵偁偨傞丅
僋儕傾儉儕傾彅搰(Kuria Muria Islamds)丗 傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)偺僆儅乕儞(Oman)撿惣娸壂偵埵抲偡傞僆儅乕儞椞偺5偮偺搰丅
僋儕儈傾敿搰(Crimea)丗 僂僋儔僀僫嫟榓崙(Ukrainian People's Republic)偵偁傝丄暆5-8km偺儁儗僐乕僽抧嫭(Isthmus of Perekop)偵傛偭偰戝棨偲偮側偑偭偰偄傞丅埵抲偼丄杒堒44搙23暘-44搙23暘乮栺322km乯丄搶宱32搙30暘-32搙30暘乮栺177km乯偱丄柺愊偼丄栺2枩6100km2偱偁傞丅
僋儖僓乕僪(Cruzado)丗 億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偺愄偺嬥壿偱棤柺偵廫帤壦偺恾埬偑晅偄偰偄偨丅幚懱偺壙抣偺億儖僩僈儖扨埵偺傑偲傑傝偱偁傞丅
僋儖僔儏僫愳(The Krishna or River Krishna)丗 僀儞僪撿晹惣僈乕僣嶳柆(Western Ghats)偐傜搶偵棳傟儀儞僈儖榩偵拲偖丅媽徧偼僉僗僩僫(Kistan)愳偲塢偆丅
僋乕儖儅乕(Al-Khurmah)丗 儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)搶晹偺僴僟儞梠娾抧懷(Harrat Hadan)偲僫儚僔僼梠娾懷(Harrat Nawasif)偺擇偮偺壩嶳嶳柆偵嫴傑傟偨扟乮熆傟扟僗僶僀乯偐傜暯抧傊偺搶弌岥晅嬤傪彮偟撿偵擖偭偨擾懞偱丄乽嫹娫乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僋儗僆僷僩儔(Cleopatra)丗 僋儗僆僷僩儔7悽僼傿儘僷僩儖(Cleopatra VII Philopator , 69 - 30 B.C.)偼屆戙僄僕僾僩偺僾僩儗儅僀僆僗挬(Ptolemaic dynasty, 305 B.C to 30 B.C)嵟屻偺彈墹(51 B.C - 49 B.C, 48 B.C – 30 B.C)偱丄僕儏儕傾僗 僔乕僓乕(Julius Caesar, 100 or 102 B.C - 44.B.C)偲儅儖僋僗 傾儞僩僯僂僗(Mark Antony, 83 B.C - 30 B.C)偺垽恖偱傕偁偭偨丅
僋儘僥儞偺栄旂(Sable)丗 僀僞僠壢偱丄摢摲挿40cm丄旜挿15cm掱丄庤怓偼崟側偄偟埫妼怓偱儓乕儘僢僷丒傾僕傾偺杒晹偵暘晍偟丄偦偺栄旂偼僙乕僽儖偲屇偽傟丄嵟崅媺昳丅
僋儘乕僽(Clove)丗 僋儘乕僽乮Syzygium aramaticum丄Syn. Eugenia aromatica丄Clove乯偼僼僩儌儌壢偺怉暔偱丄偦偺奐壴慜偺壴錛傪姡憞偝偣偨崄恏椏偺柤偱偁傞丅儌儖僢僇孮搰(Maluku Islands, Moluccas, Moluccan Islands or Spice Islands)偑尨嶻抧偱丄擔杮偱偼挌巕乮偪傚偆偠乯丄挌崄乮偪傚偆偙偆乯偲傕屇偽傟傞丅擏椏棟偵傛偔巊傢傟傞偑丄懠偺崄恏椏偲僽儗儞僪偟偰巊梡偡傞偙偲偑懡偄丅惗栻偲偟偰偺壴錛傪挌巕乮偪傚偆偠乯傑偨偼挌崄乮偪傚偆偙偆乯偲偄偆偙偲傕偁傝丄朏崄寬堓嵻偱偁傞丅
僋儚僀僀儎(Al Quwayiyah)丗僋儚僀僀儎偼熆傟扟僋儚僀僀儎(Wadi Al Quwayiyah)傪嫴傫偱儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺惣170 km丄僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Tuwaiq escarpment)偺惣抂偐傜100 km偺応強偵偁傞丅偙偙偵偼峖悈偐傜挰傪庣傝丄擾嬈梡悈傪妋曐偡傞堊偺僟儉偑憿傜傟丄揔摉側戝偒偝偺擾抧偑熆傟扟偺椉懁偵峀偑偭偰嫃傞丅傾儔價傾榩娸偐傜懕偄偰偒偨拞悽戙偺峀戝側懲愊憌偼偙偙偱廔傢傝丄偙傟傛傝惣偺戝抧偼傾儔價傾弬忬抧偲側傝丄埫偄媢偺楢側傝偑尰傟偰棃傞丅偙偙傑偱偺搶偺戝抧偼暯偱丄悈暯偱怓偑敄偐偭偨偑偙偙偐傜惣偼埫偄奃怓丄埫偄椢傗崟偄媢偺楢側傝偵曄傢傞丅偙傟傜偺媢偼僊僓僊僓偺妏傪帩偪丄棎嶨偱愲偭偰嫃傞丅
僋儚儅乕(Al Quwamah) 丗 擕崄偺摴偱價僔儍乕(Bishah)丄僕儍儔僽(Jarab)偲僩儖僶乕(Turubah)偺娫偺傾儖 僽僌儉梠娾抧懷傪捠夁偡傞搑拞偵偁傞儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)懁偺晹棊偱嵢偵懳偡傞晇偺棫応偱偺曐岇幰丒屻尒恖(Guardianship)偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僋儞僼儞僟(Al-Qunfundah or Confuda)丗 峠奀娸偺僕僢僟(Jiddah)撿栺230倠倣偵偁傝丄儊僢僇廈(Emirate of Makkah)偵懏偟丄熆傟扟僈僰僫乕(Wadi Qanunah)偺壨岥偺挰偱偁傞丅婭尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偑巜婗偡傞儘乕儅掗崙孯偺屆戙撿傾儔價傾墦惇偱偼乽晉桾側傾儔價傾(Arabian Felix)乿偁傞偄偼K暉側傾儔價傾虌A搑偵捠夁偟丄7偮偺堜屗偑偁偭偨偺偱僿僾僞-僼僃儗傾僞(Hepta Phreata)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅僆僗儅儞僩儖僐乮Ottoman Turkey乯偺帪戙傗僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾弶婜偵敪峴偝傟偨屆偄彫愗庤摍傕曐懚偝傟偰偄傞偺偱偙偺曈傝偺摑帯偺拞怱偱偁偭偨敜偱偁傞偑丄偙偺挰偑偳偺條側楌巎傪曕傫偱棃偨偺偐偄傑偩偵暥專傪巹偼扵偟弌偣側偄偱偄傞丅尰嵼偺挰暲傒偱偼栭娫徠柧偺偁傞僒僢僇乕応偲偦傫側偵戝偒偔柍偄偺偵墦偔偐傜偼崅憌價儖偲尒娫堘偊偨媼悈搩偑栚棫偮懚嵼偱偁傞丅熆傟扟僈僰僫乕(Wadi Qanunah)偺壨岥偺撿偱偼嵒抧偐傜娷墫暯抧(Sabkha丄Salt Flat)偵曄傢傝丄挰奜傟偵SCECO偺敪揹強偑偁傞丅
働
宩旂丒擏宩旂(Cinnamon)丗 擏宩偼僋僗僲僉壢偺忢椢崅栘偱僀儞僪僔僫(Indochine)尨嶻偺崄恏椏怉暔偱偁傝丄崅偝10m丄庽旂偼椢崟怓偱朏崄偲恏枴偑偁傝丄梩偼妚幙偱岤偔丄挿懭墌宍丄6寧崰梩泓偵扺墿怓偺彫壴傪偮偗丄懭墌宍崟怓偺妀壥傪寢傇丄偙偺庽旂乮宩旂乯傪姡憞偝偣偨偺偑僯僢僉乮僔僫儌儞乯偱偁傝丄崄恏椏丒寬堓栻丒嫺枴嫺廘栻偲偟偰巊傢傟丄枖丄宩旂桘傪庢傞丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽擏宩旂(Cinnamon)偁傞偄偼敀宩(Canella)乮僴僢働僀丄惣報搙彅搰嶻偺擏宩偵帡偨栘乯偼僙僀儘儞搰尨嶻偺怉暔(Cinnamomum zeilanicum)偺彫巬偺愙抧埥偄偼愙抧偟偰側偄庽旂乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
KAIA丗 儕儎僪崙嵺嬻峘(King Abdul Aziz International Airport, Riyadh)
KFIA丗 僟儞儅儞崙嵺嬻峘(King Fahad International Airport, Damman)
栄怐暔(Woollens)丗 梤丒閜閗摍偺摦暔偺栄偱嶌偭偨巺偱怐偭偨怐暔偱梾幯(raxa)丒僱儖(flannel)丒僙儖(serge)摍偺椶丅
KKIA丗 僕僃僢僟崙嵺嬻峘(King Khalid International Airport, Jeddah)
働僔儏儉搰(Island of Qeshm)丗 儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)奀嫭偵偁傞僀儔儞椞偺搰丅
働僔儏儗(Keshre)丗 摛偺旂(Skin of Bean)偐傜嶌偭偨戙梡僐乕僸乕丅
僎僕儔抧堟(Gezira)丗 僗僟乕儞搶晹敀僫僀儖(White Nile)愳偲惵僫僀儖(Blue Nile)愳偵嫴傑傟偨抧堟偱戝婯柾側燇燆寁夋偵傛傝擾嬈抧堟偲側偭偨丅枖丄16悽婭偐傜19悽婭偵妡偗偰墹崙(Funj Sultanate of Sinnar, 1504 - 1821)偑塰偊偨丅Gezira偼Al Jazirah丄Sinna偼Sennar偲傕揮幨偝傟傞丅
僎僢儖僴(Gerrha)丗 乮僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)傪嶲徠丅乯
僎僥傿儞僎儞(Göttingen)丗 僪僀僣偺僯乕僟乕僓僋僙儞(Niedersachsen丄Lower Saxony)廈偵偁傞巗偱恖岥13枩恖丄拞悽僴儞僓摨柨偺桳椡搒巗丅
働僪儔僷僀僾(Kedra)丗 媔墝偵巊傢傟傞儁儖僔儍僷僀僾(Persian Pipe)偵偼働僪儔(Kedra)丄僔僔儍(Shishe)偍傛傃僽儕(Bury)偺嶰庬椶偑偁傝丄働僪儔(Kedra)偑嵟戝偱嶰媟偺忋偵抲偐傟偰偄傞丅偙傟偼忢偵僉僠儞偲杹偐傟丄屄恖偺壠偺拞偱偟偐尒妡偗傞帠偼柍偄丅
働僯傾(Kenya)丗 傾僼儕僇搶晹丄愒摴忋偵偁傝丄1895擭埲棃塸曐岇椞丄1963擭偵撈棫丄塸楢朚偵懏偟丄僐乕僸乕丄拑傪嶻偟丄娤岝嬈偑惙傫丄柺愊58枩km2丄恖岥3,052枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼僫僀儘價(Nairobi)丅
働僯懓(Kenite)丗 儐僟儎嫵偺惞彂(Hebrew Bible)偵傛傟偽働僯懓(Kenite or Cinites)偼僕僃僗儘(Jethro)偺巟攝偺壓偵惞怑幰儈僨傿傾儞(Midian)傊憲傜傟偨屆戙儗償傽儞僩抧曽(Ancient Levant)偺梀杚柉偺堦栧偱偁傞丅働僯懓偼屆戙僀僗儔僄儖偺楌巎偱廳梫側栶妱傪墘偠偨丅働僯懓偼摵嵶岺巘傗嬥懏嵶岺巘偱偁偭偨丅儌乕僛(Moses)偺媊棟偺晝僕僃僗儘(Jethro)偼梤帞偄偱働僯懓偺惞怑幰偱偁偭偨丅働僯懓偼柧傜偐偵僀僗儔僄儖恖幮夛偵摨壔偟偰偄偨偑丄峳栰偱揤枊惗妶偟堸庰傪偟側偐偭偨儗僇僽恖(Rechabite)偺巕懛偱偁傝丄偐側傝挿偄娫僴僢僉儕偟偨曻杚惗妶傪堐帩偟偰偄偨丅儌乕僛偼柧傜偐偵僕僃僗儘(Jethro)偺恄偺奣擮僄儖 僔儍僢僟僀(El Shaddai)傪僀僗儔僄儖恖偺恄儎僴僂僃(Yahaweh)偲摨堦帇偟偰偄偨丅働僯懓偺壇應偵傛傟偽乽儎僴僂僃(Yahaweh)偼尦乆丄働僯懓偺懓恄偱偁傝丄儐僟儎恖(Hebrews)偵傛偭偰庢傝擖傟傜傟丄弴墳偝偣傜傟偨丅(弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
働僽儔 僫僈僗僩(Kebra Nagast)丗 乽墹払偺塰岝偺彂(The Kebra Nagast or the Book of the Glory of Kings)乿偼僴僀儗 僙儔僔僄峜掗(Haile Selassie, A.D.1941 - A.D.1974)偱抦傜傟傞僄僠僆僺傾掗崙(Emperors of Ethiopia丄A.D. 1270 - A.D. 1974)偺屆戙僀僗儔僄儖墹(Kingdom of Israel, c. 1050 BCE - c. 930 BCE)僜儘儌儞(Solomon, 971 - 931 BCE)宯晥偺寣摑傪尰嵼偺僄儕僩儕傾(Eritrea)偍傛傃杒晹僄僠僆僺傾(Northern Ethiopia)偱巊傢傟偰偄偨屆戙撿僙儉岅(South Semitic language)偺堦偮偱偁傞僎乕僘岅(Ge'ez)偱彂偄偨婰弎偱偁傞丅尰懚偟偰偄傞斉偼彮側偔偲傕700擭慜偺彂偱丄懡偔偺僄僠僆僺傾 僉儕僗僩嫵搆傗儔僗僞僼傽傾儞嫵搆(Rastafarians)偵偲偭偰偼乽恄楈傪姶偠丄偨傛傝偲側傞婰弎偱偁傞乿偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺婰弎偵偼乽偳偺條偵僔僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba)偑僜儘儌儞墹(Solomon)偲夛偭偨偺偐乿丄乽僜儘儌儞墹偲僔僶偺彈墹偲偺娫偵惗傑傟丄婭尦慜204擭 - 婭尦慜179擭崰偵帯悽傪峴偭偨偲揱偊傜傟傞僄僠僆僺傾弶戙墹儊僱儕僋1悽乮Menelik I乯偑偳偺條偺僴儅僔僄儞(Hamasien)偱惗傑傟丄僄僠僆僺傾傊亀廫夲偑崗傑傟偨愇斅傪廂傔偨惞烠乮偣偄傂偮乯(the Ark of the Covenant)亁傪塣傫偩偺偐乿摍偺婰弎傪娷傓偽偐傝偱偼柍偔丄乽僄僠僆僺傾偺柉(Ethiopians)偑懢梲丒寧丒惎悞攓怣嬄偐傜僀僗儔僄儖偺恄(the "Lord God of Israel".)偺怣嬄偵夵廆偟偨偺偐乿偲塢偆婰弎傕娷傫偱偄傞丅乽働僽儔 僫僈僗僩偼扨偵暥妛嶌昳偱偼柍偔丄僿僽儔僀恖偵偲偭偰偺媽栺惞彂(the Old Testament to the Hebrews)偱偁傝丄傗傾儔僽恖偵偲偭偰偺僋儖傾乕儞(the Qur'an to the Arabs)偱偁傝丄僄僠僆僺傾恖偺崙柉姶忣偲廆嫵姶偺埨抲強偱偁傞乿偲塢偆恖傕偄傞丅
僎儖僴儖僩 儘乕儖僼僗(Gerhard Rohlfs)丗 僪僀僣偺扵専壠(1831 - 1896)丟 杒傾僼儕僇丒僒僴儔丒僫僀僕僃儕傾傪扵専偟丄僪僀僣峜掗偺埾戸傪庴偗偰儚僟僀(Wadai)偲傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偵墦惇偟丄扵専婰(Drei Monate in der Libyschen Wüste (1875)丄Quid novi ex Africa?(!886))摍傪彂偄偨丅
僎儖儔(Gerrha)丗 乮僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)傪嶲徠丅乯
働儖儞(Cologne)丗 僪僀僣惣晹僲乕僗 儔僀儞 僂僃僗僩僼傽儕傾(North Rhine-Westphalia)廈偺儔僀儞愳(the Rhine)偵椪傓巗乮96枩乯丅
働儗僀僗(Kheleys)丗 僕僢僟(Jeddah)偲儊僨傿僫(Medina or Madinah)偺娫偺儊僨傿僫摴楬増偄偺廤棊丅
僑傾(Goa)丗 僀儞僪撿惣偺儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coarst)偵椪傓廈偱廈搒偼恖岥4.3枩恖偺峘挰僷僫僕(Panaji)偱僷儞僕儉(Panjim)偲傕塢偆丅僑傾偼傾儔價傾攏傪僀儞僪傊桝擖偡傞棨梘偘抧偱偁傝丄儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coarst) 偺憿慏拞怱抧偺1偮偱偁偭偨丅偦偺忋丄搰偵埵抲偟偰偄偨偺偱丄傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)偺寁夋偵偼岲搒崌偱偁偭偨丅傾儖儃働儖働偼1510擭偵嵟弶偺峌寕偵惉岟偟偨偑丄捈偖偵堷偒忋偘偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄傾儖儃働儖働偼摨偠擭抶偔偵孯傪堷偒曉偟丄寖偟偄愴偄偺屻偵塱媣偵愯嫆偟丄捈偪偵偙偺巗傪億儖僩僈儖偺嫆揰偵曄姺偟偨丅僑傾偼億儖僩僈儖僀儞僪掗崙(Portuguese India)偺庱搒偲偟偰1961擭12寧18擔傑偱億儖僩僈儖椞偱偁偭偨丅偙偺帪傑偱偵僑傾偼僑傾偦傟帺恎偍傛傃僟儅儞(Damão)偲僨傿僂(Diu)2偮偺彫偝側椞抧偵弅傑傝丄摨1961擭偵屘僀儞僪庱憡僱乕儖(Jawahrlal Nehru)偑偙傟傜偺椞抧傪暪崌偟丄僀儞僪椞偲惉偭偨丅
乽僑傾偐傜僗僄僘偡側傢偪峠奀傊偺峲奀擔帍乿丗 乽僑傾偐傜僗僄僘偡側傢偪峠奀傊偺峲奀擔帍 (Roteiro de Goa a Suez ou do Mar Roxo)乿偼1541擭偵乽僕儑傾儞 僨 僇僗僩儘峲奀擔帍戞III姫(Roteiros de D. João de Castro - III)乿偲偟偰嶌惉偝傟丄弶斉偼僯儏僄僗 僨 僇儖償傽儖儂(A. Nunes de Carvalho)偵傛偭偰丄1833擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨丅偝傜偵1940擭偵偼僼僅儞僩僂儔 僟 僐僗僞(A. Fontoura da Costa)曇廤偱儕僗儃儞偱弌斉偝傟偨(ed. by A. Fontoura da Costa. Lisboa 1940.)丅
崄(Incense)丗 崄栘傑偨偼庬乆偺崄椏傪楙傝崌傢偣偨傕偺丅
峠奀(Red Sea or Sinus Arabicus)丗 傾僼儕僇搶杒晹偲傾儔價傾敿搰偲偵嫴傑傟偨榩偱偁傞丅乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀(Erythraean Sea)乿偲傕尵偆丅柺愊438,000km2丄暯嬒怺搙491m丅奀悈偼姡憞偲擔嵎偟偵傛傞嫮偄忲敪嶌梡乮彮側偄崀塉乯傪庴偗丄巐婫偵搉偭偰棳擖偡傞壨愳偑柍偔丄僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)偲偼尷傜傟偨弞娐偟偐柍偄摍偵傛傝墫暘擹搙偑3.6%乣3.8%偲崅偄丅杒晹偵偼僔僫僀敿搰(Sinai Penins)偑偁傝丄僠儔儞奀嫭(Straits of Tiran)傪捠偠偰傾僇僶榩(Gulf of Aqaba)偲偮側偑偭偰偄傞丅傑偨丄杒惣晹偵偼僗僄僘榩(Gulf of Suez)偑偁傝丄僗僄僘榩偼僗僄僘塣壨(Suez Canal)傪宱偰抧拞奀(Mediterranean sea)偲偮側偑偭偰偄傞丅傑偨丄撿晹偼僶僽丒僄儖丒儅儞僨僽奀嫭(Strait of Bab el Mandeb)傪宱偰傾僨儞榩(Gulf of Aden)偲偮側偑偭偰偄傞丅堟撪偵偼戝偒側搰涀偼柍偔丄増娸晹偵彫搰涀偑悢懡偔偁傞丅偦偺戙昞揑側傕偺偲偟偰偼僄儕僩儕傾(Eritrea)偺僟僼儔僋彅搰(Dahlak Archipelago)丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偺僼傽儔僒儞彅搰(Farasan Islands)丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僇儅儔儞搰(Kamaran Island)側偳偑偁傞丅栚棫偭偨壨愳偑棳傟崬傫偱偄側偄偙偲傕偁傝奀悈偺摟柧搙偑崅偔丄屌桳庬傕懡偄偙偲偐傜僟僀僶乕偵偲偭偰摬傟偺懳徾偱偁傞丅偲傝傢偗丄僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偑偦偺壎宐傪嫕庴偟偰偄傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯峠奀偼悈怺偑怺偔丄戝偒側悈偺弞娐偑偁傞偺偱嶺岃偵偲偭偰偼傾儔價傾榩(Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf)傛傝偼傕偭偲埨掕偟偨奀梞娐嫬偱偁傝丄堦庬偺憯椶偺堊偵奀悈偺怓偑峠傪掓偡傞帠偑偁傞偲偄偆丅
乽峠奀峲奀擔帍(Red Sea Roteiro)乿丗 1541擭丄僕儑傾儞 僨 僇僗僩儘(Joān de Castro)挊丅
峲奀幰僿儞儕乕墹巕(Prince Henry the Navigator)丗 峲奀墹巕僄儞儕働(Henrique o Navegador)偼億儖僩僈儖墹僕儑傾儞堦悽(Joãn I)(1357 - 1433)偺墹巕(1394 - 1460)偱僕僽儔儖僞儖奀嫭(Strait of Gibraltar)杒傾僼儕僇娸偺僙僂僞(Ceuta)傪峌棯偟偰埲屻丄峲奀偺尋媶傗傾僼儕僇惣娸偺扵専偵恠椡偟丄億儖僩僈儖恖偺傾僼儕僇廃峲偍傛傃僀儞僪峲楬奐戱偺愭嬱丄曣崙偺妛弍丄暥壔偺怳嫽偵傕峷專偟偨丅扐偟丄屻偵晅偗傜傟偨偦偺偁偩柤(Sobriquet)偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄僿儞儕乕墹巕偼奀梞帠嬈偺幚抧偺晹暘偵偼壛傢傜側偐偭偨丅
乽峠奀偲傾僨儞榩偺悈愭埬撪(Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot)乿丗 乽奀孯偺悈楬應検(Hydrographer)乿僀儞僌儔儞僪撿惣晹僒儅僙僢僩(Somerset)廈僩乕僩儞(Taunton)偱1967擭偵弌斉丄1971擭偵憹曗晅偒偱嵞斉丅
乽峠奀偲傾價僔僯傾乿丗 僨僯 僪僁 儕儃儚乕儖(Denis de Rivoyre)挊丄1880擭僷儕偱弌斉(De Revoyre, D. Mer Rouge et Abyssinie Paris 1880.)丅
乽峠奀偲傾價僔僯傾偺岎堈偵娭偡傞拲堄乿丗 (Notice sur le commerce de la Mer Rouge
et de I'Abyssinie)偼僙僆僼傿儖 儖僼僃乕償儖(Thèophile Lefebvre)挊丄1845
- 1851擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乽1839擭偐傜1843擭偺傾價僔僯傾椃峴乿(Lefebvre, T. Voyage en Abyssinie executé
pendant les années 1839 - 1843.
乽峠奀偺椃峴婰(Red Sea Itineraries or Descriptio Maris Rubri)乿丗 儖僀僗 僨儖 儅儖儌儖 僇儖償傽僴儖(Luis del Mármol Carvajal)挊偺乽傾僼儕僇偺慡斒揑婰弎乮儌僴儊僢僩嫵偺憂愝偐傜1571擭傑偱偺愴憟偲惙悐偵偮偄偰乯(Descripción general de Africa, sus guerras y vicisitudes, desde la fundación del Mahometismo el aňo 1571)乿傪傾儞僩僯僂僗 儅僢僥僂僗(Antonius Mattaeus)偼梫栺偟丄乽峠奀偺椃峴婰(the Red Sea itineraries)乿偲塢偆戣偱儔僥儞岅(Latin)偵東栿偟丄1738擭偵僴乕僌(Hague)偱弌斉偟偨乽(Veteris Aevi Analecta)乿偺拞偱尵媦偟偰偄傞丅
屻婜僆儖僪儚儞暥壔(Developed Oldowan Types)丗 弶婜偺恖椶偱儂儌 僴僯儕僗 (Homo habilis) 偲抦傜傟偨媽恖椶偑200枩擭傛傝彮偟慜偵嵟弶偵尰傟丄敪揥偝偣偨傇偪愗傝婍丄懡柺懱丄挿墌懱丄墌斦摍傪惗傒弌偟偨屆愇婍暥壔丅
峠嬍悜(Cornelian)丗 愒囿囗丒僇乕僱儕傾儞(Carnelian).
峠拑(Tea)丗 拑偺庽偺庒梩傪揈傒庢傝丄敪峺偝偣傞偲峠妼怓偲側傝朏崄傪曻偪丄偙傟傪姡憞偟偨傕偺偱丄拑偲偟偰煿傟傞偲峠怓傪懷傃傞偺偱峠拑偲屇偽傟丄庡偲偟偰僀儞僪(India)傗僗儕儔儞僇(Sri Lanka)偱嶻偡傞丅
崄嵷(Coriander)丗 僙儕壢偺堦擭憪偱丄撿儓乕儘僢僷尨嶻偺崄枴椏丒栻梡怉暔偱崅偝30cm - 60cm丄宻丒梩偲傕摿堎側朏崄偑偁傝丄僇儗乕暡傗僋僢僉乕摍偺壛偊傞丅梩偼嵶楐偟偨塇忬暋梩偱丄屳惗丄壞丄彫敀壴傪暋嶻宍壴彉偵偮偗傞丅壥幚偼彫墌宍偱丄崄枴椏丒寬堓丒嫀醾栻偲偟偰梡偄傞丅崄嵷(Coriander)偼億儖僩僈儖岅偱偼僐僄儞僪儘(Coentro)偲塢偆丅
峏怴悽(Pleistocene)丗 栺164枩擭偐傜栺1枩擭慜傑偱偺抧幙擭戙偺堦嬫暘偱丄戞巐婭偺慜敿偵偁偨傞丅峖愊悽丄嵟怴悽丄昘壨帪戙偲傕傛偽傟傞丅儂儌丒僄儗僋僩僁僗(尨恖) (Homo erectus)偑弌尰偟丄尰戙恖偺抜奒傑偱恑壔偟偨帪戙偱偁傝丄峫屆妛忋偺曇擭偱偼媽愇婍帪戙偲撽暥帪戙憪憂婜偵憡摉偡傞丅
僐僂僼傿儎(Koufiyah)丗 傾儔僽懓偑摢忺傝(Headdress)偲偟偰梡偄傞對傗柸偺怓偲傝偳傝偺僱僢僇僠乕僼(Variegated Kerchiefs)丅
屻僂儅僀儎挬(Caliphate of Córdoba)丗 屻僂儅僀儎挬(Caliphate of Córdoba, 756 - 1031)偼僀儀儕傾敿搰(Iberia or Iberian Peninsula)偵嫽偭偨僀僗儔乕儉墹挬(Islamic dynasty)偱丄僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Dynasty, 661 - 750)偑傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids, 750 - 1258)偵柵傏偝傟偨屻偵僂儅僀儎挬偺墹懓傾僽僪丒傾僢儔僼儅乕儞1悽乮Abd ar-Rahman I, 731 - 788乯偑756擭丄僐儖僪僶(Cordoba)傪搒偵偟偰撈棫偟偨丅怴僂儅僀儎挬丄傑偨偼塸庡傾僽僪 傾僢儔僼儅乕儞3悽(Abd-ar-Rahman III, 912 - 929)偑僇儕僼(Caliph)傪徧偟偨偙偲偐傜惣僇儕僼掗崙偲傕屇偽傟傞丅傾僽僪 傾僢儔僼儅乕儞3悽偼丄僼儔儞僋墹崙(Francs)乮僇儘儕儞僌挬(Carolingian Empire, 751 - 987)乯傗僲儖儅儞恖(Normanean)偺怤擖傪杊偄偱惃椡傪堐帩偡傞偺傒側傜偢丄僩儗僪乮Toledo乯峌棯側偳偺愴壥傕嫇偘偨丅妛寍偺拞怱抧偱傕偁偭偨僐儖僪僶偼儓乕儘僢僷彅崙偺棷妛惗傕寎偊擖傟偰戝偄偵斏塰偟偨丅僸僔儍乕儉2悽(976 – 1009, 1010 – 1013)偺帪戙偵偼丄嵣憡偱偐偮柤彨偱偁偭偨傾儖 儅儞僗乕儖(Al Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir)乮惣柤傾儖儅儞僜乕儖(Almansor))乯偑丄985擭偵僇僞儖乕僯儍(Catalunya)傑偱峌傔崬傒丄997擭偵偼僈儕僔傾(Galicia)偺堦晹傑偱愯椞偡傞惃偄傪帵偟偨丅偟偐偟丄傾儖 儅儞僗乕儖偑1002擭偵巰偸偲斵偺懅巕偨偪偺嵣憡埵憟偄偲僗儔僽宯偺崑懓偲僶儖儀儖宯(Berbers)偺崑懓偵傛傞僇儕僼埵偺梚棫崌愴丄宲彸憟偄偱29擭偺娫偵10恖偺僇儕僼偑懄埵偡傞偲偄偆撪桱偵傛偭偰悐戅偟丄傾儔僑儞墹崙(Crown of Aragon, 1035 -1715)丒僇僗僥傿乕儕儍墹崙(Kingdom of Castile, 1035 - 1715)偵埑敆偝傟傞偲偄偆奜姵偺枛丄1031擭偵嵟屻偺僇儕僼丄僸僔儍乕儉3悽(Hisham III, 1027 – 1031)偑朣偔側傞偲戝恇偨偪偵傛傞乽昡媍夛乿偵傛偭偰僇儕僼偺攑埵偑寛掕偝傟偰柵朣偟偨丅埲屻偼丄奺抧偺崑懓偨偪偑撈棫偟丄26偲傕30偲傕尵傢傟傞僞僀僼傽(Taifas)偲屇偽傟傞彅岒払偑暘楐妱嫆偡傞帪戙偲側傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾摍乯
崄椏偺搚抧丗 Land of Spices.
彫宆偺僒儊(Dog-Fish)丗 増娸偵峀偔惐懅偡傞僩儔僓儊壢偺僒儊偱rough hound傗sanddog偲傕塢偆丅枖丄僣僲僓儊壢丄儊僕儘僓儊壢丄僩儔僓儊壢偺奺庬偺僒儊椶傪dog-fish倱偲憤徧偡傞帠傕偁傞丅
崙嵺帺慠曐岇楢崌(IUCN)丗 International Union fro Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
崟抙(Ebony Wood)丗 僇僉僲僉壢(Ebenaceae)偺忢椢崅栘(Diospyros ebenum)丄僀儞僪撿晹偍傛傃僙僀儘儞搰尨嶻丄崅偝栺6m丄梩偼挿懭墌宍丄悈暯偺巬偵2楐偵屳惗丅弶壞丄梩泓偵扺墿怓偺奰偵帡偨壴傪奐偒丄帗梇摨姅丄塼壥偼媴宍丄嵽偼崟怓偱鉱枾丄婍嬶嵽偵徿梡丄塆暥栘丄塆栘丄崟栘丅
乽僐僕儍 傾僽僪儖 僇儕儉(Khoja Abdul Karim)偺峲奀偺婰榐偺塸栿乿丗 儁儖僔儍岅偐傜F. 僌儔僪僂傿儞(F. Gladwin)偵傛偭偰塸栿偝傟丄僇儖僇僢僞(Cakcutta)偱1783擭偵弌斉偝傟偨(Memoirs of Khojeh Abdul-Kurreem tr. from the original Persian by F. Gladwin. Calcutta 1783)丅
乽僐僕儍 傾僽僪儖 僇儕儉(Khoja Abdul Karim)偺峲奀偺婰榐偺暓栿乿丗 L. 儔儞僌儗(L. Langlè)偵傛偭偰東栿偝傟丄1709擭偵僷儕偱乽椃偺堩榖偺廂廤乿偲偟偰弌斉 ((a récit de voyage) Abdul Kerym Voyage de I'Inde à la Merque tr. by L. Langlè. Collection Portative des Voyages, Vol 1, Paris 1797.) 丅
僐僕儍儉僶乕儖(Khojambar)丗 1503擭2寧12擔偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)娡戉偲償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)巜婗偡傞億儖僩僈儖娡戉偲偺奀愴偱29惽偺僟僂慏(dhow)偱峔惉偝傟傞僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺娡戉偺峠奀晹戉傪巜婗偟偨執戝側柤惡傪帩偮傾儔價傾恖慏忔傝丅
層灒(Pepper)丗 僐僂僔儑僂壢偺枲惈忢椢栘杮丄晛捠偼帗梇摨崻偱丄帪偵椉惗壴傪偮偗傞丅僀儞僪撿晹偺尨嶻偲偝傟傞崄恏椏嶌暔偱丄擬懷奺抧偱嵧攟偝傟丄壥幚偼姘摛戝偺塼壥偱丄擬偡傞偲愒偔側傞丅偙偺幚傪壛岺偟偨崄恏椏傪層灒偲塢偄丄枴偼恏偔丄崟層灒偼枹弉壥傪丄敀層灒偼惉弉壥偺壥旂傪彍偄偨傕偺傪姡憞偟丄暡枛偲偟偨傕偺偱偁傞丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑(Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽層灒偼桏偺拞偱堢偪丄帪乆4m埲忋偲側傞僷僀僷乕 僯僌儖儉(Piper nigraum)偲塢偆梩偺懡偄偮傞怉暔(Vine)偺偟側傃偨塼壥(Berry)偱偁傞丅偙偺崄恏椏偼崟敀2偮偺庬椶偑偁傞丅崟層灒偼旂傪攳偐側偄塼壥慡懱傪偡傝偮傇偟偰摼傜傟丄敀層灒偼姳偟偨層灒偺幚偩偗傪偡傝偮傇偟偰摼傜傟傞丅層灒偺怴慛側塼壥(berry)偼愒偄怓傪偟偰偍傝丄姡偐偡偲崟怓偵曄壔偡傞丅層灒偼僀儞僪僱僔傾(Indonesia)丄僀儞僪僔僫(Indochina)丄儅儗僀僔傾(Malaysia)偍傛傃撿僀儞僪(Southern India)偱堢偮乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
屆戙傾儔價傾岅(Old Arabian Language)丗 屆戙偵偼傾儔儉恖(Aramaean Sphere)偲撿僙儉懓(South Semitic Sphere)偲偺娫偺嬫暿偼尩奿偱偼柍偐偭偨丅婭尦慜9悽婭偐傜婭尦慜6悽婭偺傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)傗僶價儘僯傾(Babylonian)偺旇暥偵婰弎偺尒傜傟傞杒傾儔價傾偺晹懓(People of Northern Arabia)偼媈偄傕側偔偙偺擇偮偺僌儖乕僾偐傜摿挜傪暘偗崌偭偰偄偨丅椺偊偽僞僀儅(Tayma)偺旇暥偼婎杮揑偵偼杒傾儔價傾偱偺僒儉僨傿僋(Thamudic)暥帤偺尵岅偺抧堟偱偁偭偨偑丄婭尦慜6悽婭偐傜婭尦慜5悽婭偵偦偙偱椉曽偺旇暥偑尒偮偐偭偰偄傞條偵傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)傕巊傢傟丄偦偺塭嬁傕庴偗偰偄偨丅婭尦慜2悽婭偐傜婭尦4悽婭偺杒惣傾儔價傾偺僫僶僥傿傾恖(Nabataean)偼帺暘払偺尵梩傪彂偔偺偵傾儔儉岅(Aramaic)偵嬌傔偰嬤偄暥帤傪巊偭偰嫃偨丅偙偺暥帤偼傾儔價傾岅偲傾儔儉岅偺崌惉偱偁偭偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜僫僕僪(Najd)偱偼傾儔儉恖暥壔(Armaean Culture)偲偺宷偑傝偼梋傝嫮偔偼側偐偭偨丅婭尦慜500擭偐傜惣楋500擭偺娫偵惣偍傛傃拞墰傾儔價傾慡懱偱杒偺嫮偄杒惣僙儉岅(Northwestern Semitic Speech or Aramaic Speech)傪榖偡抧堟偲撿偺嫮偄撿僙儉岅(Southern Semitic Speech)傪榖偡抧堟傪寢傫偱偄偨丅惣(Western Arabia)偍傛傃拞墰傾儔價傾(Central Arabia)偵偍偗傞僀僗儔儉埲慜偺尵梩偺暘椶偼傑偩尋媶偺弿偵夁偓側偄偑丄偦傟偼僒儉僨傿僋(Thamudic)偺暥帤偲尵岅偺抧堟撪偵偁偭偨丅屆戙傾儔價傾岅偼懡柺側攚宨傪帩偮摿挜偺偁傞拞墰偍傛傃惣傾儔價傾偱偑敪揥偟偨偺偼媈偄傕柍偄丅撿僙儉岅偲杒惣僙儉岅偼椉曽偺摿挜傪嫟桳偡傞條偵屳偄偵崿偠傝崌偭偨丅偙傟傜偺尵岅斖埻偺拞偱嵟廔揑偵偼屆戙傾儔價傾傪嶌傝弌偟偨懡偔偺傾儔價傾岅偺摿挜傪帩偮曣懱偑妋擣偱偒傞丅廬偭偰丄尵岅妛揑屇徧偱傾儔僽偲塢偆梡岅傪摉偰偼傔傞偺偱偁傟偽偙傟傜偺尵岅傪榖偡恖払偼憗婜傾儔僽晹懓偱偁傞偲摉慠峫偊傜傟偨丅僀僗儔儉埲慜偺僫僕僪(Najid)偺晹懓偼栜榑偙偺尵岅偵娫堘偄側偔娷傑傟丄憗婜傾儔僽晹懓偺拞妀傪惉偟偰偄偨丅偙偺堊偵婭尦慜1,000擭婜偺敿搰偺傾儔僽晹懓偼暥帤偲尵岅偱偼擇偮偺娭楢偡傞揱摑偵懏偟偰偄偨丅偙偺擇偮偺揱摑偼僫僕僪偲惣傾儔價傾偱崿偠傝崌偭偨丅傑偩撿偲杒偺峔惉梫慺偺娤擮偼傾儔僽晹懓偺揱摑偺拞偵旕忢偵婃屌偺巆偭偰嫃偨偟丄巆偭偰嫃傞丅傾儔僽晹懓偼帺暘払傪抧棟揑偵僇乕僞儞懓(Qahtan)弌恎偺撿僌儖乕僾偲乫傾僪僫儞懓('Adnan)弌恎偺杒僌儖乕僾偵忢偵暘偗偰棃偨丅僀僄儊儞偺僒僀僴僪暥柧(Sayhad)傪扴偭偨偺偼僇乕僞儞懓(Qahtan)偺巕懛偲峫偊傜傟偰嫃偨偟丄乫傾僪僫儞懓('Adnan)偼敿搰杒晹偺弌恎偩偲峫偊傜傟偰嫃偨丅偙偺晹懓偺寣嬝(Genealogy)偱偺婎杮揑側嬫暿偼偦偺婲尮傪傾儔僽晹懓偺憗婜楌巎偺拞偱傾儔儉恖(Aramaean Sphere)偲撿僙儉懓寣摑(South Semitic Sphere)偵慿傞丅
屆戙傾儔價傾暥帤(Old Arabian Alphabet)丗 傾儔價傾偱尒偮偐偭偨僀僗儔儉埲慜偵巊傢傟偨暥帤偼屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤乮撿僙儉岅(South Semitic)乯丄僒儉乕僪暥帤(Thamudic)偲傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic)偺嶰偮偺庡梫側僌儖乕僾偵暿傟傞丅撿傾儔價傾旇暥偲傕屇偽傟傞屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僔僶墹崙(Sabaean)丄儈僫墹崙(Minaean)乮儅僀乕儞Ma`in乯丄僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qatabanian)偍傛傃僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadramautic)摍偺僒僀僴僪(Sayhad)暥柧偱巊傢傟偨暥帤偱偁傝丄僒儉乕僪岅(Thamudic)偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)丄拞墰傾儔價傾偍傛傃僔僫僀敿搰偱巊傢傟偨屆戙杒傾儔價傾曽尵偱偁傞丅戞嶰偺僌儖乕僾偼屆戙僔儕傾抧曽偺僙儉岅偱僉儕僗僩偑梡偄偨偲偝傟傞傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic)偲偦傟偵枾愙偵娭楢偟偰攈惗偟偨僫僶僥傾暥帤(Nabataean)偱偁傞丅戞堦僌儖乕僾偺屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤偲戞擇僌儖乕僾偺僒儉乕僪暥帤偺娫偵偼憡摉側椶帡惈偑偁傞偑丄乽僒儉乕僪暥帤偼拞墰僀僄儊儞杒晹偺僒儉乕僪懓(Tamud)偺搚抧偱丄偨傑偨傑丄嵟弶偵尒偮偐偭偨偺偱偙偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞偑僒儉乕僪懓偲僒儉乕僪暥帤偵偼捈愙揑側娭學偼側偄乿偲塢傢傟偰偄傞摍丄偦偺婲尮偵娭偡傞媈栤偼嫽枴傪堷偔丅偙偺椉曽偲傕巕壒偲昗弨偺暥帤弴傪曐偭偰嫃傝丄偙偺巕壒偲昗弨偺暥帤弴偼婭尦慜1,400擭埲慜偺儗償傽儞僩(Levant)偺杒惣僙儉(Semitic)懓尵岅偲嫟桳惈偑偁傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偙傟傜偼婭尦慜1,000擭埲慜偵杒惣僙儉(Semitic)懓尵岅偐傜偼徣偐傟偰偟傑偭偰偄傞丅
屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤乮Old South Arabian Alphabet乯丗偙偺暥帤偼屆戙撿傾儔價傾偺僔僶墹崙(Sabaean)丄儈僫墹崙(Minaean)乮儅僀乕儞Ma`in乯丄僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qatabanian)偍傛傃僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadramautic) 偺4偮偺嬞枾偵娭楢偟偨尨岅偵巊傢傟偨暥帤偺憤徧偱丄僒儉僨傿僢僋暥帤乮Thamudic alpabet乯(僒儉乕僪暥帤)嫟偵丄婭尦500擭崰偐傜僫僕儔儞(Najran)杒曽偺價乕儖丒僸儅乮Bir Hima乯偲儎僟儅乮Yadamah乯娫偺抧堟摍偺娾暻旇暥偵巊傢傟偨丅屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤偼僼僃僯僉傾暥帤(Phoenician alphabet)偐傜攈惗偟偰偍傝丄嵟弶偼僊儕僔儍暥帤(Greek alphabet)偲堦弿偵敪揥偟偨偲偺愢傕偁傞埵巐妏側暥帤偱偁偭偨偑丄夞嫵婭尦崰傑偱懕偄偨僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僸儉儎儖墹崙 (Hmyar or Himayarite)偺塭嬁傪庴偗彮偟娵傒偑偐偭偰棃偰偄傞丅尰嵼偱傕僄僠僆僺傾偺岞梡岅偱偁傞傾儉僴儔岅(Amharic)偺昞婰偵梡偄傜傟傞僎乕僕暥帤(Ge'ez alphabet)偲偟偰曣壒傪晅偟偨宍偱巆偭偰偄傞丅
僐乕僠儞(Cochin)丗 僀儞僪撿惣晹儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coarst)偺峘挰偱恖岥56枩恖丄償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偑1502擭偵寶愝偟偨丅1956擭埲棃働儔儔(Kerala)廈偺堦晹偵側偭偰偄傞丅
僷乕僔僀 僐僢僋僗嫧(Sir Percy Cox)丗 僐僢僋僗嫧(Sir Cox)偼僗僞乕僋彈巎(Freya Stark)偑峴偭偨1935擭偺僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut)傊偺朘栤偺島墘傪夝愢偟丄乽僴僪儔儅僂僩偐傜僫僕儔儞(Najran)傑偱偺擕崄偺摴偺挿偝偼傾儔價傾敿搰偺傎傫偺堦晹偱偟偐柍偄偑慡偔扵専偝傟偰嫃側偄乿偲僐儊儞僩偟偨丅偙傟偑傾僔乕儖(Asir)偐傜僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut)傊扵専偡傞僴儕乕 St. 僕儑儞 僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John Philby)偺摦婡偲惉偭偨丅
僐僢僙僀乕儖(Kosseir)丗 僒僂僕懁偺儚僕儏(Al Wagh)偺懳娸偺僋僒僀儖(al-Qusair)丅
僑乕僥傿僄(E.F. Gauthier)丗 桳柤側傾僼儕僇扵専壠偱1917擭偵僀僽偺曟(the Tomb of Eve)傪朘栤偟丄摢偐傜懌傑偱205曕懄偪栺130m偲弎傋偰偄傞丅1931擭僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乽夞嫵搆偺晽廗偲廗姷(Moeurs et coutumes des Musulmans)乿傪挊弎偟偨丅
僐乕僩僕償僅傾乕儖乮徾夊奀娸乯(Ivory Coast)丗 柤偺桼棃偼徾夊偺桝弌偱丄傾僼儕僇惣晹僊僯傾榩偺儕儀儕傾乮崚暔奀娸乯偲僈乕僫乮墿嬥奀娸乯嫴傑傟偨抧堟偱丄1960擭傑偱僼儔儞僗怉柉抧丄恖岥1,500枩恖丄庱搒偼傾價僕儍儞(Abidjan)偱偁偭偨偑丄1983傛傃儎儉僗僋儘(Yamoussoukro)偵慗搒丅
尵梩偺岅尮尋媶(Word's Etymology)丗 岅尮尋媶丄岅尮妛丅
僐僩儅儞(Kotman)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)増偄偺彫晹棊偺堦偮丅
噫噙(Amber)丗 抧幙帪戙偺庽帀摍偑抧拞偵杽杤偟偰惗偠偨堦庬偺壔愇偱丄夠忬丒釯忬偱嶻偟丄偍偍傓偹墿怓傪懷傃丄帀朾岝戲偑挊偟偔丄摟柧側偄偟敿摟柧偱丄墝娗丒憰恎嬶丒崄椏摍偵梡偄傜傟傞丅
噫噙怐傝(Taffeta)丗 岝戲偺偁傞傗傗寴偄暯怐傝丅
乽僐價儕儎儞偺椃峴婰(Covilha乫s Travels descrived by Father Francisico Alvarez)乿丗 僼傽儔儞僔僗僐 傾儖償傽儗僗恄晝(Father Francisico Alvarez)挊丄摨恄晝偼儘僪儕僑 僨 儕儅(Rodrigo de Lima)偺1520擭偺奜岎巊愡抍偲嫟偵傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偵峴偒丄偦偙偱僐價儕儎儞(Covilha)偵夛偄丄乽僐價儕儎儞(Covilha)偺椃峴婰乿傪婰弎偟偨丅偦偺拞偱乽儁儘 僨 僐價儕儎儞(Pero de Covilha)偼傾僨儉(Adem)乮傾僨儞(Aden)乯傊峴偒丄偦偙偐傜儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)傊峴偒丄堷偒曉偟丄僕儏僟(Juda)偍傛傃儊僇(Meca)偍傛傃傾儖 儊僨傿僫(Al-medina)傪尒偰棃偨丅偦偙偐傜僔僫僀嶳(Mount Sinay)傊岦偐偭偨乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
岇晞(Talisman)丗 偍庣傝丅
僐僾僞僗(Coptus)丗 僫僀儖偺堦偮塣壨偵埵抲偡傞僥僶僀僗(Thebais)偺挰丅
僐儌儕儞枽(Cape Comorin)丗 僀儞僪嵟撿抂(8亱5亴N 77亱34亴E)偱丄僞儈儖 僫乕僪僁廈(Tamil Nadu State)偺僇儞僯儎乕僋儅儕(Kanyakumari)挰偵埵抲偡傞惞抧偱傕偁傞丅
僑儉偺栘偺壴(Gum-Tree Flowers)丗 儐乕僇儕偺栘(Eucalyptus)摍偱Rubber Tree傗Rubber Plant偲偼暿傕偺丅
僐儔僒儞(Khorasan)丗 3悽婭崰偐傜偺屆戙儁儖僔儍(Ancient Persia)偺搶晹抧堟偱尰嵼偺傾僼僈僯僗僞儞(Afghanistan)丄僀儔儞(Iran)丄僞僕僉僗僞儞(Tajikistan)丄僩儖僋儊僯僗僞儞(Turkmenistan)丄僂僘儀僉僗僞儞(Uzbekistan)傪娷傓丅
僐儕儞 僋儘乕嫧(Sir Colin Crowe)丗 1940擭崰僕僢僟偺峲嬻幨恀傪嶣塭偟偨丅
僐乕儖(Khohl)丗 儈僱儔儖壔徬昳(a Mineral Cosmetic)丅
僑儖僈乕儞(Gorgan)丗 僀儔儞杒晹僇僗僺奀偺撿搶娸抧嬫偵偁傞巗偱媽徧傾僗僥儔僶乕僪(Asterabad)丅
僐儖僪僶(Cordoba)丗 拞悽偵800擭娫儉乕傾恖(Moor)偺巟攝傪庴偗偨僗儁僀儞撿晹傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalisia)抧曽偺挰偱僌傾僟儖僉價儖愳(Guadalquivir)壨斎偵偁傝丄拞悽僀僗儔儉墹崙乮756擭偐傜1031擭乯偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅乮屻僂儅僀儎挬傪嶲徠丅乯
僐儖僪僼傽儞(Kordofan)丗 僗乕僟儞拞晹偺敀僫僀儖(Nile)愳偺惣丒杒偵偁傞抧堟偱偁傞丅
僐儖儀僢僩娡(Corvette)丗 僐儖儀僢僩娡(Corvette)偼屆偄暯峛斅堦抜朇憰偺栘憿斂憰偺孯娡偱偁傝丄僼儕僎乕僩娡(Frigate)傛傝傕彫偝偔丄捠忢丄1憌偺朇楍峛斅偟偐帩偨側偄僗儖乕僾娡乮彫宆斂憱孯娡乯(Sloop of War)傛傝傕戝偒偐偭偨丅17悽婭偺僗儖乕僾娡偍傛傃僐儖儀僢僩娡偺懡偔偼慡挿偑12-18m偱攔悈検偑36-64僩儞埵偺戝偒偝偱偁偭偨丅偙傟傜偼扨憌峛斅偵4-8栧偺戝朇傪搵嵹偟偰偄偨丅帪戙偑宱偮偵楢傟偰僐儖儀僢僩娡(Corvette)偲屇偽傟傞掱搙偺戝偒偝偲廂梕擻椡傪帩偪丄1800擭傑偱偵偼慡挿30m偱攔悈検偼365-544僩儞偵払偟偨丅僐儖儀僢僩娡(Corvette)偼僗儖乕僾娡乮彫宆斂憱孯娡乯(Sloop of War)摍偺懡偔偺庬椶偺彫宆孯娡偺1偮偱偁傝丄偦偺孯柋偼増娸寈旛丄彫婯柾愴憟丄戝偒側娡慏偺巟墖偍傛傃嶲愴偺徾挜(Show-the-Flag-Mission)摍偱偁偭偨丅
僑儗傾儖(Gholeal)丗 僕僢僟峹奜偺撿撿搶偼偢傟偺抧嬫
僐儘儅儞僨儖奀娸(Coromandel Coast)丗 僀儞僪撿搶娸偺儀儞僈儖榩 (the Bay of Bengal)抧堟偱杒偼僋儖僔儏僫(Krishna)愳偺壨岥偐傜撿偼僇儕儊乕儖(Calimere)枽傑偱丅
僐儘儞僽僗(Columbus)丗 僐儘儞僽僗(Christopher Columbus, 1451 - 1506)偼僀僞儕傾偺峲奀幰偱1492擭偵僗儁僀儞彈墹僀僒儀儖(Isabella)偺墖彆傪摼偰傾儊儕僇戝棨偵摓払偟偨丅
僑儞僒儖償僅 償傽僘 僑僄僗(Gonsalvo Vaz Goes)丗 僑儞僒儖償僅 償傽僘 僑僄僗(Gonsalvo Vaz Goes)偼丄1507擭偵傾儔價傾恖偑僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺梫嵡巌椷姱儘儗儞僜 僽儕僩(Lourenço Brito)偐傜惓婯偵摼偨埨慡捠峴徹傪尒偣偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄1鋤偺傾儔價傾慏傪棯扗偟丄捑傔丄偦偺忔慻堳傪斂偵朌偄崌傢偣偨丅
僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)丗 傕偲偺價僓儞僥傿僂儉(Byzantium)偼搶儘乕儅掗崙乮價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙乯(Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, 330 - 1453)偺庱搒丅
僑儞僟儖(Condar)丗 僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)杒惣晹僞僫屛(Tana)乮惵僫僀儖偺悈尮乯偺杒偵偁傞傾儉僴儔(Amhara)廈偺廈搒偱丄尦偼僄僠僆僺傾偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅
僐儞僠僯乕儖(Cochineal)丗 鋌帀拵乮偊傫偠傓偟乯(Conchineal Insect)傪姡憞偟偰嵦傞慛峠怓愼椏丅
僑儞僼僅僪(Gonnfode)丗 僋儞僼僟乕(Qunfudah)丅
僒
僒傾僟(City of Saadah)丗 僕僢僟偐傜峠奀偺奀娸慄偵増偭偰637.5km撿偵偁傞僀僄儊儞偺巗丅
僒僀(Say)丗 峠奀傪峲峴偡傞傕偭偲傕彫偝側慏偼娸嬤偔傑偱愙嬤弌棃偨丅
嵼奜彜娰(Factory)丗 奜崙恖彜恖偑嫃廧偟丄彜昳傪挋憼偱偒傞帯奜朄尃(Extra-Territorial)傪帩偭偨梫嵡壔偝傟偨嫃廧嬫堟丅
僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃 (Zaidi Imamate)丗 893擭偵僀儅乕儉 僴僢僒儞(Imam al Hasan)偺巕懛偱偁傞儔僢僔僪(Rassids or RassI)偑儊僨傿僫(Medina)偐傜僀僄儊儞(Yemen)杒晹崅尨偵偙偺抧曽偺晹懓娫偺憟偄偺挷掆幰偲偟偰彽偐傟偨丅偦偺屻僴僔僪堦栧(Hashid)偲僶僉儖堦栧(Bakil)摍僴儉僟儞晹懓(Hamdan Tribes)偺彆椡傪摼偰丄897擭偵僒乪僟(Sa乫da)偵儔僢僔僪挬(Rassids)乮儔僢僔乕挬(Rassi)乯偵傛傞僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃 (Zaidi Imamate)傪庽棫偟偨丅儔僢僔僪挬(Rassids)偼1300擭崰偵柵朣偟偨偑丄僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃 (Zaidi Imamate)偼1962擭偺妚柦偱捛曻偝傟傞傑偱懚懕偟偨丅僓僀僪攈(Zaidiyyah or Zaydism)偼嶰偮偺暘攈偵暘偐傟偰偍傝丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偵偍偗傞僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃 (Zaidi Imamate)偺庽棫偼戞1暘攈偺僕儍儖僨儏僀儎(Jarudiyya group)偑憂寶偟偨偑僗儞僫攈(Sunni Islam)偺僴僫僼傿乕妛攈(Hanafi)偍傛傃僔儍僼傿僀妛攈乮Shafi乪i乯偲偺娫偺塭嬁偑戝偒偔側傝丄幚尃偼僕儍儖僨儏僀儎(Jarudiyya group)偐傜戞2暘攈偺僔儏儔僀儅僯儎(Sulaimaniyya)傊堏傝丄師偵戞3暘攈偺僞價儕僀儎(Tabiriyya)丄僽僩儕僀儎(Butriyya)乮僒儕僸僀儎(Salihiyya)乯傊偲堏峴偟偨丅乮僓僀僪攈(Zaidiyyah or Zaydism)丄僀儅乕儉 僴僢僒儞(Imam al Hasan)偍傛傃僀儅乕儉 儔僢僔僪(Imam Rassids)傪嶲徠丅乯
僒僀乕僪 僕儏儅(Saeed Jumann)丗 僫僕儔儞儂儕僨傿-僀儞(Najran Holiday-inn)偺僈僀僪丄嫵梴丒抦幆丒宱尡偱僷僩儕僢僋 僺僄儔乕僪(Patrick Pierard)偲妑傋傛偆傕柍偄偑ARAMCO偵嬑傔偰嫃偨偺偱塸岅偼弌棃傞丅僒僂僕恖側偺偱寈嶡傗帯埨晹戉偺専栤傊偺懳墳偑弌棃傞偺偑棙揰偩偑偦傟埲奜偼揷幧偺恊晝偺堟傪弌側偄丅
僓僀僪攈(Zaidiyyah or Zaydism)丗 僓僀僪攈(Zaidiyyah or Zaydism)偼廫擇僀儅乕儉攈(Twelver)丄僀僗僫乕僀乕儖攈(Ismailism)偲嫟偵僀僗儔乕儉 僔乕傾攈(Shi乫ah, Shi乫a, Shi乫ite or Shia Islam)偺暘攈(Sect)偱懠偺偵2攈偲斾傋傞偲彫悢偼偱偁傝丆僔乕傾攈弶戙僀儅乕儉 傾儕乕(乪Ali ibn Abi Talib, 4th Rashidun Caliph and First Shi乫ah Imam)偺慮懛僓僀僪(a Great-Grandchild) 僓僀僪(Zayd ibn Ali, 675 - 740)偺柤偵桼棃偡傞丅僓僀僪偼戞4戙僀儅乕儉(Fourth Imam 乪Ali ibn Husayn, 656 - 712)偺巕偱丆壐寬側孼偱偁傞戞5戙僀儅乕儉(Fifth Imam) 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儖僶乕僉儖(Muhammad ibn 乪Ali al Baqir, 676 – 743))偲偼惌嶔傪堎偵偟丆愊嬌揑側惌帯塣摦偵傛偭偰僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Caliphate, 661 – 750)偐傜僔乕傾攈偵惌尃傪扗庢偟傛偆偲搘傔丆740擭偵僀儔僋(Iraq)偺僋乕僼傽(Kufa)偱棎傪偍偙偟偨偑悢擔屻偵捔埑偝傟丆斵偼愴巰偟偨丅偙偺攈偼摿堎側僀儅乕儉榑傪庡挘偟丆僔乕傾攈庡棳偺廫擇僀儅乕儉攈(Twelver Imami Shi乫ism)偲堦慄傪夋偟偰偄傞丅傾儕乕埲慜偺3恖偺惓摑僇儕僼(Rashidun Caliphs)傪丆庡棳僔乕傾攈偼傾儕乕偺尃棙偺櫽扗幰偲偟偰擣傔側偄偺偵懳偟丆偙偺攈偼愜拸埬傪彞偊丆楎偭偨僀儅乕儉偲偟側偑傜傕僇儕僼偺懚嵼傪崌朄揑偵擣傔偨丅偟偐偟丆偙偺庡挘偼庡棳偵擣傔傜傟側偐偭偨丅懠偺2攈偲暘攈偟偨偺偼5戙栚偺僀儅乕儉偺宲彸傪傔偖傞栤戣偱偁偭偨偺偱丄屲僀儅乕儉攈(Fivers)偲屇偽傟傞偙偲傕偁傞丅僀僄儊儞偺懠偵偙偺攈偼僇僗僺奀撿娸偱傕僓僀僪挬乮暿柤傾儕挬乯(864乣928)傪庽棫偟偰偄傞丅僀僄儊儞偱偼儔僢僔乕挬(Rassids)乮儔僢僔僪挬(Rassids)乯(9悽婭慜敿乣1300偛傠)偑曭偠傜傟丆崱擔偵偄偨傞傑偱僀僄儊儞偼僓僀僪攈偺廳梫側拞怱偱杒僀僄儊儞偺恖岥偺敿悢埲忋偼摨攈偺怣搆偱偁傞丅乮僓僀僪 僀儅乕儉惌尃 (Zaidi Imamate)傪嶲徠丅乯
僒僀乕僪 儌僴儞儅僪 僄儖 儅僼儘僂僉傿(Seyd Mohammed el Mahrouky)丗 僯乕僽乕儖 (M.[C.] Niebuhr)偑僄僕僾僩偵懾嵼偟偰嫃偨帪偵僇僀儘堦斣偺彜恖偱偁傝丄僕僢僟(Djidda)偱傕偭偲傕嬥帩偪偺彜恖傾儔價傿 僨僀儔僯傿(Araby Djeylany)埗偺徯夘忬傪僯乕僽乕儖 (M.[C.] Niebuhr)偺堊偵梡堄偟偰偔傟偨丅
僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad)丗 僒僀僴僪嵐敊偼熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Wadi Hadhramaut)偲熆傟扟僕儑僂僼(Wadi Jawf)偵嫴傑傟偨僀僄儊儞(Yemen) 惣晹拞墰偺儔儉儔僩 僒僶乫傾僞僀儞(Ramlat Sab'atayn)偵偁傞丅僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad Desert)偺儅乕儕僽(Marib)抧堟偱偼婭尦慜23悽婭偵偼偡偱偵傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹傪巟攝偟偨僇僴僞乕儞懓(Qahtanis)偑娙扨側搚惙傝偺僟儉偲悈楬傪偵寶愝偟巒傔偨丅婭尦慜偺廔傢傝崰偺悽婭偵偼抧拞奀偱偺僊儕僔儍丒儘乕儅偺戜摢偲摨帪婜偵僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad)偵棳傟崬傓熆傟扟偺擾柉偼嫄戝側搒巗崙壠孮傪婎斦偲偡傞暥柧傪抸偄偨丅偙傟傜偺崙壠偺摑帯幰払偼嫄戝側燇燆帠嬈偺岺帠傪摑妽偟偨丅偦偺拞偱嵟傕桳柤側偺偑僒僶(Saba or Sheba)偺庱搒儅儕僽(Marib)偵偍偗傞嫄戝僟儉偺寶愝偱偁偭偨丅僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad)廃曈偺搒巗崙壠偼報搙梞傪墇偊偰摉帪抧拞奀偱戝偒側廀梫偺偁偭偨崄椏傗崅媺側彜昳傪岎堈偟晉桾偵惉偭偨丅偙偺搒巗孮偺斏塰偑儘乕儅偵偙偺抧曽傪傾儔價傾 僼傿乕儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)偡側偼偪晉桾側傾儔價傾(岾暉側傾儔價傾)偲屇偽偣偨丅偙偺岎堈偵斵摍偼帺暘払偺帺壠惢偺嶻暔傪擖傟偨丅偦傟傜偑桳柤側撿傾儔價傾偺擕崄(frankincense)偲杤栻(myrrh)偱偁傞丅
僓僀乕儖(Zaire)丗 媽儀儖僊乕椞僐儞僑偱1960擭偵撈棫偟偨僐儞僑柉庡嫟榓崙(Democratic Republic of the Congo)丄1971擭偵僓僀乕儖嫟榓崙偲徧偟丄1997擭偵僐儞僑柉庡嫟榓崙偵栠偟偨丅柺愊234.4枩km2丄恖岥4,390枩(1995)偱庱搒偼僓僀乕儖愳(Zaire)増偄偺僉儞僔儍僒(Kinshasa)丅
僓僀乕儖愳(Zaire River)丗 傾僼儕僇拞墰晹偺愳偱僓儞價傾(Zambia)偵敪偟丄僐儞僑杶抧偵擖傝丄撿惣偵戝偒偔曽岦傪曄偊偰戝惣梞偵拲偖丄慡挿4,370km偱僐儞僑愳(Congo River)偲傕塢偆丅
僒僀儘(Silo)丗 崚暔挋憼屔丅
乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺嫵堢(Education in Saudi Arabia)乿丗 傾僽僨儖 儚僴僽 傾僽僨儖 儚僔僀(Abdel Wahab Abdel Wassie) 挊丄儀僀僕儞僌僗僩乕僋(Basingstoke)偱1970擭偵僴僂儞僪儈儖僘幮(Houndmills)偵傛偭偰弌斉偝傟偨丅摨彂58暸偵.傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘戝妛奐峑偺屘僼傽僀僒儖崙墹廽帿偑宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僒僂僕壠偺傾儔價傾(L'Arabia Saudina)乿丗 僇儖儘 傾儖儀儖僩 僫儕僲(Italian, Carlo Alberto Nallin)偼 尰戙埲慜(Premodern)偺帪戙偱偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾傊偺嵟屻偺朘栤幰偱偁偭偨丅僫儕僲偼僀僞儕傾恖偱儘乕儅戝妛(University of Rome)偺傾儔價傾岅嫵庼偱偁傝丄1938擭偵柡偺儅儕傾(Maria)偲嫟偵傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘墹(King Abdullaaziz)偺彽懸媞偲偟偰僒僂僕傾儔價傾傪朘栤偟丄朙偐偱執戝側擻椡傪帩偭偰僞乕僀僼(Taif)傗僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)摍偵偮偄偰偺旕忢偵嫽枴偁傞撪梕傪徻嵶偵傢偨偭偰挊弎偟偨丅儅儕傾偼嵟廔揑偵摨戝妛偺傾儔價傾尵岅偺媍挿傪堷宲偓丄晝僫儕僲偺巰屻丄偦偺挊弎傪乽岞奐暥復偲旕岞奐暥復偺廚廤(a Raccolta di scritti editi ed inediti)乿偲偟偰曇廤偟丄1939擭偐傜1948擭偵僀僞儕傾 僆儕僄儞僩嫤夛(Istituto Italiano per I'Oriente)偐傜弌斉偟偨丅偦偺廚廤偺弶姫偑乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾(L'Arabia Sa'udiana)乿偱偁傝丄M. 僫儕僲(Maria Nallino)偼尨暥傪曇嶽偟丄僕僃僢僟偵嫃偨傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僘墹偵墆尒偡傞搑拞偱僞乕僀僼偲偦偺廃曈傪朘栤偡傞嫋壜傪摼偨晝僫儕僲偑儅僢僇(Makkah)傪捠傜偢偵僞乕僀僼(Taif)偲僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偺2偮偺巗偺娫偱扝傜側偗傟偽側傜側偐偭偨峴掱傪愢柧偟偰偄傞恾摍傪昤偒捈偟偰1939擭偵儘乕儅偱弌斉偟偨丅乮2009擭8寧29擔捛婰乯
僒僂僕庡梫桘揷抧懷偺挋桘峔憿(Geological Structures of Main Reservoirs in Saud Arabia)丗 500枩擭慜偵奀偑崱擔僒僢儅儞奟抧(Summan escarpment)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞奟傪宍嶌傝丄偦偺屻偵屻戅偟偰峴偭偨丅偙偺慛怴悽(Pliocene)乮500 - 160枩擭慜乯拞崰偺300枩擭慜偵傾儔價傾敿搰偱偺嵟屻偺抧妅曄摦偑巒傑傝丄僓僌儘僗嶳柆(Zagros)傪尰嵼偺昗崅偵墴偟忋偘丄埑弅偺椡偑懲愊憌偵撿杒曽岦偺娚傗偐側暯峴偟偨堦楢偺鬻嬋傪嶌傝偩偟偨丅偦傟偲嫟偵敿搰偺惣偐傜搶傊偺孹偒傪峏偵憹戝偝偣丄搶懁偼奀柺壓偵捑傒丄崱擔偺傾儔價傾榩傪惗傫偩丅偙偺帪婜偵宍惉偝傟偨鬻嬋偑屻偵悽奅偱嵟傕朙偐側桘揷抧懷偺挋桘峔憿偲惉偭偨丅
僒僂僕恖壔惌嶔(Saudaization)丗 尨桘壙奿偺崅摣偲憹嶻偱2006擭搙偺崙壠嵨擖偼寶崙埲棃嵟崅偺悈弨偵偁傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄恖岥偺媫寖側憹壛偱庒擭幐嬈幰偑怺崗側幮夛栤戣壔偟丄偙偺10擭丄楯摥椡偺僒僂僕恖壔惌嶔(Saudaization)偲偦偺堊偺嫵堢夵妚偼偙偺崙偺嵟廳梫桪愭惌嶔偵側偭偰偄傞丅僕儏儀僀儖戞擇岺嬈搒巗(Jubail II)摍乆偺岺嬈壔懀恑偼僒僂僕恖屬梡妋曐惌嶔偺堦娐偱偁傞丅
僒僂僕偺嬥惗嶻(Gold Production in Saudi Arabia)丗 1997擭3寧23擔愝棫偝傟偨僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙塩峼嬈夛幮乮儅傾僨儞乯偺擭娫嬥惗嶻検栚昗偼10僩儞偱偁傞偑丄傾僗 僗僇僀價儔僩(As Sukhaybirat)丄傾儖 傾儅乕儖(Al Amar)丄儚僨傿 價僟(Wadi Bidah)丄傾儖 僴僕儍乕儖(Al-Hajar)丄傾僪 僨儏儚僀僸(Ad Duwayhi)丄僒儉儔儞(Samran)丄僔僃僀僶儞(Shayban)丄僓儖儉(Zalm)偍傛傃僴儉僟(Hamdah)偺嬥峼彴傪娷傔偰傕儅僴僪 傾僪 僟僴僽峼嶳(the Mahd adh Dhahab gold mine)偑嬥惗嶻偺庡椡峼嶳偱偁傞偺偼崱偱傕曄傢傝柍偄丅
僒僂僟乕(Al-Sawdah)丗 僒僂僟乕嶳(Jebel Sawdah)偼僕僶儖 傾儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偺嵟崅曯乮昗崅2,910 m (9,550 ft)乯偱偁傞偲嫟偵丄昐枩僄乕僇乕(1 million acres or 450,000ha)偺傾僔乕儖崙棫岞墍(Asir National Park)偺拞怱偱傕偁傞丅僒僂僟乕嶳偺嬤偔偵偼僼傽僗嶳(al-Fas)偑偁傝丄傾僽僴偐傜僒僂僟乕嶳傊偺娫偵偼僈儚嶳(Ghawa)偑昗崅8,500 ft偱戕偊偰偄傞丅僨儏僢儔傾嶳(Dhurrah)偑傾僽僴偺撿偵崅偔戕偊丄僞僴僢儖儖嶳(Tahallul)偼僒僂僟乕偺杒偵墶偨傢傞丅傾僈僶僩 僔僢傾儖('Aqabat Shi'ar)偺嬤偔偵偼僶僢儖儖嶳(Ba'rur)偑棫偭偰偄傞丅僒僂僟乕嶳(al-Sawdah)偺捀忋堦懷偵偼傾儖 僒僂僟乕懞偑峀偑傝丄暯傜側崅尨偺條偵尒偊傞丅偙偺崅尨偼僥傿僴儅乕懁偵偼媫弒偵壓傝丄搶偵偼壐傗偐偵壓偭偰偄傞丅揱摑偺懞儕僕儍儖乕傾儖儅乫(Rijal Alma' or Rijjal Al Ma乫a)偲偼僒僂僟嶳(Jebel Sawdah)偐傜慡挿3,500m丄昗崅嵎1,000 m偲尵偆僗僀僗惢偺娤岝梡僇乕僽儖僇乕偱寢偽傟丄攼隊(Juniper)偵暍傢傟偨傾儖 傾僈僶僩(al-'Aqabat)偺憇戝側宬扟旤傪妝偟傔傞丅働乕僽儖僇乕偺婳摴偵増偭偰棳傟傞扟偵悈棳偑偁傝丄戧傗暎傪嶌偭偰偄傞丅巆擮側偺偼攼隊(Juniper)偺棫偪屚傟偑栚棫偮偙偲偱偁傞偑丄乽攼隊(Juniper)偼屚傟偰嫃傞偺偱偼柍偔丄姡憞偟偰峴偔婥岓偵崌傢偣偰帺傜偺戝偒偝傪彫宆壔偡傞條偵挷惍偟偰偄傞乿偺偩偦偆偩丅
僒僂僟乕嶳(Jebel Sawdah)丗 乮僒僂僟乕(Al-Sawdah)嶲徠丅乯
僒僂乕僪(Saud)丗 僒僂乕僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪僁儖 傾僕僘(Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud)偼晝偺傾僽僪儖傾僕乕僘 價儞 儉僴儞儊僪(Abdul Azizi Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud)偑埫嶦偝傟偨屻丄儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys)偲傕屇偽傟偨戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙(First Saudi State, 1744 - 1818)偺戞嶰戙庱挿(Third Imam, 1803 – 1814)偲側傝丄椞搚傪偝傜偵奼戝偟僆乕儅儞(Oman)丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺戝晹暘傪暪撣丄儊僢僇(Mecca)丄儊僨傿乕僫(Medina)傕彾拞偵廂傔丄僔儕傾(Syria)丄僀儔僋(Iraq)曽柺偵傕恑寕偟偨丅1811擭椞抧扗夞偺堊偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偼僄僕僾僩懢庣儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1805 - 1848)偑儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys)偺捔埑偵忔傝弌偟偨丅僄僕僾僩孯偺桪傟偨暫婍丄抏栻偺埿椡偵傛傝悢乆偺愴摤偱儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys)偑懪寕傪庴偗傞拞丄1814擭偵僒僂乕僪偼巰朣偟偨丅乮戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙(First Saudi State)傪嶲徠丅乯
僒僂僪 僀僽儞 儉僒僢儔僩(Said ibn Musallat)丗 1822擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1238擭乯偵傾僔乕儖偺庱挿偺堦恖偱偁傞僒僂僪 僀僽儞 儉僒僢儔僩 傾儖-儉僈僀僨傿(Said ibn Musallat Al-Mughaidi)偑僞僶僽扟(the Tabab valley)偵偁偭偨傾儖 僔儍儕僼 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 傾僂儞(Al Sharif Muhammad Ibn Awn)偺嵲傑偱峴恑偟丄偦偺巜摫幰傪捛曻偟偰帺暘偺惌晎偺撈棫傪愰尵偟偨丅偦偺寢壥丄僶僯 儉僈僀僪懓(the tribe of Bani Mughaid)偑堦悽婭嬤偔傾僔乕儖傪摑帯偟丄杒偼僶僗儖僴儅儖(Baslhamar)懓偺嬫堟偐傜撿偼僘僶僀僪(Zubayd)丄惣偼傾儖 僈儉僴乕(al-Qamhah)奀娸丄搶偼僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)傑偱偙偺庱挿崙偺椞堟傪峀偘偨丅
僒僂儖(Saul)丗 婭尦慜10悽婭崰偺僀僗儔僄儖墹崙弶戙偺墹(reigned 1047 - 1007 BC?)丅
僒僇僇(Sakaka)丗 僕儍僂僼廈(Al Jawf Province)偺廈搒丄僒僇僇偺柤偼揤偲抧偺娫偺戝婥傪堄枴偡傞僒僇僇(Sakaka)偵桼棃偡傞丅懠偺愢偲偟偰偼摴偺岎嵎揰傪傕偭偲傕傜偟偔堄枴偡傞僔僢僇(Sikka)偐傜攈惗偟偨偲尵偆丅懠偵偼僔僇僇儞(Sikakan)偲尵偆尵梩偑堦楍傪堄枴偡傞偺偱偐傜嫹偄応強偵恀偭捈偖孈傜傟偨堜屗孮傗堦楍偵暲傋偰抸偄偨壠暲傒偵桼棃偡傞偲傕尵偆丅
僒僇嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sakha)丗 乮僔僢儔嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sirrah)傪嶲徠丅乯
嵒娾抧懷(Sandstone Area)丗 嵒娾抧懷偱偼岤偄嶳暲傒偑敪払偟偰偄傞丅嵒娾偼帪偲偟偰嬻憐揑側宍偺娾傪嶌傝弌偟偰偄傞丅枖丄嵒娾偼懡偔偺応強偱奊夋揑側晽宨傪嶌偭偰偄傞丅搤偺僴僀儖(Hayil)偱偼壴浖娾偺媢傗嵒娾偺媢偵埻傑傟偨孍抧偵懡偔偺彫偝側屛偑尰傟傞丅偦偺廃埻偵偼壴傗栘乆偺椢偑怓偯偄偰偄傞丅偙偺條側宨怓偼僴僀儖廃曈偺僐僢僞乕(Al Khottah)丄僕儏僢僶 (Jubbah)丄僉僫(Qina)丄僼僼傽僀乕儖(Al Hufair)丄儔僂僟(Ar Rawdhah)丄儉僼僼傽乕儖(Al Muhufar)丄僩儖僶(Turbah)摍懡偔偺応強偱尒傜傟傞丅塉偑崀傟偽僴僀儖偺杒偼杮摉偵悈偺朙偐側恀偺憪抧偵側傞丅僇僀儀乕儖壩嶳娾抧懷(Harrat Khayber)偺崟偢傫偩嶳傗戝抧傪杒傊偲敳偗傞偲丄撍慠丄悅捈側愒偄奟偵嫴傑傟偨乫僂儔宬扟(Al 'Ula Canyon)偺夞楲偵弌偔傢偡丅偦偺榌偵偼僫僣儊灲巕偺朙偐側椢偑峀偑傝丄偦偺慡晹傪敳偗傞傛偆偵惵偄嬻偑暍偭偰偄傞丅墦栚偵偼丄傑傞偱偙偺悽偺妝墍偺條偩丅價僔儍(Bishah)偺杒偵偼戝偒側嶳偼柍偄偑傕偆堦偮偺旤偟偄応強偱偁傞丅愒偄嵒娾偺愗傝棫偭偨媢偺娫偺彫偝側夞楲傪恑傓偲偦偙偙偙偵僫僣儊灲巕偺敤傪帩偮彫偝側懞傪尒偮偗傞丅偙傟傜偺懞偼惵偄嬻偵曪傑傟偨嶳乆偺堿偵惷偐偱旤偟偄樔傑偄傪尒偣偰偄傞丅嵒娾偼枖丄傾僽僴(Abha)偺撿偵偁傞僴僶儔(Habalah)偺條側愗傝棫偭偨奟傪偟偽偟偽嶌傝弌偡丅嵒娾偼傾僽僴偺僜僂僟(As Soudah)丄僟儔僈儞(Al Dalaghan)丄僇儕儎(Al Qariyah)摍丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙撪偺堦斣昗崅偺崅偄応強傪暍偭偰偄傞丅
嵒媢抧懷(Sand Dune Area)丗 僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺抧昞偺摿挜偺堦偮偼峀偑偭偨僔乕僩忬傗懷忬偺堏摦偡傞嵒偱偁傞丅偙偺崙偺嶰暘偺堦嫮偑嵒偵暍傢傟偰嫃傝丄偦偺柺愊偼幍廫枩暯曽僉儘偵媦傇丅抧恾偐傜偼嵒偱暍傢傟偰嫃傞偺偼屲偮偺庡梫側応強偱偁傞帠偑暘偐傞丅墦偔偰嵟傕戝偒偄偺偑儖僽 傾儖 僴儕嵐敊(Rub乫Al Khali) 乮嬻敀抧懷嵐敊乯偱丄嵒偑屲廫屲枩暯曽僉儘傪寗娫柍偔暍偭偰偄傞悽奅嵟戝偺嵒嵐敊偱偁傞丅杒偺執戝側僫僼僪嵐敊(Nafud)傕戝偒偔榋枩暯曽僉儘偁傞丅偙偺擇偮偺娫偵墶偨傢偭偰偄傞偺偑僟乕僫嵐敊(Dahna)偱丄堦愮僉儘偵媦傇戝偒側屖宆傪偟偰擇偮偺嵒偺奀傪寢傫偱偄傞丅傾儔價傾岅偱僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq)偲屇偽傟傞摿怓偺偁傞嵒媢偺嵶偄懷偑僩儚僀僋(Tuwaiq)奟抧偺惣偺墢傪僟乕僫(Dahna)偲暯峴偟偰憱偭偰偄傞丅嵟屻偼僕儍僼儔傾嵐敊(Jafurah)偱儂僼乕僼(Hofuf)偲撿偺儖僽 傾儖 僴儕(Rub乫Al Khali)嵐敊偺娫偵墶偨傢傞堏摦偡傞嵒媢偺夠偱偁傞丅偦偺懠丄帄傞強偱彫偝側嵒抧偑峠奀娸偺僥傿僴儅(Tihama)偐傜僱僕僪(Nejid)偺娾偩傜偗偺儚僨傿(Wadi)傑偱棨抧偺懡偔偺晹暘傪墶愗偭偰偮偓偼偓偺條偵嶶傜偽偭偰嫃傞丅搤偺塉偼嵒媢偵挋偊傜傟丄偦偺娫偺墯抧(Depressions)偵桸偒弌偟偰僕儖僼傿(Zilfi)惣傗丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)惣偺僇儔儔屛(Lake Qalara)丄儕儎僪杒偺儘僂僟僢僩 僋儔僀儉(Rawdat Quraim)摍偺応強偱彫偝側屛傪嶌傝弌偡丅枖丄嵒媢偺墯抧偵偼嵒媢偵挋偊傜傟偨悈偺桸偒弌偡懡偔偺堜屗偑偁傞丅偙傟傜偺嵒媢抧懷偼墶抐宆嵒媢(Transverse)丄廲宆嵒媢(Longitudinal)丄嵒嶳宆嵒媢(Sand Mountain)偍傛傃僂儖僋(Uruq)偺4庬椶偵傎傏暘椶偱偒傞丅
僒僉僼懓(Thaqif)丗 僶僰 僒僉僼懓(Banu Thaqif)嶲徠丅
僒僞僨傿傾(Stadia)丗 僗僞僨傿僆儞(Stadium)偺暋悢偱僗僞僨傿僆儞(Stadium)偼屆戙僊儕僔儍偺嫞媄応偺挿偝傪婎弨偵偟偨扨埵偱傾僥僱(Athens)偱偼185.2m偱僆儕儏儞僺傾(Olympia)偱偼192.3m偱偁偭偨丅
僒僢僇僩(Sakkat)丗 僕僃僀儔僯(Djeylany)偲嫟偵慶晝払偑嵟弶偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵掕廧偟偨儅僌儕僽 (Maggrebin)偺弌恎幰偱偁傝丄15枩偐傜20枩塸億儞僪(pounds sterling)偺晉傪桳偡傞帠偱抦傜傟偰偄偨丅
僒僢僇儖僪(G. Saccardo)丗 屆偄幨恀傪奊偵偡傞夋壠丅
僒僢僶乕(Sabbah)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)増偄偺彫晹棊偺堦偮丅
僒僢儔乕儖(Sarrar)丗 僒僢儔乕儖(Sarrar)偼僒僕(Thaj)偺惣偵埵抲偟偰偍傝丄尰嵼偼搶晹廈拞晹偺熆傟扟儈儎乕 (Wadi Al Miyah)偺擾嬈偺廤嶶抧偱偁傞丅偙偺挰偺搶懁偵偼塉婫偵側傞偲廃埻偐傜悈偑廤傑傝丄戝偒側屛偵側傞僒僽僇(Sabkha or Sebkhat)偑偁傞丅
僒僥儞(Satin)丗 銓巕怐傝(Sateen)丄廮傜偐偔妸傜偐偱偮傗偺偁傞昞柺傪偟偰偄傞丅
僒僩僾儔嶳柆(Satpura Ránge)丗 僀儞僪拞惣晹傪搶惣偵憱傞嶳柆偱杒懁傪僫儖儅僟愳(the Narmada)丄撿懁傪僞僾僥傿愳(the Tapti River)偑惣傊偲棳傟丄乿傾儔價傾奀偵拲偖丅
僒僰傾(Sana乫a or Sanaa)丗 乮僒儞乫傾(San乫a)嶲徠丅乯
僒僶(Saba)丗 乮僔僶墹崙(Sheba)傪嶲徠丅乯
僓乫僶儖忛(Qasr Za'bal)乮戕偊傞娾嶳偺忛乯丗 僒僇僇偺撿惣晹偵偼敀偭傐偄夞嫵帥堾偑偁傝丄偦偆棤庤偵嵒娾偺崅偄娾嶳偑棫偭偰偄傞丅偦偺娾嶳偺捀忋偐傜偼傒弌偡條偵嵲偑抸偐傟偰偄傞丅偙偺傑傞偱嬻偵岦偐偭偰戕偊偰偄傞條側摿桳側巔偟偰偄傞偺偑僓乫僶儖 (Qasr Za'bal)忛偱偁傞丅偙偺忛偼尦乆偼僫僶僥傾恖(Nabataeans)偑寶偰偨偺傪壗搙傕廋暅偟丄偛偔嵟嬤傑偱幚嵺偵巊偭偰偄偨丅偙偺嵲偺慜偵偼嵗偭偨儔僀僆儞偺條側宍偺傕偆堦偮偺彫偝側嵒娾偺娾嶳偑偁傞丅偦偺娾嶳偺偆側偠偵憡摉偡傞晹暘偑悅捈偺暻偵側偭偰偍傝丄儔僀儞僟儞僗偺條偵彈惈偺梮傝巕偑廫悢懱昤偐傟偰偄傞丅偦偺憸偼1m埲忋傕偁傝丄摵愇帪戙娾暻夋偺憸偲偟偰偼斾妑揑戝偒偄丅偦偺梮傝巕偺摢偐傜偼偙偆傕傝嶱偺崪偺條側嬝偑昤偐傟偰偄傞丅尵偄姺偊傞偲孂偺條側摢忺傝傪偟偰偄傞戙傢傝偵梮傝巕払偺婄偼昤偐傟偰偄側偄丅枖丄娾嶳偺榌偵偼僫僶僥傾帪戙偺屆偄堜屗乮價乕儖 僙僗儔(Bir Sesra)乯偑偁傞丅堜屗偼捈宎偑10-12倣偱丄堜屗偺撪懁偵偼悈媯傒梡偺奒抜偑悈柺傑偱崗傫偱偁傝丄悈柺偼嵒娾婎斦偺抧昞偐傜25m壓偵偁傞丅
僓價乕僪(Zabid or Zebid)丗 僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺惣晹丄僥傿僴乕儅暯栰偵偁傞搒巗偱偁傝丄峠奀偐傜16km偺撪棨偵埵抲偡傞丅尰嵼栺8,000恖偑嫃廧偡傞丅乽儚僨傿丒僓價乕僪(Wadi Zabid)乿偺柤慜偱抦傜傟傞熆傟扟偺撿偵峀偑傞偙偺挰偼丄僀僄儊儞偺拞偱傕嵟屆偺搒巗偱偁傞偲摨帪偵丄13悽婭偐傜15悽婭偵偐偗偰丄僀僄儊儞墹崙(Ziyadid Dybasty, 819 – 1018 and Najahid Dynasty, 1022 - 1158)偺庱搒偱偁傝丄傑偨丄傾儔僽丒僀僗儔儉悽奅偵偍偄偰柤惡傪偼偣偨僓價乕僪戝妛(University of Zabid)傕偁偭偨偙偲偐傜丄嫵堢丒廆嫵偺拞怱抧偱傕偁偭偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯儚僨傿丒僓價乕僪偺壨岥偑16悽婭巒傔偵僶乕儖僗僶僀 (Barsbay)偺暘堚娡戉偑挀棷偟偨僀僄儊儞偺峘偲峫偊傜傟傞丅
僒價儎(Sabiyah)丗 僋僂僃僀僩(Kuwait)偺僒價儎(As Sabiyah)偱偼1998擭偺敪孈偱僂僶僀僪婜(Ubaid Period)偺朙偐側堚暔偑尒偮偐偭偨丅偦傟傜偺拞偱傕婭尦慜5300擭偐傜4900擭崰偵埊偲僞乕儖嶌傜傟偨丄峲奀梡偲偟偰偼嵟傕屆偄廙偺堚暔偼戩墇偟偰偄傞丅
僒價乕儖(Sabeel)丗 僕僢僟偺媽巗奨偺撿搶偺奜懁偵峀偑傞抧嬫丅
僒僼傽僀傾(Sapphire)丗 巁壔傾儖儈僯僂儉乮傾儖儈僫乯偐傜側傞峼暔偱峾嬍偲屇偽傟傞丅榋曽徎宯偱峝搙9丄嬥崉側偄偟僈儔僗偺岝戲傪帩偪丄惵丒愒丒墿丒妼奃怓摍摟柧偁傞偄偼敿摟柧偱偁傞丅僒僼傽僀傾偼儖價乕(Ruby)偲嫟偵峾嬍偺堦曄庬偱惵棔怓傪懷傃偨摟柧側曮愇偱偁傝丄惵嬍偲傕屇偽傟丄扺偄椢墿怓偺傕偺傕偁傞丅
僒僼傽償傿乕挬儁儖僔傾丗 僒僼傽償傿乕挬(Safavids Persian, 1501/1502-1722)乮儁儖僔傾岅Safaviyān乯偼16悽婭偐傜18悽婭慜敿偵偐偗偰尰嵼偺僀儔儞傪巟攝偟偨僀僗儔儉墹挬偱偁傞丅儂儔乕僒乕儞(Khorasan乯偐傜儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)偵帄傞楌巎揑僀儔儞抧堟傪巟攝偟偨墹挬偲偟偰偼弶傔偰僔乕傾攈(Shī乪ah)偺堦攈廫擇僀儅乕儉攈(Twelver Shi'ism)傪崙嫵偲偟丄尰嵼偺僀儔儞偲傾僛儖僶僀僕儍儞(Azerbaijan)丄僀儔僋撿晹偱廫擇僀儅乕儉攈偑廧柉偺戝懡悢傪愯傔傞忬嫷傪摫偄偨丅
乽僒僼傽乕儖 僫儊(Safar Nameh丄Book of Travel)乿丗 儁儖僔傾(Persia)偺帊恖丄揘妛幰(Philosopher)丄僀僗儅乕僀乕儖攈妛幰(Isma乫ili Scholar)偱椃峴幰(Taveler)偱偁偭偨僫僔乕儖-僀 僐僗儘僂(Nasir-i Khosrow, 1004 - 1088)偑挊弎偟偨椃峴婰丅
僒僼僃儞(Al-Safen)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)杒惣偺僕儍僶儖 傾僕儍(Jibal Aja)偺彫偝側熆傟扟(Wadi)偵嵼傞丅偙偙偺廳梫側堚峔偼壠抺偺悈堸傒偺堊偺峚傗屆戙偺孈傝妱傝偱偁傝丄偦偺娾暻夋偐傜婭尦慜2,500擭崰偺堚峔偲巚傢傟傞丅
僒僽僇 儅僢僥傿(Sabkha Mutti)丗 僒僽僴 儅僢僥傿偼傾儔價傾榩娸偺傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偲僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺僇僞乕儖偵嬤偄崙嫬抧懷偵偁傝丄儚僨傿 僒僴僶乫(Wadi Sahba)偑棳傟崬傫偱偄傞丅儅僢僥傿偺堄枴偼僀儔僋偱偼閱攏偱偁傞偑偙偺僒僽僴偼巚偭偨傛傝偢偆偭偲撪棨傑偱擖傝崬傫偱嫃傞堊偵偙偺抧堟偺儀僪僂僀儞偼僑儉偺條偵怢傃傞偲塢偆堄枴偵巊偭偰偄傞丅
僒僽僴(Salt Flat)丗 僒僽僴乮僒僽僇乯(Sabkha or Sebkhat)偼墫尨乮暯傜側娷墫掅抧(Salt Flat)乯偺傾儔價傾岅偱丄嵒敊婥岓偺奀娸偺挭忋懷偵偱偒傞忲敪娾偲扽巁墫娾偱偁傞丅奀悈偑崅偄婥壏偺壓偱忲敪偡傞偙偲偵傛傝丄娾墫丄愇峱丄枧愇偺捑揳憌偑昞柺偐傜抧壓偵岦偐偭偰尒傜傟傞丅奀娸偱偼偁傞掱搙奀悈偑棨抧偺嵒偵抧壓偱怹傒崬傫偱偍傝丄栄嵶娗埑偵傛傝悈暘偑抧昞傊忋徃偡傞嶌梡偑摥偔丅偝傜偵懕惉嶌梡偵傛傝愇峱偼峝愇峱偵丄枧愇偼嬯奃愇偵曄壔偡傞丅戝挭傗嫮晽偵傛傞崅攇峖悈傕奀悈傪曗媼偟丄僒僽僇憌偺岤偝偼嵟戝1m掱搙偵側傞丅傑偨丄嵐敊抧堟偵摿挜揑側崅墫暘偺抧壓悈偑奀娸偵払偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰傕丄墫暘偑嫙媼偝傟傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯UAE崙嫬偺僒僽僇 儅僢僥傿(Sabkha Mutti)偺條偵僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼傾儔價傾榩(Arabian Gulf)増娸偵峀偔尒傜傟丄拞偵偼僆儅儞(Oman)崙嫬偺僂僢儉 傾儖 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin)偺條偵撪棨偱戝婯柾偵敪払偟偰偄傞応強傕偁傞丅
僒僼儔儞(Saffron or Saffraan)丗 傾儎儊偐偺懡擭憪偱撿儓乕儘僢僷尨嶻丄媴宍傪帩偪嵶挿偄梩傪弌偡丄10寧崰丄扺巼怓6曎偺壴傪奐偔丄壴拰偼3楐偟偰巺忬丄愒偄怓偱婭尦慜15悽婭崰偡偱崄恏椏丒栻丒愼椏偵棙梡偝傟偰偄偨丅娍柤偼斣峠壴丅
僒僽儎(Sabya)丗 僕僓儞偺杒30km偵偁傞挰偱1911擭偵儉僴僢儅僪 僀僪儕僔(Muhammad Al-Idrisi)偑撈棫傪愰尵偟偰偐傜僒僂僕傾儔價傾偵暪崌偝傟傞1930擭傑偱僀僪儕僔偺搒偱偁偭偨丅僒僽儎(Sabya)偵寶偰傜傟偨廤夛媨揳(Idrisi palace)偼挙崗偺偁傞幗嬺偱朙偐偵忺傜傟偨巐妏宍偟偰偍傝丄傾僔乕儖(Asir)寶抸偺寙弌偟偨寶暔偺堦偮偱偁偭偨丅戝偒側挰偺峀偑傝偺妱偵丄奨摴嬝偼庘偟偄偑丄壴姤偲僗僇乕僩巔傪偟偨僥傿僴儈 僇僴僞儞懓(Tihami Qahtan)偺抝偑堦斒偺攦偄暔媞偵崿偠偭偰偄傞丅孮惗側偺偐敤側偺偐丄僔僪儖(Sidr)偑偄偭傁偄怉傢偭偰偄傞応強偑偁傞丅僆乕僠僃儕(Aucheri)偺惗偊傞敀偄嵒偺掅偄嵒媢抧懷偵側傞丅惣懁偱偼怉惗偺慳傜偱奐偗偨丄嵒偺攇偩偗偺応強傕偁傞丅偦偺拞偵攪偄徏偺條側孮惗傪偟偰偄傞掅偄燇栘偑偨偔偝傫怉傢偭偰偄傞丅偙傫側堦尒偺傫傃傝偟偨応強偱僀僪儕僔懓偼帺傜傪柵傏偡條側崪擏偺憟偄傪偟偰嫃偨偺偩傠偆偐丅杒搶偵偼壩岥媢傪擇偮帩偮彫偝側梠娾抧懷偑偁傝丄偙偺挰偺栚報偵側偭偰偄傞丅
僒儃僗(Sabos)丗 僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)孯偑婭尦慜24擭偵傾儔儗僱(Ararenê)傪捠夁偟偨帪偺傾儔儗僱(Ararenê)偺墹丅
僒儅僇(Samakh)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)偐傜熆傟扟傾儖 僈傾乫(Wadi Al-Qa乫)暘婒偡傞曈傝偵嵼傞乽帹摴乿偲偺堄枴偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偨晹棊丅
僓儅僋僔儍儕(Al-Zamakhshari)丗 惣楋1075擭偵儂儔僘儉(Khwarizm)惗傑傟丄惣楋1144擭偵杤偟偨僗儞僯乕攈(Sunni Islam)儉乫僞僕儔乕妛攈(Mu乫tazilite)偺塭嬁傪庴偗偨執戝側恄妛幰 (a Distinguished Theologian) 偱偁偭偨丅
乽條乆側塣柦(De Varieate Fortunae)乿丗 朄墹僄僂僎僯僂僗巐悽(Pope Eugenius IV)偺柦椷偱僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿(Nicolò de' Conti)偺朻尟椃峴傪僼傿儗僣僃恖(Florentine or Florence)偺旈彂億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio Bracciolini)偑彂偄偨暔岅偱偁傞丅僀僗儔儉寳傊偺僐儞僥傿偺椃偺搑拞偱僐儞僥傿偼夞嫵搆偵夵廆偟偨偑丄僀僞儕傾偵摓拝偟偨帪偵朄墹偺庍嵾傪媮傔丄朄墹偼僐儞僥傿偑偦偺朻尟傪僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯偵尰幚偦偺傑傑偵曬崘偡傞帠傪忦審偵彸戻偟偨丅偙偺條偵乽條乆側塣柦(De varieate fortunae)乿偼15悽婭偺儓乕儘僢僷恖椃峴幰偵傛傞撿傾僕傾偵娭偡傞嵟崅偺婰榐傪婎偯偄偰彂偐傟偨帠偼宧堄偵抣偡傞丅僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿(Nicolò de' Conti)偵偼2曇偺塸栿偑偁傞丅怴偟偄曽偑1857擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨僴僋儖乕僩(Hakluyt)嫤夛偺僕儑儞 僂傿儞僞乕 僕儑乕儞僘(John Winter Jones)偑東栿丒曇廤偟偨乽僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿偺杮(The Book of Nicolò de' Conti)乿偲戣偝傟偨栿杮偱偁傞丅
僒儅僢儔(Samarra)丗 僀儔僋偺傎傏拞墰晹丅庱搒僶僌僟僢僪偺杒惣偍傛偦125km偵偁傞屆戙偐傜偺挰偱836擭丄 傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abassid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)偺僇儕僼 儉乕僞僔儉(Abu Ishaq al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun, 833 - 842)偵傛偭偰丄 僶僌僟僢僩偐傜慗搒偝傟偨抧丅 椲暻偱埻傑傟偨嬫夋傪丄 僥傿僌儕僗愳(The Tigris)増偄偵弴師憿塩偟偰嶌傜傟偨丅 偦偺偨傔僒儅僢儔偺奨偼暆5km丄挿偝25km傕偺斖埻偵峀偑傝丄 廧柉偼悢廫枩傪悢偊偨丅 偟偐偟寶愝屻50擭偨偮偲曻婞偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅 寶憿暔偼慡偰儗儞僈偱嶌傜傟偨偑傎偲傫偳巆偭偰偄側偄丅 撿杒440m丄搶惣376m傕偺嫄戝側儌僗僋偼丄 忛暻偲尒傑偛偆暻偩偗偑廋暅偝傟偨丅 偦偺杒椬偵偼僶儀儖偺搩傪渇渋偲偝偣傞崅偝55m偺梿慁宍儈僫儗僢僩(a Spiral Minaret)偑寶偭偰偄傞丅丅
僒儅儖僇儞僪(Samarkand)丗 僂僘儀僉僗僞儞(Uzbekistan)搶晹偺巗丄恖岥36枩恖丅
僒乕儅乕儞挬(Samanid Dynasty)丗 拞墰傾僕傾偐傜搶晹僀儔儞偵偐偗偰巟攝偟偨僀儔儞宯墹挬 (A.D. 874 - 999)偱僶儖僼(Balkh)抧曽偺抧庡僒乕儅乕儞 儂僟乕(Sāmān-khodā)傪巒慶偲偟丄900擭僒僢僼傽乕儖挬(Saffārids, 861 - 1003)傪攋偭偰丄僉儔乕僒乕儞(Khirāsān)傪巟攝丄暥妛偲寍弍傪彠椼偟偰庱搒僽僇儔(Bukhara)偼僀儔儞丒僀僗儔儉暥壔偺拞怱偲側偭偨偑丄僈僘僫挬(Ghaznavids, 963 - 1187)丄僇儔僴乕儞挬(Qarakhanids, 840 - 1212)偵柵傏偝傟偨丅
僒儉僄儖(Samuel)偼媽栺惞彂乽僒儉僄儖婰乿偵搊応偡傞儐僟儎恖偺梐尵幰偱柉懓巜摫幰丅
僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)丗 僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偼婭尦慜1000擭婜偐傜儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺帪戙嬤偔傑偱嫃偨屆戙傾儔僽柉懓偱偁傞丅僒儉乕僪懓偼撿傾儔價傾偺弌恎偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅椺偊偽丄楌巎壠偱妛幰偺僀僽儞 僇儖僨儏儞(Ibn Khaldun, 1332 - 1406)傕偦偺挊彂乽執戝側塅拡偺楌巎乮暔徹偺杮乯(Great Universal History)乿偱乽僲傾偺柉(Nuha's people)偺枛遽偱僂僶乕儖(Ubar)傪庱搒偲偟偨傾乕僪懓(乪Ad)偺墹壠偑徚柵偟偨帪偵偦偺摨懓偺僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偑庢偭偰戙傢偭偨丅僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偼偦偺摨懓偺傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)偵戙傢傝丄傾儅儗僋懓(Amalekite)偼偦偺摨懓偺僸儉儎儖懓乮Himyar乯偵戙傢偭偨丅僸儉儎儖懓乮Himyar乯偼偦偺堦攈偺僣僢僶僗懓(Tubba乫s)偵戙傢傝丄偝傜偵傾僪儚懓(Adhwa乫)偵戙傢傝丄偦傟偐傜儉僟乕儖懓(Mudar)偑攅尃傪帩偮條偵側偭偨乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅傾儔價傾偺揱愢偱偼乽僒儉乕僪懓偼杒偐傜堏摦偟偰偒偰儅僟僀儞僒儗乕(Meda乫in Saleh)嬤偔偺傾僗儔僽嶳(Mount Athlab)偵掕廧偟偨乿偲塢偆丅僋儖傾乕儞(Qu乫an)偱偼乽僒儉乕僪偼僸僕儍乕僘抧曽(Hijaz)偺僸僕儏儖(Al-Hijr)偵塰偊丄傾僢儔乕偺搟傝傪攦偭偰柵傏偝傟偨傾儔僽偺晹懓偱偁傞丅傾僢儔乕偑傾乕僪懓(乪Ad or A乫ad)偺愨柵偺屻丄偦偺屻宲幰偲偟偰僒儉乕僪懓偵偦偺搚抧傪梌偊偨丅僒儉乕僪懓偼媨揳偲忛傪抸偒丄嶳傪慂偭偰廧張傪嶌傝斏塰偟偨丅僒儉乕僪懓偑幾埆傗奞埆傪惉偟偨偺偱丄傾僢儔乕偼僒乕儕僼 (Salih)傪尛傢偝傟偨丅僒乕儕僼偼僒儉乕僪懓偵亀変乆偺柉傛丄恄偼擆傜傪傾乕僪懓偺屻宲幰偲偟偰偙偺搚抧傪梌偊傟傟偨丅偦偺偛壛岇傪巚偄婲偙偟丄傾儔乕(Allah)傪悞攓偣傛丅傾儔乕偺懠偵恄偼嫃側偄丅亁偲傾僢儔乕傊偺怣嬄傪屇傃偐偗偨丅僒儉乕僪懓偼偙傟偵廬傢側偐偭偨偺偱丄傾僢儔乕偼戝壒嬁偑柭傝嬁偐偣丄僒儉乕僪懓傪柵傏偝傟偨乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞偲塢偆丅
僒儉乕僪暥帤(Thamudic Script)丗 僨僟儞暥帤(Dedanaite)傗僞僀儅暥帤(Taimanite)偺條側拞墰傗惣傾儔價傾偺僒儉僨傿僋(Thamudic)暥帤條幃偼僀僄儊儞偺撿傾儔價傾旇暥偺暥帤條幃傛傝峏偵屆偄婲尮偲巚傢傟傞丅偙傟偼婭尦慜1,500擭偺尨巒僔僫僀(Proto-Sinaitic)傾儖僼傽儀僢僩偲婔偮偐偺暥帤條幃偑嬌傔偰帡偰偄傞堊偱偁傞丅偙偺條偵偙偺暥帤偼乽嵟傕屆偄傾儔價傾屆戙暥帤偱丄婭尦慜1500擭崰偐傜婭尦慜3 – 4悽婭傑偱巊傢傟偨乿偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅偨傑偨傑丄偙偺暥帤偼僒儉乕僪(Thamud)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞僀僄儊儞拞墰杒晹抧曽偱嵟弶偵妋擣偝傟丄偦傟偵場傫偱柦柤偝傟偰偨丅廬偭偰丄僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偲偼捈愙揑偵偼娭學側偄偵偣傛丄乽屆戙撿傾儔價傾暥帤(South Arabia Script)偺杒曽鎍傝偱偁傞乿偲偺愢傕桳椡偱偁傞丅僒儉乕僪暥帤偼偦偺杦偳偑娾暻傗戝愇偵崗傑傟丄傾儔價傾敿搰杒晹(Northern Arabia)傗僔僫僀敿搰(Sinai Peninsula)偱尒偮偐偭偰偄傞丅偦偺懠偵傾儔價傾敿搰偺懡偔偺応強偱傕尒偮偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺暥帤偼僒儉乕僪岅(Thamudic Language)傪彂偔偺偵巊傢傟丄帡偨傛偆側暥帤偼僒儉乕僪岅偵嬤偄僒僼傽乕岅(Safaitic)傗儕僸儎乕儞岅(Lihyanite)偱傕巊傢傟偰偄偨丅僒儉乕僪暥帤(Thamudic Script)偼28暥帤偱峔惉偝傟丄懠偺僙儉岅(Semitic Language)偺暥帤偲摨條偵塃偐傜嵍傊偲彂偐傟傞偑丄帪偵偼嵍偐傜塃偵彂偐傟丄忋偐傜壓偵彂偐傟偰偄傞帠傕偁傞丅
僓儌儕儞(Zamorin)丗 僀儞僪偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偍傛傃廃曈傪巟攝偟偨僸儞僪僁乕嫵搆偺孨庡偺徧崋偱偁傞丅僓儌儕儞(Zamorin)偲僒儉儕(Samuri)偼塸岅壔偝傟偨尵梩偱丄尦乆偼乽奀偺巟攝幰(Lord of the Sea)乿傪堄枴偡傞僒儞僗僋儕僢僩(Sanskirit)偺僗儉儞僪儕(Samundri (Rajah))偺億儖僩僈儖岅栿(Çamorij)偑岅尮偱偁傞丅
僒儔乕 僀僽儞 傾僢儐僽乮僒儔乕僼 傾僢僨傿乕儞乯(Salah al-Din Abu al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub)丗 乽僒儔乕 僀僽儞 傾僢儐僽偼 杒傾僼儕僇恖払傪僕僢僟傊偺峷偓暔偲將偺寣偺戙彏偐傜柶彍偝偣傞堊偵儉僋僞乕儖庱挿(Amir Mukhtar)傊僕僢僟(Jiddah)偲儊僢僇(Mecca)梡偺彫敒6,000傾儖僨僽(Ardeb)傪憲偭偨乿偲僀僽儞-傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)挊乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偵弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅
僒儔僨傿儞(Saladin)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱偼僒儔乕僼僢僨傿乕儞埥偄偼僒儔乕僼 傾僢僨傿乕儞(Salah ad Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, 1138-1193)偲屇偽傟丄僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid Dynasty)偺巒慶偱偁傝丄12悽婭偺僀儔僋(Iraq)杒晹偺僥傿僋儕乕僩(Tikrit)弌恎偱丄傾儖儊僯傾(Armenia)偺僋儖僪恖(Kurd)堦懓偺弌偱偁傞丅庒偄崰偵僙儖僕儏乕僋挬(Seljuq)宯偺僓儞僊乕挬(Zengid dynasty)戞2戙孨庡僰乕儖僢僨傿乕儞(Nur ad-Din, 1118-1174)偵巇偊丄偵僰乕儖僢僨傿乕儞偺3夞偵搉傞僄僕僾僩墦惇(1164, 1167 & 1169)偵嶲壛偟偨丅1169擭忋姱偱偁偭偨廸晝僔乕儖丒僋乕僼(Shirkuh)偑杤偡傞偲偦偺孯尃傪堷宲偓丄偝傜偵僼傽乕僥傿儅挬(Fatimid Caliphate, 909-1171)偺嵣憡偵傕廇擟偟偰僄僕僾僩慡搚傪彾埇偡傞偲丄僇儕僼丒傾乕僨傿僪(al-乪Adid, 1160-1171)偑悽宲偓傪栕偗偸傑傑昦杤偟偨偙偲偵傛傝僼傽乕僥傿儅挬偼柵朣偟偨偺偱丄摨擭偵傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyoubid Dynasty, 1169-1171)傪憂愝偟偨丅1174擭僰乕儖僢僨傿乕儞偑僟儅僗僋僗(Damascus)偱杤偡傞偲僒儔僨傿儞偼僔儕傾曽柺傊椞搚傪奼戝偟丄彅孯傪惍旛偟偰墹挬偺孯帠椡傪崅傔偨丅偦偟偰偦傟傪傕偭偰僄儖僒儗儉墹崙(Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291)傪峌寕偟丄1187擭7寧偵僴僢僥傿乕儞偺愴偄(Battle of Hattin)偱廫帤孯偺庡椡晹戉傪夡柵偝偣偨偺偪丄僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)傪摨擭10寧傑偱偵扗娨偡傞偙偲偵惉岟偟偨丅偟偐偟丄1189擭偵儓乕儘僢僷彅崙偑僄儖僒儗儉扗娨偺偨傔偵僀僊儕僗偺巶巕怱墹乮Richard the Lionheart, or Cœur de Lion乯丒儕僠儍乕僪1悽乮Richard I乯(1157-1199)傪憤巌椷偲偟偨戞3夞廫帤孯(Third Crusade, 1189-1192)傪曇惉偟偰丄怤峌偟偰偔傞偙偲偵側傞偲丄偝偡偑偺僒儔僨傿儞傕堦帪丄傾僢僐儞(Acre丄Akko丄Acco)傪扗傢傟傞偲偄偆媷抧偵傑偱捛偄媗傔傜傟偨丅偟偐偟丄僒儔僨傿儞偼揋偺栆峌偵懴偊丄1192擭丄廫帤孯偲媥愴忦栺傪寢傇偙偲偵惉岟偟偨丅偙傟偵傛傝丄僄儖僒儗儉傪偼偠傔偲偡傞峀戝側椞搚偑丄傾僀儐乕僽挬偺椞搚偲偟偰妋掕偡傞偲偲傕偵丄廫帤孯傕墲帪偺惃偄傪幐偆偙偲偲側偭偨丅僒儔僨傿儞傕梻擭丄僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偵偰昦巰偟偨丅
僒儔僩(Al Sarat)丗 搶晹暘偑斾妑揑暯傜側崅尨忬偺傾僔乕儖嶳柆偺嶳椗偱偙偺惣偼愗傝棫偭偨奟乮傾儖乕傾僗僟乕儖(Al-Asdar)乯傗栚偑峥傓傛偆側尟偟偄嫭扟乮乫傾僈僶僩('Aqabat)乯偵惉偭偰偄傞丅
僒儔價儎(Ath-Thalabiyah)丗 傾僗-僒儔價儎(Ath-Thalabiyah)偼儊僢僇 (Mecca) 偲儐乕僼儔僥僗 (Euphrates) 壓棳僋乕僼傽 (Kufa) 偺娫偺拞宲抧偱偁偭偨丅
僒儔儉(Salam or Acacia tortilis)丗 僒儔儉偼僒僶儞僫丒傾僇僔傾偲傕屇偽傟傞僱儉僲僉壢偺傾僇僔傾丒僩儖僥傿儕僗(Acacia tortilis or Umbrella Thorn)偱偁傞丅閜閗摍偺摦暔偑梩傪怘傋傞偺偱丄壓偺曽偵巬偼側偔丄嶱偺條偵崅偄偲偙傠偵巋偩傜偗偺巬傪峀偘丄攚偺崅偄傕偺偱偼丄20m偵傕払偡傞丅巬偼丄塻偄巋偑栚棫偪丄梩偑巋偺娫偵偁傞傛偆偵尒偊傞丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺拞墰攚椗偲塢傢傟傞僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jabal Tuwayq)傛傝傕惣偵帺惗偟丄熆傟扟偺扟掙偱偼椦傪嶌傞偑丄斾妑揑暯傜側傾儔價傾弢忬抧偺嵐敊偱偼悈柆偵増偭偰揮乆偲堦楍暲傫偱偄傞岝宨偵摿挜偑偁傞丅
僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsula)偺惣偺墢傪宍嶌傝丄峠奀偺搶懁偵楢側傞嶳暲傒偑僸僕儍乕僘A僔乕儖嶳柆(Hijaz-Asir Miuntains)懄偪僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain range)偱偁傝丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺惣懁偵撿偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜杒偼傾僇僶榩(Gulf of Aqaba)傑偱懕偄偰偄傞丅嶳暲傒偼撿偺曽偑崅偔丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼僒僂僟乕(al-Sawdah)嶳偼奀敳2,910 m (9,550 ft)偱丄僀僄儊儞偱偼3,400m(11,000ft)偵払偟偰偄傞丅僒儔儚僩嶳柆偼峠奀傪嫴傫偱楢側傞僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)丄僕僽僠(Djibouti)丄僄儗僩僯傾(Eritrea)摍傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偺嶳暲傒偲懳傪惉偟偰偄傞丅擇偮暯峴偟偰墑傃傞偙傟傜偺嶳暲傒偼峠奀傪娷傒傾僼儕僇戝棨偺搶懁傪撿壓偡傞戝抧峚懷(The Great Rift Valley)偲嫟偵2愮5昐枩擭慜偐傜1愮5昐枩擭慜偺1愮枩擭傕懕偒丄傾僼儕僇戝棨偲傾儔價傾敿搰傪暘棧偟偨抧幙揑曄摦偺楢懕偱惗傒弌偝傟偨丅枖丄僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain range)偼僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偲傕屇偽傟偰嫃傝丄傾僔乕儖廈偱偼僒儔儚僩偍傛傃僕僶儖 僒儔僩偼傾僔乕儖嶳柆偺屇徧偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄傞丅
僓儕乕儉(Zalim)丗 僓儕乕儉(Zalim)偼僞僀僼(At Taif)偺搶250 km丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺惣550倠倣偵偁傞儊僢僇奨摴(Riyadh - Makkah Highway)偵偁傞媼桘強僐儞僾儗僢僋僗偱媽儊僢僇奨摴偵暘偐傟傞棫懱岎嵎偑偁傞丅偙偺僐儞僾儗僢僋僗偼弰楃偺僔乕僘儞偼弰楃幰偱堦攖偵側傞丅偙偺曈傝偵偼壴浖娾偺業摢偼柍偔丄暯傜側戝抧偼彫愇偱暍傢傟偰嫃傞丅
僒乕儖(Thar)丗 僫僕儔儞巗(Najran)偺杒嶳抧偺僇僞儞(Qatan)偲僟僂僒(Ad Dawsa)偺娫偵偁傞擾懞偱丄乽暅廞乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傟傟偰嫃傞丅
僓儖僋(Zaruk)丗 1杮斂拰(mast)偱烡偲斂偱悇恑偡傞慏挿5m偐傜7m偱慏庱旜摨宍偺儃乕僩(boat)偱偁傞丅僓儖僋(Zaruk)偼増娸偺恀庫嵦傝傪娷傓嫏嬈偵巊傢傟丄7丄8柤偺忔堳傪塣傇丅
僒儖僑儞擇悽(Sargon II)丗 傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺愨捀婜傪摑帯偟偨墹偺堦恖 (婭尦慜722擭偐傜705擭)丅
僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')丗 儕儎僪偺惣杒惣130km晅嬤偵偁傞杶抧偺杒偺擖傝岥偺挰偱儚僔儏儉(Al-Washm)偲屇偽傟傞愵宍偺抧宍偺梫偱傕偁傞丅熆傟扟傾僩僋(Wadi 'Atk)偲偦偺巟棳偺悈棳偼廃埻偺僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jabal Tuwaiq)偺奟抧(Escarpment)偐傜僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偵廤傑傝丄儚僔儏儉(Al-Washm)傪捠偭偰僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq Desert)偺堦晹偱偁傞僋僫僀僼傿僟嵐敊(Nafud Qunayfidhah)偵棳傟弌偟偰嫃傞丅僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偼熆傟扟僯僒乕(Wadi Nisah)宬扟偺尮棳堟偱惣懁偺奟抧(Escarpment)偼壓偑愒偄嵒丄恀傫拞偑墿搚怓偱忋晹偼敀偭傐偄屌偄扽巁墫娾偱暍傢傟偰傝丄搶懁偺奟抧(Escarpment)偼愒偔惼偄懲愊娾偱偁傞丅偙偙偐傜忋棳偺僔儍僌儔(Shagra')偵岦偐偭偰偼扟椉懁偺扞忬偺媢偼愒偄嵒媢偵曄傢傝丄傗偑偰掅偄扞忬偺媢偵惉傞丅僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偱偼悈偼抧昞悈偵惉偭偨傝抧壓悈偵惉偭偨傝偟偰擾嬈偑塩傔傞掱偵斾妑揑朙晉偱偁傞丅僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')'偼傾儔價傾偺僆傾僔僗擾嬈敪徦抧偺堦偮偱傕偁傝丄偙偙偱偺塩擾傗掕廧偺楌巎偼怴愇婍帪戙屻婜偺婭尦慜4,000擭慜偵慿傞偲巚傢傟傞丅熆傟扟(Wadi)偑廤傑傝丄偦偺捠傝摴偺奟抧(Escarpment)傪怹怘偟偨條側応強偼廤棊傪塩傓偺偵岦偄偰嫃傝丄僔儍僌儔(Shagra')傗僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偺條側挰偺弌棃偨丅僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偺庡側廧恖偼僔儍僢儅儖嶳抧(Jabal Shammar)偐傜堏廧偟偰偒偨僞儈儞懓(Tamim Tribe)偱偁傞丅僞儈儞懓偼僶僰 僴僯僼傽懓(Banu Hanifah)偐傜15悽婭偺拞崰偵僂儎僀僫('Uyaynah)傪峸擖偟丄崻嫆抧偲偟偰偄傞丅戞堦僒僂僕墹崙偑1819擭偵柵朣偟偨屻丄1820擭偺屻敿偵僄僕僾僩偺怴巌椷姱僼僙僀儞 儀僀(Husain Bey)偼僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')偵梫嵡傪抸偒丄戞擇師僒僂僕墹崙(1824 - 1891)偵懳偡傞峌寕偺嫆揰偲偟丄1838擭偵偼僄僕僾僩憤撀僋乕儖僔僪 僷僔儍(Khurshid Pasha)偑僒乕儖儈僟(Tharmida')傪1840擭傑偱偺僄僕僾僩愯椞壓偵偁傞僫僕僪(Najd)摑帯偺拞怱偲偟偨丅
僒儞乫傾 (San'a)丗 僒僰傾丄僒僫傾偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞僒儞乫傾(San'a)偼僀僄儊儞惣偺拞晹偺昗崅2200倣偺崅尨偵嵼傝丄僀僄儊儞偺庱搒偱偁傞丅僒儞乫傾偼屆戙僀僄儊儞搒巗(Acient Yemen Cities)偺堦偮偱偦偺巒傑傝偼僔僶墹崙(Sabaean Kingdom, 8 century BC - AD 275)偺帯悽壓偱偁偭偨婭尦慜6悽婭偵慿傞丅旇暥偵傛傟偽僒儞乫傾偼婭尦慜2悽婭枛偐傜惣楋525擭傑偱懕偄偨僸儉儎儖墹崙(Himyarite Kingdom or Himyar)偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅嵟屻偺僸儉儎儖崙墹(King Yousef Athar or Dhu Nuwas, 517/8 - 525)偑惃椡傪挘偭偨帪婜偵傕僒儞乫傾偵偼僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偺傾僋僗儉掗崙(Axumite Empire, 4 century BC - AD 6 century)憤撀晎(Capital of Viceroys)偑偁傝丄570擭埲崀偵偼僒僒儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Persia, 226 - 651)偺憤撀晎偑偁偭偨丅僀僗儔儉慜婜(Dawn of Islam)偐傜僀僗儔儉掗崙(Islamic Caliphate)偺僀僄儊儞巟攝偑撈棫偟偨彫崙偵暘楐偡傞傑偱偦偺憤撀晎乮Government of Caliph's Deputy乯傕僒儞乫傾偵偁偭偨丅枖丄僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299 - 1923)偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨1538擭偐傜1635擭偍傛傃1872擭偐傜1918擭偺娫偵傕廈挕(Capital of Ottoman Vilayet or Ottoman Province)偑偁偭偨丅1918擭偵僒儞乫傾偼杒僀僄儊儞傪帯傔傞僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎(Imam Yahaya)偺庱搒偲側傝丄1962擭偺僀儅乕儉巟攝傪捛曻偟偨妚柦偱僀僄儊儞 傾儔僽 嫟榓崙(Yemen Atab Repubric)偺庱搒偲側偭偨丅1990擭偵撿杒僀僄儊儞偑摑堦偝傟偨屻傕庱搒偲偝傟,尰嵼偵帄偭偰偄傞丅乮僀儅乕儉 儎僴儎(Imam Yahya)傪嶲徠丅乯
僒儞僇僢儔儉(Çancarram)丗 儉僴僢儅僪偺巰懱(Body of Muhammad)丅
嶺岃(Coral)丗 嶺岃拵偺孮懱偺拞幉崪奿偱丄峀媊偵偼嶺岃徥傪峔惉偡傞僀僔僒儞僑椶傪娷傓偑丄堦斒偵偼搷怓嶺岃丒愒嶺岃丒敀嶺岃摍偺恀惈嶺岃椶偺崪奿傪偄偄丄憰忺梡摍偵壛岺偝傟傞丅
乽32擭娫偺僀僗儔儉崙墶抐(Trente-deux Ans à travers I'Islam, 1832 - 1864)乿丗尩偟偄媈榝偑岦偗傜傟偰偄傞儗僆儞 儘僔儏(Léon Roches)挊丄1884 - 1885擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨(Paris 1884 -1885).丅
僓儞僕僶儖(Zanzibar)丗 傾僼儕僇搶奀娸壂偺搰偱尦塸崙曐岇椞丄1963擭偵撈棫偟丄梻1964擭偵僞儞僈僯乕僇(Tanganyika)偲摑崌偟偰僞儞僓僯傾(Tanzania)偲側傞丅偙偺搰偺惣娸偵偁傞摨柤偺恖岥16枩恖偺峘挰偑拞怱搒巗丅
僒儞僗僋儕僢僩(Sanskirit)丗 僀儞僪乕儓乕儘僢僷岅懓偺1偮偱丄婭尦慜1200擭偛傠僀儞僪偱暥妛岅丄廆嫵岅偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偨丅拞崙丒擔杮偱偼瀽岅偲塢偆丅
僒儞僽乕僋((Sambuk)乮僒儞儃僂Sambouk)乯丗 僀儞僪惣晹偐傜傾儔價傾増娸偵傒傜傟傞僟僂(Dhow)偵帡偨彫斂慏丅慏宍傗鋨憰偼慏庱傗慏庱嵽偵憰忺傗忋晹峔憿 (Superstructure) 傪帩偨側偄帠傪彍偗偽彫宆偺僶僢僈儔(Baggalah)偺帡偰偄傞丅僒儞僽乕僋偼戝偒偝偵墳偠偰15柤偐傜20柤偺忔堳(crew)偲15僩儞偐傜60僩儞偺壿暔傪塣傇丅枖丄僒儞僽乕僋偼偐偮偰恀庫嵦傝梡偺慏偲偟偰惙傫偵巊傢傟偰偄偨丅
僓儞價傾(Zambia)丗 傾僼儕僇撿晹丄塸楢朚偺崙偱媽儘乕僨僔傾(Rhodesia)丄1850擭塸崙恖儕價儞僌僗僩儞(David Livingstone)偑摜嵏丄1924擭偵塸崙捈妽怉柉抧丄1964擭偵撈棫丄摵傪拞怱偵峼暔帒尮偑懡偄丅柺愊75.2枩km2丄恖岥937枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼儖僒僇(Lusaka)丅
乽僓儞儀僕愳偲偦偺巟棳乿丗僀僊儕僗偺愰嫵巘偱扵専壠儕償傿儞僌僗僩儞(David Livingstone, 1813 - 1873)偺挊嶌(Zambezi Expedition)丅
僔僃僀僋 傾僽僪 僌僢僟僗 傾儞僒儕(Sheikh Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari)丗挊柤側僒僂僕恖楌巎壠偱丄帊恖偱丄嫵巘偱偁傝丄1970擭戙偵偼僕僢僟怴暦偺曇廤幰偱傕偁偭偨 丅1963擭偵僕僢僟偱嵟弶偵弌斉偝傟偨乽僞儕乕僋 儅僨傿僫乕 僕儏僢僟乮僕僢僟巗偺楌巎乯(History of the city of Jiddah)乿傪挊嶌偟偨丅
僔僃僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪(Shaykh Muhammad)丗 僔儍僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 乫傾僽僪 儚僢僴僽(Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab)偼妛栤揑側僞儈儉(Tamim)懓偺弌恎偱惣楋1703擭偵乫僂儎僀僫乕('Uyaynah)偱惗傑傟偨丅妛栤偵懳偟偰偼憗弉偱偁傝丄惣楋1723擭偵僫僕僪(Najd)傪棧傟丄曌妛偡傞堊偵僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偲僶僗儔(Basra)傪朘傟偨丅僴儞僶儕(Hanbali)妛偺夁寖側巚憐偲偦偺塭嬁椡偑憹偟偰棃偨帠偱僶僗儔(Basra)偐傜曻拃偝傟丄傾儖乕僴僒(al-Hasa)偱峏偵帺暘偺曌妛傪懕偗偨丅偦偺屻丄僼儔僀儈儔(Huraymila)偺僈僨傿(Qadi)偱偁偭偨晝偺壓偵栠傝晝偑杤偡傞惣楋1740擭傑偱偦偙偵偲偳傑偭偨丅儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺僈僨傿(Qadi)偺僀僽儞 僗僴僀儉(Ibn Suhaym)偐傜乽儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺嫵偊乿傊偺怴偟偄塣摦偵懳偟偰斀懳偝傟丄乫僂儎僀僫乕('Uyaynah)偺堊惌幰乫僂僗儅儞 僀僽儞 僴儅僪 傾儖 儉乫傾僢儅乕儖('Uthnab ibn Hamad Al Mu'ammar)偺曐岇傪媮傔偨丅偦偙偱傕偦偺彆惉幰偱丄傾儖乕僴僒(al-Hasa)偺堊惌幰偱偁傞僶僰 僇儕僪(Banu Khalid)偵怴偟偄塣摦傊偺斀懳傪庴偗丄棫偪戅偒傪梫媮偝傟偨丅偙偺堊丄僔儍僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪(Shaykh Muhammad)偼僨傿乕儖乫僀僀儎乕(Dir'iyyah)偺堊惌幰儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Muhammad ibn Saud)偺曐岇傪媮傔丄儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 僒僂僪偲偺娫偵乽僔儍僀僋(Shaykh)偑巟帩偲彆尵傪曐徹偡傞戙傢傝偵丄堊惌幰偼僔儍僀僋(Shaykh)偺嫵媊傪惌帯揑偵孯帠揑偵巟帩偡傞乿偲塢偆惌嫵宊栺傪岎傢偟偨丅偙傟偼惣楋1745擭偺帠偱偁偭偨丅偙傟偑戞堦師僒僂僪岒崙偺惃椡戜摢偺巒傑傝偱偁傞偲摨帪偵堊惌幰偲堊惌幰傪摿挜晅偗傞廆嫵揑巜摫幰偺娫偱偺嫤椡偺巒傑傝偱傕偁偭偨丅偙偺塣摦偺怣曭幰偼憂愝幰傪娪傒偰儚僢僴價僗(Wahhabis)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄怣曭幰払帺恎偼帺暘払傪扨偵儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偲屇傫偱嫃傝丄傕偆堦偮偺屇傃柤偼桞堦恄怣嬄幰傪堄枴偡傞儉儚僢僸僪儞(muwahhidun)偱偁傞丅
僔僃僀僋 儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Sheikh Muhammad Nasif)丗 僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偺僫僔僼揁(Nasif House)偵偼6,000嶜偺傾儔價傾岅偺憼彂偑廂傔傜傟偄傞丅偦偺拞偵偼懡偔偺偒傢傔偰婱廳側婰弎丄1924擭埲棃偺屆偄抧曽怴暦偺廂廤偍傛傃婬彮杮偑娷傑傟偰偄傞丅偙偺憼彂偼儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)傛偭偰廚廤(put together)偝傟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偼1884擭僕僢僟偵惗傑傟偨崅柤側妛幰(scholar)偱丄憼彂壠(bibliophile)偱丄怴暦偺曇廤幰偱丄悢擭慜偵朣偔側傞傑偱丄傕偰側偟怱朙偐偱岎嵺岲偒側僕僢僟廧恖偱偁偭偨丅偡偱偵儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偺慭慶晝偺晝恊(grand-grandfather)偑惗懚拞偵懡偔偺婱廳側幨杮(manuscript)傪廂廤偟偰偄偨丅偙傟傜偼儉僴儞儅僪偑惗傑傟偨帪偵偼屗扞偵晻報偟偰偟傑傢傟偰偍傝丄偦偙偵偍傛偦40擭娫傕巆偝傟偰偄偨丅偙偺婜娫偵偙傟傜偺幨杮偼拵怘偄(moths)偵傛偭偰攋婞偣偞傞摼側偄忬懺偵傑偱彎傔傜傟偰偟傑偭偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偺慶晝(grandfather)偱偁傞僆儅乕儖 僄僢僼僃儞僨傿 僫僔僼(Omar Effendi Nasif)偼帺傜偼妛幰偱偼柍偔丄3嵨偱屒帣偵側偭偨偺偱帺暘偑悽榖偟偨墮偺嫽枴傪墖彆偟偰偄偨(Second)偩偗偱偁偭偨丅桾暉側彜恖偱抧庡偱偁偭偨偙偺壠懓偺宱嵪忬懺偼杮偵懳偟偰懡戝側嬥傪旓傗偡偺偼壜擻偵偟偰偄偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偼庒偄帪偐傜廆嫵丄尵岅偍傛傃朄棩妛偵杤摢偟偰嫃傝丄僕僢僟弌恎偺壗恖偐偺壠掚嫵巘偵偮偄偰偄偨丅惉擭偵側偭偰偐傜偼師戞偵帺暘偺岲傒偺曌嫮傗巗柉塣摦(civic causes)偵廤拞偡傞傛傝傕帺暘偺壠偱崅偄抧埵偺僕僢僟朘栤幰偺慡偰傪傕偰側偟偨傝偡傞帠偵擔忢偺(mundane)偺嫽枴偑岦偔條偵帺暘帺恎偱婥帩偪傪偦傜偣偰峴偭偨丅崅偄抧埵偺僕僢僟朘栤幰偲偟偰偼傾僽僪儔傾僕僘崙墹(King Abdulaziz)偲儘乕儗儞僗(T.E. Lawrence)偑儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偺媞偺拞偱偼桳柤偱偁偭偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed Nasif)偼崱偱傕懡偔偺偮偮傑偟偄弰楃払偵傛偭偰椙偔妎偊傜傟偰偄傞丅儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼偲堄尒傪岎傢偟偨傝偡傞堊偵僕僢僟偵傗偭偰棃偰偄偨挊柤側僀僗儔儉偺妛幰傗傾儔僽妛幰(Arabist)傪墖彆偟偨偑丄偦傟偲摨偠條偵悽奅拞偐傜傗偭偰棃傞懡偔偺弰楃傕墖彆偟偨丅偙傟傜偺恾彂偺嶶堩傪旔偗丄偙偺寍弍揑側寶暔傪曐懚偡傞帠偑崙壠偵偲偭偰廳梫偱偁傞偺傪擣幆偟偨僒僂僕惌晎偺寛掕偱僫僔僼揁(Nasif House)偼嵟嬤丄岞嫟恾彂娰偵側偭偨丅乮傾儔儉僐儚乕儖僪帍乯
僕僃僀儔僯(Djeylani or Djeylany)丗 執戝側彜嬈慻怐傪帩偮僕僢僟偺彜恖偱僒僢僇僩(Sakkat)偲嫟偵偦偺慶晝払偑嵟弶偵僕僢僟偵掕廧偟偨儅僌儕僽(Maggrebin)偺弌恎幰偱偁傝丄15枩偐傜20枩塸億儞僪(pounds sterling)偺晉傪桳偡傞帠偱抦傜傟偰偄偨丅
僔僃僋(Schech)丗 僇僀儘偺僕儍儈傾 僨 傾僔儍乕儖嫤夛(Jamea-de-Ashar Academy)偺庡梫夛堳偺1恖偺旈彂偱偁偭偨丅僔僃僋(Schech)偼僩儖僐偺儓乕儘僢僷椞偱惗傑傟丄乽壢妛偵娭偟偰偼儓乕儘僢僷 僉儕僗僩嫵搆偑桪傟偰偄傞乿偲偟偽偟偽暦偄偰偍傝丄忣曬傪庤偵擖傟傞偺傪擬朷偟偰嫃偰偄偨丅僔僃僋(Schech)偼崃偵壙抣偺偁傞抝偱丄姰慡偵柪怣(superstition)偐傜奐曻偝傟丄慡偰偺恖庬偲桭払偱偁偭偨丅僯乕僽乕儖(M.[C.] Niebuhr)偼僼傽儖僗僇儖(Mr. Forskal)嫟偵怉暔妛偲揤暥妛偺弶曕傪嫵偊偨丅僔僃僋(Schech)偺栶妱偼僯乕僽乕儖偵偲偭偰旕忢偵桳梡偱偁傝丄僯乕僽乕儖偼傾儔價傾岅偺幚慔傗僔僃僢僋偐傜暦偐側偗傟偽抦傜側偐偭偨懡偔偺帠偺愢柧傪摼偨丅僯乕僽乕儖(M.[C.] Niebuhr)偑朘傟偨帪偺僕僢僟抦帠(the Pasha of Jidda) 偺暃姱僉傾僕儍(Kiaja)偼庒偐偭偨崰偵僔僃僋偺島媊傪庴偗偰偄偨偺偱僔僃僢僋偲偼抦屓偱偁偭偨丅
僔僄僗僞(Siesta)丗 拫怮丅椓偟偄偦傛晽偼杒偐傜偟偐棃側偄偗傟偳傕丄偦傟偱傕傾儔價傾恖払偼僄僕僾僩恖払偺條偵帺暘払偺壠乆偱偦傟偺壎宐傪摼傛偆偲偼偟偰嫃側偐偭偨丅僄僕僾僩恖払偺壠乆偺庡梫側晹壆偼堦斒揑偵杒偵岦偄偰奐偒丄偦偺壎宐傪摼偰偄傞丅僄僕僾僩偱偼戝偒側姺婥憰抲偑壠乆偺僥儔僗偵愝偗傜傟丄偦偟偰偙偺憰抲偼壓偺奒慡偰偺嬻婥偺棳傟傪曻嶶偝偣偰偄傞丅偙偺憰抲偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hedjaz)偱偼抦傜傟偰偄側偐偭偨丅
僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)丗 僕僢僟(Jiddah) (僕儏僢僟(Juddah))偼傾儔價傾岅傗塸岅偺敪壒偺旝柇側堘偄偱偺曄壔偱偁偭偰婎杮揑偵偼摨偠挰偺柤慜偱偁傞丅Jaddah偼僕僃僢僟偺鎍傝偱慶曣傪堄枴偡傞僕儍僢僟偺桼棃偼嫲傜偔乽枩恖嫟捠偺慶曣偱偁傞僀僽偺曟応偑偙偺挰偺朤偵偁傞乿偲塢偆揱愢偵桼棃偡傞丅偙偺條側晄妋幚偝偼儓乕儘僢僷偺東栿幰偵傛偭偰偙偺巗偺柤偵摉偰偼傔傜傟偨柤慜偺堄枴偵崲榝偝偣傜傟傞帠偵斀塮偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偙偵婔偮偐偺椺傪嫇偘傞偑偦偺嶲徠偟偨暥專偼傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偑乽僕僢僟埥傞傾儔價傾偺挰偺昤幨(Portrait of an Aranian City, Jiddah , 1977)乿偺拞偱堷梡偟偰側偄応崌偵偺傒偦偺暥專偺徻嵶傪帵偟偨丅(Such uncertainty is reflected in the perplexing range of meaning assigned to the city's name by European translators. Here are a few examples (refernce are given in fully only when the authors are not quated latter in ths book).
僕僃僢僟偺柤慜偺堄枴偺椺丗
a. 僽儖僋僴儖僩(J.L. Burckhardt)偺29暸偵乽偦偺傾儔價傾岅柤偼嬥帩偪傪堄枴偡傞乿丄
b. 僶乕僩儞(R.F. Burton)偺1913擭滸戞2姫268暸偵乽悈偺寚朢偟偨暯尨乿丄
c. 僓僨乕(K.H. Zadeh)偺19暸偵乽摴丄摴楬丄恄偺壠僇乕僶(Kaaba)傊摫偔摴楬偵偁傞巗乿丄
d. 僼傿儖價乕(H. St. John B. Philby)挊乽傾儔價傾偺怱(The Heart of Araba,
e. 僫儕僲(C.A. Nallino)偺155暸偵乽奀曈(seashore)乿丄
f. 僀僗儔儉昐壢帿揟(Encyclopedia of Islam t.II, 儔僀僨儞(Leyden) 1960-1965 P.572)偵乽昫抧丒掆攽抧(road)乿
偲婰嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
僕僃僢僟偺柤偺撉傒曽丗
帤栿丒壒栿(transliterations)偵娭偟偰偼婛偵嬤戙揑塸岅偱婰嵹偝傟偨彂幃偍傛傃僼儔儞僗岅偺Djeddah丄Djiddah丄Djuddah偍傛傃Djouddah傪彍偒丄師偺條側懠偺堎側偭偨帤栿乮婔偮偐偼杮摉偵墦偔偐偗棧傟偰偄傞丅乯偑婰弎壜擻偩偲巚傢傟傞丅
a. Zida (early Itarian, L. Varthema).
b. Zidem (early Itarian, A. Corsali and others).
c. Gedda (modern Italian).
d. Vida (Anonymous Narrative of the Voyage of Cabral, in The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Barzil and India tr. and ed. by W. B. Greenlee (Hakluyt Society), London 1938, P. 83).
e. Grida (Anonymous Portugues Slave in R. Hakluyt's Pribcipal Navigations).
f. Judá (early Portuguese, D. Barbosa, G. Correa and others).
g. Gidá (early Portuguese, L.V. de Camōes).
h. Guida (early Spanish, P. Tafur).
i. Joada (English, W. Daniel).
j. Dsjidda (German, C. Niebuhr).
k. Djetta (German, E. Rüppel).
l. Dscheddah (modern German).
僕僃僨僀僨(Djedeyde)丗 僕僢僟偲儊僀僨傿僫偺娫偺儊僨傿僫摴楬増偄偺廤棊丅
僕僃僲償傽(Genoa)丗 僀僞儕傾杒晹儕僌儕傾(Liguria)廈偺廈搒偱恖岥66枩恖丄傾儁僯僲嶳柆(Apennines)偺榌偱儕僌儕傾(Liguria)奀偺僕僃僲償傽榩(Gulf of Genoa)偺墱偵埵抲偡傞峘挰偱屆戙柤僎僰傾(Genua)丅
僕僃乕儉僘 僔儖僋 僶僢僉儞僈儉丗 僕僃乕儉僘 僔儖僋 僶僢僉儞僈儉(James Silk Buckingham, 1786 -1855)偼塸崙偺椃峴壠丒僕儍乕僫儕僗僩偱傾僥僫僀僆儞 僕儍乕僫儖(Athenaeum Journal)摍婔偮偐偺怴暦傪敪姧偟丄椃峴彂傪弌斉偟偨 (JS. Autobiography London 1855.) 丅
僔僄儔儗僆僱(Sierra Leone)丗 傾僼儕僇惣娸偱戝惣梞偵愙偡傞塸楢朚偺崙偱塸崙曐岇椞傪宱偰1961擭偵撈棫丄柺愊7.1枩km2丄儊儞僨懓丄僥儉僱懓偍傛傃懠偺懡晹懓摍偱恖岥451枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼僼儕乕僞僂儞(Freetown)丅
僕僃儕僐(Jericho)丗 僄儕僐(Arab Arīhā)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅儓儖僟儞愳(the Jordan River)惣娸丄巰奀偺杒惣偵埵抲偡傞僆傾僔僗挰偱僷儗僗僠僫(Palestine)偺屆搒丄儓僔儏傾(Joshua, ca 1450 - 1370 BC)偵棪偄傜傟偨僀僗儔僄儖恖(Israels)偑峌棯偵惉岟偟偨恄偺宐傒傪宱尡偟偨抧丅
僔僃儕僼(Sheriffe)丗 乮僔儍儕僼(Sharifs)嶲徠丅乯
僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif Ghaleb)丗 僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽(Sharif Ghalib)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Ghalib Efendii bin Musa'ed)偼僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺僄僕僾僩憤撀儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali)偲戞堦師僒僂僕岞崙(First Saudi State, 1744 – 1818)偲偺愴憟(Ottoman – Saudi War or Egyptian – Wahhabi War, 1811 – 1818)*傪嫴傫偱1788擭偐傜1803擭偍傛傃1813擭偐傜1827擭偺擇婜偵傢偨偭偰僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 – 1923)帯壓偺僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)傪摑帯偟偨儊僢僇 僔僃儕僼(Sharifs of Mecca)偱偁傞丅(2009擭11寧2擔廋惓)
僔僃儕僼 僙儘僂儖(Sherif Serour)丗 僙儘僂儖(Surour bin Musa'ed, 1773–-1788)偼儊僢僇傪摑帯偟偨嵟屻偺僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif Ghaleb)偺慜擟偺僔僃儕僼(Sharifs of Mecca)偱丄僕僢僟偺彫偝側儌僗僋偺1偮傪寶偰偨丅
僕僃儖僶(Jelba or Jalbut)丗 僕僃儖僶偼7m偐傜10m偺挿偝偺彫偝側媞慏偱丄捠忢偼敿峛斅偱1杮儅僗僩偱偁傞丅 偳偙偐彮偟崿惉偺戝偒側暔偼慡峛斅偱2枃偺戝嶰妏斂傪忋偘偰偄傞丅屆揟揑側僕僃儖僶偼巐妏偄墶椑偺慏旜(Square Transom Sterns)偲悅捈偺慏庱(Verical Bows)傪偟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偼懬偲懬暱乮偩傊偄乯偱憖嶌偝傟丄斂偲烡偱悇恑偟偨丅忔慻堳偼4偐傜6柤偱偁傞丅僕僃儖僶偼屆偔偐傜僗僄僘(Suez)偺峠奀偺峘丄僩乕儖(Tor)丄僐僢僙僀乕儖(Kosseir)丄僗儚僀僉儞(Suwakin)丄儅僢僒儚(Massawa)丄儌僇(Moka)丄僀僄儞儃(Yembo)偍傛傃僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺娫偱弰楃傪墲暅桝憲偡傞堊偵巊傢傟偰偄偨丅1183擭偵弰楃傪峴偭偨僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(Ibn Jubayr)偼乽僕僃儖僶(Jelba)偼栘惢廙側偺偱丄偦偺廙偺奜懁偺暯斅偼抂偲抂傪僐僀傾 僼傽僀僶乕(Coir Fibre))乮僐僐僫僣偺慇堐乯偱嶌傜傟偨傛傝巺偱朌偄崌傢偝傟丄儎僣儊灲巕偺楐曅偱媗傔偰悈楻傟傪杊偓丄奀扠(Castor)乮價乕僶乕乯偁傞偄偼僒儊偺桘偑揾偭偰偁傞乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅摨帪偵丄弰楃払傪埨慡婎弨傪辍偐偵墇偊偰媗傔崬傓僕僃儖僶偺慏庡払偺婷梸偝傪僕儏僶僀儖偼崜昡偟偰偄傞丅
僕僃儘僯儌 僆僜儕僆(Gerónimo Osório)丗 僕僃儘僯儌 僆僜儕僆(Gerónimo Osório or Jerónimo Osório, 1506 - 1580)偼億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠(Portuguese Historian)偱1564擭偵僔儖償僃僗(Slives)偺憁惓偲側偭偨丅僕僃儘僯儌 僆僜儕僆偼億儖僩僈儖墹僪儞 儅僰僄儖(Dom Manuel, Manuel I or Emmanuel I, 1495 - 1521)偺岟愌傪婰榐偟偨楌巎壠偱偁傝丄僆僜儕僆偺挊彂偵偼1586擭弌斉偺乽僄儅僰僄儖墹偺帯悽偺楌巎(De rebus Emmanuelis or A History of the Reign of King Emanuel)乿傗弶斉偑1571擭弌斉偺乽僄儖-儗僀偱偺惗妶偲弌棃帠(Da Vida e Feitos de el-Rey)乿摍偑偁傞丅
僔僈儘僗搰(Island of Sygaros)丗 僾儕僯僂僗 (捠徧Elder Pliny)乮僾儕僯僂僗僂僗乯偺攷暔帍乮A.D. 77擭乯偵乽將払偑擖傞帠偺弌棃側偄丅傕偟將傪帩偪崬傓偲將払偼奀娸偱巰偸傑偱墦杋偊偡傞乿偲婰弎偝傟偨搰丅
帴婍(Porcelain)丗 慺抧乮偒偠乯偑傛偔從偒掲傑偭偰僈儔僗壔偟偨媧悈惈偺側偄弮敀摟柧偺從偒暔丅
僔僊儖儊僒(僔僕儖儅僒)丗 傾僼儕僇杒惣娸儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偺僔僊儖儊僒(Sigilmessa)(僔僕儖儅僒(Sijilmasa))偼僒僴儔岎堈偱8悽婭偐傜14悽婭傑偱斏塰偟偨僆傾僔僗搒巗偱偁偭偨丅丅
僔乕僓乕(Julius Caesar)丗 僇僄僒儖(100-44 B.C.)偲傕屇偽傟傞儘乕儅偺彨孯丒惌帯壠偱戞1師嶰摢惌帯傪峴偄(60 B.C.)丄僼儔儞僗丒儀儖僊乕傪娷傓僈儕傾(Gallia)(僑乕儖(Gaul))抧曽惇暈(58 - 50 B.C.)丄戝僽儕僥儞搰(Britain)搰偵怤峌(55-54 B.C.)丄僀僞儕傾慡搚傪巟攝(49 B.C.)丄僄僕僾僩暯掕偟僋儗僆僷僩儔(Cleopatra)梚棫(47 B.C.)丄杒傾僼儕僇巟攝偟偰偄偨尦榁堾攈寕攋偟儘乕儅偵奙慁偟偨 (46 B.C.)丅梻擭偵廔恎撈嵸姱偲側傞(45 B.C.)偑44 B.C儅儖僋僗 僽儖乕僞僗(Marcus Brutus)偲僇僢僔僂僗 儘儞僊僲僗(Cassius Longinus)偵傛傝埫嶦偝傟偨丅46 B.C.偵僔乕僓乕偑僊儕僔儍偺揤暥妛幰丒悢妛幰僜僔僎僱僗(Sōsigenēs)偵夵惓偟摫擖偟偨儐儕僂僗楌(the Julian calender)偼365擔6帪娫傪帩偭偰1擭偲偟4擭偛偲偵1擔偺塠傪抲偄偨丅儐儕僂僗楌偼1582擭僌儗僑儕僂僗楌偵戙傢傞傑偱巊傢傟偰偄偨丅乮僔乕僓乕偑儘乕儅偺弶戙峜掗Caesar Augustus傪巜偟偰偄傞応崌傕偁傞丅乯
僕僓儞(Jizan)丗 僕僓儞(Jizan)偼Jazan, Gizan 埥偄偼 Gazan偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾嵟撿惣晹偺僕僓儞廈(Jizan Province)偺廈搒偱2004擭偺挷嵏偱偼恖岥100,694恖偱偁偭偨丅峠奀偵柺偟丄僕僃僢僟乕(Jeddah)偍傛傃儎儞僽乕(Yanbu)偵偮偄偱峠奀娸偱偼墹崙戞嶰偺峘偱偁傝丄屻攚抧偺峀戝側擾嬈抧懷偺愊傒弌偟峘偵側偭偰偄傞丅尰嵼偼岺嬈搒巗壔偲宱嵪搒巗怴愝偑恾傜傟偰偄傞丅乮僕僓儞廈嶲徠丅乯
僕僓儞廈(Jizan Emirate)丗 僕僓儞(Jizan)(僕儍僓儞(Jazan))偼屆戙偵偼傾儖 儈僇儔僼 傾儖 僗儕儅僯(Al-Mikhalaf Al-Sulimani)偲塢偆柤偱抦傜傟偰嫃偨丅僕僓儞偼僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偺撿惣晹傪愯傔丄峠奀偵愙偟丄暯尨偲怷偲嶳妜抧懷偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅奀娸偺幖抧懷偺撪棨偵峀偑傞旍梹側暯尨偼愳傗峖悈偱嶳妜抧懷偐傜塣偽傟偨懲愊暔偱嶌傜傟偰棃偨丅摨偠條偵峖悈偺帓偱偁傞傾儖僴僝僂儞(the Alhazoun district)抧嬫偺怷椦抧堟偼強乆朙偐側杚憪抧偱搑愨偊傞怷偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅嶳妜抧堟偼傾儔價傾敿搰偺僑僣僑僣偟偨攚崪偵摉偨傞僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain Range)偺堦晹偱偁傞丅僕僓儞偱堦斣崅偄曯偼僼傿僼傽嶳(Fifa Mountain)偱昗崅偼3,300倣偵払偡傞丅僕僓儞偺峠奀娸偺憤墑挿偼栺300km傕偁傝100婔偮偐偺搰涀傪娷傫偱偄傞丅僕僓儞偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺嵟傕朙偐側擾嬈抧懷偺堦偮偱擾嶻暔偺昳幙偺崅偝偲庬椶偺懡偝偱桳柤偱偁傞丅庡側擾嶻暔偲偟偰偼僐乕僸乕摛丄戝敒丄僉價丄彫敒偺條側崚暔丄椦岀丄僶僫僫丄晵摳丄儗儌儞丄儅儞僑乕丄僆儗儞僕丄僷僷僀儎丄僾儔儉傗僞儅儕儞僪(Tamarind)偺條側壥暔偱偁傞丅僕僓儞彜嬈峘偼僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾搶撿晹偺庡梫峘偱偁傝偙偺抧堟偺敪揥偵婑梌偟偰偄傞丅嶸嫶偼12偁傝戝宆偺彜慏偑墶晅偗弌棃丄嬤戙揑側愊傒壍偟愝旛傪惍偊條乆側庬椶偺壿暔偺憅屔傕姰旛偟偰偄傞丅61m偺崅偝偺娗惂搩丄昳幙娗棟幚尡幒丄僐儞僺儏僞乕僙儞僞乕傕偁傝丄2000擭偐傜2001擭偵偼180枩僩儞偺壿暔傪埖偭偨丅僒僂僕惌晎偼嵟撿惣晹偺敪揥偵椡傪擖傟偰偍傝丄傾儖儈僯儏乕儉惛楙強丄揝峾偺惢峾強丄愇桘惢桘強丄宱嵪搒巗摍偺寶愝傪幚巤偟偰偍傝丄僒僂僕揝摴婡峔偺揝摴寁夋(Saudi Landbridge)偱傕僕僃僢僟(Jiddh)偐傜僕僓儞(jizan)傊偺奀娸揝摴傪寁夋偟偰偄傞丅(拲) 乽僼傿僼傽嶳(Fifa Mountain)偑昗崅3,300倣乿偲偺婰弎偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾奜柋徣偺徯夘婰帠偐傜偺敳悎偱偁傞偑丄乽昗崅栺2,000m偺僼傽僀僼傽嶳夠(Jabal Fayfa)乿偲塢偆婰帠偑偁傞忋偵巹偑朘傟偨僼傽僀僼傽 僙儞僞乕(Fayfa Center)偺昗崅偑850 m側偺偱乽僼傿僼傽嶳偺昗崅偼栺2,000m偱偼側偄偐乿偲巹偼峫偊偰偄傞丅
僔僔儍 僷僀僾(Shishe Pipe)丗 僔儕傾偱偼傾儖僊儖(Atgyle)偲傕屇偽傟丄働僪儔(Kedra)傛傝傕彫偝偄僒僀僘偱偁傞偑摨偠傛偆偵儕乕僼(Lieh)偲屇偽傟傞挿偄幹偺條側(Serpentine)娗偲愙崌偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺娗傪捠偭偰媔墝偝傟傞丅
僔僔儕乕搰(Sicily)丗 儊僢僔僫奀嫭(Messina)傪妘偰偰僀僞儕傾敿搰偵懳偡傞抧拞奀嵟戝偺搰乮尰嵼偼僀僞儕傾椞偺帺帯嬫乯丅僀僞儕傾岅柤偼Sicilia丅
僕僢僟僂傿(Djiddawys)丗 僕僢僟巗柉丅
乽僕僢僟峘岎堈偺摑寁揑帒椏(Trade and Commerce of Jeddah)乿丗 僔儍儖儖 儐儀乕儖(Charles Huber)偼偦偺巰屻偺1891擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乽傾儔價傾椃峴擔帍(Journal d'un voyage en Arabie)(1883-1884)乿偺拞偱乽塸崙椞帠(Jago)偺1883擭偺僕僃僟偺岎堈偲彜嬈偵娭偡傞曬崘彂乿丄壗朸偐偺乽弰楃偺摦岦偵娭偡傞帒椏乿偍傛傃偦偺懠偺堎側傞弌強偐傜廤傔偨忣曬偵婎偯偒乽僕僢僟峘岎堈偺摑寁揑帒椏乿傪嵞斉偟偰偄傞丅枖丄儐儀乕儖偼1884擭7寧29擔偵儔價僌(Rabigh)嬤偔偱帺暘偺埬撪恖偵嶦偝傟丄僕僢僟偺儓乕儘僢僷恖曟抧偵杽憭偝傟偰偄傞丅(HUBER, C. Journal d'un voyage en Arabie (1883 -
1884)
乽僕僢僟偵偮偄偰傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔偺婰弎乿丗 傾儖-儌僇僢僟僔(Al-Moqaddasi) 偲傕屇偽傟傞傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔(Al Makdisi)偺僕僃僢僟偵偮偰偺婰弎偼傾儔價傾抧棟妛夛(Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum)偺M.
J. 僨 僕儑僄僕儏(M. J. de Goeje.)偑曇廤偟丄1906擭偵儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱弌斉偝傟偨傾儖-儌僇僢僟僔(Al-Moqaddasi)挊偺乽儌僗儗儉掗崙偺婰弎乿戞III姫79暸偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅(Al-Moqaddasi Descriptio Imperii Moslemici
ed. M.J. de Goeje. Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, t. III,
乽僕僢僟偺嫵堢巤愝偺奣梫乿丗 弌揟偼Town Planning Office偺1970 - 1971擭挷嵏偱偁傞丅
僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺柤慜偺弌偰棃傞帊丗 僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)偑僕僢僟偑弌偰偔傞偲乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)乿偱堷梡偟偰偄傞帊偼僸僕儍乕僘 (Hejaz) 偺旐奞傪媦傏偟偰偄傞姳榀傪廔傢傜偣傞堊偺塉岊偄偱偁傝丄偦偺偺梫巪(Gist)偼乽僸僕儍乕僘偼忢偵朙偐側椢偵旐傢傟偨媢偲扟偺搚抧偱偁偭偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄堦擭嬤偔傕塉偑崀偭偰偄側偄丅儊僢僇 (Mecca) 偺廃埻偺偐偮偰偼椢偱偁偭偨媢傕暯尨傕崱偱偼徟偑偝傟丄崟徟偘偵惉偭偰偄傞丅斵偼偦偺帪偵塉傪婅偍偆偲偟偰偄偨丅塉偼姡偒愗偭偨搚抧傪姳榀偺慜偵偦偆偱偁偭偨條偵朙偐側搚抧偵曄偊偰偔傟傞乿偲塢偆撪梕偱偁偭偨丅
僕僢僟峘偺擄攋慏丗 僕僢僟偱偺婰榐偝傟偰偄傞嵟戝偺斶寑(Greatest Recorded Tragedy in Jiddah Port)偼丄乮偦偺抧惃偐傜偺婋尟偵娭學偟偰偼嫃側偐偭偨偑丄乯僼儔儞僗偺掕婜慏傾僕傾(Asia)崋偱偁傝丄偦傟偼弰楃偺婫愡傕廔傢傞1929擭5寧21擔偵婲偒偨丅傾僕傾(Asia)崋偑壩嵭傪婲偙偟偨帪偵偼撪搳昫抧偵掆攽偟丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偵婣崙偡傞弰楃払傪僊儏僂僊儏僂偵媗傔崬傫偱偄偨丅乮偙偺慏偼摉慠丄僼儔儞僗惌晎偑愑擟傪帩偮傾儖僕僃儕傾偲儌儘僢僐偺弰楃払偺塣斃偺堊偵悢擔屻偵栠傞梊掕偱偁偭偨丅乯壩嵭偼栭娫偵挋憼嬫偱敪惗偟偨丅偙偺挋憼嬫偵偼撿傾儊儕僇傊偺堏柉偑巊偆1,000埲忋偺儅僢僩儗僗偑曐娗偝傟偰偄偨丅壩嵭傪捔壩偡傞堊偺慡偰偺懳墳偑幐攕偟偨丅偙傟傜偺儅僢僩儗僗偵偼旕忢偵擱偊傗偡偄怉暔慇堐偑媗傔崬傑傟偰偄偨丅寈曬偑柭偭偨帪偵偼婛偵庤抶傟偱偁偭偨丅弰楃払偼僷僯僢僋傪婲偙偟丄媬柦儃乕僩偼壓傠偡偙偲傕弌棃側偐偭偨傝丄悈柺偵崀傝傞慜偵傂偭偔傝曉偭偨傝偟偰偟傑偭偨丅栚寕幰偺徹尵偵傛傞偲忔柋堳偼晄毥偵傕(reprehensibly)慏媞偵愭傫偠偰慏傪棧傟條偲偟偰偍傝丄偨傑偨傑嬤偔偵掆攽偟偰偄偨塸崙彜慏丄峘榩摉嬊偍傛傃懡偔偺儃儔儞僥傿傾偵傛傞巰偵傕偺偖傞偄偺媬彆妶摦偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄壩偵傛傞奆嶦偟偼僔儑僢僉儞僌偱偁偭偨丅惗偒偨樤偱從偐傟丄墴偟崌偄偱僣僽偝傟丄偁傞偄偼揗傟偨弰楃払偺惓妋側悢偼妋偐傔傞偙偲偑弌棃側偐偭偨偑丄1,000恖傪墇偊偨丅孹偒丄嶺岃徥偵敿暘捑傫偩傾僕傾(Asia)崋偺扽壔偟偨慏懱偼撪搳昫抧偺拞墰嵍偵尒傜傟偰偄偨丅
乽僕僢僟偺僶儖僐僯乕(Jiddah's Balconies)乿丗 僴儕乕 僆乕儖僞乕(Harry Alter)挊偱摨彂偼乽 壺楉側婸偒(Splendid Bright)乿偲偟偰傾儔儉僐儚乕儖儖僪(Aramco World Magazine)偺戞22姫5崋9寧丒10寧崋(Vol. 22, No.5, Sept. - Oct. 1971, p. 29 - 32.)偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
僕僢僟偺屆偄専塽強(Old Qaurantine Installations)丗 屆偄専塽強偼傾僽 僒傾僪搰(Abu Saad island)偵偁傞10搹梋傝偺寶暔偱峔惉偝傟偰偄偨丅偦偺懡偔偼1奒寶偰偱丄2偮偺斷偑寶暔偺岦偐偄崌偭偨抂偵偁偭偨丅弰楃払偼愭偢丄孫忲幒(Fumigation)傪捠傝丄偦傟偐傜挿偄楲壓偺偳偪傜偐偺懁偺婎晹偑忋偑偭偰偄傞惔寜側僐儞僋儕乕僩偺搚戜偺忋偵寶偰傜傟偨偙傟傜偺寶暔偵巄偔偺娫丄懾嵼偟偨丅偙偙偱偼屳偄偺娫偵壸暔傪愊傒忋偘偰巇愗偵偟丄偦偟偰偙偺尷傜傟偨僗儁乕僗偵儅僢僩傗鉕焴傪堷偄偰偄偨丅揱愼昦(Contagious Disease)偵旐昦偟偰偄傞弰楃払偼慏偐傜捈愙丄嬤偔偺儚僔僞搰(al-Wasitah)偵堏偝傟傞丅儚僔僞搰偵偼斵摍傪帯椕偡傞堊偵堛幰偲娕岇晈偑嬑柋偡傞昦堾偑偁偭偨丅
乽僕僢僟曪埻偺寁夋(Plan of Siege of Jiddah)乿丗 僒僂僪壠偺孯戉偺摿幙偲攝抲傪帵偡僕僢僟曪埻偺寁夋偼1928擭偵儀僀儖乕僩(Beirut)偱弌斉偝傟偨傾儈儞 儕僴僯(Amin Rihani)挊偺乽Tarikh Najd al-hadith wa mulhaqatibi]乿偺368暸偵帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偦偺報嶞偺昳幙偼嵞僐僺乕偑弌棃側偄掱埆偄丅
僔僢儔僀儞(Al-Sirrayn)丗 僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵傾儔僽懓偑傗偭偰棃偰丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺挰偼曪埻偝傟偨丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺廧恖偼悈偑朢偟偔惉偭偨偺偱帺暘払帺恎偺慏偵忔偭偰摝憱偟偨丅斵摍偼奀傪渇渞偭偨偑偦偺撪偺埥傞幰払偼傾儖-僔僢儔僀儞(Al-Sirrayn)丄傾儖-儔僴(Al-Raha)偍傛傃傾僒乕儖(Athar)偵嫃傪峔偊偨丅
僔僢儔僄僂僗(Sillaeus)丗 僫僶僥傾墹僆儃僟僗擇悽(Obodas II)偺庱憡僔僢儔僄僂僗(Syllaeus)(Nabataean Guide Sillaeus and Nabataean Administrator)偼擕崄杅堈偺晉傒傪儘乕儅(the Romans)偑捈愙僀僄儊儞偲岎堈偡傞帠偱扗傢傟傞偺傪嫲傟偨丅偙偺堊偵僔僢儔僄僂僗偼儘乕儅孯偺墦惇偵懳偟偰柺廬暊攚偺懺搙傪庢傝丄僈儖僗(the Prefect of Egypt, Aelius Gallus)偼傪閤偟偰偄偨丅僔僢儔僄僂僗偼峴孯偺摴埬撪傪偟丄慡偰偺曗媼昳傪嫙媼偟偰斵偵嫤椡偡傞偲栺懇偟偰偄偨偗傟偳傕慡偰偵懳偟偰棤愗傝傪峴偭偨丅奀娸偵増偭偰偺埨慡側峲奀傕棨楬偺埨慡側峴孯傕傢偞傢偞摴偺柍偄応強偵埬撪偟偨傝丄墦夞傝偝偣偨傝丆慡偰偵帠寚偔応強傪捠偝偣偨傝丄峘偺柍偄娾徥偺奀娸傗愺悾傗埫徥偺懡偄奀堟傗摿偵姳枮偺嵎偺戝偒側応強傪峲奀偝偣偨傝偟偰戝偒側擄媀傪傕偨傜偟偨丅偦偺屻偵儘乕儅偵懳偡傞偙偺棤愗傝偱張敱偝傟偨丅偙偺堦審偱偺僔僢儔僄僂僗偺棤愗傝偲偼桭岲偵埆塭嬁傪媦傏偟偨偩偗偱偁偭偨偑暿偺審偱僔僢儔僄僂僗偼儘乕儅傪搟傜偣奟偐傜搳偘棊偲偝傟嶦偝傟偨丅
僔僢儔嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sirrah)丗 搤応偵偼悈偺棳傟傕偁傞熆傟扟僔僢儔(Wadi As Sirrah)偼儕儎僪偺惣340km偱儊僢僇奨摴(Riyadh - Makkah Highway)傪墶愗傞丅偙傟偵暯峴偟偰丄儊僢僇奨摴偺撿偵偼愒偄嵒媢偺懷偑墶偨傢傝丄婔偮偐偺栚棫偭偰戝偒側嵒嶳偑偁傞僔僢儔嵒媢懷偑撿傊偲峀偑傞丅熆傟扟僔僢儔偺峏偵惣10km偱儊僢僇奨摴偵嬤偯偔愒偄嵒媢偺懷偑僒僇嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sakha)偱偁傞丅偙偺嵒媢懷偼墦偔偱偼峀偔戝偒側嵒媢偺楢側傝偱偁傞偑丄儊僢僇奨摴傪墶愗傞曈傝偱偼嬐偐悢廫儊乕僩儖偺暆偵惉偭偰嫃傞丅僔僢儔嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sirrah)傗僒僇嵒媢懷(Nafud as Sakha)摍偺愒偄嵒媢偺懷偑偙偺條偵姰慡偵壩惉娾偱弌棃偰偄傞傾儔價傾弬忬抧偺墱怺偔偵懚嵼偡傞偺偼巹偵偼戝曄晄巚媍偵巚偊傞丅偐偭偰偼僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq Desert)傗僟乕僫嵐敊(Dahna)偲摨偠條偵僫僼僪嵐敊偐傜捈愙偁傞偄偼僇僔乕儉(Qaseem)晅嬤偱暘婒偟偰儚僕 僪儚僒乕抧曽(Wadi Ad Dwasar)傊偲岦偐偆杒偐傜撿傊偺嵒偺棳傟偑偁偭偨偺偐傕抦傟側偄丅偙傟傜偺嵒偺棳傟偼僀儖僋 儚僕(Irq al Wadi)傪娷傓偍偍偒側嵒尨(Sand Erg)偱僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq Desert)偲崌棳偟丄峏偵撿傊偲僫僕儔儞(Najran)曽柺傊偲岦偐偭偰偄偨偺偱偼側偄偩傠偆偐丅
僔僪儖(Sidr Tree)丗 僔僪儖(Sidr Tree)偼巹偵偲偭偰挿偄娫丅壗偺栘側偺偐撲偱偁偭偨偑丄屻偵僫僣儊偺栘(Jujube Tree丄Sidr)偱妛柤偼Zizyphus spina-christi) 偺堦庬偱偁傞帠偑暘偐偭偨丅偙偺栘偼偙偺懠丄僫僽僋庽(Nabk Tress, Lote tree, Christ's Thorn or Jujube)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅傾僟儉偑抧忋偵崀傝偰巒傔偰岥偵偟偨怘暔偲尵傢傟偰偍傝丄偝傑偞傑側栻岠偑偁傞丅梩偼僴乕僽愇尣傗傆偗丄僔儔儈偺梊杊丄栚偺庮傟傗擽釃偺帯椕丄旍枮杊巭偵岠梡偑偁傝丄庽旂傗崻傕堓捝丄栍挵摍偵岠梡偑偁傝丄傾僗僩儕儞僛儞乮Astringent乯傗奝巭傔偵巊傢傟傞丅僔僪儖偺枿偼僒僂僕偱偼嵟崅媺偺朓枿偱條乆側栻岠偼偁傞偲捒廳偝傟丄巗応偱偺攧抣偼1kg偱彮側偔偲傕SR 400 – 600埲忋傕偡傞丅扐偟丄偙偺崟偔僪儘僢偲偟偨朓枿傪巹偼嬯庤偱偁偭偨丅僔僪儖偺栘偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾撿晹偺傾僔乕儖(Asir)丄僫僕儔儞(Najran)偍傛傃僕僓儞(Jizan)偵偼偛偔晛捠偵惗偊偰偍傝丄偦偺朓枿偼偙傟傜偺抧曽偺摿嶻暔偵側偭偰偄傞丅
僔僶墹崙(Sheba)丗 僔僶墹崙(Sabaean Kingdom, 715BC - 570AD)偼尰嵼偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen) 撿惣晹偺傾僔乕儖(Asir or Aseer)偵儅儕乕僽(Ma'rib or Mareeb)(儅儕僽(Marib))偵庱搒偑偁偭偨屆戙墹崙偱丄婭尦慜715擭偐傜乽晉桾偺傾儔價傾(Arabian Felix)(岾暉偺傾儔價傾)乿偲屇偽傟丄擾嬈偲崄恏椏偍傛傃擕崄(Frankincense)傗杤栻(Myrrh)傪娷傓崄椏(Aromatics)偺嵧攟偲擕崄岎堈偱塰偊偨丅婭尦1悽婭丄峲奀弍偺恑曕偵傛傝丄奀偺僔儖僋僋儘乕僪偺堦偮偱傕偁偭偨乽擕崄偺摴乿偺岎堈宱楬偑棨忋偐傜峠奀宱桼偺奀忋桝憲傊偲堏偭偨帠偱僔僶墹崙偺斏塰偵堿傝偑尒偊巒傔偨丅3悽婭偺儘乕儅悽奅偺宱嵪晄怳傗惣楋313擭偺儘乕儅掗崙僉儕僗僩嫵夵廆偵傛傞擕崄丒杤栻摍崄椏廀梫偺棊偪崬傒偱丄岎堈検偼戝偒偔尭彮偟偨丅岎堈廂擖偺尭彮偵壛偊偰丄僸儉儎儖墹崙(Himyarite)丄傾僋僗儉墹崙(Aksum)丄僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadhramawt)摍偺奜揋偺峌寕傕壛傢傝丄墹崙偼悐戅偺堦搑傪偨偳偭偰偄偭偨丅偦偺廔鄟偼乽僸儉儎儖崙(Himyarites)偵傛偭偰婭尦慜25擭偵惇暈偝傟丄惣楋115擭崰偵偼儅乕儕僽 僟儉(Ma'rib Dam)偺強桳尃傕扗傢傟丄惣楋275擭偵柵朣偟偨乿偲偝傟偰偄傞偑丄乽惣楋525擭偵傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偺傾僋僗儉(Aksumite)墹崙偑僸儉儎儖墹崙(Himyar)傪懪偪攋偭偨偺偱丄僔僶墹崙偼暅妶偟偨乿偲傕塢偆丅偟偐偟丄婭尦慜700擭偵寶愝偝傟丄101暯曽僉儘儊乕僩儖偺搚抧傪燇燆偟丄愮擭埲忋偵搉偭偰丄偦偺擾嬈婎斦傪側偟偰偄偨儅乕儕僽 僟儉(Ma'rib Dam)傪曗廋C暅偡傞宱嵪椡偼偦偺僔僶墹崙偵偼傕偼傗柍偐偭偨丅儅乕儕僽僟儉偺堐帩娗棟偼偍傠偦偐偵側傝丄570擭偵僟儉偑偮偄偵曵夡偟偨丅廧柉偼偙偺屆戙墹崙傪幪偰曽乆偵堏廧偟丄偙偙偵僔僶墹崙(Sheba)嵟廔揑偵楌巎偐傜巔傪徚偟偨丅僔僶墹崙(Sheba)偼乽14悽婭娫偵傢偨偭偰懚嵼偟偨乿偲塢傢傟傞偑丄偄傑偩偵懡偔偺撲傪巆偟偰偍傝丄偦偺夝柧偼昁偢偟傕廫暘偱偼側偄丅偦偺寶崙偼婭尦慜2000擭婜慜敿(Early 2nd Millenium)偲偐婭尦慜10悽婭偐傜7悽婭傑偱彅愢偑偁傝丄傾儔僽偺揱愢偵傛傞偲乽僲傾(Noah)偺挿抝偱僙儉懓偺慶愭偱偁傞僙儉(Shem)偑儅乕儕僽偵僔僶墹崙(Sheba or Sh乫va)丄偁傞偄偼僒僶墹崙(Saba)傪憂寶偟偨乿偲塢偆丅巟攝幰僔僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba) 偼僄僠僆僺傾偺楌巎丄僿僽儔僀岅偺惞彂丄怴栿惞彂偍傛傃僋儖傾乕儞(Qur'an)偵尵媦偝傟丄媽栺惞彂偱偼乽婭尦慜10悽婭偵僔僶偺彈墹偑僜儘儌儞(Solomon or Sulayman)偺抦宐傪帋偦偆偲僄儖僒儗儉傪朘傟丄僜儘儌儞戝墹偲夛尒偟偨乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偺僔僶偺彈墹偼傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偱偼儅働僟(Makeda)丄僀僗儔儉偺揱愢偱偼價儖僉僗(Bilqis)丄儘乕儅偺楌巎壠儓僙僼僗(Josephus)偵偼僯僇僂儔(Nicaula)偲屇偽傟丄婭尦慜10悽婭偵幚嵼偟偰偄偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞偑丄幚嵼偟偨恖暔偐偳偆偐偵偮偄偰傕媈栤傪帩偮妛幰傕懡偄丅枖丄乽僔僶墹崙偼傾僼儕僇偺傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偵偁偭偨乿偲塢偆愢偵傕愢摼椡偑偁傞丅
僔僶儉(Shibam)丗 熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramawt)偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偱偼椺奜揑偵旍梹偱偁傝丄屆戙偐傜恖乆偑掕廧偟偰偒偨丅墦偔偐傜尒傞偲杸揤極偺條偵尒偊傞崅偄擔姳偟楖姠偺搩偺條側壠乆偑偙偙偺寶抸偺嵟傕尠挊側摿挜偱偁傞丅拞偱傕敧憌埲忋偺壠乆偺暲傃丄2000擭埲忋偺楌巎傪帩偮丄恖岥栺7000恖偺僔僶儉(僔僶乕儉)(Shibam)偑偦傟傪戙昞偟偰偄傞丅
僕僶儖 傾僕儍(Jibal Aja)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)偐傜惣撿惣偵墑傃傞壴浖娾偺嶳夠偱嫄戝側榬偺嬝擏偺條偵偳偭偟傝惙傝忋偑偭偨嶳敡偼妸傜偐偱偼偁傞偑嬋偑傝偔偹傝丄崟偢傓偐庨怓傪偟偰偄傞丅偦偺榌偵偼僞儖(Talhs丄Acacia Gerratdii)偑枾偺惗偊丄偨偔偝傫偺怷偵惉偭偰偄傞丅懡偔偺宬扟偑僕僶儖 傾僕儍(Jibal Aja)偵愗傝崬傒傪擖傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺宬扟偼堦斒揑偵拞棳偼嫹偄偑丄嶳椗壓偺尮摢晹偼峀偔暯偱擾柉偑偨偔偝傫偺僫僣儊儎僔傪怉偊偰敤偵偟偰偄傞丅
僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)丗 傾僔乕儖嶳柆(Asir Mountains)偼傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)偲嬫暿偡傞堊偵僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅偙傟傜偺嶳乆偺拞偺嵟崅曯僒僂僟乕(al-Sawdah)嶳偼奀敳2,910 m (9,550 ft)偱偁傞丅僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)抧堟偺嶳乆偼暘悈椾偵惉偭偰嫃傝丄搶偵岦偐偭偰偼側偩傜偐偵嬻敀抧懷偵岦偗偰壓傝丄杒偐傜儚僨傿 儔儞儎乕(Wadi Ranyah)丄儚僨傿 價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)丄儚僨傿 僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)丄儚僨傿 僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habunah)偍傛傃儚僨傿 僫僕儔儞(Wadi Najran)摍偺戝悈宯傪惉偟偰偄傞丅斀懳偵僥傿僴儅乕偵岦偐偭偰偼暻偺條偵媫偱偁傝丄偦偺抐奟愨暻偺奟抧傪傾僗僟乕儖(Al-Asdar)偲屇傃丄僥傿僴儅乕乮Tihamah乯偵岦偐偭偰壓偭偰偄傞媫孹幬偺扟偺忋棳晹暘傪傾僈僶僩(Al-'Aqabat)偲屇傫偱嫃傞丅
僕僶儖 僥傿僴儅乕(Jibal Tihamah)丗 僕僶儖 僥傿僴儅乕(Jibal Tihamah)偼僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偲傕屇偽傟傞傾僔乕儖嶳柆(Asir Mountains)偺戕偊棫偮嶳乆偲峠奀娸偲偺娫偺嶳夠偱丄奺乆偺嶳偑扟偱暘偐傟丄昁偢偟傕楢懕偟偰偼嫃側偄丅偙偺嶳乆傕峠奀娸偵増偭偰暲傇偑丄僕僶儖 僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偺嶳暲傒傛傝傕昗崅偼掅偄丅
幦囿囗(Onyx)丗 暽嬍(Jasper)偱幦柾條偺偁傞傕偺丅椙幙側傕偺偱偼丄崟敀丄敀妼丒崟愒摍偺幦怓偑姰慡偵嬫暿偝傟偰偄傞丅
僔儍乕 僀僗儅僀儖(Shah Ismail)丗 儁儖僔儍崙墹僀僗儅僀儖(Ismail I, 1502 - 1524)( Shāh Ismā'il Abu'l-Mozaffar bin Sheikh Haydar bin Sheikh Junayd Safawī)偼16悽婭偐傜18悽婭慜敿偵僀儔儞(Iran)傪拞怱偵儂儔乕僒乕儞(Khorasan)偐傜儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)傑(Ismail I, 1502 - 1524)偱偺抧堟傪巟攝偟偨僔乕傾攈僀僗儔儉墹挬(Shia dynasty)偱偁傞僒僼傽償傿乕挬(Safavids, 1501 - 1722)偺巒慶偱偁傞丅
僔儍僀僶乕桘揷(Shaibah Field)丗 僟儞儅儞(Dammam)撿搶800km偱傾僽僟價(Abu Dhabi)偺撿200km偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊偺傾儔僽庱挿崙偲偺僆儅乕儞椞偵嬤偄崙嫬偵嵼傝丄1998擭8寧26擔偐傜惗嶻傪奐巒偟偨暆12km偱挿偝64km偺怴塻桘揷偱偁傞丅惗嶻検50枩BPD偼傾僽働乕僋(Abqaiq)傑偱岥宎46"墑挿635km偺僷僀僾儔僀儞偱憲桘偝傟偰偄傞丅
僕儍僂僶抧堟(Al-Jawba)丗 嶰妏宍偺戝偒側孍抧(al-Jawba)偱偁傞僕儍僂僶抧堟偼孍抧埥偄偼孍傒偲傕屇偽傟傞丅嶰妏宍傪偟偨孍抧慡懱偑僕儍僂僼廈(Al Jawf Province)偺拞偵廂傑偭偰嫃傝丄偙偺廈偺拞怱偱傕偁傞丅戝偒側杶抧偱僔乕儖僴儞孍抧(Wadi'l-Sirhan)偺撿抂偵嬤偄丅偙偺孍抧偼掙曈75km偱崅偝60km掱偺彮偟媩側傝偺傎傏嶰妏宍偱丄廃埻偺暯尨偐傜60m偐傜150m娮杤偟偰偄傞丅懡暘丄懢屆偺撪棨奀偐屛偩偭偨偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偺孍抧偼杒堒29亱45'偐傜30亱30' 搶宱39亱42'偐傜40亱30'偵峀偑偭偰嫃傝丄搶偵挘傝弌偟偨彮偟媩側傝偱偼偁傞偑傎傏嶰妏宍傪偟偰偄傞丅撿偺掙曈偼執戝側僫僼僪嵐敊偺杒曈偵愙偟偰嫃傝丄杒偺捀揰偼僔儏儚僀僸僥僀僀儎(Shuwaihitiyya)曈傝偲側傝丄搶曈偺僔儍儖僊奟抧(Jal Al-Jubat Al-Sharqi) 偲惣曈偺僈乕儖價奟抧( Jal Al-Jubat Al-Gharbi)偵嫴傑傟偰偄傞丅孍抧偺帄傞強偵梠娾偺暚弌丄暚壩岥傗梠娾棳摍偺壩嶳妶摦偺愓偑巆偭偰偄傞丅
僕儍僂僼(Jawf)丗 僕儍僂僼偼掅偄搚抧傪堄枴偟偰嫃傝丄偦傟偑廈偺柤慜(Al Jawf Province)偵傕惉偭偨丅傾僽僪儖儔僼儅儞 僗僟僀儕(Amir 'Abd al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Sudairi)尦抦帠偼乽僕儍僂僼(Jawf)偼暊偺挘偭偨扟傪堄枴偟丄杒傾儔價傾偵廧傓儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偑偙偺孍抧偵晅偗偨屆偔偐傜椙偔抦傜傟偨熡柤偱偁傝丄儀僪僂僀儞偼僕儑僂僼偺廧恖偺媞偵懳偡傞夁忚側掱偺娊懸偲暿奿偺怱尛偄傪偙偺熡柤偱昞偟偨偺偩傠偆丅媞偵壜擻側尷傝偺嵟忋偺怘帠傪嬂偟丄媞偑怘傋巭傔偨偔偰傕峏偵怘傋傞條偵姪傔傞偲塢偆婥慜偺椙偝偺廗姷傪幟偽偣傞昞尰偲偟偰偙傟埲忋偵傆偝傢偟偄柤慜偼柍偄偩傠偆乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
僕儍僋儕乕僰 僺儗儞僰(Jacqueline Pirenne,1918-1990)丗 2007擭偵僆儔儞僟偺僄儖僛價傾幮(Elsevier)偐傜弌斉偝傟偨峫屆妛昐壢帠揟(Encyclopedia of Archaeology)偺拞偺乽庡梫堚愓丄榑憟丄栤戣摍崱擔偺峫屆妛乿傪幏昅偟偨暷峫屆妛幰K. 僉儕僗 僴乕僗僩(K. Kris Hiirst)偺徯夘偵傛傞偲乽暓峫屆妛幰僺儗儞僰偼撿傾儔價傾偱傕摿偵僀僄儊儞(Yemen)乿偲僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偱偺敪孈嶌嬈偵挿擭偵傢偨偭偰廬帠偟偰偄偨丅僺儗儞僰偼儖乕償傽儞戝妛(l'Université de Louvain)偱嫵堢傪庴偗丄僼儔儞僗崙棫壢妛尋媶僙儞僞乕(French National Center for Scientific Research)(CNRS)偺僟僀儗僋僞乕(Director)傪挿偄娫嬑傔偰偄偨丅1985擭偵戅怑偡傞偲僗僩儔僗僽乕儖戝妛(University of Strasbourg)偱妛惗払偲摥偒巒傔偨丅僺儗儞僰偼乽尨巒揑側撿僙儉岅(proto-South Semitic language)偼僄僠僆僺傾偐傜撿傾儔價傾偵峀傑傝丄偦偺斀懳偱偼側偐偭偨乿偲僀僄儊儞偺屆戙墹挬僇僞僶儞(Qataban)偱偺敪孈偲乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀埬撪婰(Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)乿偺婰弎偵婎偯偒丄採婲偟偨帠偱傛偔抦傜傟偰偄傞乿偲塢偆丅(http://archaeology.about.com/bio/K-Kris-Hirst-3021.htm)and
(http://archaeology.about.com/od/pterms/g/pirennej.htm)
阬崄(Musk)丗 阬崄幁偺阬崄擷偐傜惢偟偨崟妼怓偺暡枛偱丄朏崄偑恟偩嫮偔丄孫暔乮偨偒傕偺乯偵梡偄丄栻椏偲偟偰傕巊傢傟傞丅庡偵拞墰傾僕傾丒塤撿抧曽偵嶻偡傞丅
僔儍僕儍儖僪僁僢儖(Shajar al-Durr)丗 傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid)偺戞7戙僗儖僞儞(Sultan) 僒乕儕僼(Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, 1240-1249)偺尦搝楆偺斳丅乮僀僢僘僢僥傿儞 傾僀僶僢僋乮Izz al-Din Aybak乯嶲徠乯丅
僔儍僟 僷儗僗(Shada Palace)丗 惌晎偺徣挕傪拞怱偵嬤戙壔偝傟偨價儖偺棫偪暲傇傾僽僴(Abha)巗撪偵傕傾儈乕儖挕棤偺揱摑揑側僗乕僋偑巆偝傟偰嫃傞丅1927擭偵寶偰傜傟丄1987擭偵柉懎攷暔娰偲側偭偨僔儍僟 僷儗僗(Shada Palace)偼僗乕僋偵椬愙偟丄傾僔乕儖 傾儈乕儖(Amir of Asir)挕棤偺戝偒側僾乕儖傪尒壓傠偡埵抲偵偁傞丅偙偺撪憰偼傾僔乕儖偺揟宆偱楌戙偺彈庡恖偑怓傪揾傝丄暥條傪昤偒丄椙偔庤擖傟偟偰嫃偨帠傪塎傢偣傞丅捖楍偝傟偰偄傞擾婡嬶丄廦婍丄旛昳丄梞暈丄憰忺昳丄戝朇丄廵婍丄搧寱摍柉懎揑側昳暔偺曐懚忬懺傕椙偄丅偙偺嬤偔偵偼奊夋傪惂嶌斕攧偡傞奊夋懞(Al-Mettaha Art Village)偑曐懚偝傟偰偄傞丅揱摑揑側僗乕僋偵偼孋丄廵搧寱働乕僗摍妚惢昳傪斕攧廋棟偡傞揦傕偁傞丅
僔儍僞乕懞偲僟價僉懞(Shatah and Dabiki)丗 僄僕僾僩杒晹偺僫僀儖愳嶰妏廈偵嵼傞僟儈僄僢僞(Damietta)晅嬤偵嵼偭偨擇偮偺拞悽偺懞偱偁傝丄椉曽偺懞嫟偵崑壺側怐暔偱桳柤偱偁傝丄儌僗儗儉掗崙偺慡堟偵桝弌偝傟偰偄偨丅 (Shatah and Dabiki were two medieval
villages near
僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)丗 僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偼壠宯揑偵枾愙側娭學偑偁傞僞僗儉(Tasm)偲嫟偵幐傢傟偨傾儔僽(Lost Arabs)偵娷傑傟傞丅尒挘傝傗杊屼偺堊偺崅偄朷極丄偑偭偪傝偲偟偨梫嵡傗峀斖埻側燇燆僔僗僥儉傪抸偄偰丄傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偵廧傫偱嫃偨偑丄巐悽婭偵婲偒偨姳榀偵壛偊丄僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偺怤擖偱丄僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah) 堦栧偑偙偺抧偵傗偭偰棃偨屲悽婭傑偱偵偼巰偵愨偊偨偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偺庱搒偼乽棊偪崬傫偩暯抧乿偲偐乽儚僨傿偺扟掙乿偺堄枴偡傞柤傪偮偗傜傟偨僕儍僂僂(Jaww)偱丄僕儍僂僂(Jaww)偼僉僪儕儅乕(Khidrimah)偲偟偰傕抦傜傟偰偄傞偺偱丄崱擔偺傾儖乕僇儖僕(al-Kharj)偵偁偭偨偺偱偼柍偄偐偲巚傢傟傞丅徚柵偡傞慜偵偼僞僗儉(Tasm)偺愱惂孨庡偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨偑丄偦偺橖枬側怳傞晳偄偑椉晹懓偺娫偵榑憟傪堷偒婲偙偟偨丅僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偼彈梊尵幰僓乕儖僈乫 傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(Zarqa' al-Yamamah)偺寈崘傪柍帇偟偨堊偵偦偺挰傪僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偵攋夡偝傟偨丅僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偼彈梊尵幰傪廫帤壦偵挘傝晅偗偵偟丄偦偺巰懱傪僕儍僂僂(Jaww)偺忛栧偵敇偟偨丅偦偺屻偼偙偺彈梊尵幰偵場傫偱僕儍僂僂(Jaww)偼儎儅儅乕(Yamamah)偲屇偽傟傞條偵惉傝丄傗偑偰挰偺柤慜偑偙偺抧曽慡懱傪巜偡條偵惉偭偨丅
僕儍僪僐(JADCO)丗 奨摴偐傜偼墦偔棧傟偰偼嫃傞偑僞僶乕儖僕儍儖偺撿惣偵偼廲50km墶30km偵傕媦傇僕儍僂僼擾嬈奐敪岞幮(Al Jouf Agricultural Development Co.)強桳戝擾応偑偁傞丅怺栭偵擾応撪偺擾摴傪憱傞偲帪懍100km偱30暘埲忋傕廃埻偵慡偔摂壩偼尒偊偢丄50kmx30km偲塢偆搚抧偺峀戝偝傪姶偠偝偣傜傟偨丅
僕儍僯僢僒儕(Janissaries)丗 僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman)偼偦偺杊塹傪搝楆晹戉偵棅偭偰偄偨丅偦偺拞偱傕惛塻晹戉傪僕儍僯僢僒儕(Janissaries)偲屇傫偱偄偨丅偙偺柤偼僩儖僐岅偺乽僀僃僯僙儕(yeniceri)乿懄偪怴孯new army饒訓祩膫絹B偦偺晹戉偺戉堳偼搝楆偱偁傝丄杦偳偼彮擭帪戙偵桿夳偝傟丄揙掙揑側孭楙傪庴偗偰偄偨丅
僔儍僴儔儞懓(Shahran)丗僔儍僴儔儞懓乮僔儍乕儔儞懓乯偼僇僴僞儞懓(Qahtan) 乮僈乕僞儞懓乯偺桳椡晹懓偱摿偵傾僔乕儖(Asir)撪棨晹偱偼僇僴僞儞懓偲惃椡傪擇暘偟偰偄傞丅
僕儍僶儖 僔儍儞儅儖(Jabal Shammar)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)偺惣晹丄杒晹偍傛傃搶晹偺嬤朤傪懷偺傛偆側斖埻偱揰嵼偡傞壩惉娾偺嶳乆偵晅偗傜傟偨屇徧偱丄僕儍僶儖 僔儍儞儅儖偺嶳乆偼偦偺榌傪庨怓偺嵒偑岤偔旐偆偺偱幚嵺偵偼楢懕偟偨嶳夠偱偁傞偺偵屳偄偵棧傟撈棫偟偰偄傞條偵尒偊傞丅
幹暊(Cornice)丗 屆揟寶抸偱偼僄儞僞僽儗僠儏傾(Entablature)偲傕尵偆嵟忋晹偺撍偒弌偟悈暯懷偱丄堦斒偵偼暻柺偺撍偒弌偟偨悈暯晹暘傪巜偡丅
僕儍僸儕僀儎帪戙(Jahiliyya)丗 柍柧乮栔枂乯帪戙乮柍抦偺帪戙(the time of ignorance)乯偲栿偝傟丄僀僗儔儉搊応埲慜偺傾儔價傾敿搰偺忬懺丅
僔儍乕僼傿僀乕妛攈(Shafi'i Madhhab)丗 僔儍乕僼傿僀乕(Imam Shafi'i)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱僗儞僫攈偺巐戝朄妛攈偺堦偮偱偁傞丅僔儍乕僼傿僀乕傕傑偨傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽((Abu Hanif))傗儅乕儕僋(Malik)偵妛傫偱偍傝丄巘傊偺宧堄偼暥彂偵巆偭偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僔儍乕僼傿僀 儌僗僋(Masjid ash-Shaf'i)丗 僕僢僟偺儌僗僋偺拞偱傕偭偲傕屆偔丄傕偭偲傕旤偟偄丅僔儍乕僼傿僀 儌僗僋偼儅僘儖儉抧嬫(Mahallat al-Mazlum)偵寶偭偰偄傞丅尵偄揱偊偵傛傟偽丄僔儍乕僼傿僀 儌僗僋偼僂儅儖(the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, A.D. 634 - 644)偺帪戙偵寶抸偝傟偨丅偙偺儌僗僋偼媽巗撪偺拞墰偵埵抲偟偰偄傞偑丄偦偺栚棫偨側偄儈僫儗僢僩(Minaret)偲偦傟傪庢傝埻傓嫹偄捠傝偺柪楬偺堊偵娙扨偵偼尒偮偐傜側偄丅尰嵼偺廃埻偺忬嫷偑懕偔尷傝偵偍偄偰偼師偺條側曽岦傪娤側偑傜扝傟偽偙偺儌僗僋偵偼栤戣柍偔摓払偱偒傞丅愭偢丄僼傽僀僒儖墹捠傝(King Faysal Street)偺拞墰晹搶懁偵偁傞屆偄僶僀僔僃儞 價儖(Baeshen)傪尒偮偗傞丅偙偺價儖偼儔僥儞岅偱彂偐傟偨帩偪庡偺柤慜偺僱僆儞僒僀儞偲堦奒偵偁傞垽傜偟偄墿搚怓偺棆暥嵶岺(fretwork)偺僶儖僐僯乕偱娙扨偵尒暘偗傜傟傞丅偙偺價儖偺撿懁偺嫹偄枹曑憰偺摴偑弶傔偼抁偄峚傪宍惉偟丄僼傽僀僒儖墹捠傝(King Faysal Street)偲捈妏偵媽巗撪傪愗傝楐偔偰偄傞丅偙偺嫹偄摴傪傕偆堦偮偺摴偲岎嵎偡傞抂傑偱扝傞偲偙偺岎嵎揰偱僔儍乕僼傿僀 儌僗僋 (Masjid ash-Shaf'i)偺儈僫儗僢僩偑嵍捈偖朤偵尒偊偰偔傞丅
僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)丗 僶僯 傾儈乕儖(Bani 乪Amir)偲傕屇偽傟傞乫傾儈乕儖 僀僽儞 僒乫僒乫傾乕('Amir ibn Sa' sa' ah)偼峀戝側僀僗儔儉掗崙寶崙(Arab Muslim conquests, 632–732)埲崀偺戝偒側屆戙傾儔僽晹懓摨柨(Ancient Arab Traibal Confederation)偱偁偭偨丅僶僯 傾儈乕儖(Bani 乪Amir)偼僫僕僪(Najd)傪拞怱偲偟偰惃椡傪挘傝丄偦偺慶愭偼傾僪僫儞Adnan)偵慿傞丅廫巐悽婭偲廫屲悽婭偺儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah)偲僇儖僕(al-Kharj)偺挰偺廧恖偼乫傾儈乕儖 僀僽儞 僒乫僒乫傾乕('Amir ibn Sa' sa' ah)偐傜懕偔傾儖 僴僒(al-Hasa)偺堊惌幰僂僗僼儕僪(Usfurid)偵巟攝偝傟偰偄偨丅廫屲悽婭敿偽偵摨懓堦栧偺巜摫幰壠懓偱偁傞僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偑慜擟幰偺僂僗僼儕僪(Usfurid)偐傜巟攝傪庴偗宲偄偩丅僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偼偦偺幚椡偲宧錳偝偍傛傃岞暯偝偺懜廳偍傛傃乫僂儔儅乫('Ulama')偱柤惡傪摼偰嫃偨丅僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偼僇儖僕(al-Kharj)廃曈偺僫僕僪(Najd)偺儉僈僀儔乕(Al Mughirah)丄僟儚僔乕儖(Dawasir)丄僼傽僪儖(Al Fadl)丄乫傾乫僀僟(Al 'A'idh)偍傛傃僗僶僀乫(Subay')摍杦偳偺梀杚柉偵岦偗偰愴摤傪峴偄丄乫傾儈乕儖 僀僽儞 僒乫僒乫傾乕('Amir ibn Sa'sa'ah)懓偺彅懓傗偦偺摨柨偺晹懓偺堊偵曻杚抧傪彅晹懓偐傜庣偭偨丅偦傟偲嫟偵丄偙偺愴摤偵偼戉彜楬丄弰楃楬偺埨慡傪曐忈偟丄掕廧柉偺拞偺摨柨晹懓傪巟墖偟丄梀杚柉偲挰廧恖偺娫偺棧斀娭學傪敱偡傞栚揑傕偁偭偨丅峏偵廫屲悽婭偼僫僕僪(Najd)偺掕廧柉偵偲偭偰惌帯揑偵弴挷側帪戙偱丄塉偑懡偔姳榀偼杦偳柍偄椙岲側婥岓偺帪婜偱傕偁偭偨丅僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偼婎杮揑偵偼梀杚柉偺庱椞偲塢偆傛傝偼掕廧柉偺庱挿(amirs)偱偁傝丄晹懓揑拤惤傪峀斖埻側堊惌幰乮乫僂儔儅乫丄'Ulama'乯傊偺暈廬偵戙偊傞帠偱暘楐偟偑偪側晹懓揑忬嫷偵摑堦傪傕偨傜偟偨丅岎堈偱傕塰偊偨僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偺挊柤側堊惌幰乫傾僕儚僪 僀僽儞 僓儈儖 僕儍僽儕('Ajwad ibn Zamil al-Jabri)偼儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)傪宱桼偟偰惣楋1472擭偵懡偔偺恖悢丄惣楋1483擭偵閜閗20,000摢丄惣楋1488擭偵閜閗15,000摢偺傾儔價傾墶抐偺戝弰楃抍傪偦傟偧傟憲偭偨丅偙偺條側峴帠偼宧錳偝偲摨偠條偵僕儍僽儕僪(Jabrids)偑搶傾儔價傾偲僫僕僪(Najd)偵傕偨傜偟偨惌帯揑巟攝偲埨掕偺徹偱偁偭偨丅
僔儍僽儚抧曽(Shebwa or Shabwah)丗 僀僄儊儞撪棨拞墰偐傜惣傊偲峀偑傞偺僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad)偺搶晹抧曽偱熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut)偺惣偺擖傝岥偵偁偨傞丅峴惌廈偲偟偰偼撿偼傾僨儞榩(Gulf of Aden)偺奀娸傪娷傫偱偄傞丅
僕儍儈儎僩 僔乫傾僼(Jamiyat al-Si'af)丗 岞嫟墖彆偺堊偺嫤夛(Assocoation for Public Assisitance)偱偁傞丅僸僕儍乕僘偺恖乆偵傛傞柉娫偺敪埬偱僀僄儊儞偲偺抁婜娫偺愴憟偺嵺偺1934擭偵憂愝偝傟偨丅
僔儍乕儉 僆僽儂乕儖(Sharm Obhor)丗 僔儍乕儉 僆僽儂乕儖(Sharm Obhor)偼僕僢僟(Jiddah)杒曽栺40km偵偁傞嫹偄擖峕偱丄峠奀娸偐傜杒搶偵擖傝崬傫偱偍傝丄暆偼20m偐傜1,400m偱偁傞丅
僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)丗 僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)偺撿惣20 km偵偁傞傾僴僪 儔僼傿僟乕(Ahad Rufaidah)偺峏偵7丄8 km撿惣偺熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺尮棳撿娸偵偁傞僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)偼11悽婭崰傑偱僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜偺弰楃岎堈楬偺廳梫側嫆揰偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉埲慜傗僀僗儔儉弶婜傑偱偺愇憿傝偺嫄戝寶憿暔偺堚峔傗揇嶌傝偺廧嫃愓偑巆偭偰嫃傞丅乽偙偺僕儍儔僔儏(Jarash)偺僴儉儅乕嶳(Jabal Hamumah)偺朤偵僔僃僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba)偑僜儘儌儞墹(King Solomon)偵夛偆偨傔偺摴拞偱偺栰塩抧價儖僊僗(Bilqis)偑偁偭偨乿偲偙偺抧曽偱偼怣偠傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺屆戙偐傜偺挰偼僀僗儔儉埲慜偼傾僔乕儖偺庱搒偱偁傝儈僇儔僼 僕儍儔僔儏(Mikhlaf Jarash)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
僕儍儔僽(Jarab)丗 擕崄偺摴偑僽僌儉梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Buqum)傪墶抐偡傞搑拞偵嵼傞僶僴乕廈(Al Baha Province)搶杒晹偺晹棊丅乽愴偄乿傪堄枴偡傞柤慜傪晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僔儍儕乕傾朄(Law of the Islam or Shariah)丗 僀僗儔儉悽奅偱偼廆嫵偲悽懎幮夛偺椉曽偵懳偡傞朄棩偱偁傞丅僔儍儕乕傾偺偆偪庡偵廆嫵偵娭傢傞晹暘傪僀僶乕僟乕僩乮媀楃揑婯斖乯(Ibadhat)丄悽懎揑惗妶偵娭傢傞晹暘傪儉傾乕儅儔乕僩乮朄揑婯斖乯(Mu'amalat)偲徧偡傞丅僀僶乕僟乕僩偼屄乆恖偲恄偲偺娭學傪婯掕偟偨悅捈揑側婯斖丄儉傾乕儅儔乕僩偼幮夛偵偍偗傞彅屄恖娫偺娭學傪婯掕偟偨悈暯揑側婯斖偲埵抲偯偗傜傟傞丅
僔儍儕僉乕恖(Sharqis)丗 杒傾僼儕僇偺傾儔僽恖丅
僔儍儕僼(Sharifs)丗 僔儍儕僼(Sharifs)偼僔僃儕僼(Sheriffe)偲偺揮幨偝傟丄晹懓偲嵿嶻丄堜屗丄椞抧側偳偺晹懓偺嵿嶻偺庣岇偡傞幰偵揱摑揑偵梌偊傜傟偰偒偨傾儔僽懓偺徧崋偱偁傝丄乽崅婱側寣嬝偺恖乿傪堄枴偡傞傾儔價傾岅偱傕偁傞丅僀僗儔儉埲屻偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僢僪偺恊懓偺懜徧偲偟偰巊傢傟傞傛偆偵側傝丄僗儞僫攈(Sunnis)偱偼戞5戙僇儕僼丄僔乕傾攈(Shi乫ahs)偱偼戞2戙僀儅乕儉偲偁偮偐傢傟偨儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺弶懛僴僒儞 僀僽儞 傾儕(Hasan ibn Ali)偺巕懛傪僔儍儕僼偲屇傫偱偄傞丅傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid 750 - 1258.)偺巟攝壓偺儊僢僇乮Mecca乯偺摑帯 (Rule)偼10悽婭偐傜僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quarish)巟懓(Banu Quraish)偺僶僰 僴僔儉巵懓(Banu Hashim)偑彾埇偟丄弶戙偺僔儍儕僼(Sharifs)偼儉僴儞儊僪 傾僽 僕儍僼傽乕儖 僒儔僽(Muhammed Abu-Jafar Al-Thalab, 967 - 980)偱偁偭偨丅1201擭偐傜僶僰 僴僔儉巵懓(Banu Hashim)偺僴儚僔儉壠(Hawashim Clan)偑儊僢僇偺僔僃儕僼(Sharif of Makkah)傪嬑傔丄帪偲偟偰僿僕儍乕僘墹偲柤忔偭偰偄偨丅僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 傾儕(Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, 1916 - 1924)偼1924擭3寧6擔偵僩儖僐偺僇儕僼摑帯(the Caliphate)傪攑巭偝傟傞偲僀僗儔儉偺僇儕僼(Caliph al-Islam)傪帺傜偑宲彸偟偨丅摨擭9寧偵僞僀僼(Tayif)偱偺僀僼儚乕儞(Ikhwan)傊偺攕杒偡傞偲丄僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)偺懡偔偺桳椡側巗柉払偵戅埵(Abdication)傪媮傔傜傟丄丄1924擭10寧偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)傪弌峘偟丄傾僇僶(Aqaba)偐傜僉僾儘僗(Cyprus)偵朣柦偟偨丅挿抝偺傾儕 價儞 僼僒僀儞(Ali bin Hussein, 1924 - 1925)偑屻傪宲偄偩偑丄儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahhabi)偵僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)傪曪埻偝傟傞偲掞峈傪巭傔丄丄僀儔僋(Iraq)偵朣柦偡傞堊偵僶僗儔(Basrah)峴偒偺慏偵忔偭偨丅壠懓偺挿偔懕偄偨儊僢僇摑帯偼塣柦偺戝偒側曄壔傪敽偄側偑傜10悽婭娫偵搉偭偰儊僢僇(Mecca)傪巟攝偟偰偒偨偑丄1925擭12寧23擔偵僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偼僀僽儞 僒僂僪(ibn Saud)偵惇暈偝傟丄廔鄟偟偨丅偙偺壠懓偺巕懛偼尰嵼偺儓儖僟儞 僴僔儈僥 墹崙(Hashemite Kingdom of Jordon)偺墹懓偲偟偰巆偭偰偄傞丅
僔儍儕僼 傾僂儞 儔僼傿僢僋(Sharif Aun ar-Rafiq)丗 1882擭偐傜1905擭傑偱僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)傪巟攝偟偨夵妚巙岦偺僔儍儕僼偱僀償偺曟傪庢傝夡偦偆偲偟偨偑丄抧尦柉偍傛傃挀嵼奜岎堳偺埑椡偵孅偟丄偦偺帠傪朰傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
僔儍儕僼 僈儕乕僽(Sharif Ghalib)丗 僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif Ghaleb)嶲徠丅
僕儍乕儖(Al-Jar)丗 僕儍乕儖(Al-Jar)偼僕僢僟偺杒曽偵偁傞僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偺挰偱儊僨傿僫増娸(Medina Littoral)偺屆戙偺棨梘偘峘偱僄僕僾僩偺曮暔屔丅
僕儍儖傾(Gerrha)丗 乮僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)傪嶲徠丅乯
僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)丗 搒巗崙壠僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)偼婭尦慜700擭偐傜婭尦屻偺弶傔偺悢悽婭偵搉偭偰岎堈尃塿偱塰偊丄搶晹廈偵攅傪彞偊偨丅搶晹廈偺僟乕儔儞(Dhahran)晅嬤偺暛曟(tumuli)偺堚暔傕僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)偺彜恖払偑巆偟偨暔偱偁傞壜擻惈偼偁傝摼傞丅偙偺搒巗崙壠偺懚嵼偼摨帪戙偺抧棟妛幰傗楌巎壠偺婰榐傗屆戙峝壿偺敪尒偵傛偭偰妋擣偝傟偰偄傞偑丄偦偺幚嵼偟偨惓妋側埵抲偵娭偟偰偼埶慠偲偟偰妋掕偱偒偰偄側偄丅僊儕僔儍偺抧棟妛幰偺僗僩儔儃(Strabo, 64BC - AD21)偼乽僕儍儖傾(Gerrha)偼偍偍傛偦婭尦慜6悽婭偁傞偄偼7悽婭偵懚嵼偟偨偺偑僟僴儔儞(Dhahran)偐傜偺弌搚昳偐傜傎傏暘偐偭偨乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅僕儍儖傾(Gerrha)懚嵼偡傞偲偝傟偰偄傞応強偵偼搶晹廈偺僒僕(Thaj)丄僈僥傿乕僼(Qatif)丄僟僴儔儞(Dhahran)丄僒僼儚(Safwa) 偵嬤偄傾僀儞僕儍儚儞('Ayn Jawan)丄僂僇僀儖('Uqayr)偍傛傃乫僂僇僀儖('Uqayr)杒偺墫嵦廤応(Salt Mine Site)偑偁傞丅奀娸偵偁傞乫僂僈僀儖('Uqayr)偺杒偺峀戝側僒僽僴孮乮娷墫暯抧丄Sabkhas丄Salt Flat乯偵嬤偄墫嵦廤応偱偼摨偠帪戙偺堚暔偑婔偮偐弌搚偟偰嫃傝丄乽搶晹廈偺僴僒(Al-Hasa)杒搶80km偵偁傞攑峘僂僇僀乕儖(Uqair)晅嬤偵偁偭偨乿偲偺桳椡愢傕偁傞偑丄埶慠偲偟偰撲偵曪傑傟偰偄傞丅偙偺堊丄尪偺屆戙搒巗偲傕尵傢傟傞丅僕儍儖僴偺塸岅傊偺揮幨偼Gerrha丄al-Jar' a丄al-Jar'a'丄al-Jarha摍偱偁傞偑丄擔杮岅傊偺揮幨偼偙偺挰偺懚嵼傪抦偭偰埲棃丄巹偵惓妋偵摿掕偱偒側偄偱嫃傝丄偦偺帪乆偱僎僢儖僴丄僎儖儔丄僕儍儖傾丄僕儍儖乪傾丄僕儍儖僴偲婔偮偐偵揮幨偟偰偒偨丅Wikipedia偺2008擭12寧27擔夵掕偱偼乽Gerrha偼傾儔價傾岅偱 偼(Arabic جرحاء)偲敪壒偝傟傞乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偍傝丄擔杮岅偱偼僕儍儖僴(al-Jarha)埥偄偼僕儍儖乪傾乪 (al-Jar'a'乯偲揮幨偝傟傞偺偩偲巚傢傟傞偑丄偙傟傑偱偺婰弎偱巊偭偨偦偺帪乆偺揮幨偼掶惓偟偰側偄偺偱偛椆彸偟偰懻偒偨偄丅
僔儍儖僕儍(Sharjah)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄儁儖僔傾榩偵椪傒丄恖岥16枩恖丅
僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)丗 僫僕儔儞(Najiran)偐傜僀僄儊儞(Yemen)崙嫬偵増偭偰搶332 km晅嬤偵嬻孯婎抧僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)偑偁傞丅僫僕儔儞(Najiran)偐傜248km偺僇僔儏儉 僌儔僽(Khashm Ghurab)暘婒偺挌帤楬偐傜僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)傑偱偺64km偼摴楬偼嵒媢楍偺椗慄偲暯峴偵搶杒搶/惣撿惣曽岦偵嶌傜傟偰偍傝丄峀偄扟娫傪敳偗偰偄傞條側嶖妎偑偡傞丅挌帤楬偐傜64 km搶偵億儞僾彫壆偲崅壦悈憛偺愝偗傜傟偨悈堜屗偑偁傞丅嵒媢孮偼庈擬偱姳忋偑偭偨応強偲偺報徾偑堦斒揑偱偁傞偑嵒媢孮偼朢偟偄塉傪媧廂偟偦偺掙晹偺晄怹摟憌偺忋偵婬彮側悈尮偲偟偰挋偊偰偔傟傞丅偙偺堜屗傕偦偺條側愺憌悈傪悈尮偲偟偰偄傞偺偩傠偆丅摴楬偼偙偙偐傜搶杒搶偐傜搶撿搶偵岦偒傪曄偊傞丅悈堜屗偐傜20 km偱嬻孯婎抧偺挰僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)偺杒僎乕僩偵摓拝偟偨丅偙偺挰偼揝忦栐偺僼僃儞僗偱姰慡偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅戞19傾儖 僼傽儖乕僋椃抍乮Nineteenth Al Farooq Brigade Group)摍僔儍儘僂儔孯偺戝婯柾側孯戉挀撛偵僒乕價僗偡傞4枩恖偺巗柉偑僔儍儘僂儔偵偼廧傫偱偍傝丄戝偒側僔儍儘僂儔婎抧孯帠昦堾偲偼暿偺昦堾丄僕僃儔乕僩 傾僀僗僋儕乕儉(Gelato Ice-Cream)丄搒巗懞棊徣偺悈塲僾乕儖丄寶愝拞偺屲偮惎儂僥儖摍偑尒傜傟傞丅枖丄摦暔偺悢偼彮側偄偑摦暔墍傕偁傞丅僔儍儘僂儔嬻峘偵偼孯梡偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄傞懠丄僒僂僨傿傾乮柉廀梡峲嬻夛幮乯傕忔傝擖傟偰偄傞丅僔儍儘僂儔偼愴棯揑側埵抲偵偁傝丄偦偺旓梡偼僒僂僕惌晎偲堦晹偺巹婇嬈偑晧扴偟偰偄傞丅偙偺抧曽偱偺嫮偄僒僂僕惌晎孯偺懚嵼偑1934擭偺僒僂僕/僀僄儊儞愴憟偺廔傢傝偵幐偭偨椞搚扗夞偺僀僄儊儞帋傒傪慾巭偟偰棃偨丅
僕儍儞傾儞(Jannan)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail))偺搶65 km丄儈儕僸儎(Milihiya)偺杒搶30 km偵偁傞嶰偮偺嵒娾偺業摢偱摵揝帪戙偍傛傃惵摵帪戙偺摦暔憡偑昤偐傟丄揝婍帪戙偲僀僗儔儉埲慜偺旇暥偑崗傑傟偰偄傞丅
僕儍儞僋乮廭崕乯(Junk)丗 拞崙偱屆偔偐傜梡偄傜傟偰偒偨栘憿斂慏偱丄暔帒丒壿媞偺桝憲嬈柋偵偍偄偰偼丄19悽婭埲崀忲婥慏偑晛媦偟偨偙偲偵傛傝悐戅偟偨丅慏懱拞墰傪巟偊傞峔憿嵽偱偁傞棾崪乮僉乕儖乯偑柍偔丄慏懱偑懡悢偺悈枾妘暻偱嬫愗傜傟偰偄傞丅傑偨丄墶曽岦偵懡悢偺妱傝抾傪憓擖偡傞偙偲偵傛偭偰丄晽忋偵嬤偄曽岦傊愗傝忋偑傞嵺偺岠棪偑桪傟偰偍傝丄堦枃偺斂慡懱傪斂拰捀晹偐傜捿傝壓偘傞偙偲偵傛偭偰撍晽偑嬤偯偄偨帪側偳偵慺憗偔斂傪壓傠偡偙偲傪壜擻偵偟偰偄傞丅
僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)丗 僫僕僪(Najd) 4偮偺晹懓偺堦偮偱丄僫僼僪嵐敊(Nafud)偺撿抂傪愭慶偺屘嫿偲偡傞戝僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)偺撪偺堦晹懓偱偁傞丅戝僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)偺杒偺暘懓偼儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)偵堏廧偟偰偄傞丅偙偺晹懓偺懡偔偼挰晹偵掕拝偟偨偗傟偳傕晹懓慡懱偲偟偰偼埶慠偲偟偰儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偺惈奿傪嫮偔巆偟偰嫃傝丄偦偺嬤擭偵偍偗傞庱椞偑僫僕僪(Najd)偱堦斣惃椡偺嫮偐偭偨傾儈乕儖 儌僴儊僪 僀僽儞 儔僔僪(Amir Mohammed ibn Rashid, 1892 - 1897)偱偁傝丄堦擭偺戝敿傪帺暘偺晹懓柉偲嫟偵嵐敊偱夁偛偟偰偄偨丅尰崙墹傾僽僪僢儔乕暶壓(Abdullah)偺曣曽偼偙偺僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)偱偁傝丄挿擭偵傢偨偭偰尰崙墹偺峜懢巕帪戙偐傜偺巟攝壓偵偁傞崙壠恊塹戉偺傎傏敿暘偼偙偺桬栆偱抦傜傟傞晹懓偱偁傞丅
僔儏傾僀僶乕 (Shuaybah)丗 傾僔儏-僔儏傾僀僶乕(ash-Shuaybah)偼熆傟扟傾儖-儉僇僢儔儉(Wadi al-Mukharram)偺壨岥偵偁傞戝偒側榩偱偁傝丄僕僢僟憂寶埲慜偺儊僢僇偺峘丅儚乕僽 僀僽儞 儉僫僢價乕(Wahb ibn Munabbih)偼乽慏偼棐偱僔儏傾僀僶乕傊偲墴偟棳偝傟偨丅偦偙偼僸僕儍乕僘偺旔擄強偱儊僢僇偺峘偱偁傝丄僕儏僢僟傊棃傞慏偺搳昫抧偱偁傞乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
乽19悽婭屻敿偺儊僢僇乿丗 夞嫵搆偵夵廆偟偨僆儔儞僟偺執戝側傾儔價傾妛幰僋儕僗僠傾儞 僗僲僂僋 僼儖僌儘僯僃(Christian Snouck Hurgronje)挊丄乽儊僢僇乿偼1888 - 1889擭偵僴乕僌偱弌斉(Snouck Hurgronje, C. Mekka Hague 1888 - 1889.)丄摨彂偼J.H. 儌僫僴儞(J.H. Monahan)偵傛偭偰塸栿偝傟乽19悽婭屻敿偺儊僢僇乿偲偺戣柤偱1931擭偵儔僀僨儞偲儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨(An English translation of the second volume was made by J.H. Monahan and publish under the tiltle Mekka in the later part of the 19th Century Leyden - London 1931.)丅 僼儖僌儘僯僃(Hurgronje)偺惞側傞巗偵偮偄偰偺尒帠側挊弎偼偄傑偩偵昗弨嶲峫彂偱偁傝丄偦偺嵞斉偼1970擭偵儔僀僨儞偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(This has been recently reissued in Leyden (1970).)丅
乽17悽婭枛偺峠奀偲偦偺廃曈偺崙乆乿丗 乽17悽婭枛偺峠奀偲偦偺廃曈偺崙乆 (Red Sea and Adjacent Countries at the close of Seventeen Century) 乿丄僕儑僙僼 僺僢僣(Joseph Pitts)丄僂傿儕傾儉 僟僯僄儖(William Daniel)偍傛傃僠儍儖儖 僕儍僢僋 億儞僙(Charles Jacques Poncet)偺婰弎傪僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺僂傿儕傾儉 僼僅僗僞乕嫧(Sir William Foster)偑曇廤偟丄1949擭偵儘儞僪儞偱敪峴偟偨丅僂傿儕傾儉 僼僅僗僞乕嫧(Sir William Foster)偼偙偺尨杮偲惉偭偨僼儔儞僗岅斉偑壗帪弶斉偝傟偨偐妋擣弌棃側偐偭偨丅偙偺杮偵宖嵹偝傟偨塸栿嵞斉偼東栿幰偺柤慜傪婰弎偟側偄樤偱1709擭偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅
僔儏僈僀僌(As Shuqayq)丗 僔儏働僀僋(As Shuqaiq)偲傕揮幨偝傟丄僕僓儞廈(Jizan Emirate)偵懏偟丄廈搒僕僓儞(Jizan)偺杒杒惣栺110km偱傾僽僴(Abha)偺撿惣栺70km偵埵抲偡傞丅價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk)撿抂偵嬤偄僴僕儖嶳(Jibal Hajil)撿偺奀娸摴楬偺儉僴僀儖(Muhayil)暘婒偱梠娾抧懷偼廔傢傝丄僄僟僂僠灲巕(Dawn Palm)偺孮惗傪撿惣傊敳偗丄熆傟扟乪傾儔儉儔儉(Wadi 乪Aramram)傪搉傞偲戝偒側姳妰偺偁傞愺偄榩偵儅儞僌儘乕僽偑惗偊偰偄傞丅偙偺儅儞僌儘乕僽偺孮棊偱偼僇僯 僠僪儕(Crab Plover)丄彫偝側僩僒僇偺傾僕僒僔(Lesser crested Tern)丄僺儞僋怓偺攚拞偺儁儕僇儞(Pink-backed Pelican)偍傛傃僥儗僋 僀僜僔僊(Terek Sandpiper)傪懡偔尒傜傟傞偦偆偱偁傞丅偙偺儅儞僌儘乕僽傪奐戱偟偰僄價梴怋偑峴傢傟傞條偵側偭偨偺偼巆擮側婥傕偡傞丅偦偺姳妰偵棳傟崬傓熆傟扟儕儉(Wadi Rim)偺壨岥偺恖岥300柤懌傜偢偺僔儏僈僀僌晹棊偱彫偝側峘傕偁偭偨丅1998擭4寧偵朘傟偨帪偵偼偦偺彮偟惣偵僒僂僕扺悈壔岞抍(SWCC)偺憿悈岺応(Asir Desalination and Power Plant)偺娕斅偑弌偰偄傞偑峀偄奀娸懁偺晘抧偵偼壗傕尒偊柍偐偭偨丅偦偺屻丄12.8枩KW偱26MIGD乮擔嶻11.7枩僩儞乯偺敪揹強丒憿悈強偑寶愝偝傟丄尰嵼偼僔儏働僀僋悈丒揹椡夛幮乮Shuqaiq Water and Electricity Company丗SqWEC乯偑戞擇婜岺帠偲偟偰敪揹検85枩KW偱擔嶻47MIGD乮21.2枩僩儞乯偺媡怹摟枌曽幃憿悈憰抲傪嶰旽廳岺嬈偵敪拲偟丄2010擭偺姰惉傪栚巜偟偰偄傞丅
僔儏僋僨儏僼(Shuqduf)丗 晄奿岲側梎(Cumbersome Litter)傪旛偊偨閜閗丄偙偺梎(Litter)偼閜閗偺攚拞偺釒(Hump)傪屪偄偱2偮偱掁傝崌偄丄懢梲偺擬偐傜忔媞傪庣傞堊偵僫僣儊儎僔偺梩傪曇傫偩暍偄(Matting)傪旛偊偰偄傞丅
僔儏僋儖 僀僽儞 傾價 傾儖-僼僣乕(Shukr ibn Abi al-Futuh)丗 乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿偺挊幰僀僽儞 傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir丄1204 - 1291)偑柌偺拞偱尒偨丄僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)傪惇暈偟偨儁儖僔儍恖偼儉僟乕儖 僀僽儞 僴僔儈(Mudar ibn Hashim)偱偼柍偔惓妋偵偼. 僔儏僋儖 僀僽儞 傾價 傾儖-僼僣乕(Shukr ibn Abi al Futuh')偱偁偭偨條偩丅
乽僕儏僢僟偺儅僨傿僫捠傝(Tarik Madinah Juddah)乿丗 傾僽僪 僋僢僨儏僗 傾儞僒儕(Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari)偺挊丄1963擭僕僢僟(Jiddah)偱弌斉丅摨彂偺335 - 342暸偺僕僢僟 儌僗僋偺復偵乽僗儔僀儅儞偵娭偡傞彫巎(as-silab wa'l-uddah fi tarikh bandar Judaah)乿偑堷梡偝傟偰偄傞丅
僕儏僢僶乕(Jubbah)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)偺杒惣110 km偵埵抲偟丄媽愇婍帪戙拞婜丄怴愇婍帪戙丄摵愇帪戙丄僒儉僨傿僢僋(Thamudic)帪戙偦偟偰傾儔價傾帪戙偵傢偨傝丄恖乆偑廧傒丄偦偺堚愓偑巆偝傟偰偄傞丅
僕儏乕僼傽乕(Al-Juhfah)丗 僕儏乕僼傽乕 (Al-Juhfah)偼儊僨傿僫 (Medina) 偲儊僢僇 (Mecca) 偺娫偵嵼偭偨屆戙偺懞丅
僕儏儀僀儖偺嫵夛愓(Remnant of Chirstian Church in Jubail)丗 僕儏儀僀儖(Jubail)偼巐悽婭偵傾儔價傾榩偺偙偺抧堟偵偁偭偨屲偮偺僱僗僩儕僂僗攈乮Nestorian乯巌嫵嬫偺堦偮偲娭學偟偨嫵夛偱埲慜偼傾儖 僽僫僀儞(Al Bunain)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
僕儏儉儉(Jumum)丗 僕僢僟偺搶杒搶70km梋傝偺嫍棧偵偁傞熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi Fatima)撪偺旍梹偱抧壓悈偺朙晉側懞丅
乽庡梫側峲奀(Principal Navigation)乿丗 偍傛偦1580擭偵儕僠儍乕僪 僴僋儖乕僩(Ricard Hakluyt)偑弌斉偟偨桳柤側杮偱偦偺拞偱妶帤壔偝傟偨柤偺抦傟側偄億儖僩僈儖恖偺搝楆偺曬崘彂偼塸岅偺暥復偺偁偪傜偙偪傜偵尰傟傞婔偮偐偺僀僞儕傾岅偺扨岅偐傜敾抐偟丄尦乆偼懠偺償僃僱僣僀傾恖偺嶌昳偱偼側偄偐偲巚傢傟傞丅偙傟偵偼傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾偲僇僀儘偺巗偺條巕丄僇僀儘偐傜儊僢僇傊偺弰楃楬丄弰楃偺媀幃偍傛傃儊僢僇丄儊僨傿僫丄僕僢僟偺巗偺條巕摍偑婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅偦偺屻乽塸崙偺庡梫側峲奀丄椃峴丄岎捠偍傛傃敪尒(Hakluyt, R. Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques & Discoveries of the English Nation Glasgow 1903 - 1905, (the first edition is dated (1598 - 1600).乿偲偟偰1903 -1905擭偵僌儔僗僑乕偱弌斉偝傟偨丅乮摨彂偺戞V姫359 - 360暸(t. V, p. 359 - 360)嶲徠丅乯
乽庡梫側峲奀偺廂榐(Delle Navizazioni et Viaggi Venezia)乿丗 儔儉僔僆(G.B. Ramusio)偼傾儞僪儗傾 僐儖僒儕(Andrea Corsali)偺僕儏儕傾乕僲(Giuliano)偍傛傃儘儗儞僝 僨僀 儊僨傿僠(Lorenzo dei Medici)埗擇捠偺庤巻傪乽庡梫側峲奀偺廂榐乿偲偟偰嵟弶偵弌斉偟偨丅偙偺擇斣栚偺庤巻偼1517擭9寧18擔偵彂偐傟偨僼儘儗儞僗(Florence)偺傾儞僪儗傾 僐儖僒儕(Andrea Corsali)偐傜嵟傕崅柤側峜懓偱僔僯儑乕儖(Signor)庱挿偱傕偁傞儘儗儞僝 僨 儊僨傿僠岞(the Most Illustrious Prince and Lord the Signor Duke Lorrenzo de' Meddici)埗偺乽僀儞僪偺僐乕僠儞(Cochin City)偵帄傞峠奀偍傛傃傾儔價傾榩乮儁儖僔傾榩乯偺峲奀弍偵偮偄偰乿偲戣偝傟偰偍傝丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)(僕僨儉(Zidem))偺敳悎傪娷傫偱偄傞丅(Ramusio, G.B. Delle Navizazioni et Viaggi Venezia 1563 -1606, t. I, fol. 203.)
僔儏僋僶儞(Al Shukban)丗 19悽婭巒傔偵價僔儍乕(Bishah)傪巟攝偟偰偄偨僔儏僋僶儞(Al Shukban)偼僞僶僽(Tabab)偺傾儖 儉僞儈(al-Muhtami)偲嫟偵僿僕儔楋1215擭乮惣楋1800擭/1801擭乯偵僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir'iyah)傪朘栤偟偰僀僗儔儉傊偺暅婣偺屇傃偐偗傊偺巟帩傪愰尵偟丄偦傟偵掞峈偡傞幰傊偺愴偄偺堄巙傪昞柧偟偨丅
僔儏儚僀僸僥僀僀儎(Shuwaihitiyya)丗 僕儑僂僼廈 (Al-Jawf Province)偺戝偒側嶰妏宍偺孍抧 (al Jawba)偺拞偵嵼傞姦懞偱丄僒僇僇乕 (Sakakah)偺杒35 - 40km偵埵抲偡傞丅1977擭偵僒僂僨傿墹崙撪偱嵟屆偺媽愇婍尨恖堚愓偑敪尒偝傟丄偦傟偼惣傾僕傾偱偼旕忢偵婬側媽愇婍慜婜偺堚愓偺堦偮偱傕偁傞帠偑暘偐偭偨丅偙偺堚愓偼僔儏儚僀僸僥僀僀儎懞偵嬤偄僔儏儚僀僸僥僀僀儎熆傟扟偺巟棳偺抜媢偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅偙偙偐傜敪孈偝傟偨愇婍偼峀偔宍傪惍偊偨彎愓傗岤偔屆怓壔偟偨昞柺傪帩偮宂愇(Quartzite)偐傜憿傜傟偨妱愇傗愇曅摍偱偁傞丅敪孈摉弶丄偙偺愇婍偼愇晙暥壔偱偁傞傾僔儏乕儖暥壔(Acheulean)偺慜婜埥偄偼愭婜偵暘椶偝傟偰偄偨丅嫵堢徣峫屆妛攷暔妛晹偺挷嵏偑恑傓偵楢傟偰偙偺堚愓偼100枩擭偐傜130枩擭慜偺恑壔偟偨僆儖僪儚儞B (Developed Oldowan B)暥壔偵懏偡傞偲偺寢榑偲惉偭偨丅峏偵傾僔儏乕儖暥壔婜偐傜怴愇婍屻婜傑偱偺挿偄娫丄恖椶偑偙偺抧堟偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨偺偑暘偐偭偨丅
弰楃偺婫愡偺慜偵悂偔婫愡晽(Monsoon blowing before Pligrimage Season)丗僀僪儕乕僔乕偺抧棟(Géographie d'Edrisi)偱弰楃偺婫愡偺慜偵婫愡晽偑悂偔偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞帠偵偼幚嵺偵擇偮偺揰偱惓妋偱偼柍偐偭偨丅愭偢丄儌僗儗儉偺懢堿楋偵婎偯偔弰楃偺婫愡偼擭偵傛偭偰曄傢偭偰偔傞偺偵婫愡晽偼堦掕偺婫愡偵悂偔揰偱偁傞丅戞擇偵婫愡晽偼僕僢僟偺條側辍偐杒傑偱偼悂偐側偄偲塢偆揰偱偁傞丅
乽弰楃偺擭戙婰(Chronicler of the Pilgrimage)乿丗 12悽婭偵彂偐傟偨傾僽 乫儖-僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖(Abu 'l-Husayn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Jubayr)偺挊嶌丅
僔儑傾墹崙(Kingdom of Shoa)丗 10悽婭偐傜16悽婭偵偐偗偰夞嫵搆偺廧傓峠奀偺峘偲僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺廧傓崅尨偺娫傪岎堈偟偰偄偨揱愢偺僄僠僆僺傾夞嫵墹崙偱偁傞丅偙偺墹崙偺偁偭偨応強偼掕偐偱偼柍偄偑丄2007擭僼儔儞僗偺崙棫壢妛堾(National Centre for Scientific Research)偑乽僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偺儕僼僩僶儗乕(Rift Valley)偵偁傞3偮偺挰(Asbari, Masal, and Nora)偱儌僋僋丄曟応丄傾儔價傾岅旇暥摍傪敪尒偟偨乿偲敪昞偟偰偄傞丅乮http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/archeology/乯
僕儑傾儞 僟 僲償傽(João da Nova)丗 儁僪儘 傾儖償傽儗僗 僇僽儔儖(Pedro Alvares Cabral)採撀巜婗壓偺億儖僩僈儖戞1娡戉偑婣娨偡傞慜偱偁偭偨偑丄億儖僩僈儖偺墹偼僕儑傾儞 僟 僲償傽(João da Nova) 採撀巜婗偺壓偵僀儞僪傊偺婌朷曯傑傢傝儖乕僩偺億儖僩僈儖戞2娡戉傪弨旛偟丄攈尛偟偨丅
僕儑傾儞 僨 僇僗僩儘(João de Castro)丗 1541擭偵乽僕儑傾儞 僨 僇僗僩儘峲奀擔帍 (Roteiros de D. João de Castro乿傪嶌惉偟丄屻偵僀儞僪憤撀(Viceroy of India)偲側偭偨丅
僕儑傾儞 僨 僶儘僗(João de Barros) 丗 億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠(Portuguese Historian João de Barros, 1496 -1570)丅乽僕儑傾儞 僨 僶儘僗偺傾僕傾(Asia de João de Barros)乿傪挊弎偟偨丅僶儘僗偼1522擭偐傜1525擭傑偱偼慏挿偱丄1525擭偐傜1528擭傑偱偼僀儞僪嬊(Indian Department)偺嵿柋姱偱丄偦傟偐傜僀儞僪壠壆偺拠攦恖偦偟偰嵟屻偼儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偺暥彂娰偺娗棟恖偱偁偭偨丅 僶儘僗偼儅僰僄儖墹(KIng Manuel)偵億儖僩僈儖偺傾僕傾偱偺敪尒丄惇暈傪擭戙婰偵傑偲傔傞巇帠偱偼怣棅偝傟偰偄偨丅僶儘僗偺楌巎揑側巇帠偺壙抣偼墹棫暥彂娰娗棟恖偺抧埵偵埶傞強偑懡偐偭偨丅偦傟偼墹棫暥彂娰娗棟恖偵偼僀儞僪偺弶婜偺峲奀壠丄扵専壠偍傛傃姱椈偺峲奀擔帍丄彂娙丄媍帠榐偍傛傃曬崘彂摍傪柍惂尷偵撉傓偙偲偑弌棃偨堊偱偁傞(Asia de João de Barros - Dos feitos que os Portugueses fezerão no descobrimento e conquista dos mares e terras do Oriente, en 4 Decadas Lisboa-Madrod 1553 - 1615, Decada III, bk. I, ch 3, fol. )丅
乽僕儑傾儞 僨 僶儘僗偺傾僕傾(Asia de João de Barros)乿丗 1553擭偐傜1615擭偺儕僗儃儞 儅僪儕乕僪傪拞怱偲偟偨40擭娫偵偍偗傞搶梞偺奀娸偲棨抧偺億儖僩僈儖偵傛傞敪尒偲惇暈偵娭偡傞弌棃帠偺婰弎丄 (Dos feitos que os Portugueses fezerão no descobrimento e conquista dos mares e terra do Oriente, en 4 Decadas Lisboa-Madrid 1553-1615, Decada III, bk, I, ch. 3.)丅
彫傾僕傾(Asia Minor)丗 傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)偲傕屇偽傟傞傾僕傾惣晹偺崟奀丒抧拞奀偍傛傃儅儖儅儔奀(Marmara)偺娫偺敿搰晹偱丄僩儖僐偺戝晹暘傪娷傓丅
僔儑僂僈(Ginger)丗 僔儑僂僈壢偺懡擭憪丄尨嶻抧偼擬懷傾僕傾偱悽奅偱峀偔嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅擔杮偵傕屆偔拞崙偐傜揱傢偭偨丅抧壓宻偼墶憱偟偰悢屄偺夠傪側偟丄墿怓偱恏枴傪桳偟丄怘梡丒崄恏椏丄枖丄寬堓嵻丒捔歲嵻偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽搶撿傾僕傾偵婔偮偐偺尨嶻抧偑偁傝丄懡擭憪偺Zingiber offlicinale偺姡偐偟偨崻宻偱偁傞乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
忦審晅偒崀暁丄崀暁暥彂(Capitulation)丗 1453擭偺僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)崀暁偺屻丄僩儖僐惌晎偑嫃棷奜崙恖偵帯奜朄尃側偳嫋偟偨嫤掕彂丅
従擼(Camphor)丗 僋僗僲僉偺姴丒崻丅梩傪忲棷偟丄偦偺塼傪椻媝偟愅弌偡傞寢徎傪惛惢偟丄嵞傃徃壔偝偣偰嶌傞懠偵丄僺僱儞傪尨椏偲偟偰崌惉傕偝傟傞丅暘巕幃C10H16O柍怓敿摟柧偺岝戲偁傞寣燋偱摿堎偺朏崄傪帩偪杊拵嵻丄杊廘嵻偺懠丄僇儞僼儖丄僇儞僼傽乕偲偟偰堛椕梡乮嫮怱栻丒旂晢巋寖栻乯丄僙儖儘僀僪丄柍墝壩栻偵巊傢傟傞丅
乽怉暔偺慶(History of Plants)乿丗 怉暔妛幰偺僥僆僼儔僗僩僗(Theophrastus, c. 372 BC - c. 287 BC乯偺挊彂丅
僕儑乕僕 僼傽乕僗僞乕 僒僪儔乕戝堁(Captain George Forster Sadleir)丗 僒僪儔乕偼偟偽偟偽Sadlier偲娫堘偭偰捲傜傟傞偑偙傟偼杮恖偺擔婰偵塈鑸偵挿偄僗儁儖傪娫堘偭偰偄偨堊偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾敿搰偺塸崙棙尃偵愑擟傪帩偭偰偄偨僀儞僪惌晎偼僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha)偑僨傿儔僀儎(Diraiyah)傪愯椞偟攋夡偟偨帪乮1818擭乯偵偙偺揥奐傪娊寎偟偨丅偦偟偰傾儔價傾奀娸偺奀懐傊傕嫟摨偟偰抳柦揑側懪寕傪壛偊偨偄偲峫偊偨丅偦偺嫟摨嶌嬈偵昁梫側嫤掕偺嫤媍偲僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha, 1789 - 1848)偵偦偺彑棙傪廽偆堊偵僀儞僪惌晎偼僕儑乕僕 僼傽乕僗僞乕 僒僪儔乕(George Forster Sadleir)傪僴僒(Al-Hasa)傊攈尛偟偨丅僒僪儔乕偼儂僼乕僼(Hofuf)偐傜戅媝拞偺僄僕僾僩孯偺廲戉偵壛傢傢傝丄儊僨傿僫偺嬤朤傑偱僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍偺屻傪捛偭偨丅僒僪儔乕偼僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍偐傜乽奜岎帠崁偼晝恊偱偁傞儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali, Born 1769 & Reigh 1805- 1848)偺摿尃偱偁傝丄帺暘偼屄恖揑偵偼僀儞僪惌晎偲偳偺條側摿掕偺岎徛傪峴偆帠偼弌棃側偄乿偲崘偘傜傟嫤掕嫤媍偺擟柋偼悑峴偱偒側偐偭偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄寢壥揑偵偼傾儔價傾敿搰傪奀娸偐傜奀娸傑偱偙偺敿搰傪嵟弶偵墶抐偟偨儓乕儘僢僷恖偲側傝丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵傕枺椆偝傟偨丅僒僪儔乕偺枹抦偺崙傪墶抐偟偰偺椃峴偺娙寜側婰榐丄晹懓傗朘傟偨搚抧偵懳偡傞強尒偍傛傃僒僪儔乕偺惓妋側曽埵偺宱楬偼傾儔價傾扵専幰払偺拞偱僒僪儔乕偵偮偄偰尵媦偡傞偩偗偺壙抣偑偁傞丅
乽僕儑僶儞僯 僼傿僫僥傿(Giovanni Finati)偺恖惗偲朻尟偺暔岅乿丗 僀僞儕傾岅偐傜偺東栿偼僼傿僫僥傿(Finati)偺岥弎偵廬偭偰僂傿儕傾儉 僕儑儞 僶儞僋僗嫧(William John Bankes, Esq.)偑曇廤偟儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偟偨尨杮傪変乆偼尒傞帠偑弌棃側偄丅尦乆偺僀僞儕傾岅偺尨暥偼憆幐偟偰偍傝丄僀僞儕傾岅斉偼僂傿儕傾儉 僕儑儞 僶儞僋僗嫧塸栿偺東栿傪堷梡偟偰偄傞(Vita ed adventure di Giovanni Finati tr. and ed. by William John Bankes, Rsq. 1941.)丅
僕儑儞僘(H.L. Jones)丗乽僗膬墐{偺抧棟妛 (Geography of Strabo)乿偺塸栿幰偱丄塸栿偼1928擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉(Heinemann, London, 1928)丅
僕儑儞 僼傿儖價傿嫧(Harry St. John Philby)丗 僕儑儞 僼傿儖價傿嫧(Harry St. John Philby, 1885 - 1960)偼1930擭戙偵傾儔價傾敿搰偺拞墰晹偍傛傃杒惣晹傪扵専偟偨撪棨抧堟偵嵟弶偵朘傟偨惣梞恖偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾偺尋媶丄扵専丄抧恾嶌惢丄婰弎傪45擭娫傕峴偄丄屘僀僽儞 僒乫僂僪崙墹屭栤傪柋傔偨塸崙恖偱僞僗儕僗(Thathlith)忋棳堟偺娾暻夋丄旇暥傪敪尒偟偨丅Jack Philby or Sheikh Abdullah偲偟偰傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丅
乽僕儑儞 儖僀僗 僽儖僋僴儖僩偺傾儔價傾椃峴婰乿丗 僂傿儕傾儉 僂僗儕乕偑曇廤偟1829擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅偦偺嵞斉偼1972擭偵儀僀儖乕僩偱弌斉偝傟偨(Travel in Arabia.by the late John Lewis
Burckhardt. ed. by William Ousley London 1829 (reprinted
僔儔僘(Shiraz)丗 僔儔僘(僔乕儔乕僘)(Shiraz)偼僀儔儞撿惣晹偺搒巗乮恖岥100枩恖乯偱僓僌儘僗嶳柆(Zagros Mountains)偺拞偵偁傝丄昗崅偼1486m丄14悽婭僀僗儔儉暥壔偺1拞怱抧丄1750擭偐傜1794擭傑偱僓僀僪挬儁儖僔傾(Zand dynasty, 1750 - 1794)偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅儌僗僋偑懡偔丄鉕焴偱抦傜傟傞丅枖丄僔儔僘巗偺杒搶60km偵偼栺2500擭慜偺傾働儊僱僗挬儁儕僔傾(550 BC - 330 BC)偺庱搒儁儖僙億儕僗(Persepolis)偺堚愓偑偁傞丅
僔儔僢僋僗(Scylax)丗 僉儍儖儎儞僟(Caryanda)弌恎偺僊儕僔儍恖偱婭尦慜510擭崰偵傾働儊僱僗挬儁儖僔傾(Achaemenid Persian Empire, 550BC -330 BC)墹僴僀僗僞僗儁僗(Hystaspes, probably c. 530 BC - c. 522 BC becasuse his father Cyrus the
Great died in 530 BC or 529 BC)偺柦椷偱僀儞僟僗愳(the
僔儔僩(Sirat or Sira)丗 僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋(Ibn Ishaq, 704 – c. 767)*挊偺乽恄偺巊偄偺堦惗(Sirat Rasul Allah or Life of Messenger of God)*乿偱偁傞乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯丅
僕儔僶(Jilabah)丗 廙嵽傪揃傪巊傢偢丄僐僐僫僢僣偺慇堐(Coconut Fiber)偱嶌偭偨昍偱偮側偓崌傢偣丄昞柺偵僌儕乕僘(grease)丄價乕僶乕偺帀(Supple)傗嶭桘(Shark Oil)傪揾傝丄娾徥偵懳偟偰廙懱傪偟側傗偐偵巇忋偘偨増娸梡偺廙偱丄僕僃僢僟峘偱偼峲楬偵娾徥偑懡偄偺偱弌擖傝偡傞弰楃傪塣傇捠廙摍偲偟偰巊傢傟偨丅
僔儔僼(Siraf)丗 儁儖僔傾榩(Arabian Gulf))僀儔儞懁偺杒奀娸偵偁傞揱愢偺屆戙峘偱丄僔儔僘(Shiraz)偺撿丄僽僔僃乕儖(Bushehr)偺250km撿搶偵埵抲偡傞丅僔儖僋儘乕僪(Silk Road)偺庡梫峘偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉弶婜偵偼嬌搶傗搶傾僼儕僇偲偺杅堈偺廳梫側峘偱傕偁偭偨丅傾儔價傾敿搰偲報搙傪寢傇彫慏偵傛傞増娸峲楬偱廳梫側栶妱傪扴偭偰偄偨偺偼僀儔儞崅尨搶杒晹偵嫽偭偨僟乕僴巵懓(the Daheans or Dahaeans)偺1巟棳偱偁傞僷儖僯巵懓(the Parns or Aparns)傪拞怱偲偟偨梀杚柉偺挿傾儖僔儍僋堦悽(傾儖僒働僗堦悽)(Arsaces I, B.C. 247 - 211乯偑寶崙偟偨傾儖僔儍僢僋挬僷儖僥傿傾(傾儖僒働僗挬僷儖僥傿傾)(Arsacid Empire or Parthia Empire, B.C. 247 – 226 or 228 CE)偵慿傞丅9悽婭偍傛傃10悽婭偵傕搶梞偺奀忋岎堈偺庡梫側拞宲偓峘偲偟偰朙偐側彜恖偺挰偱偁偭偨丅惣楋977擭偺抧恔丄嫞崌偡傞峘偺戜摢偍傛傃條乆側惌帯梫場偑寢傃偮偄偰偦偺杦偳慡柺揑側幐捘傪彽偄偨丅
僔儔 儔僗儖 傾僢儔僼(Sirat Rasul Allah or Sirah Rasul Allah)丗 乽恄偺巊偄偺堦惗(Life of Messenger of God)乿埥偼乽僔儔 僫僶僂傿僀儎(Sirat Nabawiyyah)乮梐尵幰偺堦惗乯乿偲傕屇偽傟丄僔儔(Sira, Sirah or Sirat)偲娙棯偟偰傕屇偽傟傞丅偙傟偼儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺條乆側儉僗儕儉(Muslim)偺揱摑揑揱婰(Biographies)偵懳偟偰巊傢傟傞尵梩偱偁傞丅偙偺僔儔偐傜儉僴儞儅僪偺恖惗傗弶婜僀僗儔儉(Islam)娭偡傞楌巎揑帒椏偺杦偳偑摼傜傟偰偄傞乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯丅
僕儕僟(Jilida)丗 熆傟扟僴僽僫乕(Wadi Habunah)偑嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)傊偲棳傟偰弌偨偺偑僈僪僈僟乕(Al Qadqadah)偱偁傝丄僕儕僟(Jilida)偼僈僪僈僟乕偺偝傜偵壓棳堟偲側傞丅暯尨僕儕僟(Jilida)偱偼晽偱杹偐傟偨棳栦娾(rhyolite)丄斄娾(porphyry)丄暽嬍(jasper)傗壴浖娾偺寚曅偑釯娾偺忋傪暍偆屌偄嵒偺拞偵儌僓僀僢僋柾條傪嶌傝弌偟偰偄傞丅
僔儕儖 僲乕僗僐乕僩 僷乕僉儞僜儞(Cyril Norhtcote Parkinson)丗 塸崙偺楌巎壠丒宱嵪妛幰乮1909 - 93擭乯偱戞堦朄懃乽栶恖偺悢偼巇帠偺検偵偵娭學側偔堦掕棪偱憹偊傞乿丄戞擇朄懃乽惌晎偺巟弌偼廂擖偵墳偠偰憹偊偰峴偔乿偲塢偆僷乕僉儞僜儞偺朄懃傪敪昞偟偨丅
僔乕儖僟乕儖 僀僋僶儖 僔儍乕(Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah)丗 1928擭傛傝彮偟慜偵弰楃偵僀償(Eve)朘傟偨傾僼僈僯僗僞儞恖偺儌僗儕儉乮夞嫵搆乯偱丄1928擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨乽儊僢僇偺惣懁(Westward of Mecca)乿偺挊幰偱偁傞丅
僔乕儖僴儞孍抧(Wadi'l-Sirhan)丗 偙偺孍抧偼悈偺棳傟偱弌棃偨扟偱偼柍偄丅偙偺僔乕儖僴儞孍抧偼杒堒29亱50'偐傜31亱30'丄搶宱37亱28'偐傜39亱30'偵偁傝丄暆偼20km丄墑挿380km偱偁傞丅宬扟偺條偵僊僓僊僓偟偨宍傪偟偰偍傝丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺摿挜偱偁傞撪棨宆偺暵偠傜傟偨悈宯偺椺偱傕偁傞丅僕儑僂僶孍抧偲摨偠條偵僔乕儖僴儞孍抧傕懢屆偺奀偐屛偩傠偆偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偙偵偼峀偔抦傟偰偄傞條偵椙幙偱戝検側墫偑嶻弌偱偒傞峼彴偑偁傝丄壗悽婭偵傕搉偭偰墫惗嶻抧偲偟偰戝愗偵偝傟偰棃偨丅偙偺孍抧偼僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偺惣30km晅嬤傪撿撿搶偺婲揰偲偟偰僴僢儔梠娾抧懷乮Al Harrah乯乮儔僕儖梠娾尨(Harrat Al Rajil)乯傪娷傓僔儍儅梠娾抧懷(Harrat Ash Shamah)偵増偭偰偦偺撿惣懁傪儓儖僟儞偺傾僘儔僌(Al-Azraq)傑偱杒杒惣傊偲墑傃偰偄傞丅拞偵偼乽偙偺孍抧偼傾儞儅儞('Amman)晅嬤傑偱墑傃偰偍傝憤墑挿480km偵傕媦傇乿偲庡挘偡傞抧幙妛幰傕嫃傞丅僔乕儖僴儞孍抧偺堦斣掅偄応強偼崙嫬偺挰僋儔僀儎僩(Al Qurayyat)偵嬤偄僀僗儔(Ithra)傗僇僼(Kaf)晅嬤偱丄昗崅偼奀敳栺550m偁傞丅抧幙揑偵偼偙偺抧堟偼壩嶳惈偱偁傝丄愄偺壩嶳妶摦偺徹偱偁傞崟偄尯晲娾偑懡偄丅
怴僆儔儞僟(New Holland)丗 僆乕僗僩儕傾戝棨偺媽徧偱僆儔儞僟偺峲奀壠僞僗儅儞(Tasman)偼1606擭僆儔儞僟恖偵敪尒偝傟偰偄偨尰嵼偺儓乕僋枽(Cape York)偐傜僆乕僗僩儔儕傾戝棨偺増娸傪惣偵恑傒懕偗偰崱擔偺僌儗乕僩僆乕僗僩儕傾榩(Great Australian Bight(báit))乮僆乕僗僩儔儕傾戝棨撿奀娸偺峀戝側榩乯偺敿偽偵払偟偰撿搶偵恑傔丄偺偪偺僞僗儅僯傾(Tasmania)偺撿敿暘偺増娸偵帄傞挿戝側扵専傪峴偭偨(1642 - 46)丅偙偺奀恾偵僆乕僗僩儔儕傾戝棨偼怴僆儔儞僟崙(Compagnis Nieu Nederland)偲婰偝傟偰偄偨偑丄傗偑偰偙傟偑怴僆儔儞僟(New Holland )偺柤偱抦傜傟偰丄僆乕僗僩儔儕傾惣晹丄側偄偟偼僆乕僗僩儔儕傾慡搚偺屇徧偲側偭偨丗塸崙偺怉柉偑巒傑偭偨摉帪偱傕偙偺柤徧偑梡偄傜傟偰偄偨偑丄1820擭戙偵偼塸崙惌晎撪傪彍偒僆乕僗僩儔儕傾(Australia)偑偺柤徧偑堦斒揑偲側傝丄怴僆儔儞僟(New Holland )偺屇徧偼徚柵偟偨丅
捑崄乮僕儞僐僂乯丗 捑崄乮僕儞僐僂乯(Aloe-wood or éaglewòod or Aquilaria agallocha)偼捑挌壴乮僕儞僠儑僂僎乯壢偺捑崄偺栘偐傜嵦庢偟偨揤慠崄椏偱偁傞丅壴偼敀怓丄搚拞偵惗傔丄枖偼帺慠偵晠攕偝偣偰崄椏傪摼傞丅乮捑崄偺栘傪嶲徠丅乯
怴嬻楬峲峴捠怣僔僗僥儉偺嬤戙壔偲峏怴僾儘僕僃僋僩丗New Navigational Communication System Upgrading and Replacement Project (Saudi Arabia)
捑崄偺栘(Agalawood, Agalwood or Liganaloes)丗 捑挌壴乮僕儞僠儑僂僎乯(Aquilaria agallocha)壢捑崄偺栘乮僕儞僐僂僲僉乯(Aloe-wood or éaglewòod)偼忢椢崅栘偱擬懷傾僕傾偵嶻偟丄崅偝10m偵傕側傞丅乮捑崄乮僕儞僐僂乯偍傛傃捑崄偺嵽傪嶲徠丅乯
捑崄偺嵽(Agalawood, Agalwood or Liganaloes): 捑崄偺栘乮僕儞僐僂僲僉乯(Aloe-wood or éaglewòod)偼栘幙寴偔丄悈偵捑傓偺偱捑偲塢偄丄岝戲偁傞崟怓偺桪椙昳偼壘梾乮偒傖傜乯(Agalloch)偲偄偆丅嵽偼崅媺挷搙昳偵傕梡偄傞丅乮捑崄偺栘傪嶲徠丅乯
僕儞僕 儔儞僪(Zinj land)丗 僕儞僕(Zanji, Zenji or Zinji)偼傾儔價傾岅傗儁儖僔傾岅偱偼崟恖傪堄枴偟丄拞悽傾儔價傾偺抧棟妛幰偼僜儅儕傾(Somalia)丄僞儞僓僯傾(Tanzania)丄儌僓儞價乕僋(Mozanbique)丄儅僟僈僗僇儖(Madagascar)摍偺搶傾僼儕僇偺搚抧傪巜偡梡岅偲偟偰巊偭偰偄偨丅
扖嵒乮庨乯(Dragon-blood丄Cinnabar)丗 悈嬧偲棸墿偲偺壔崌暔偱丄怺峠怓偺榋曽徎宯偺峼暔偱丄夠忬偱嶻偡傞帠偑懡偄丅悈嬧惢憿傗愒怓奊偺嬶庡梫峼愇偱庨嵒乮偢偝乯丄扥嵒丄扥庨偲傕屇偽傟傞丅
恀庫(Pearl)丗 奓椶偺戀撪偵宍惉偝傟傞媴忬偺夠偱丄奓妅傪嶌傞奜搮枌偑堎暔偵傛偭偰巋寖偝傟丄偦偺傑傢傝偵庡偲偟偰扽巁僇儖僔僂儉偐傜惉傝丄彮検偺桳婡暔傪娷傓恀庫幙偺敄枌傪暘斿偟偰嶌傜傟傞丅
怺憌抧壓悈(Ground Water)丗 僒僂僕偱偼嫙媼偺柍偄怺偄抧憌偵挋傑偭偰嫃傞壔愇悈傪怺憌抧壓悈偲屇傃丄塉悈偺嫙媼偺偁傞愺憌抧壓悈(Shallow Water)偲嬫暿偟偰偄傞丅擔杮偱偼峼愹偑怺憌抧壓悈偵堦斣嬤偄尵梩偲巚傢傟傞丅
僔儞僪(Sind)丗 僷僉僗僞儞撿晹僀儞僟僗(Indus)愳壓棳偺廈(Karachi)丅
怴拻儖僺乕乮僔僢僇儖僺乕乯(Sícca Rupée)丗 1793擭偐傜1836擭偵搶僀儞僪夛幮偺儀儞僈儖(Bengal)娗嬫撪偱梡偄傜傟偨壿暭丅
僗
悈楬僶僄僠僂僗(Watercourse Baetius)丗 撪棨偺儅僐儔僶(Macoraba)偐傜僶僄僠僂僗(Baetius)偲屇偽傟傞悈楬偑奀娸傑偱棳傟壓偭偰偄偨丅柧傜偐偵偙偺抧曽傪棳傟傞杮摉偺愳偼柍偐偭偨乮僾僩儗儅僀僆僗偼庡梫側攔悈楬偺摿挜偺傒傪徯夘偡傞栚揑偱晅偗壛偊偨偲巚傢傟傞丅乯
悈嬧(Quicksilver)丗 悈嬧偼扖嵒傪從偄偰嶌傜傟傞忢壏偱塼懱偺桞堦偺嬥懏偱丄懠偺嬥懏偲梕堈偵崌嬥傪嶌傞偺偱嬥偺惢楤摍偵傕巊傢傟偨傝丄壏搙寁丄徃焽丒娒焽摍偺悈嬧墫丄棆焽摍偺壩栻丄棸壔悈嬧乮愒怓揾椏乯摍偺惢憿偵巊傢傟傞丅
慼朏乮偡偍偆乯(Sapan-wood)丗 慼曽偁傞偼慼瀋偲傕彂偐傟傞傑傔壢偺彫崅栘偱僀儞僪丒儅儗乕尨嶻偺愼椏怉暔偱偁傞丅巬偵彫偝偄灆偑偁傝丄梩偼塇忬暋梩丄墿怓屲曎壴偼墌悕壴彉傪側偡丅曚孂捗丒懭墌宍偺拞偵3-4屄偺庬巕傪娷傓浒乮偝傗乯傪惗偢傞丅怱嵽偍傛傃浒偼愾偠偰屆偔偼廳梫側愒怓愼椏偲偝傟偨丅尮巵暔岅偵慼朏偺壴懌乮偗偦偔乯丄慼朏偺怐暔摍偺婰嵹偑偁傞丅
僗僉僼(Skiff)丗 偙偺屇傃柤偼懡偔偺條乆側宆偺彫宆慏偵巊傢傟偰偒偨丅慏偵娭學偡傞尵梩偼堦斒揑偵暋嶨側岅尮傪帩偭偰偍傝丄僗僉僼(Skiff)偼拞悽塸岅偺彫宆寉憰斂慏(Skif)偑岅尮偱丄慏旜偑暯傜側彫偝側暯掙偺峛斅偺柍偄彫廙偱丄斂偲烡偱悇恑椡傪摼偰偄傞丅暷崙偱偼偙偺屇傃柤偼彫宆墦梞嫏慏(Small Sea-going Fishing Boat)偵揔梡偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺屇傃柤偼暥妛偺拞偱偼楌巎揑偵僴乕儅儞儊儖償傿儖(Herman Melvile)(1819-1891)挊偺乽儌乕價乕僨傿僢僋乮敀寏乯(Moby-Dick)乿傗傾乕僱僗僩 僿儈儞僌僂僂僃僀(Ernest Hemmingway)挊偺乽榁恖偲奀(The Oid Man and The Sea)乿偵搊応偡傞丅
僗乕僋(Suq)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱巗応傪巜偟丄僀儔儞偺僶僓乕儖偲摨偠堄枴偱偁傞丅
僗僋乕僫乕丗 僗僋乕僱儖(Schoener)偲傕屇偽傟丄2杮埲忋偺烖(Mast)偵棾崪(Keel)偵傎傏暯峴偵挘傞廲斂(Fore and Aft Sails)偵摿挜偺偁傞斂慏偱偁傞丅僗僋乕僫乕慏(Schooner)偼16側偄偟17悽婭偵僆儔儞僟(Dutch)偵傛偭偰嵟弶偵嵦梡偝傟丄18悽婭弶婜埲崀杒傾儊儕僇偱敪払偟偨丅僗僋乕僫乕偲偺柤慜偼乽悈柺偡傟偡傟傪旘傇條偵妸偭偰峴偔(Skip or Skim)乿偲塢偆僗僐僢僩儔儞僪岅偺僗僋乕儞(Scoon)偑岅尮偱偁傞丅僗僋乕僫乕慏(Schooner)偺斂偺挘傝曽偱偼2杮埲忋偺烖(Mast)傪巊偄丄慜曽偺烖(Mast)偑屻曽偺烖(Mast)偲摨偠崅偝偐丄懡彮掅偄丅棾崪(Keel)偵傎傏暯峴側廲斂(Fore and Aft Sails)傪幬寘偵捿傞偟偰挘傞偺偑堦斣揱摑揑側鋨憰(Gaff rigged)偱偁傞丅帪偲偟偰慜曽偺烖(Mast)偵拞烖墶斂(Square Topsail)偑挘傜傟丄偝傜偵幬寘偵捿傞偟偰挘偭偨慜烖廲斂(Gaff-Foresail)偲嫟偵慜烖墶斂(Square Fore-Course)偑晅偗壛偊傜傟傞帠傕偁傞丅
僗僐僼(W.H. Schoff)丗 乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀峲奀婰(Periplus of the Erytheaean Sea)乮1悽婭偺彜恖偵傛傞報搙梞偱偺椃峴偲岎堈乯乿傪僊儕僔儍岅偐傜東栿偟丄拲庍傪晅偗丄1921擭僯儏乕儓乕僋偱弌斉偟偨丅
僗僟僀儕嵿抍('Abd al-Rahman al-Sudairi Foundation)丗 僗僟僀儕(Amir 'Abd al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Sudairi)尦僕儍僂僼(Jawf)抦帠偑憂棫偟偨嵿抍偱傾儖 儔僽儅僯僀儎 儌僗僋(Al-Rabmaniyya Mosque)丄傾儖 僰僗儖 儂僥儖(Al-Nusl Hotel)偍傛傃巹棫恾彂娰乮僨傿乕儖 傾儖 僕儍僂僼 儕儖乫僂儖儉(Dir al-Jawf lil-'Ulum)乯寶憿丄塣塩偟丄僕儍僂僼(Jawf)抧曽偵峷專偟偰偄傞丅
僗僞乕僋彈巎(Freya Stark)丗 僼儗儎乕 僗僞乕僋彈巎(Freya Stark, 1893 - 1993)偼塸崙恖椃峴嶌壠偱1935擭偵擕崄偺摴傪峏偵惣傊偲扝傠偆偲偟偨偑熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut)傊偺嵟弶偺娭強僒僽儚(Shabwa)偱昦偵搢傟丄峴偒拝偗側偐偭偨丅偦偺婰帠傪摨彈巎偼塸崙抧棟妛夛帍偵宖嵹偟偨丅
僗僞僯僗儔僗 儔僢僙儖拞嵅(Commander Stanislas Russel)丗 僕僢僟偺僀償偺曟(Tomb of Eve)偺峔憿傪幚嵺偵應掕偟偨桞堦偺朘栤幰丅
僗僞儞儕乕(Henry.E.J. Stanley)丗 僴僋儕乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偵懏偟偰偄偨僗僞儞儕乕(Henry.E.J. Stanley)偼1858擭偐傜1864擭偺娫偵儕僗儃儞壢妛妛夛偵弌斉偝傟偰偄偨乽Lendas da India乿偵拹庍偲弿尵傪晅偗偰億儖僩僈儖岅偺乽Lendas da India of Gaspar Correa乿偐傜乽償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅偺嶰夞偺峲奀偲暃墹(Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama and his Viceroyalty)乿傪東栿偟丄儘儞僪儞(London)偱1896擭偵弌斉偟偨丅
僗僞儞儕乕(Henry Morton Stanley)丗 傾儊儕僇偺扵専壠(1841 - 1904)丄塸崙偱惗傑傟1871 - 1872擭丄1874 - 1877擭丄儕償傿儞僌僗僩儞(David Livingstone)媬彆偺堊偵傾僼儕僇墱抧傪墶抐偟丄乽埫崟戝棨墶抐婰乿傪挊弎偟偨丅
僗僩儔僢僋僗(Storax)丗 僄僑僲僉偺庽帀乮埨懅崄偺堦庬乯丅
僗僩儔僽乕儖(Strasburg)丗 僼儔儞僗杒搶晹傾儖僓僗抧曽(Alsace)偺儔僀儞(Rhine)愳偵椪傓僶儔儞(Bas-Rhin)導偺導挕強嵼抧丅
僗僩儔儃儞(Strabon)丗 僗僩儔儃儞(Strabo, ca. 63 BC – ca. AD 24)偼婭尦慜63擭崰偵億儞僩僗(
乽僗僩儔儃儞偺抧棟妛(Geography of Strabo)乿丗 戞16姫4復22 - 24暸 (XVI, 4, 22-24)丄僗僩儔儃儞偺憤崌揑抧棟尋媶偺嵟傕桪傟偨塸栿斉偼乽僗僩儔儃儞偺抧棟妛 (Geography of Strabo)乿 偲塢偆戣柤偺1959擭偐傜1961擭偵妡偗偰儘儞僪儞偺僕儑儞僘 (H.L. Jones) 偑東栿丄曇廤偟偨杮偱偁傞丅乽僈儖僗 (Aelius Gallus) 偺墦惇乿偼1961偵彂偐傟偨戞7姫偺353暸偐傜363暸偵婰嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅(暿偺栿偵偮偄偰偼乽壴姤偲僗僇乕僩巔偺抝払偑廧傓傾僔乕儖(Asir)傊偺朘栤乮僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙撿惣抧曽乯偦偺俀僥傿僴儅乕奀娸抧堟(Tihamah Coastal Area)晅榐1乽僄僕僾僩憤撀僈僢儖僗偺傾僔乕儖墦惇乿僗僩儔儃儞(Strabo)挊乿傪嶲徠丅)
嵒嶳嵒媢(Sand Mountains)丗 嵒傪塣傇晽偑挿偄娫偵曄壔偟偰悢曽岦偐傜悂偔偲偦偺帪乆偱宍惉偝傟偨墶抐宆嵒媢偑屳偄偵廳側傝崌偄丄帪偲偟偰婎斦偐傜300m埲忋偵傕戕偊棫偮嵒嶳嵒媢傪宍惉偡傞丅儖僽 傾儖 僴儕嵐敊(Rub乫 Al Khali)偺撿搶晹傗僫僼僪嵐敊(Nefud)偺撿搶晹偵偼惎宍嵒媢(俽tar Dunes)偲屇偽傟傞嵒嶳偑偁傞丅彫偝偄偗傟偳傕惎宍嵒媢偲屇偽傟椙偔抦傜傟偰嫃傞嵒嶳偑儕儎僪杒偺僀儖僋 僶儞僶儞(Irq Banban)偺恀傫拞偵偁傞丅
僘 僰儚僗(Yousuf Dhu Nuwas)丗 僸儉儎儖墹崙(Himyar)偼柉懓偁傞偄偼夵廆偟偨儐僟儎嫵搆偺墹払偵傛偭偰6悽婭傑偱巟攝偝傟偨丅6悽婭偺弶摢偵傾價僔僯傾崙(Abyssinia)偼僀僄儊儞傪惇暈偟丄僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarite)墹儔價傾儞 僀僽儞 儉僓乕儖(Rabian ibn Mudhar)傪摝偘弌偝偣偨丅儐僗僼 僘 僰儚僗(Yusuf Dhu Nuwas)偑儔價傾儞(Rabian)傪堷宲偓丄傾價僔僯傾偵恇廬偡傞崙偺墹尃傪埇偭偨丅僘 僰儚僗(Dhu Nuwas)帺恎偺怣嬄傕夵廆偟偨墹払偺宯晥偱柉懓揑偵儐僟儎嫵搆偺彈惈偺巕偱偁傝丄儐僟儎嫵搆偱偁偭偨丅墹偵側傞偲僘 僰儚僗(Dhu Nuwas)偼傾價僔僯傾偺巟攝偐傜僀僄儊儞傪夝曻偡傞旀傟傪抦傜側偄愴偄傪巒傔偨丅摉帪偺僫僕儔儞巗偼僸儉儎儖墹崙(the Kingdom of Himyar)偵懳偡傞傾價僔僯傾偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆慀摦偺壏彴(hotbed)偱偁偭偨堊偵丄僘 僰儚僗偼僫僕儔儞巗傪曪埻偟丄恊傾價僔僯傾愵摦幰傪敱偟偨丅惣楋523擭10寧偵僘 僰儚僗偼僫僕儔儞傪扗庢偟丄椻崜偵恊傾價僔僯傾搣傪奆嶦偟偵偟偨乮僫僕儔儞偺愴偄乯丅偦偺堦抍偼僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺傒偱偁傝丄偙偺挰偺僉儕僗僩嫵惞怑尃埿幰払傪娷傫偱偄偨丅儐僗僼 傾僗傾儖(Yusuf As'ar)偼敮傪嶰偮曇傒埥偄偼億僯乕僥乕儖偵偟偰偄偨偺偱儐僗僼 僘 僰儚僗(Yusuf Dhu Nuwas乯丄僘 僰儚僗(Dzu Nuwas)丄僜儞 僫儚僗(Thon Nawas)丄儘僔傾偺弌揟偱偺儐僟儎嫵搆(Dunas) 丄僕僪償傿儞(Zhidovin)埥偄偼儅僗儖僋(Masruq)摍偲熡柤偝傟偰偄偨丅
僗僶僀僇乕(Al Subaykhah)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushait Road)偺僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偲傾儖 儅僢僟乕(Al-Maddah)偺娫偺彫偝側擾懞丅
僗僼傽乕(Sufah)丗 僫僕儔儞巗(Najran)偺杒嶳抧偺熆傟扟僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habounah)偺塃屢棳堟偵嵼傞僇僞儞(Qatan)晹棊偺忋棳偱傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)偲偺廈嫬嶳椗偺摴楬廔揰偱乽娾扞乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
乽僘僽僟 僇僔儏僼 儅儅儕僋(Zubdat Kashf al-Mamalik)乿丗
嬤尰戙偵偍偗傞挊幰僇儕儖 僓僸儕(Khalil al-Zahiri)偑幏昅丄摨彂偼P. 儔償傽僀僢僔(P. Ravaisse)偑曇廤偟1894擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乮Khalil Al-Zahiri Zubdat Kashf al-Mamalik
er. by P. Ravaisse,
僗儅僟(Sumadah)丗 僌僩儔(Ghutrah)埥偼僋僼傿儎(Kuffiyeh)偲傕屇偽傟傞栘柸惢偺巐妏偄僗僇乕僼忬偺晍偱傾儔價傾恖偺抝惈偼偙傟傪愜偭偨傝姫偒偮偗偨傝偟偰摢偵旐傞丅庡偨傞栚揑偼擔岝偺幷抐偱偁傞偑丄嵐棐偺帪偵偼岥傗旲傪暍偆儅僗僋偵傕巊偆丅
僗儈儖僫(Smyrna)丗 屆戙僊儕僔儍偺怉柉抧偱偁偭偨僀僘儈儖(Izmir)偺媽徧偱弶婜僉儕僗僩嫵偺拞怱偱偁偭偨丅尰嵼偺僀僘儈儖偼僩儖僐惣晹丄僄乕僎奀(Aegean Sea)偺擖峕僀僘儈儖榩偵椪傓恖岥200枩恖偺峘榩搒巗偱偁傞丅
乽僗儔僀儅儞偵娭偡傞彫巎(As-Silab wa'l-uddah fi tarikh bandar Judaah)乿丗 傾僽僪 僇僨傿乕儖 僀僽儞 僼傽儔僕(Abd al-Qadir ibn Faraj)挊偱丄乽僗儔僀儅儞偵娭偡傞彫巎(as-silab wa'l-uddah fi tarikh bandar Judaah)乿偼僔儍儕乕僼 僟僆僂僪 僀僽儞 僗儔僀儅儞(Sharif Daoud ibn Sulayman)偵娭偟偰婰弎偟偨彫巎偱偁傞丅偙偺挊幰傾僽僪 僇僨傿乕儖 僀僽儞 僼傽儔僕(Abd al-Qadir ibn Faraj)偼偙偺彫巎偺拞偱僕僢僟丄偦偺忛暻丄儌僗僋偍傛傃婰擮旇偵偮偄偰偺婰弎偲僸僕儏儔楌951擭乮惣楋1544擭乯傑偱偺抁偄楌巎偺徯夘傪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺戣柤偼乽奀峘僕僢僟偺楌巎偵娭偡傞寱偲弢乿偲栿偝傟丄尦乆偺傾儔價傾岅偼旤偟偄塁傪摜傫偱偄傞丅儓乕儘僢僷偺恾彂娰偵婔偮偐偺幨杮偑巆偭偰偄傞丅偦偺拞偱傕堦斣桪傟偰偄傞偺偑僂傿乕儞墹棫恾彂娰(Imperial Library of Vienna)偺憼彂偱偁傝丄G. 僼儕儏乕僎儖挊乽僂傿乕儞墹棫恾彂娰強憼偺傾儔價傾丄儁儖僔儍偍傛傃僩儖僐偺屆暥彂(see: FLÜGEL, G. "Die Arabischen, Persischen und Turkischen Handschriften der K.K. Hofbibliothek zu Wien" Wien 1856)乿偲偟偰1856擭僂傿乕儞偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅枖丄乽僗儔僀儅儞偵娭偡傞彫巎(as-silab wa'l-uddah fi tarikh bandar Judaah)乿偼1963擭僕僢僟(Jiddah)偱弌斉偝傟偨傾僽僪 僋僢僨儏僗 傾儞僒儕(Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari)偺挊嶌乽僕儏僢僟偺儅僨傿僫捠傝(Tarik madinah Juddah)乿堷梡偝傟偨丅(摨彂335 - 342暸偺僕僢僟 儌僗僋偺復傪嶲徠丅傾儞僒儕偵娭偡傞崱屻偺慡偰偺尵媦偼偙偺復偐傜偱偁傞丅)
僗儔僀儅儞 僇僨傿儉(Sulayman al-Khadim)丗 1538擭偵僀儞僪偵偄傞億儕僩僈儖孯傪峌寕偡傞堊偵僗僄僘(Suez)偵廤寢偟偰偄偨僩儖僐墦惇娡戉偺採撀丄僊儕僔儍恖偺泚姱偱僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)僒儕儉堦悽(Salim I, 1512 - 1520)偺尦搝楆偱偁傝丄僇僀儘憤撀偱傕偁偭偨丅
僗儔僩(Surat)丗 報搙惣晹偱僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)廈撿搶晹偺巗偱恖岥150枩恖丄1612擭偵報搙偵偍偗傞塸崙偺嵟弶偺嫆揰偲側傞丅
僗儔僪 僀僽儞 傾僽僪 傾僢儔乕 傾僓僨傿(Surad Ibn Abd Allah Al-Azadi)丗 僗儔僪偼傾僔乕儖偺弶戙儉僗儕儉摑帯幰偱偁傝丄632擭(僸僕儏儔楋10擭)偵梐尵幰偼僀僗儔儉偺嫵媊傪峀傔丄懡恄嫵搆偲愴偆條偵僗儔僪傪懀偟偨丅
僘乕儖僌(Az Zurq)丗 僈乕儖嶳(Jibal Al Qahr)杒偵偁傞傾僶乕儖 僫乫傾儉(Abar Na'am)乮閗捁偺堜屗乯晹棊偐傜栺7km搶偵偁傞拢偲偺堄枴偺柤傪晅偗傜傟偨晹棊丅
僗儖僞儞(Sultan or Soldan)丗 僀僗儔儉掗崙偺孨庡丄僀僗儔儉嫵崙偺巟攝幰偁傞偄偼孨庡(Sultan)偱丄摿偵僇僀儘偺戝僗儖僞儞(the Grand Sultan)偱偁傞僄僕僾僩墹傪巜偡丅
僗儖僞儞 傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽(Sultan Abdul Hamit II, 1842 - 1918)丗 傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偺戞34戙峜掗乮嵼埵: 1876擭 乚 1909擭乯偱丄懄埵偟偨摉帪丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偼僶儖僇儞敿搰(Balkan Peninsula)偱偺彅斀棎傪弰傝儘僔傾(Russian Empire, 1721 - 1917)偲偺娭學偑埆壔偟偮偮偁傝丄彅奜崙偺巟帩傪庢傝晅偗傞偨傔偵傕偝傜側傞嬤戙壔夵妚傪峴偆堄巙傪撪奜偵帵偡昁梫偵敆傜傟偰偄偨丅偙偆偟偰寷朄傪惂掕偡傞偙偲偲側傝丄偙偺寢壥儈僓僩 僷僔儍(Midhat Pasha or Ahmet Sefik Mithat Pasha, 1822 - 1883)傪惂寷埾堳夛偺埾堳挿丄偮偄偱戝嵣憡偵擟柦偟偰傾僕傾弶偺嬤戙揑寷朄偱偁傞偲傕尵傢傟傞僆僗儅儞掗崙寷朄乮儈僓僩寷朄乯(Kanunuesasi or Basic Law in Ottoman Turkish)偺敪晍偵偙偓偮偗偨丅寷朄偱偼儉僗儕儉乮僀僗儔儉嫵搆乯(Muslim)偲旕儉僗儕儉(Non Muslim)偺暯摍偑掕傔傜傟丄捄慖偺忋堾偲柉慖偺壓堾偐傜側傞媍夛傕奐愝偝傟偨丅偙偆偟偰僆僗儅儞掗崙偵偍偗傞戞堦師棫寷惂偑巒傑偭偨傕偺偺丄傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼峜掗尃傪嫮壔偟偨偄堄岦傪帩偭偰偍傝丄寷朄偵傛偭偰峜掗尃偑惂尷偝傟傞偙偲偵嫮偄寈夲姶傪書偄偰偄偨丅偙偺偨傔丄寷朄偵偼夲尩椷偺敪椷傗婋尟恖暔偺崙奜捛曻偲偄偭偨丄嫮偄孨庡戝尃偑巆偝傟偨丅懄埵偟偰娫傕側偄1877擭4寧偵業搚愴憟(Russo - Turkish War, 1877 - 1878)偑巒傑傞丅愴憟偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偺攕杒偵廔傢傝丄1878擭偺儘僔傾偲偺島榓忦栺乮僒儞丒僗僥僼傽僲忦栺乯(Treaty of Sa Stefano)偱僙儖價傾(Kingdom of Serbia, 1882 - 1918)丄儌儞僥僱僌儘(Montenegro, 1878 - 1918)丄儖乕儅僯傾(Romania, 1878 - 1918)偺撈棫偲僽儖僈儕傾(Principality of Bulgaria, 1878 - 1908)傊偺帺帯尃晅梌傪擣傔偞傞傪摼側偔側偭偰偟傑偆丅偨偩偟丄偙偺傛偆側忬嫷偼儓乕儘僢僷奺崙偺儘僔傾偺撿壓惌嶔偵懳偡傞寈夲姶傪彽偒丄夵傔偰愴屻張棟偲挷惍偺応偲偟偰儀儖儕儞夛媍(Congress of Berlin, 1878)偑奐嵜偝傟傞偙偲偲側偭偨丅夛媍偺寢壥丄儅働僪僯傾(Macedonia)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偵曉娨偝傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨傕偺偺丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偑僶儖僇儞敿搰偵偍偗傞椞搚偺懡偔傪幐偭偨偙偲偵曄傢傝偼側偔丄掗崙偺廳怱偼彊乆偵傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)偵堏傞偙偲偵側傞丅婛偵奐愴慜偵儈僪僴僩丒僷僔儍偼寷朄偺孨庡戝尃偵婎偯偄偰戝嵣憡傪旊柶偝傟丄崙奜捛曻偵張偝傟偰偄偨丅傑偨1877擭偵奐夛偝傟偨媍夛偱偼丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偵偲偭偰晄棙側愴嫷偵懳偟偰梕幫偺側偄惌晎傊偺斸敾偑孞傝曉偝傟偨丅1878擭2寧丄偙傟傜偺斸敾偵嬈傪幭傗偟偨傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼旕忢帠懺傪岥幚偵寷朄傪掆巭偟丄媍夛乮壓堾乯傕暵嵔偟偰偟傑偆丅偙偆偟偰戞堦師棫寷惂偼廔鄟傪傓偐偊丄埲屻30擭偵媦傇愱惂懱惂偑巒傑傞偙偲偵側傞丅儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偺幐媟屻丄僀僗僞儞僽儖(Istanbul)偺儐儖僪僁僘媨揳(Yildiz Palace of Yildiz Sarayi)偵堷偒饽傕偭偨傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼峜掗偵傛傞愱惂惌帯偺嫮壔傪峴側偄丄旈枾寈嶡傪寢惉偟偰枾崘傪彠椼偡傞丅偝傜偵崙柉偺晄枮傪梷偊傞偨傔偵孯晹傪棙梡偟偰尩偟偄抏埑傪峴側偭偨丅斵偺帯悽拞偵偍偗傞抏埑偱嶦偝傟偨幰偼悢抦傟偢丄偁傞偲偒偼寣偑壨偵側偭偨偙偲傕偁偭偨偲傑偱尵傢傟偰偄傞丅偙偺偨傔丄乽愒偄棳寣偺峜掗 (Kizil Sultan)乿偲徧偝傟偰嫲傟傜傟偨丅堦曽偱丄僄儖僩僁乕儖儖崋(Ottoman Frigate Ertugrul))偺搶梞攈尛側偳偺斈僀僗儔乕儉庡媊揑側愰揱偵傕搘傔偨偨傔丄僆僗儅儞掗崙奜偱偼僇儕僼(Caliph)偲偟偰偺埿怣傪偁傞掱搙崅傔傞偙偲偵惉岟偟偨丅傑偨懳奜愴憟偱偼丄業搚愴憟偱攕杒偟偨傕偺偺丄1897擭偺僊儕僔傾偲偺愴憟偱偼彑棙傪廂傔偰偄傞丅傑偨擔杮偑柧帯堐怴屻栚妎傑偟偄嬤戙壔傪悇恑偟偨偙偲偵嫟姶傪帩偪丄斵帺恎柧帯揤峜傪昡壙偟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟丄尩偟偄撈嵸惌帯丒嫲晐惌帯傪晘偄偨偙偲偐傜悑偵崙柉偺晄枮偼敋敪偟丄偦傟偑1908擭丄棫寷惌帯偺暅妶傪媮傔傞摑堦偲恑曕埾堳夛乮惵擭僩儖僐搣乯偺僄儞償僃儖丒僷僔儍(EnverPasha, 1881 - 1922)傜乮屻偺働儅儖丒傾僞僥儏儖僋(Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, 1881 - 1938)傕嶲壛偟偰偄偨乯偵傛傞妚柦偲偄偆宍偱尰傢傟偨偺偱偁傞丅摑堦偲恑曕埾堳夛偵傛傞惵擭僩儖僐恖妚柦偑婲偒傞偲丄傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼梫媮傪庴偗擖傟丄傂偲傑偢寷朄偺暅妶傪愰尵偟偨丅偟偐偟丄梻擭偵乽3寧31擔帠審乿偲屇偽傟傞斀妚柦僋乕僨僞乕偑婲偙偭偨偙偲偱丄偙偺摦偒傊偺峜掗偺娭梌傪媈偭偨摑堦偲恑曕埾堳夛偼峜掗偺攑埵傪寛傔丄媍夛偱攑埵傪寛媍偟偨丅偙偆偟偰傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偼僆僗儅儞掗崙巎忋弶偺丄媍夛偱攑埵傪寛媍偝傟偨峜掗偲側偭偨丅偙偺寛媍偼僔僃僀僸儏儖僀僗儔乕儉(Sheikh ul-Islam or Shaykh al-Islam)偺彸擣傪摼偨忋偱幚峴偵堏偝傟丄屻宲偺峜掗(1909 - 1918)偵掜偺儊僼儊僪丒儗僔儍僪乮儊僼儊僪5悽乯(Mehmed V Reshad, 1844 - 1918)偑梚棫偝傟偨丅攑埵屻偼僒儘僯僇(Salonica)偵桯暵偝傟偰偄偨偑丄僶儖僇儞愴憟(Balkan Wars, 1912 - 1913)偱僒儘僯僇傪幐偭偨偨傔僀僗僞儞僽儖傊栠傞偙偲傪嫋偝傟丄摨抧偱1918擭偵77嵨偱巰嫀偟偨丅傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽偺帯悽33擭娫偵僆僗儅儞挬偺晧偺堚嶻偑嶌傜傟丄柵朣傪惉偡堦場偲側偭偨偲偺巜揈偑偁傞堦曽丄僸僕儍乕僘揝摴(Hejaz Railway)傪寶愝偟丄揹怣栐傗嬤戙揑妛峑惂搙傪惍旛偟偨傝偡傞側偳丄惣梞暥柧傪懡偔庢傝擖傟偰崙壠偺嬤戙壔偺婎慴傪抸偒忋偘偨偲偄偆堄尒傕偁傝丄崱擔偵偍偄偰傕偦偺昡壙偼傢偐傟偰偄傞偲尵偊傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僗儖僞儞 僄儖 僌儕(Sultan El Guri)丗 僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten Niebuhr, 1733–1815)挊偺僐儁儞僴乕僎儞(Copenhagen)偱1774 - 1778擭偵弌斉偝傟偨乽傾儔價傾偲偦偺廃曈偺椃峴婰(Reisecbeschreibung nach Arabien und andern umliegenden Ländern) or (Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the East)乿偵偼乽僗儖僞儞 僄儖 僌儕偼僄僕僾僩偺孨庡偱丄1514擭偵億儖僩僈儖(Portugeses)偐傜僕僢僟傪庣傞堊偵僕僢僟傪忛暻偱埻傒丄偦傟偑僕僢僟偑峠奀偱晭傝偑偨偄懚嵼偲側偭偨巒傑傝偱偁偭偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅
僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I)丗 僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299 - 1923)偺戞9戙峜掗僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I, 1512 - 1520)(僙儕儉堦悽(Sultan Selim I))偼1514擭偵拞搶偱偺僔乕傾攈僀僗儔儉(Shia Islam)梚岇幰偱偁傞僒僼傽償傿乕挬(Safavid Emipre, 1501 - 1736)偺僀僗儅乕僀乕儖堦悽(Shah Ismail, 1501 - 1524)偵1514擭偺僠儍儖僨傿儔乕儞偺愴偄乮Battle of Chaldiran乯偱彑棙偟丄儁儖僔傾(Persia)曽柺偐傜偺嫼埿傪柍偔偡偲1516擭偺弔偵撍慠丄僔儕傾(Syria)偺儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks Burji dynasty, 1382 - 1517)椞偵偵峌傔崬傒丄1517擭偵僄僕僾僩(Egypt)丄僷儗僗僠僫(Palestine)傪暪崌偟丄惞抧儊僢僇(Mecca)偲惞抧儅僨傿僫(Medina)傪曐岇壓偵抲偒丄擇偮偺惞摪偺巟攝幰(Ruler of Two Holy Shrines)偲側傝丄僇僨傿儉 僂儖 僴儗儊僀儞(Khadim ul Haremeyn)偺徧崋傪庴偗丄僗儞僯乕乕攈僀僗儔儉乮僗儞僫攈僀僗儔儉乯(Sunni Islam)偺柨庡偲側偭偨丅
僗儔僀儅儞 僀僽儞 儉僒(Sulayman Ibn Musa)丗 傾僔乕儖懓(Asir Tribe)庱挿偱偦偺摨懓偲嫟偵1156擭偵僌僢僘懓(Ghuzz Tribe)偺峌寕偵捈柺偟杊愴偟偨丅
乽僗儗僀儅乕儞 僈僕偺椃峴婰(Sulaiman Ghazi乫s Itinerary given by a Venetian Skipper)乿丗 1538擭偺僗儗僀儅乕儞 僈僕偺椃峴(Sulaiman Ghazi乫s Itinerary)偼儀僯僗(Venetian)恖偺慏挿偵傛偭偰婰榐偝傟偰偄傞丅
僗儗僀儅儞戝掗(Sulayman the Magnificient)丗 僗儖僞儞丒僗儗僀儅儞1悽乮Kanuni Sultan Suleyman, 1494-1566)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299-1923)偺戞10戙峜掗(1520-1566)丅46擭偺挿婜偵傢偨傞嵼埵偺拞偱13夞傕偺懳奜墦惇傪峴偄丄悢懡偔偺孯帠揑惉岟傪廂傔偰僆僗儅儞掗崙傪嵟惙婜偵摫偄偨丅塸岅偱偼丄乽憇楉幰(Magnificent)乿偺偁偩柤偱屇偽傟丄僩儖僐偱偼朄揟傪曇嶽偟掗崙偺惂搙傪惍旛偟偨偙偲偐傜乽棫朄幰乮僇乕僰乕僯乕Kanuni乯乿偺偁偩柤偱抦傜傟偰偄傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僗儚僀僉儞丄僜僂傾僉儞埥偄偼僜儚僉儞(Sowakin, Sawakin, Suwakin or Souakin)丗 僗乕僟儞偺峠奀娸偺峘挰丅
僛僀傾(Zeia)丗 慹枛側崚暔偺堦庬丅
乽惈奿榑(Characters)乿丗 僊儕僔儍鐤梱妛攈偺揘妛幰偱怉暔妛偺慶僙僆僼儔僗僩僗乮僥僆僼儔僩僗乯(Theophrastus, c. 372 B.C. - c. 287 B.C.)挊丅
僙僀僪 傾儕 僆僕儍僋儕(Seyd Ali Odjakly)丗 戞擇夞僸僕儍乕僘愴憟(1812 - 1815)偺僄僕僾僩孯巌椷姱僩僂僜僂儞(Tousoun)偵擟柦偝傟偨僕僢僟庣旛戉巌椷姱偱偦偺晝恊偼彫傾僕傾(Asia Minor)弌恎偱僀僄僯僠僃儕(Janissaries)孯抍偵懏偟偰偄偨偺偱偦偺懅巕偼僆僕儍僋儕(Odjakly)偲偁偩柤偝傟偨丅
惓摑4僇儕僼偺帪戙(Rashidun Empire, 632 - 661)丗 僀僗儔儉掗崙(Caliphate)偺弶戙4僇儕僼(The first of the four Arab Caliphates)傪惓摑4僇儕僼偺帪戙(Rashidun Empire, 632 - 661)偲屇傫偱偄傞丅偙偺帪戙偵偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺屻宲幰偱偁傞4恖偺惓摑僇儕僼(Rightly Guided Caliphs)偵傛偭偰摑帯偝傟偰偄偨丅偙偺帪戙偼梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺朣偔側偭偨632擭偵巒傑傝丄傾僽 僶僋儕(Abu Bakr, 632 - 634)丄僂儅儖(Umar, 634 - 644)丄僂僗儅儞(Uthman, 644 - 656)丄傾儕(Ali, 656 - 661)偲宲彸偝傟丄戞4戙惓摑僇儕僼 傾儕偺巰偵傛偭偰廔傢偭偨丅惓摑4僇儕僼偺帪戙偺嵟惙婜偵偼僀僗儔儉嫟摨懱乮僂儞儅(Umma)乯偺巟攝偼杒傾僼儕僇(North Africa)丄傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsula)偍傛傃僀儔儞崅尨(ranian highlands)偵媦傫偩丅
乽惣晹傾儔價傾偲峠奀(Western Arabia and Red Sea)乿丗 1946擭偵僆僢僋僗僼僅乕僪(Oxford)偱塸崙奀孯徣奀孯忣曬嬊(British Admiralty - Naval Intelligence Division)敪峴丅
惞僼儔儞僠僃僗僐(St Farncis)丗 傾僢僔乕僕(Assisi)偺僀僞儕傾偺廋摴巑(1181/82 - 1226)偱杮柤僼儔儞僠僃僗僐 僨傿 僺僄僩儘 僨傿 儀儖僫儖僪儞(Francesco di Pietro di Bernardone)偲塢偄丄1209擭偵僼儔儞僔僗僐夛(Franciscan)傪憂棫偟偨丅
僛僀儔(Zeila)丗 僜儅儕(the Somali Republic)偺僕僽僥傿(Djbouti)崙嫬偵嬤偄傾僂僟儖廈(Audal region)偺傾僨儞榩(Gulf of Aden)嶰曽傪奀偵埻傑傟偰偄傞増娸偺峘挰偱丄傾僼儕僇奀娸偺悈傗怘椘偺嫙媼抧丅
惣楋570擭丗 傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偑孯戉傪儊僢僇(Mecca)偵恑寕偝偣偨570擭偵儉僴儞儅僪偑惗傑傟偨丅
僙僀儘儞(Ceylon)丗 僀儞僪槺戝棨撿搶娸偺搰偱丄僗儕儔儞僇(Sri Lanka)偺媽徧丅
僙僄儗僡(Seeredj)乮僙僒儉儞(Sesamum)乯丗僄僕僾僩偐傜塣偽傟偰棃偨儔儞僾梡偺偛傑桘(Seeredj)丅
僙僆僼儔僗僩僗(Theophrastus)丗 僥僆僼儔僗僩僗(Theophrastus, c. 372 BC - c. 287 BC.)丄僊儕僔儍鐤梱妛攈偺揘妛幰偱怉暔妛偺慶丄乽惈奿榑(Characters)乿傪挊弎丅
悽奅嫑椶僙儞僞乕(World Fish Center)丗 CGIA(Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research)偺壓晹慻怐偱崙楢傗悽奅嬧峴摍偺巟墖傪摼偰偄傞旕塩棙偺抍懱偱嫑儔僀僽儔儕(Library)傕岞昞偟偰偄傞丅
悽奅帺慠曐岇娔帇僙儞僞乕丗 World Conservation Monitoring Center
乽悽奅偺嬀(Morro of the Wold)乮僕僴儞乕僰儅(Jihan-numa)乯乿丗 17悽婭偺僩儖僐偺抧棟妛幰僴僕 僇儕僼傽(Hajj Khalifa)偼偦偺挊彂僕僴儞乕僰儅(Jihan-numa)乮悽奅偺嬀(Morro of the Wold)乯偵僇儔 儉僗僞僼傽 僷僔儍(Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha, 1634/1645 - 1683)偺岟愌傪婰弎偟偰偄傞丅1818擭偵僪僀僣拞晹僑乕僞(Gotha)偱弌斉偝傟偨僲乕儀儖僌(M. Norberg)偵傛偭偰東栿偝傟偨儔僥儞岅斉偺戞II姫184暸偵師偺條偵婰偝傟偰偄傞丅乽偦偺崰丄悈偼朢偟偔丄彫偝側懴媣惈偺偁傞悈憛偵廤傔傜傟偰偄偨丅悈傪廫暘偵妋曐偡傞堊丄巟攝幰偱偁傞儉僴儞儅僪 價儞 僀僽儔僸儉(Muhammad ben Ibrahim)偼崅姱儉僗僞僼傽 僇儔(his Grand Vizier Mustafa Kara)偺柦偵傛傝丄傕偭偲懡偔偺悈傪熆傟傞帠偺柍偄嶳偐傜塣傫偱偒偨丅峏偵丄儌僗僋乮夞嫵帥堾乯偺椬偵摪乆偲偟偨岞嫟廻幧傪寶愝偟偨(At parum ibi aquae: cisternis parvis et tenacibus. Quae vero ut sufficeret, inperante Muhammed ben Ibrahim, et provisu magni sui veziri Mustafa Kara, a montibus dissitis huc derivata fuit: condito item hic praeter templum et magnifico hospitio.)乿丅
愒摴僊僯傾(Equatorial Guinea)丗 傾僼儕僇拞晹丄僊僯傾榩(Gulf of Guinea))偺墱偺棨抧偱儉價僯抧嬫(Mbini or Rio Muni)偲搰涀偐傜側傝丄媽僗儁僀儞椞偱1968擭偵撈棫丄柺愊2.8枩km2丄恖岥40枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼儅儔儃(Malabo)丅
僙僔僕儍乕丗 僂傿儖僼儗僢僪 僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger, 1910 - 2003)偼塸崙扵専壠(British Explorer)偱傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)丄僗乕僟儞(Sudan)丄傾儔價傾(Arabia)丄僀儔僋(Iraq)丄儁儖僔傾(Persia)丄僋儖僨傿僗僞儞(Kurdistan)丄暓椞惣傾僼儕僇丄僷僉僗僞儞(Pakistan)丄働僯儎(Keniya)側偳傪扵専丄僀儔儞撿晹掅抧偱Ma'an懓偲曢傜偟偨懱尡傕偁傝丄儖僽傾儖僇儕嵐敊傪擇夞墶抐偟偰偄傞丅僙僔僕儍乕偼偦偺懱尡傪Arabian Sands丄The Marsh Arabs偵師偓丄1979擭偵Desert, Marsh and Mountain偲偟偰敪昞偟偰偄傞丅(Desert, Marsh and Mountain偼偦偺堦晹傪2004擭6寧30擔挊嶌偺乽嬻敀抧懷偲屇偽傟傞嵐敊 乭儖僽乫傾儖 僇儕(Rub' Al Khali)乭乿偺拞偱徯夘偟偰偄傞偺偱偛嶲徠懻偒偨偄丅)
愇奃娾抧懷(Limestone Area)丗 愇奃娾抧懷偼敿搰偺杒晹傗搶晹傪暍偭偨偼偰偟側偄峀偑傝偵摿挜偑偁傞丅偙偺抧懷偼堦斒揑偵暯偱戅孅側戝抧偱偁傞偑丄愇奃娾傕僒僢儅儞奟抧(Summan Escarpment)傗僩儚僀僌奟抧(Tuwaiq Escarpment)偺條側愨暻(Cliffs)傪宍惉偡傞丅儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺嬤峹偵傕乽悽奅偺壥偰(Edge of The World)乿丄乽僼傽僀僒儖愲搩(Faisal Pinnacle)乿丄乽戞堦閜閗偺愗傝捠偟(Camel Pass No.1)乿摍偺偦偺條側愨暻傪挱傔傞応強偑偁傞丅偦傟傜偺応強偐傜偺挱傔偼寧悽奅偺條偱偁傞丅愇奃娾抧懷偺傕偆堦偮偺摿挜偼愹丄椢抧丄屛摍偑懡偄帠偱偁傞偑丄墌宍擾応偺燇燆偺偨傔偵抧壓悈偺億儞僾偵傛傞媯傒忋偘偱抧壓悈埵偑壓傝丄崱偱偼偦傟傜偑柍偔側偭偰偟傑偭偨丅崅乆30擭慜偵偼僟乕儖 僸僩(Dhal Hit)丄僇儖僕偺愹(Eyins in Kharj)摍偦偺擖傝岥傑偱朙晉偵悈偑偁偭偨偑丄崱偱偼悈埵偑80m埲忋壓偑偭偰偟傑偭偰偄傞丅嵟嬤偱偼儕儎僪撿曽偺儔僀儔撿(Southern Layla)偵偁傞戝彫偺屛偑姰慡偵姳忋偑傝丄埲慜偵僇僫僩(Qanat)乮抧壓悈摴乯偑偁偭偨偲偼偲偰傕巚偊側偄忬嫷偵惉偭偰偄傞丅僇僫僩(Qanat)偼儔僀儔(Layla)丄僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al Jandal)丄僞僀儅(Tayma)丄傾儖-傾乕僒(Al Ahsa)側偳偱偺嵟傕廳梫側燇燆曽朄偺堦偮偱偁偭偨丅抧忋偲偼懳徠揑偵懡偔偺忂擕摯(Limestone Caves)偑抧壓偵敪払偟偰嫃傞丅偦偺暋嶨側摿挜偑崱擔偱偼懡偔偺摯孉扵専壠(Cave Hunters)傪枺椆偟偰偄傞丅
僛僢僉乕僲(Sequins, Zecchino or Zechin)丗 屆戙償僃僱僣傿傾(Venezia or Venice)丒僩儖僐(Turkry)偺嬥壿丅
乽僛乕僢僣僃儞偺峲奀偲傾儔價傾偺椃(Voyage de M. Seetzen sur la Mer Rouge et. dans i'Arabie)乿丗 乽僛乕僢僣僃儞偺僔儕傾丄僷儗僗僠僫丄僼僃僯僉傾丄僩儔儞僗儓儖僟儞丄傾儔價傾敿搰媦傃僄僕僾僩偺椃(Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan Länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten ed. by F. Kruse. Berlin 1854 - 1859.)乿偵宖嵹偝傟偨埲崀偺椃偼乽僛乕僢僣僃儞偺峲奀偲傾儔價傾偺椃乿偺拞偵堦擭娫偺椃偲偟偰偦偺梫栺偑弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(A summmary of these was published in the Annales des Voyager (Voyage de M. Seetzen sur la Mer Rouge et. dans i'Arabie) t. XXII. Paris 1813.)丅
乽僛乕僢僣僃儞偺僔儕傾丄僷儗僗僠僫丄僼僃僯僉傾丄僩儔儞僗儓儖僟儞丄傾儔價傾敿搰媦傃僄僕僾僩偺椃乿丗 儕僸 儎僗僷乕 僛乕僢僣僃儞(Ulrich Jasper Seetzen)偑傾僕傾(Asia Mínor)偺椃偵弌敪偟丄1809擭偵僇僀儘(Cairo)帄傞偺椃偼僋儖乕僛(F. Kruse)偵傛偭偰曇廤偝傟丄1854 - 1859擭偵儀儖儕儞偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan Länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten ed. by F. Kruse. Berlin 1854 - 1859.) 丅
僙僨儖(Seder)丗 僙僨儖偼僔僪儖(Sidr tree)偺塸岅揮幨偺堦偮偲巚傢傟傞丅乮僔僪儖(Sidr tree)傪嶲徠丅乯
僙僫働儕僽(Sennacherib)丗 僙僫働儕僽乮僙儞僫働儕僽乯(Sennacherib, 704 - 681 BC)偼僒儖僑儞擇悽(Sargon II, 722 – 705 BC)偺懅巕偱怴傾僢僔儕傾(934 – 609 BC)偺崙墹傪宲彸偟偨丅僀僗儔僄儖(Israel)傪摙偪乮婭尦慜701擭乯丄嵞嶰棧斀傪孞傝曉偟偨(Babylinian Throne)偵墦惇偟丄娮棊偝偣丄僶價儘儞巗(Babylon)傪攋夡偟偨乮婭尦慜689擭乯丅
僙僱僈儖(Senegal)丗 傾僼儕僇惣抂偱戝惣梞偵愙偡傞尦僼儔儞僗椞惣傾僼儕僇偺堦晹丄1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊19.6枩km2丄恖岥831枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼僟僇乕儖(Dakar)丅
僙僱僈儖愳(Senegal River)丗 儅儕(Mali)傪杒惣偵棳傟丄僙僱僈儖(Senegal)丄儌乕儕僞僯傾(Mauritania)崙嫬傪傎傏惣棳偟偰戝惣梞偵拲偓丄慡挿偼1790km偱偁傞丅
僛僲價傾(Zenobia)丗 270擭戙偵儘乕儅偺搶晹彅導傪惾姫偟丄僞僪儌乕儖(Tadmor)乮僷儖儈儔掗崙(Palmyra, 260- 273)乯傪儘乕儅掗崙(Roman Empire or Imperium Romanum, 27 BC – AD 476/ AD 1453)偐傜暘棧撈棫偝偣偨僙僾僥傿儈僂僗(Licius Septimius Odaenathus, 260 – 267)偺屻嵢偱僞僪儌乕儖傪惣楋267擭偐傜272擭傑偱巟攝偟偨桳柤側傾儔僽偺彈墹偱偁傞丅彈墹僛僲價傾偼僨儏儅僩僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)傪廝寕偟偨偑偙偺忛嵡搒巗偼彈墹僛僲價傾偺孯惃偵庢偭偰嫮屌偵夁偓丄棊忛弌棃偢偵堷偒忋偘偨丅僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偺杊嵡愴偵攋傟偨彈墹僛僲價傾偼乽儅儕僪(Marid)忛偼斀峈揑偱偁傝丄傾僽儔僌(Ablaq)忛偼橖枬偩乿偲攍偭偨丅儅儕僪偼僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偺忛偱傾僽儔僌偼桳柤側僞僀儅(Tayma)偺忛偱偁傞丅偙偺尵梩偑乽3悽婭偵偼椉搒巗偼嫟偵彈墹僛僲價傾偵懳峈偱偒傞掱廫暘偵椡傪帩偭偰嫃偨乿偲塢偆徹偱傕偁傞丅
僛僶僢僞偍傛傃僶僫僩僔儑乕儖(Zebatta and Nabat Shawls)丗 儌僗儕儞乮暯怐偺傗傢傜偐偄柸怐暔乯偵對傪晜偒怐傝偵偟偨埢怐暔丅
僙價儕傾(Sevilla)乮僙價乕儕儍(Seville)乯丗 僗儁僀儞撿晹傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalicia)抧曽偺拞怱搒巗偱僌傾僟儖僉價儖愳(The Guadalquivir River)偵椪傒丄僸儔儖僟偺搩(Giralda))傗傾儖僇僒乕儖媨揳(Royal Alcazars of Seville))摍僒儔僙儞暥壔偺堚愓偵晉傒丄15丄16悽婭偺僗儁僀儞怉柉抧杅堈偺拞怱抧丅
僙儉懓(Semitic)丗 僙儉岅攈偼傾僼儘傾僕傾岅懓(Afro-Asiatic)偵懏偟丄傾儔價傾岅(Arabic)丄傾儉僴儔岅(Amharic)丄僿僽儔僀岅(Hebrew)摍傪娷傒丄傾儔價傾恖丄僄僠僆僺傾恖丄儐僟儎恖偑娷傑傟丄儐僟儎嫵丄僉儕僗僩嫵偍傛傃僀僗儔儉嫵傪惗傫偩丅
僙儔僼(Seráfs)丗椉懼彜丅
僛儕僼僃 僷儖僇僩(Xerif Parcat)丗 儊僢僇庱挿僶儔僇僢僩擇悽(Barakat II bin Muhammed or Barakat Efendi, 1497 - 1525)丅
僙儕儉堦悽(Selim I, 1470 - 1520)丗 僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Turks, 1299–1923)偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan, 1512 - 1520)偱晝僶儎僕僩擇悽(Bayezid II, 1481 -1512)傪攑偟偰懄埵偟丄晝丄孼掜丄墮摍傪嶦偟偨丅僄僕僾僩(Egypt)丄僔儕傾(Syria)摍傪惇暈偟丄儊僨傿僫(Medina)丄儊僢僇(Mecca)摍傪庢摼偟丄傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258)僇儕僼(Caliph)偐傜僀僗儔儉偺惛恄揑庱挿偲偟偰偺僇儕僼偺懜徧傪摼偨丅暥妛尋媶幰丄屆揟帊恖偲偟偰傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丅
僙儖僕儏乕僋挬(Seljuq Dynasty)丗 巒慶僙儖僕儏乕僋(Seljuq)偼崱擔偺惣撿僩儖僐恖偺愭慶偱偁傞拞墰傾僕傾偵嫃偨僩儖僋儊儞梀杚廤抍(Turcoman Tribal Confederations)偺僆僌僘懓(Oghuz Turks)偺僙儖僕儏乕僋僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks)偲偟偰抦傜傟偨堦巟懓偺庱挿(Beg)偱偁偭偨丅僙儖僕儏乕僋偼9悽婭傪拞怱偵撿儘僔傾偺憪尨抧懷偱妶摦偟偨傾儖僞僀宯梀杚柉(Altaic Nomads)僴僓儖懓孯(Khazar Army)偺彨峑偲偟偰宱尡傪愊傫偩屻丄惣楋1000擭崰偵僙儖僕儏乕僋僩儖僐(Seljuq Turks)傪寶崙偟偨丅揱彸偵傛傟偽僙儖僕儏乕僋偵偼儈僇僀儖(Mikaik)丄僕儏僰僗(Junus)丄儉僒(Musa)偍傛傃傾儖僗儔儞(Arslan)偲塢偆4恖偺懅巕偑偄偨丅儈僇僀儖偺懅巕偺僩僌儖(Toghul, 1037-1063)偑儁儖僔儍(Persia)(Buyid dynasty, 934 - 1055 & Ziyarid Dynasty, 928 - 1043)傪11悽婭拞崰偵惇暈偟丄僙儖僕儏乕僋挬(Seljuq Dynasty, 1037-1157)傪寶崙偟偨丅僙儖僕儏乕僋挬偼僄乕僎奀(Aegean Sea)偐傜拞墰傾僕傾偵奼戝偟丄戞2戙僙儖僕儏乕僋僗儖僞儞偺傾儖僾 傾儖僗儔乕儞(Alp-Arslan, 1063-1072)偺柦椷偱傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid, 750 - 1258)偐傜僀僗儔儉悽奅偺巟攝傪扗偭偨丅惣楋1071擭偵偼價僓儞僠儞掗崙(the Byzantium Empire)峜掗儘儅僰僗 僨傿僆僕僃僱僗4悽(Romanos Diogenes IV, 1068 - 1071)傪儅儞僕働儖僩(Manzikert)偱攋傝丄傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)傊偺怤棯傪奐巒偟偨丅偙偺惣楋1071擭偑嬤戙僩儖僐偲側傞僙儖僕儏乕僋掗崙(Great Seljuq Empire)偺巒傑傝偺擭偱偁傞偲尵偊傞丅偟偐偟丄偙傟偑惣儓乕儘僢僷偵乽僩儖僐恖偑惞抧傪愯嫆偟偰僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺弰楃傪朩奞偟偰偄傞乿偲偄偆晽昡傪屇傃婲偙偟丄1096擭偵搶儘乕儅峜掗傾儗僋僔僆僗堦悽儉僱僲僗(Alexios I Komnenos, 1048 - 1118)偑傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)偺椞搚扗夞偺偨傔儘乕儅嫵峜偵懳偟偰墖孯傪梫惪偟丄1096擭偵戞堦夞廫帤孯(First Crusade.)偑曇惉偝傟傞偙偲偵側傞丅1153擭偵僆僌僘懓(Oghuz Turks)偑斀棎傪婲偙偟丄峜掗傾僴儊僪 僒儞僕儍乕儖(Ahmed Sanjar, 1118 - 1153)傪曔傜偊偨丅僒儞僕儍乕儖偼3擭屻偵摝朣偟偨偑丄偦偺堦擭屻偺1157擭偵巰朣偟丄掗崙偼婔偮偐偺僙儖僕儏乕僋挬偵暘楐偟偨丅
僙儗僂僐僗挬乮Seleucid Empire, 312 - 63 BC乯偼丄傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹乮Alexander the Great丄356 - 323 BC乯偺僨傿傾僪僐僀乮屻宲幰乯(Diadochoi)偺堦恖偱丄僯僇僩乕儖乮彑棙墹乯(Nicator)偲屇偽傟偨丅僙儗僂僐僗1悽(Seleukos I, 358 - 281 BC)偑僆儕僄儞僩(the Orient)抧曽偵抸偄偨墹崙丅僙儗僂僐僗挬僔儕傾(Seleucid Empire, 312 - 63 BC)乮僔儕傾墹崙乯偲傕尵傢傟傞丅偼偠傔儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)抧曽偵嫽傝丄僔儕傾(Syria)丄傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)丄僀儔儞(Iran)側偳偵傑偨偑傞峀戝側椞堟傪巟攝偟偨丅搒偼傾儞僥傿僆僉傾(Antioch)偵抲偄偨丅
僙儗僆僷僩儕僗(Cleopatris)丗儘乕儅掗崙偺僄僕僾僩憤撀僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偑婭尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨晉桾側傾儔價傾(Arabian Felix)墦惇偟偨嵺偵80惽埲忋偺慏傪寶憿偟偨僫僀儖愳(the Nile)偐傜墑挿偝傟偨屆偄塣壨偺朤偵偁傞挰偱尰嵼偺僗僄僘(Suez)偱偁傞偲巚傢傟傞丅
僙儗儞僞僲(Dr. Giuseppe Celentano)丗
1970擭戙偵僫億儕戝妛搶梞妛壢攷巑偱傾儔價僗僩丅儎僋僩(Yakut)偺堷梡偟偨敳悎偺東栿偵偮偄偰偼乽僫億儕戝妛搶梞妛晹偺G. 僙儗僞僲攷巑偵姶幱偡傞(We are indebted to Dr. G. Celentano of
the Instituto Universitario Orientale -
僙儘儕偺庬(Celery Seed)丗 僙儕壢偺堦擭惗傑偨偼擇擭惗梩嵷偱丄儐乕儔僔傾壏懷偵峀偔暘晍偡傞栰惗庬偑婲尮偱偁傞丅僆儔儞僟嶰偮梩偲傕塢傢傟丄朏崄丒娒傒偑偁傝丄怘梡偱偁傞偑丄偦偺庬偼姡憞偟偰栻枴偲偡傞丅
乽愮堦栭暔岅(Arabian Nights)乿丗 僀儞僪丒僀儔儞婲尮傗嬤搶彅抧曽偺暔岅廤偱僔僃僿儔僓乕僪(Scheherazade)偲偄偆嵥彈偑柺敀偄暔岅傪僒僒儞挬儁儖僔傾(Persian Sasanid, 226 - 651)偺僔儍乕儕傾乕儖墹(Shahryar)乮壦嬻偺恖暔乯偵愮堦栭偵傢偨偭偰懕偗傞偲偄偆宆幃傪偲偭偰偄傞丅偼偠傔僷僼儔價乕岅(Pahlavi)偵栿偝傟丄8悽婭屻敿偵傾儔價傾岅偵栿偝傟丄埲屻憹曗丄挊幰偼晄柧丅傾儔價傾栭榖(Arabian Nights)丄愮栭堦栭暔岅乮One Thousand and One Night乯偲傕偄偆丅
乽1910 - 1911擭偺儊僢僇弰楃暔岅(Relation d'un pèlerinage à la Mecque en 1910 - 1911)乿丗 僇僛儉 僓僨乕(Kazem H. Zadeh) 挊丄1912擭僷儕偱弌斉丅
1971擭偵僕僢僟偵嫙媼偝傟偨悈偺検2,000枩僩儞(2,000t of Water Supply to Jiddah in 1971)丗 熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi Fatima)僷僀僾儔僀儞偼岥宎偼800mm丄500mm偍傛傃300mm偲嬒堦偱偼側偄偑丄擭娫700枩m3傪嫙媼偟偨丅熆傟扟(Wadi Khalais)僷僀僾儔僀儞偼岥宎800mm偱偁傝丄摨偠悈検傪嫙媼偟偨丅僋僢僶僩 傾僔儍儔(Kubbat Asharah)偺扙墫僾儔儞僩偼擭娫600枩m3傪惗嶻偟偰偄偨丅
乽1968/1969擭偺僕僃僢僟乿丗 傾僼儕僇戝妛報嶞偑1968擭偵僫僀儘價偱弌斉(Jeddah 68/69 University Press of Africa, Nairobi 1968.)丅
乽1510擭戙偵傾儖儃働儖働偑儅僯儏僄儖崙墹埗偰偵弌偟偨傕偆堦偮庤巻(Afonso d'Alboquerque 乪s Another Letter addressed to King Manuel in 1510s)乿丗 乮儘儞僪儞(Lodon)偱1894擭偵弌斉偝傟偨僟儞償傽乕僘(Danvers, F.C.)挊丄乽僀儞僪偺億儖僩僈儖恖(The Portuguese in Indea)乿偺306暸傪嶲徠丅乯
愵忬抧(Allivial Fans)丗愵忬抧偲偼挿偄娫偵愳偵傛偭偰嶰妏宍偵巆偝傟偨懲愊偱偁傞丅
愺憌抧壓悈(Shallow Water)丗 塉悈偑抧壓偵挋偊傜傟偨悈尮偱偁傝丄擔杮偱尵偆抧壓悈偱偁傞偑僒僂僕偱偼愳摍偺昞憌悈偲傎傏摨楍偵埖傢傟偰偄傞丅枖丄僒僂僕偺僟儉偼峖悈傪堦帪揑偵挋傔偨屻偼偙偺愺憌抧壓悈偺僼傿乕僪偵巊偭偰偄傞働乕僗偑懡偄丅
僙儞僩 僿儗僫榩(St. Helena Bay)丗 婌朷曯(Cape of Good Hope)偺100儅僀儖杒偵偁傝丄僇儔僴儕嵒敊(Kalahari Desert)偵廧傫偱偄偨儂僢僥儞僩僢僩(Hottentots)偲傕屇偽傟傞僐僀僐僀恖( Khoikhoi)偲惣梞恖偺崿寣僌儕僌儕僋傾(GrigriQua)偑愯嫆偟偰偄偨1497擭偵償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)偺億儖僩僈儖娡戉(the Portuguese seafare)偑棫偪婑傝丄斂傪廋棟偟丄慏懱傪惔憒偟丄悈丒恉蕰▉E栰嵷丒擏摍傪曗媼偟偨丅偙偺榩偱偼挬擔偲梉擔偑挱傔傜傟丄奀柺偼壐傗偐偱僐僶儖僩怓偺奀(a cobalt sea)偵敀偄娾偑塮偊丄嫏妉傕朙晉偱丄崱擔偱偼撿傾僼儕僇偺娤岝抧偵側偭偰偄傞丅
僙儞僫(Senna)丗 椙幙偱彫偝偄儁儖僔傾晘暔偱抁偄僷僀儖巺傪巊偭偨鉱枾側怐傝偱慡懱傪懡偆嵶偐偄柾條丄棊偪拝偄偨怓挷摍偑摿挜丅
僙儞僫(Senna)丗 儅儊壢僇儚儔働僣儊僀懏(cassia)偺栘杮丒憪栘偺憤徧偱姡憞偟偨僙儞僫梩傗幚偼娚壓嵻偲偟偰巊偆丅
僙儞僫偺栘(Senna)丗 儅儊壢偺掅栘丄拞嬤搶尨嶻偺栻梡怉暔丄崅偝1m丄4丄7懳偺彫梩偐傜惉傞塇忬暋梩偑屳惗丄廐偵5曎偺墿怓壴傪偮偗傞丅壥幚丒梩偺怹嵻乮偟傫偞偄乯傪寬堓嵻丒壓嵻偲偡傞丅
僙儞僫乕儖(Sennaar or Sennar)丗 惵僫僀儖(Blue Nile)愳偺壨斎偺挰偱恖岥1枩丄晅嬤偵偁傞僙儞僫乕儖僟儉(Sennar Dam)偼僗乕僟儞搶晹偺敀僫僀儖(White Nile)愳偲惵僫僀儖(Blue Nile)愳偵嫴傑傟偨僎僕儔(Gezira)抧堟偺燇燆梡偵寶愝偝傟偨丅僎僕儔(Gezira)抧堟偱偼16悽婭偐傜19悽婭偵墹崙偑塰偊偨丅
乽1858擭偺僕僢僟帠審偺摉帪偺昡壙(Account of Jiddah Event and Considerable International Furore)乿丗 偙偺昡壙偼1858擭7寧15擔晅偗偺儘儞僪儞 僞僀儉僗(the London times)丄1858擭8寧4擔晅偗Bombay偺僥儗僌儔僼 僋乕儕僄巻(the Telegraph Courier)丄1859擭12寧31擔奜柋徣暥彂乮1858/1859擭偺僕僢僟偺憶棎乯丄僩儊僗敧悽(Tomes VIII)偲僩儊僗巐悽(Tomes IX)偺擇恖偺擭戙婰偵帵偝傟偰偄傞丅屄恖揑側峫嶡傪敽偆娙寜側婰帠偼僶乕僩儞(R.F Burton)偑1860擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偟偨乽拞墰傾僼儕僇偺屛徖抧懷(The Lake Regions of Cemtral Aftica)乿偺晅懏彂丄戞2姫偺428 - 429暸偵傕帵偝傟偰偍傝丄慡懱偺婰弎偼屻偵傾償儕儖(A. d'Avril)偵傛偭偰1868擭偵僷儕偱乽儊僢僇傊偺弰楃偺婰弎傪敽偆傾儔價傾偺摨帪戙乿偑弌斉偝傟丄偦偺76 - 82暸偵宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽1831 - 1835擭偺傾價僔僯傾椃峴婰乿丗 僪僀僣恖壢妛幰偺僄僪僂傾儖僩 儖僢儁儖(Eduard Rüppel)挊丄1838擭僼儔儞僋僼儖僩偱弌斉(Reise in Abyssinien 1831 - 1835 by Eduard Rüppel, Frankfurt 1838)丅
乽1839擭偐傜1843擭偺傾價僔僯傾椃峴乿丗 僙僆僼傿儖 儖僼僃乕償儖(Thèophile Lefebvre)挊丄1845
- 1851擭偵僷儕偱弌斉(LEFEBVRE, T. Voyage en Abyssinie executé pendant les
années 1839 - 1843.
乽1883擭偺僕僃僟偺岎堈偲彜嬈偵娭偡傞曬崘彂乿丗 塸崙椞帠(Jago)偺僠儍乕儖僘 僼乕僶乕(Charles Huber)挊丄1891擭僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乽傾儔價傾椃峴擔帍(Journal d'un voyage en Arabie, 1883 - 1884)乿偵婰弎偝傟偰偄傞乽彜岺嬈偵偮偄偰偺彈墹暶壓偺幏惌姱曬崘彂拞偺1883擭偵偍偗傞僕僃僢僟偺岎堈偲彜嬈娭偡傞椞帠偵傛傞曬崘 (Reported by consul Jago on the trade and commerce of Jeddah for the year of 1883丄in Reports from Her Majesty's consuls on the manufactures, commerce, etc.)乿丅乮摨曬崘戞III晹12復(Part III. No.12)傪嶲徠丅乯
僙儞儅儖庽(Al-Semmar)丗 僙儞儅儖(Al-Semmar)偲偙偺抧曽偱屇偽傟傞庽栘傪巹偼摿掕偱偒側偄丅Sidr(Ziziphus spina-chrisri)偱傕Talh (Acacia gerrardii)偱傕Salam(Acacia tortilis)偱傕柍偔丄栘堿傪嶌傞堦斒揑偵嵐敊偵惗偊傞庽栘偱偁傞偲塢偆丅巹偑僼傽僴僪墹岞墍(King Fahad Park)傪朘傟偨尷傝偱偼屼桍乮僊儑儕儏僂乯(Tamarisk)偱偼側偄偐偲巚偆丅
僜僂傾僉儞乮僜儚僉儞乯(Sowakin Suakin, Sawakin or Souakin)丗 僗乕僟儞偺峠奀娸偺峘挰丅
徾夊(Ivory)丗 徾偺敪払偟偰岥奜偵撍偒偩偟偨栧帟偱寴偔偰扺墿怓偟偰偍傝丄忺傝暔丒嵶岺暔丒報嵽偵捒廳偝傟傞丅
徾偺擭(Year of the Elephant)丗 僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偺傾僋僗儉墹崙(Aksum)(婭尦慜4悽婭偐傜10悽婭崰)偺僀僄儊儞巟攝(Aksum乫s Control of Yemen, 520 - 570)帪戙偵彨孯傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偼憤撀偲側傝丄偦偺摑帯壓偺惣楋543擭偵儅乕儕僽 僟儉(Marib Dam)傪廋暅偟丄儁儖僔傾偍傛傃價僓儞僠儞偐傜偺巊愡傪庴偗擖傟偨丅傾僽儔僴偼斏塰偟偰偄偨儊僢僇(Mecca)偺僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh)傪惂埑偟丄懡恄嫵嬼憸怣嬄偺拞怱偱偁傞僇乕僶恄揳(Al-Ka'bah)傪庢傝夡偦偆偲1摢側偄偟悢摢偺徾傪敽偭偨戝孯傪攈尛偟偨丅偙偺怤峌偼乽徾偼儊僢僇(Mecca)偺挰奜傟偐傜拞偵擖傞偺傪嫅斲偟偨乿偲偐丄乽捁偑從偒搚偺釯傪徾偺孯戉偵搳偘偮偗乿偲偐丄嵐敊偺擬婥偲偐丄塽昦偲偐尨場偼僴僢僉儕偟偰偄側偄偑丄婏愓偑婲偒偰傾僽儔僴偺孯戉偼愴傢偢偟偰揚戅偟偰偄傞丅偙偺弌棃帠偼僀僗儔儉悽奅偱偼乽徾偺擭(Year of the Elephant)乿偲偟偰抦傜傟丄乽梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偑惗傑傟偰偨惣楋570擭偐偦傟傛傝悢擭慜偺婲偒偨乿偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅乽傾僽儔僴(Abraha)帺恎偼惣楋553擭偵杤偟偰偄傞乿偲塢偆旇暥傕偁傝丄枖僒僒儞挬偺彨孯償傽僴儕僘(Vahriz)偵怤棯傪庴偗丄傾僋僗儉墹崙(Aksumite)偺僀僄儊儞巟攝偼惣楋570擭偵廔椆偟偰偄傞偺偱丄巹偵偼570擭傛傝傕傕偭偲慜偺弌棃帠偱偼側偄偐偲巚偊傞丅
慼崌崄乮偦偛偆偙偆乯(Levant Storax)丗 晼乮僼僂乯偺庽旂偐傜嵦傞庽帀偱堛栻傗崄椏偵梡偄偨丅
僜僐僩儔搰(Socotra)丗 僀僄儊儞撿搶偺僀儞僪梞偡側傢偪傾僨儞(Aden)榩偺搶偵偁傞僀僄儊儞椞偺搰偱偱拞怱搒巗偼僞儉儕僟(Tamrida)乮暿徧僴僨傿僽(Hadibu)乯偱偁傞丅傾儖儃働儖働(Alboquerque)偲僩儕僗僟儞 僟 僋乕僯儍(Tristão da Cunha)偺娡戉偑1508擭偵僜僐僩儔搰傪愯椞偟丄梫嵡傪抸偄偨丅偙偺搰偼屻偵億儖僩僈儖偐傜攑婞偝傟丄傾儔價傾恖偵栠偝傟丄傾儔價傾恖偼梫嵡傪攋夡偟偨丅偙傟偑1517擭2寧8擔偵儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偑摓拝偟偨帪偺忣嫷偱偁傞丅
僜儅僂儕奀娸(Somawly)丗 傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偲僌儔儖僟僼傿枽(Cape Guardafui)娫偺傾僨儞(Aden)偲偼岦偐偄懁偺奀娸丅
僜儅儕(Somaliland)丗 僜儅儕傾丄僕僽僠偍傛傃僄僠僆僺傾撿搶晹僆僈僨儞(Ogaden)抧嬫傪娷傓搶傾僼儕僇偺媽徧丅
僜儅儕傾(Somalia)丗 傾僼儕僇搶抂偱傾僨儞榩(Gulf of Aden)偲僀儞僪梞(Indian cean)偵椪傒丄1960擭偵塸崙曐岇椞僜儅儕儔儞僪偲僀僞儕傾怣戸摑帯椞僜儅儕傾撈棫崌暪丄柺愊63.7枩km2丄恖岥925枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼儌僈僨傿僔儏(Mogadishu)丅
僜儘儌儞(Solomon)丗 僀僗儔僄儖尗墹僜儘儌儞乮c.992 BC - c.938 BC乯偼僀僗儔僄儖(Israel)偺墹僟價僨(David)偺巕偱晝偺巰屻丄傾僪僯儎(Adonijah)側偳懠偺墹埵宲彸傪慱偆幰偨偪傪懪搢偟偰墹偲側偭偨丅僜儘儌儞偼僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺僼傽儔僆偺柡(Pharaoh's daughter)傪沇傝丄僊僽僆儞(Gibeon)偱惙戝側偝偝偘傕偺傪偟偨丅偦偙偱恄偑僜儘儌儞偺柌枍偵棫偪丄乽壗偱傕婅偆傕偺傪梌偊傛偆乿偲偄偆偲丄僜儘儌儞偼抦宐(Wisdom)傪媮傔偨丅恄偼偙傟傪婌傃丄懡偔偺傕偺傪梌偊傞偙偲傪栺懇偟偨丅僔僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba)傕僜儘儌儞偺抦宐偲僄儖僒儗儉乮Jerusalem乯偺斏塰傪尒偰嬃偄偨偲偝傟傞丅僜儘儌儞偺傕偲偱僀僗儔僄儖墹崙(Kingdom of Israel)偼斏塰傪偒傢傔丄僜儘儌儞偼弶傔偰僄儖僒儗儉恄揳(the First Temple)傪抸偄偨丅斢擭丄恇柉偵廳惻傪壽偟丄嫕妝偵抆偭偨偨傔嵿惌偑埆壔丄僜儘儌儞偺巰屻丄僀僗儔僄儖偼暘楐丄悐戅偟偰偄偔偙偲偵側傞丅偦偺屻偼懅巕偺儗僴僽傾儉(Rehoboam)偑宲偄偩丅僜儘儌儞乮傾儔價傾岅偱偼僗儔僀儅乕儞(Sulayman)偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉嫵偵偍偄偰傕梐尵幰偺堦恖偲偝傟傞丅僗儔僀儅乕儞偼抦宐偵枮偪偰偄偨偲摨帪偵丄傾儔僽偺柉娫揱彸偱偁傞惛楈乮僕儞(Genie,Jinn or Djinn)乯傪帺桼帺嵼偵憖偭偨偲偝傟傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾偐傜梫栺乯
僟僀傾儌儞僪(Diamond)丗 摍幉徎宯偱丄懡偔偼惓敧柺懱偁傞偄偼幬曽廫擇柺懱偺扽慺偩偗側傞峼暔偱丄峝搙偼峼暔偺拞偱嵟傕崅偔丄岝戲偼偨偄傊傫旤偟偔丄柍怓摟柧偁傞偄偼惵丒墿丒峠丒椢丒妼丒崟怓摍偱偁傞丅岝偵懳偡傞孅愜棪偑戝偒偔丄埫偔偰傕婔暘偺岝婸偑偁傞丅
戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙(First Saudi State)丗 僒僂乕僪僨儖僀乕儎岒崙乮戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙丄1744偐傜1818擭乯偺寶崙幰儉僴儞儊僪 價儞 僒僂乕僪(Muhammed ibn Saud, 1744 - 1765)偺懅巕傾僽僪儖傾僕乕僘 價儞 儉僴儞儊僪(Abdul Azizi Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud, 1765 – 1803)偼1773擭偵僫僕僪慡堟傪巟攝壓偵抲偒丄1790擭偵偼傾儔價傾榩娸偵僴僒乕抧曽(Al Hasa)傪惇暈偟偨偑丄1803擭偵僨傿儖僀乕儎(Diriyah))偺儌僗僋偱埫嶦偝傟偨丅偦偺屻傪師偄偩懅巕偺僒僂乕僪(Saud Ibn Abdul Aziz Ibn Mohammed Ibn
Saud, 1803 - 1814)偼椞搚傪偝傜偵奼戝偟僆乕儅儞(Oman)丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺戝晹暘傪暪撣丄儊僢僇(Mecca)丄儊僨傿乕僫(Medina)傕彾拞偵廂傔丄僔儕傾(Syria)丄僀儔僋(Iraq)曽柺偵傕恑寕偟偨丅1811擭椞抧扗夞偺堊偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偼僄僕僾僩懢庣儉僴儞儅僪
傾儕(Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1805 - 1848)偵怴嫽惃椡偺儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys) 偺捔埑傪柦偠偨丅僄僕僾僩孯偺桪傟偨暫婍丄抏栻偺埿椡偵傛傝悢乆偺愴摤偱儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys) 偑懪寕傪庴偗傞拞丄1814擭偵僒僂乕僪偑巰朣偟偨丅僒僂乕僪壠偐傜偺棧斀丄怮曉傝偑憡師偓丄僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偑扗夞偝傟丄僇僔乕儉(Qasim)傕棊偪丄1818擭儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕偺巕僀僽儔僸乕儉(Ibrahim Basha, 1789 - 1848)偵棪偄傜傟偨僄僕僾僩孯偵僨儖僀乕儎偼曪埻丄娮棊偝偣傜傟丄庱挿傾僽僪僁儔乕(Abdullah bin Saud, 1814 - 1818)偼僀僗僞儞僽乕儖偵憲傜傟庱傪愗傜傟偨丅僄僕僾僩孯偼僨儖僀乕儎傪揙掙揑偵攋夡偟丄戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙偼柵傃偨丅
戝孨庡(Grand Séignior)丗 僩儖僐偺偐偭偰偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan)偺徧崋丅
戝巊儅僢僥僂(Mattew)丗 1515擭4寧7擔偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)傪弌峲偟偨怴憤撀儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偺娡戉偵忔傝崌傢偣偨傾價僔僯傾峜掗(Emperor of Abyssinian)偺傾儖儊僯傾恖(Armenian)偺戝巊丅
戝僔僯儑乕儖峘(Ports of Grand Signior)丗 戝孨庡偺峘丅
戉彜廻(Khan or Kan)丗 僩儖僐側偳偺戉彜廻(Caravansary)丅
僞僀僘(Taiz)丗 僀僄儊儞撿惣晹偺峠奀娸偺儌僇峘(Port of Mocha)偵嬤偄丄昗崅1400m偵偁傞崅尨搒巗偱恖岥偼2003擭挷嵏偱46枩恖丄Ta乫izz偲傕揰偼偝傟偰偄傞丅
戝抧峚懷(Great Rift Valley)丗 傾僼儕僇戝棨偲傾儔價傾敿搰傪暘棧偟偨抧幙揑曄摦偺楢懕偼2愮5昐枩擭慜偐傜1愮5昐枩擭慜偺1愮枩擭傕懕偒丄尰嵼偺峠奀傪娷傒傾僼儕僇戝棨偺搶懁傪撿壓偡傞嫄戝側抧峚懷傪惗傒弌偟偨丅偙偺抧壓偺摦偒偱峠奀娸偺椉懁偵増偭偰峠奀傪嫴傫偱懳傪惉偡擇偮暯峴偟偰墑傃傞嶳暲傒偺忈暻偑弌棃偨丅偙偺撪偺峠奀偺惣懁偵楢側傞僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)丄僕僽僠(Djibouti)丄僄儗僩僯傾(Eritrea)摍傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偺嶳乆偼崅偔戕偊丄偦偺崅偝偼1枩2愮僼傿乕僩(3,660m)傪墇偊傞暔傕彮側偔側偄丅堦曽丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺惣偺墢傪宍嶌傝丄峠奀偺搶懁偵楢側傞嶳暲傒偑僒儔儚僩(Sarawat)偱偁傝丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺惣懁偲撿偐傜杒傊偲岎嵎偟丄撿偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜杒偼傾僇僶榩(Gulf of Aqaba)傑偱懕偄偰偄傞丅摨偠條偵崅偔戕偊丄僀僄儊儞偱偼侾枩侾愮僼傿乕僩(3,350m)偵払偟偰偄傞丅
乽戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀丄執戝側傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働偺幚榐(Commentaries of Great Afonso
d'Alboquerque, Second Viceroy of India)乿丗 偙偺幚榐偼傾僼僅儞僜偺幚巕偵傛偭偰曇廤偝傟偨丅偦偺幚巕丄僽儔僘 僟儖儃働儖働(Braz d'Alboquerque)偼晝恊偺巰屻丄Afonso偺柤傪巏偄偩條偩丅偦偺弶斉偼1557擭偵慿傞丅偦偺屻丄1774擭弌斉偺億儖僩僈儖岅曇偐傜拹庍偍傛傃彉暥偲嫟偵僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺僌儗僀 僶乕僠(Gray
Birch)巵偑東栿偟丄1875 - 1886擭儘儞僪儞偱塸暥偑弌斉偝傟偨丅
戜強梡昳(Utensil)丗 壠掚梡昳丒戜強梡昳丒嫵夛梡婍嬶摍偺梡嬶丒摴嬶丅
戝僽儕儏乕僛儖(Bruedhel the Elder)丗 僺乕僞乕 僽儕儏乕僛儖(Pieter Bruedhel)(c 1525/30 - 1569)丄僼儔儞僪儖偺夋壠僕儍儞 僽儕儏乕僛儖(Jan Brueghel)(1568 - 1625)偺晝偱16悽婭僼儔儞僪儖嵟戝偺夋壠偱晽宨偑丒擾柉惗妶偺晽巋偑偱桳柤偱偁傝丄堦斒偵戝僽儕儏乕僛儖(Brueghel the Elder)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
僟僀僽儖(Daibul)丗 僷僉僗僞儞撿晹僀儞僟僗愳(the Indus River)壓棳偺僔儞僪(Sind)廈偺庡梫側奀峘偱廈搒僇儔僠(Karachi)偺搶64km偺僀儞僟僗愳壨岥偵偁傞丅暓幧棙搩(Budist stupa)偑懡偔丄傾儔價傾岅偱壆崻傪巜偡僟僀僽儖(Daibul)偺柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僞僀儅(Tayma)丗 僞僀儅(Tayma)偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偺撿搶220 km丄儅僨傿僫 傾儖 儉僫僢儚儔乕 (Madinah Al-Munawwarah)偺杒370 km偱杒堒27亱38乭搶宱38亱29乭偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅偙偺屆戙偺挰偺堚愓堚暔偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙杒惣抧堟偱偼嵟傕戩墇偟偰偄傞丅廳岤側忛暻偑偙偺挰偺惣懁丄撿懁偍傛傃搶懁傪埻偭偰偄傞偑丄杒懁偼捠峴崲擄側姡憞偟偨屛埥偄偼僒僽僴(Sabkha)偲惉偭偨愄偐傜偺帺慠偺幖抧懷偵傛偭偰曐岇偝傟偰偄傞丅忛暻偼墑挿偑10 km偵媦傃丄愇偲揇偲擲搚偱嶌傜傟偰嫃傝丄応強偵傛偭偰偼嵟掅偺1 m偺屄強傕偁傞偑偦偺崅偝偼傎傏10 m埲忋偁傝丄暆偼1 m偐傜2 m偱偁傞丅偙偺埻偄忛暻偼杊屼傪栚揑偲偟偰嶌傜傟偰嫃傝丄戝偒側愇丄彫偝側愇偦傟偵擔姳偟楖姠摍堎側偭偨嵽椏偑巊傢傟偰偄傞丅屆戙偵偼擕崄偺摴(Frankincense Route)偺搶儖乕僩偑價乕儖 僸儅(Bir
Hima)偱暘婒偟丄僞僗儕僗( Tathlith )丄價僔儍乕僆傾僔僗乮Bishah Oasis乯丄儊僨傿僫(Al-Madinah)偍傛傃僞僀儅(Tayma)傪捠偭偰儚僨傿 僔儖僴乕儞(Wadi'l-Sirhan)偱惣儖乕僩偲崌棳偟抧拞奀傊偲敳偗偰偄偨丅僞僀儅(Tayma)偺斏塰偑捀揰偵払偟偨偺偼婭尦慜555擭偐傜539擭偺僶價儘僯傾墹(Babylonian King)僫僽僯僨傿僗(Nabunidis, 556BC - 539BC乯偺帯悽偺婭尦慜552擭偵摨墹偼僞僀儅(Tayma)偵傾僽儔僌(Ablaq)偲塢偆戝偒側忛傪抸偒丄偙偺挰傪帺暘偺庱搒偲偟偰10擭娫偵傢偨偭偰巟攝偟偨丅枖丄惣楋267擭偐傜272擭傑偱僞僪儌乕儖(Tadmor)乮僷儖儈儔(Palmyra)乯傪巟攝偟偨傾儔僽偺彈墹僛僲價傾(Zenobia)偼僞僀儅傪廝寕偟偨偑杊嵡愴偵攋傟偨丅偙偺堊偵乽傾僽儔僌(Ablaq)忛偼橖枬偩丅乿偲僛僲價傾偑攍偭偨掱丄僞僀儅偼椡傪帩偭偰偄偨丅偙偺屆偄僆傾僔僗偵偼愭巎帪戙偐傜僀僗儔儉帪戙傑偱偺條乆側峫屆妛揑堚愓偑偁傝丄峏偵婭尦慜6悽婭偵慿傞屆戙偺旇暥傗僀僗儔儉弶婜偺偦偺懠偺堚愓傕懚嵼偟偰偄傞丅偙偺挰偼懡偔偺堜屗傗壥庽墍傪敽偄杒傊偲峀偑傞擾嬈抧懷偵埻傑傟偰偍傝丄挰帺懱偑僴僢僟僕(Haddaj)偲屇偽傟傞執戝側堜屗偺廃埻偵敪揥偟偰偄傞丅
僞僀儅愇拰(Tayma Stone)丗 傾儔儉暥帤(Aramaic)丄儕僼儎儞暥帤(Lihyanite)丄僒儉乕僪暥帤(Thamudic)偍傛傃僫僶僥傾暥帤(Nabataean)摍偱彂偐傟偨氺偟偄悢偺屆戙旇暥偑僞僀儅(Tayma)偲偦偺廃曈晹偱尒偮偐偭偰偄傞丅廳梫側応強偲偟偰偼僕儍僶儖 僌僫僀儉(Jabal Ghunaym)丄儈儞僞乕儖 僀僽儞 傾僥傿儎(Mintar ibn Atiya)丄儈儞僞乕儖 傾儖乕僨傿儖儎僩(Mintar al-Dhilyat)丄僞僂傿乕儖 僒僀乕僪(Taweed Saeed)丄儚僨傿 僕儏儔僀僟(Wadi Jurayda)丄傾儖乕僇僽 傾儖 僔儍乕儖僊(Al-Khabu al Sharqi)偍傛傃儚僨傿 傾儖乕僇僰 傾儖乕僈乕儖價(Wadi Al-Kanu Al-Gharbi)偑偁傞丅堦斣廳梫側偺偼愗愇偵崗傑傟偨旇暥偱儖乕僽儖攷暔娰(Louvre)偵揥帵偝傟偰偄傞僞僀儅(Tayma)愇拰偱偁傞丅
僟償傿僪 僕儑乕僕 儂僈乕僗(David George Hogarth)丗
1904擭偵儘儞僪儞偱乽傾儔價傾偺怤峌(Penetration of Arabia)乿傪弌斉偟偨塸崙偺峫屆妛幰(1862 - 1927)偱彫傾僕傾丒僔儕傾丒僄僕僾僩偺堚愓傪敪孈挷嵏偟丄僆僢僋僗僼傽乕僪戝妛(Oxford)傾僔儏儌乕儖攷暔娰(Ashmolean)挿(1909
- 1927)傪嬑傔偨丅偦偺懠挊彂偵偼乽僸僢僞僀僩偺栦復(Hittite Seals)乿(1920)傗乽僸僢僞僀僩偺墹払(Kings of the Hittites)乿(1926)摍偑偁傞丅
僟僂僒(Ad Dawsa)丗 僫僕儔儞廈惣撿晹偺熆傟扟僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habounah)拞棳堟偱杒傊偲僒乕儖(Thar)曽柺傊偺摴偑暘婒偡傞岎嵎揰偵偁傞晹棊偱丄乽怷乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僟僂慏(Dhow)丗 1杮儅僗僩偵戝嶰妏斂傪偮偗偨傾儔僽恖偺増娸杅堈斂慏僟僂慏(dhow)偱偁傞偑丄堦斒揑偵偼傾儔僽慏傪憤徧偡傞屌桳柤帉偲偟偰傕巊傢傟偰偄傞丅僟僂慏偵偼嬋偑偭偨慏庱丄慏庱憸丄柍栚乮僪傾媮j偺偁傞慏旜偍傛傃廧嫃梡慏旜揥朷戜傪旛偊丄崱偱偼杦偳攑傟偰偟傑偭偨岎堈慏僶僌儔(Baghlas)丄偐偮偰偼堦斒揑偱偁偭偨偑崱偼杦偳婬偵偟偐尒傜傟偢丄掅偔嬋偑偭偨慏庱偲崅偄慏旜傪旛偊偰偄傞恦懍側媞慏僒儉僶僢僋(Sambuks)丄偟偽偟偽恀庫嫏偵巊傢傟偨僕儍儖僽乕僩(Jalboots)
傗僈儞僕儍(Ganjas)丄僐僥傿傾(Kotias) 摍偑偁傞丅
僟僂僥傿(Doughty)丗 塸崙偺嶌壠偱椃峴壠(Charles M. Doughty丄1843-1926)偱1888擭偵乽傾儔價傾嵐敊偺椃(Travels in Arabia Deserta)乿傪弌斉丅
僞僂僸僪偺尨懃(Tawhid Doctrine)丗僀僗儔儉嫵媊妀怱偺梫栺丄偡側傢偪丄扨堦偲桞堦偺恄丅偙傟偼扤偵偱傕柍偔丄墹嵗偵偱傕柍偔丄椡偵偱傕柍偔丄傾僢儔乕偵偺傒傊偺拤惤傪堄枴偡傞丅偙偺條偵丄僞僂僸僪偺奣擮(Conception of Tawhid)偼恖娫偺懜尩(dignity)傪怱偵昤偄偰偄傞丅
懭墌岯宍惉(Elliptical Hole Conditions)丗 杦偳偺屆惗戙憌(Palaeozoic Formations)偼奜宍偑懭墌宍偺岯堜岴(Elliptical Well Bore Geometry)傪嶌傝弌偡壜擻惈偑偁傞丅偙偺栤戣傪崕暈偟丄岴寗棪(Porosity Measurement)傪應傞堊偵丄僒僂僕傾儔儉僐(Saudi Aramco)偱偼儘僌(Logs)偺惓妋側僨乕僞偑庢傟側偄儕僗僋傪彮側偔偡傞堊偵90搙偺僆僼僙僢僩(Axes Offset at 90 Degrees)傪帩偭偰擇廳枾搙偍傛傃僯儏乕僩儘儞暘愅(Dual Density and Neutron Logs)傪巊偆(South
Rub Al Khali Company)丅
僟僆儊乕(Dahomey)丗 儀僯儞(Benin)乮儀僫儞乯偺媽徧丄傾僼儕僇惣晹僊僯傾榩偵柺偟丄媽徧僟僆儊乕丄僼儔儞僗椞偐傜1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊11.2枩km2丄恖岥556枩恖(1996)丄寷朄忋偺庱搒偼億儖僩 僲償傽(Porto-Novo)偱帠幚忋偼僐僩僰乕(Cotonou)丄儀僯儞(Benin)丅
僟僈乕(Dagger)丗 敿寧宍偺抁搧丄偙傟傪懷傃傞偺偑傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺抝偺徾挜丅
僟僇僢僩嬥壿(Gold Ducat)丗 偐偮偰丄墷廈戝棨偱巊梡偝傟偨嬥壿(3.4909 Grams of .986 Gold)丅
偩偒愇(Jamb)丗 寶抸梡岅偱弌擖傝岥丄憢丆楩摍偺椉懁偵偲傝偮偗傜傟偰偄傞愇丅
僟僊僗僞僯(Abdal-Majeed Ismail Daghistani)丗 僒僂僕傾儔價傾忣曬徣敪峴偺乽儕儎僪(Ar-Riyadh, 1985)乿丄乽僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙(Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1983)乿丄乽僞僀僼(At-Taif, 1981)乿丄乽僕儏儀僀儖偲儎儞僽乕(Jubail and Yanbu 乫, 1983)乿丄乽僕僃僢僟偺搒巗惉挿偺寁夋丒娗棟(Urban Growth Management in Jeddah", Planning Outlook, 34 (1), England, 1991)乿摍偺挊幰丅
乽僞僋僂傿儉 傾儖-僽儖僟儞(Takwin al-Buldan)乿丗 傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abulfida) 挊偱乽崙乆偺昤幨(Delineation of the Countries)乿偲栿偝傟偰偄傞丅僒乕儅乕儞挬(Samanid dynasty, 873 - 999)偺掛恇偱偁偭偨傾僽 僓僀僪 傾儖-僶儖僸(Abu
Zayid al-Balkhi)偼梋壣傪抧宍妛傗抧棟妛偺挷嵏偵巊偄丄抁偄抧棟揑婰弎偟偐婰偝傟偰偄側偄堦懕偒偺抧恾孮偱峔惉偝傟偨僀僗儔儉崙抧恾挔傪廋惓偟偰嫃偨丅偦偺嶌嬈傪捠偠偰丄傾儖-僶儖僸偼偦偺帪戙偵擖庤弌棃偨忣曬傗帺暘帺恎偺峀斖埻偵傢偨傞椃峴偐傜摼偨抦幆偱偺僀僗儔儉崙抧恾挔偺曗懌傪曇嶽偟偨丅偦偺乽僞僋僂傿儉 傾儖-僽儖僟儞乮崙乆偺昤幨乯(Takwim al Buldan or Delineation of the
Countries) 乿偲塢偆戣柤偺杮偺尨杮偼幐傢傟偨偑丄僀僗僞僴儕(Auctore Abu Ishak al-Farisi al -Istakhri)偑950擭崰偵曇廤偟丄嵟怴忣曬壔偟丄憹曗偟偨斉傪嶌偭偨丅偦偺斉偼摨條偵僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖(Ibn Hauqal)偵傛偭偰偦偺挊嶌偵庢傝崬傑傟偨丅M. 儗僲乕(M.
Reinaud)偼偙傟傪東栿丒曇廤偟丄乽傾僽儖僼傿僟(Prince Abu'lfida)偺抧棟乿偲塢偆戣柤偱1848擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偟偰偄傞丅
僞僋儖儕恖(Takhruri)丗 僞僋儖儕恖(Takhruri)偺暋悢宍偼僞僋儕乕儖恖払(Takharir)偱偁傝丄僫僀僕僃儕傾恖(Nigerians)埥偄偼丄傕偭偲堦斒揑偵惣傾僼儕僇偺崟恖(West Afriacn Negroes)傪堄枴偡傞丅僞僋儕乕儖恖払(Takharir)偼弰楃偺屻丄埥偄偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偺搒巗偵廧張傪扵偟偰棃偨屻偱僕僢僟(Jiddah)傪帺暘払偺屘嫿偵偟傛偆偲寛怱偟偰偄偨丅僞僋儕乕儖恖払偼挰拞偱偺悈塣斃恖傗峘偱偺峘榩楯摥幰(stevedore)偲偟偰摥偒丄彈払偼僶僓傾乕儖(bazaar)偱攧偭偰偄傞摡婍傪嶌偭偰偄偨丅僫僇僣(Nakatu)偼僞僋儖儕恖(Takhruri)偺偨傑傝応(haunt)偱偁傞丅
僞僕 傾僽儖 僼僅僂僩僂乕 (Taj al-Maaly ibn Abul Foutouh)丗 儊僢僇庱挿 (Amir of Mekka) (帯悽 惣楋1038擭偐傜惣楋1061擭乯偱丄儊僨傿僫偺廆庡(Master of Medina)偱傕偁偭偨丅僫僔乕儖-僀 僐僗儘僂(Nasir-I Khosrow)偑惣楋1050擭9寧偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵懾嵼偟偨帪偵嵼埵偟偰偄偨丅僞僕 傾僽儖 僼僅僂僩僂乕偼偦偺嵼埵婜娫偐傜 Sharif Shukrul-Din, 1039 – 1061)偱偁傞偲巚偆丅
僞僗儅儞(Abel Janszoon Tasman, 1603 - 1659)丗 僆儔儞僟偺峲奀幰(Dutch Seafarer)偱1642擭偐傜1644擭偺峲奀偱僞僗儅僯傾(Van Diemen乫s Land or Tasmania)丄僯儏乕僕儔儞僪(New Zealand)丄僼傿僕乕(Fiji)偵儓乕儘僢僷恖偱弶傔偰摓払偟偨丅
僞僗儉(Tasm)丗 僞僗儉(Tasm)偼壠宯揑偵枾愙側娭學偑偁傞僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偲嫟偵幐傢傟偨傾儔僽(Lost Arabs)偵娷傑傟傞丅偑偭偪傝偲偟偨梫嵡傗峀斖埻側燇燆僔僗僥儉傪抸偄偰丄儚僨傿乫僀儖僪(Wadi al-'Ird)偲屇偽傟偨儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah)偲傗偼傝摉帪偼儚僨傿 僂僣儖(Wadi al-Wutr)偲屇偽傟偨儚僨傿 僶僒(Wadi
al-Batha)偡側傢偪尰嵼偺儕儎僪(Riyadh)偲摨偠抧堟偵掕廧偟偰偄偨偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅偦偺拞怱偺廤棊偼廫悽婭偵偼僴僕儖(Hajr)埥偄偼僇僪儔 僴僕儖(Khadra Hajr)偲屇偽傟偨応強偵偁偭偨丅僴僕儖(Hajr)偼僋僗乕儖(Qusur)乮僇僗儖(Qasr)乯偺慳傜側廤棊枖偼杊岇傪屌傔偨廧戭抧偲壥庽墍偱偼偁偭偨偗傟偳傕僈乕儖儎僩 僼傽僂(Qaryat al-Faw)偱尒偮偐偭偰偄傞條側挰偺拞怱偲側傞梫嵡偼柍偔丄廤棊偼僶僒捑揇暯尨(Batha silt plain)偺峀偄抧堟偵嶶傜偽偭偰偄偨條偩丅僴僕儖(Hajr)偼惌帯揑側宷偑傝傕敄偔娚傗偐側拞墰廤尃偱偁傝岎堈傛傝傕擾嬈偵廳揰偑偁偭偨偲巚傢傟傞偑丄巐悽婭偵婲偒偨姳榀偱旀暰偟偨丅偦偺忋丄僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)傕巟攝偡傞條偵側偭偨僞僗儉(Tasm)偺愱惂孨庡偺橖枬側怳傞晳偄偑椉晹懓偺娫偵榑憟傪堷偒婲偙偟丄僀僄儊儞偺僸儉儎乕儖(Himyarites)偺姳徛偲怤擖傪彽偒丄僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah) 堦栧偑偙偺抧偵傗偭偰棃偨屲悽婭傑偱偵偼巰偵愨偊偨偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅
僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)丗 傾僔乕儖廈乮Asir Province乯撪棨晹偺挰偱僞僗儕僗偺導挕偑偁傞丅僞僗儕僗偼嶰埵堦懱偲塢偆堄枴偱惞彂偵娭楢偮偗傞婰弎傕偁傞偑擕崄偺摴偺戉彜(Caravan)楬偺嶰嵆楬偱偙偙偐傜傾儖僴僒(Al
Asha)偺尪偺搒巗僎儖儔(Gerrha)曽柺偲儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah)曽柺傊偺摴偑暘偐傟偰嫃偨丅
僞僗儕僗 僷儗僗 儂僥儖(Tathlith Palace Hotel)丗
2003擭2寧偵僞僗儕僗偱廻攽偟偨儂僥儖(07-267-1110, 07-267-1112)丅僩僀儗偼儘乕僇儖(Local)幃偱偼偁傞偑丄儀僢僪偺晘晍偼僋儕乕僯儞僌偝傟偰偍傝丄壏偐偄僔儍儚乕偑弌傞偺偼搤偺椃偵偼桳擄偐偭偨丅
僞僞(Tahta)丗 忋僄僕僾僩偺僜僴僌導(Sohag Governorate)偺僫僀儖愳(the Nile)惣娸偺挰偱偁傞丅
僞僞乕儖恖(Tatar)丗 儌儞僑儖宯偺堦晹懓僞僞乕儖乮搩搩帣乯偺徧丄屻偵儌儞僑儖柉懓慡懱偺屇徧丄柧戙偵杒曽偵摝傟偨尦挬偺杒尦偵懳偡傞柧恖偺屇徧丄傑偨丄撿儘僔傾堦懷偵嫃廧偟偨僩儖僐恖傕傕偲傕偲儌儞僑儖偺帯壓偵偁偭偨娭學偐傜偦偺拞偵娷傔傞帠傕偁傞丅
廲宆嵒媢(Longitudinal Dune)丗 僙僀僼嵒媢(Seif Dunes)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅乽廲宆嵒媢偼晽岦偑曄傢傞帠偱墶宆嵒媢偑曄壔偟偰宍惉偝傟傞乿偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅戩墇晽岦偑懡彮堎側傞擇曽岦偐傜岎屳偵悂偄偰偔傞偲墶宆嵒媢傪曄宍偝偣丄條乆側宍偺掅偄嵒媢偐傜拞埵偺崅偝偺嵒媢偑楢側傞廲宆嵒媢傪嶌傝弌偡丅僫僼僪嵐敊乮Nafud乯偱偼悢僉儘偐傜廫悢僉儘暆偺扟偱暘偗傜傟偰偄傞崅偝90m掱偺悢廫僉儘偺挿偝偺廲宆嵒媢偑椵乆偲廳側傝楢側偭偰偄傞丅僫僼僪嵐敊偺嵺偩偭偨摿挜偼廲宆嵒媢傪宍惉偡傞堦偮堦偮偺嵒媢偺僼傽儖僕(Falj)偲屇偽傟傞墯抧(Depressions)偺宍偵偁傞丅僼傽儖僕偼傎傏敿懭墌偱丄攏偺掻偺嫄戝側愓偺條側宍傪偟偰偄傞丅廲宆嵒媢偱偼嵒偼堏摦偟偰傕抧宍偼杦偳曄傢傜偢丄斾妑揑埨掕偟偰嫃傝丄偦偺墯抧(Depressions)偼偟偽偟偽僔儏儔僽(Shrubs)傗憪偱岤偔暍傢傟偰丄僨傿僇僇(Dikaka)偲傕屇偽傟傞怉惗偺偁傞嵒敊傪嶌傝弌偡丅偙偺堊丄廲宆嵒媢抧懷偼僨傿僇僇(Dikaka)偲屇偽傟傞戙昞揑側応強偲側偭偰偄傞丅
僟乕僩摴(Dirt Road)丗 嵐敊摴(Desert
Road)丅
僞僫峘(Tana)丗 尰戙柤偼傾僝僼(Azov)偱丄儘僔傾楢朚撿晹僪儞愳(the Don)増偄偵偁傝丄崟奀撪奀偺傾僝僼奀乮Sea
of Azov乯傑偱偼栺6km偲嬤偄丅僪儞愳偺壨岥偼岎堈忋丄廳梫側搚抧偱偁傝丄婭尦慜3悽婭崰僊儕僔傾恖払(Greeks)偑偙偙偺怉柉搒巗傪偮偔傝丄愳傪堄枴偡傞僞僫僀僗乮Tanais乯偲柦柤偟偨丅13 - 14悽婭偵偙偺抧傪巟攝偟偨僉僾僠儍僋娋崙乮嬙嶡娋崙乯(Qipchaq))乮嬥挔娋崙(Golden Horde)乯偺嫋壜傪摼偰丄償僃僯僗(Venice)偲僕僃僲償傽(Genoa or Genova))偺彜恖払偑僞僫乮Tana乯偲塢偆怉柉搒巗傪抸偒丄掕廧偟偨偑丄1471擭偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire,1299 - 1923)偺怤峌偵傛傝愯椞偝傟偨丅
僞僯乕僽(Tanib)丗 乽揤枊偺峧乿傪堄枴偡傞岎嵎揰偼價僔儍乕(Bishah)傊偺暘婒偑偁傞儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)娫摴偺儕儎僪懁傊偺杮摴弌岥偺彮偟惣丄岎捠検傕柍偄嵐敊側偺偵壗屘偐棫懱岎嵎偵惉偭偰偄傞丅
僞僰儅乕(Tanumah)丗 傾僽僴(Abha)偺杒116
km偺僞僰儅乕(Tanumah)偼昗崅 2,080 m偱丄僕僶儖 傾儖 僒儔僩(Jibal
al-Sarat)偺拞偱傕摿偵尒帠側宨娤旤傪屩偭偰偄傞丅挰偺惣懁偱偼1,000倣埲忋傕偺棊嵎偱峠奀懁偺熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)傊偲棊偪崬傓奟抧(escarpment)傪壓傑偱擿偒崬傔傞丅搶懁偵偼戝偒偔奐偗偨杶抧偺岦偐偄偵椢偺庽椦偲敀偄暻傪偟偨壠壆偺懷偺忋偵洣棫偟偨揤嬬偺旲偺懢偔偟偨條側壴浖娾偺業摢偑戕偊丄敆偭偰棃偰偄傞丅嵍偐傜偼塤偑晳偄忋偑傝丄塃偵偼敳偗傞條側惵嬻偵偦偺忋偭偰棃偨敀偄塤偑椙偔塮偊偰偄傞丅挰偺廃埻偱偼栰惗偺儅儞僩僸僸偺孮傗敀偭傐偄榟傪椙偔尒偐偗傞丅挰偺杒傊偼堦枃娾偺壴浖娾偺戝偒偔惙傝忋偑偭偨娾嶳偺榚偐傜壴浖娾偺娾嶳孮偵嫴傑傟偨扟偵擖偭偰峴偔丅僞僰儅乕(Tanumah)偐傜杒偺嶳偼壴浖娾偵側傝丄孹幬傕棫偭偰挱傔傕椙偔側傞丅僞儖乕(Talh)偵彫偝側梩偺峀梩庽偑崿偠傞條偵惉偭偰棃傞斀柺丄崅嶳悪(攼隊丄Juniper)偑巔傪徚偡丅攼隊(價儍僋僔儞)偼壴浖娾偲偺憡惈偑椙偔側偄條偵巚傢傟傞丅熆傟扟儉儕乕(Wadi Mulyh)傪搉傞偲崅嶳悪乮價儍僋僔儞乯偼娵傒傪姶偠偝偣傞丅偦偺娵偄悪偲忋偵岦偐偭偰嶰妏宍傪奐偄偰偄傞條側僞儖乕(Talh)偑擹偄椢偲奃怓妡偐偭偨椢偺懳斾傪偝偣偰嫃傞條偩丅壴浖娾偺娾曱抧懷偑巄偔杒傊偲懕偔丅
僟僴儔僋彅搰(Archipelago Dahlac)丗 僄儕僩儕傾(Eritrea)椞奀(Latitude: 15亱 49' 60 N, Longitude: 40亱
12' 0 E)偵埵抲偟丄奀梞惗暔曐岇嬫偱偁傞丅拞惗憌偼愇桘傪娷.傓偙偲偑抦傜傟丄尨桘僈僗偺奐敪懳徾奀堟偵傕側偭偰偄傞丅枖丄億皟g儔儞僪皟Z儊儞僩惢憿. 偵揔偡傞愇奃娾偼懡偔偺応強偱敪尒偝傟偰偄傞丅
僟僴儔儞恾彂娰丗 Dhahran Library of ARAMCO.
僞僶儕(Tabari)丗 傾僽 僕儍乫僼傽乕儖 儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 僕儍儕乕儖 僞僶儕乕(Abū Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarīr at-Tabarī, c. 839 - 923)偼傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)帪戙偺楌巎妛幰丒恄妛幰偱丄柤慜偼儁儖僔儍(Persia)偺僞僶儕僗僞儞(Tabaristan)偵桼棃偡傞丅僔儕傾(Syria)丄僄僕僾僩(Egypt)側偳傪峀偔椃偟偰尒暦傪怺傔丄屻敿惗偼僶僌僟僢僪(Baghdad)偵棊偪拝偒柤惡傪攷偟偨丅傾儔價傾岅偵傛傞僐乕儔儞(Qur乫an)偺拲夝彂偼偙偺暘栰偱尃埿偲偝傟偨丅
僞僶乕儖僕儍儖(Tabarjal)丗 僞僶乕儖僕儍儖偼僔乕儖僴儞孍抧(Wadi'l-Sirhan)偺婔偮偐偺彫偝側熆傟扟(Wadi)偑廤傑傝丄廔鄟偡傞応強偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅儀僪僂僀儞(Beduin)偼熆傟扟偑廤傑傞応強傪儕僕儔(al-Rijla)偲柤晅偗偰嫃傝丄婔偮偐偺熆傟扟偑廤傑傞帠偐傜僞僶乕儖僕儍儖偺柤偼儕僕儔偵桼棃偟偰晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅屆戙偵偼戉彜楬偱偁偭偨戝夞楲偺孍抧儚僨傿乫儖 僔乕儖僴儞(Wadi'i Sirhan)偺梫強偱偁偭偨偑丄尰嵼偱偼僔乕儖僴儞孍抧偲偦偺廃曈偺擾嬈抧懷偺廤嶶抧偵側偭偰偄傞丅
僟價僨(David, c.1037–970 BC)丗 惞彂偵傛傟偽2戙栚偺僀僗儔僄儖墹(King of United Kingdom of Israel, reighed over Judah c.1007–1000 BC, over Judah and Israel c. 1000 – 970 BC)偱偁傝丄媽栺惞彂(Old Testament)偺僒儉僄儖婰(Books of Samuel)丄楍墹婰(Books of Kings)偵搊応偟丄帊曇(Psalms)偺嶌幰偲偝傟偰偄傞丅
僞僼僅儗傾慏(Taforeas)丗 傾僕傾乮傾儔價傾乯偺慏偱偁傞偑丄1509擭偺僨傿僂偺奀愴(Battle of Diu)偼億儖僩僈儖娡戉(Portuguese ships)偵戝彫5惽偺僞僼僅儗傾慏(taforeas)偑巊傢傟偨丅
僞僽僋廈(Province of Tabuk)丗 僞僽僋廈偺杒偼僒僂僨傿/僕儑儖僟儞(Saudi/Jordanian)崙嫬偐傜撿偼儅僨傿僫乕 儉僫僢儚儔乕(Madinah Al Munawwarah)廈偺杒晹丄惣偼峠奀偐傜搶偼僕儍僼廈(Al Jawf)偲偺廈嫬偵偁傝孍抧傪堄枴偡傞僼僼儔乕(Al
Hufrah)抧曽傑偱偺斖埻偵媦傃丄僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)嶳柆偐傜僞僽僋懲愊杶傪娷傓峀戝側懲愊杶杒晹偺暯尨抧懷傊偺嫬奅晹傪愯傔偰偄傞丅偙偺廈偼抧壓悈偑朙晉偱偁傝丄媢椝偲熆傟扟(Wadi)偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅拞偱傕廳梫側熆傟扟偵偼椢偺扟傪堄枴偡傞儚僨傿 傾僇僟乕儖(Wadi Al Akhdar)丄廤悈偺扟傪堄枴偡傞儚僨傿 僟儉(Wadi Damm)偍傛傃儚僨傿 傾僒僼傿乕儖(Wadi Asafir) 偑偁傞丅
僞僽僋擾嬈奐敪夛幮(TADCO)丗 TADCO(Tabuk
Agricultural Development Company乯偼1983擭偵愝棫偝傟丄350km2(35,000 ha)偺搚抧傪愯桳偟偰偄傞丅偙偺撪偺110 km2(11,000 ha) 偑峩嶌偝傟偰偄傞丅娏燆梡悈偼抧壓1,000m偐傜億儞僾偱媯傒忋偘傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺抧曽偺愺憌抧壓悈偼偙偺3擭娫偱150 m 偐傜 250 m 傑偱壓偭偰偄傞偑丄TADCO偺悈尮偼怺憌抧壓悈側偺偱塭嬁傪庴偗偰偼偄側偄丅愝旛偲偟偰偼 7,500 僩儞偺椻憼憅屔丄帺摦僾儘僙僗丄崼曪憰抲傪帩偭偰偄傞丅椻搥憅屔偺挋憼梕検偼攏楅彃偲僞儅僱僊梡偲偟偰5,000僩儞丄壥暔梡偲偟偰 5,000 僩儞丄崌寁 10,000 僩儞偱偁傞丅
僞僽僋偺愴偄(Battle of Tabuk)丗 梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偼婭尦631擭偵3枩恖偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)暫巑偲嫟偵儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah)傪棧傟丄墦偔搶儘乕儅掗崙(Byzantine Empire, 330 - 1453)椞偺僔儕傾廈(Province of Syria)偵嬌傔偰嬤偄僞僽僋(Tabuk)傑偱峴恑偟偨丅梊尵幰偲偦偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)孯偺摓拝偑偁傑傝偵憗偐偭偨堊丄戝孯偺廤寢偑娫偵崌傢偢丄搶儘乕儅峜掗偼梊尵幰偲偺岎愴傪拞巭偣偞傞傪偊側偐偭偨丅梊尵幰偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偵20擔懾嵼偟丄價僓儞僠儞掗崙偺惌帯揑惃椡壓偱恖摢惻傪巟暐偄偦偺朄偵廬偭偰偄偨婔偮偐偺塹惎崙偵懳偟儉僗儕儉(Muslims)傊夵廆偡傞條偵敆偭偨丅偙偺堊偵懡偔偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺晹懓偑婌傫偱僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨丅偙偺柍寣彑棙偱儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偼儘乕儅偲偺挿偄愴偄傪巒傔傞慜偵撪晹偺抍寢傪嫮傔傞偺偵惉岟偟偨偽偐傝偐丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)傪怣偠側偄幰払傗偦傟傪憰偆幰払偺惃椡傪懪偪嵱偄偨丅徻嵶偼乽屆戙暥柧偺屻攚抧僞僽僋偺梐尵幰儌僴僢儊僪偺僞僽僋墦惇乿傪偛嶲徠懻偒偨偄丅
僟僼僫乕嵐敊(Ad Dahna)丗 偙偺嵐敊偼僫僼乕僪(An Nafud)乮嵒偺奀嵐敊乯偲儖僽傾儖僴乕儕乕(Ar Rub Al Khali)乮嬻敀抧懷嵐敊乯偺娫傪寢傇1,000km偵傕媦傇嵒偺夞楲偱偁傝丄戩墇晽偵傛偭偰僫僼僪偐傜儖僽傾儖僴乕儕乕傑偱嵒偑塣偽傟偰偄傞丅
僟僼儔僋僶僞乕(Dahlak Butter)丗 儅僢僒儚(Massouah or Massawa)偐傜桝擖偝傟偰偄偨崅媺僶僞乕丅
僞僽儕乕僘(Tabriz)丗 僞僽儕乕僘(Tabriz)偼僀儔儞杒惣晹偺搒巗偱丄屆戙柤偼僞僂儕僗(Tauris)偲塢偄丄搶傾乕僓儖僶乕僀僕儍乕儞廈(East
Azarbai Province)乮搶傾僛儖僶僀僕儍儞廈(East Azerbaijan Province)乯偺廈搒丅恖岥偼栺140枩恖丅僥僿儔儞(Tehran or Teheran)偐傜惣杒惣傊栺600km偱丄僒僴儞僪嶳(Sahand, 3,710m乯偺杒懁偵埵抲偡傞丅傾僛儖僶僀僕儍儞抧曽(Azerbaijan)偺拞怱搒巗偱丄廧柉偺懡偔偼傾僛儖僶僀僕儍儞恖(Azerbaijanis)偱偁傞丅偙偺搒巗偑偄偮寶愝偝傟偨偐偵偼彅愢偁傝丄偦偺楌巎偼彮側偔偲傕僒乕僒乕儞挬(Sassanid Empire, 226 - 651)傑偱慿傞偙偲偑弌棃傞丅僞僽儕乕僘(Tabriz)偺柤偼丄297擭偵傾儖儊僯傾墹崙(Kingdom of Armenia or Greater Armenia,
190 BC - AD 428) 傾儖僒働僗挬(Arsacid Dynasty, 54 - 428)偺墹僥傿儕僟僥僗3悽(Tiridates III or Tiridates the Great, 250s – ca 330)偺柤偵場傫偱僞僂儕僗乮Tauris乯偲屇偽傟偨偙偲偵桼棃偡傞丅抧恔偱攋夡偝傟偨偑丄8悽婭偺傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)偺僇儕僼(Caliph)偱偁偭偨僴乕儖乕儞丒傾僢儔僔乕僪(Harun ar-Rashid, 786 - 809)偺嵢偺堦恖偵傛偭偰嵞寶偝傟偨丅13悽婭屻婜埲崀丄僀儖僴儞挬乮僀儖 僴儞崙乯(Ilkhanate or Il Khanate, 1259 -1335)偍傛傃崟梤挬乮僇儔丒僐儐儞儖挬乯(Kara Koyunlu, 1375 -1468)偺庱搒偲側傝丄偝傜偵1469擭偵崟梤挬傪捛偭偨敀梤挬乮傾僋丒僐儐儞儖挬乯(Ak Koyunlu, 1378 - 1508)偺庱搒偲側偭偨丅偝傜偵丄敀梤挬傪柵傏偟偨僒僼傽償傿乕挬(Safavid Iranian Empire, 1501 -1736)傕丄1548擭偺僈僘償傿乕儞(Qazvin))傊偺慗搒傑偱庱搒偲偟偨丅抧恔妶摦偺妶敪側抧堟偱偁傝丄楌巎揑側堚愓偼偁傑傝巆偭偰偄側偄丅僀儖僴儞挬偺帪戙丄13悽婭弶摢偵寶愝偝傟偨梫嵡偺愓丄傾儖僎丒僞僽儕乕僘(Ark e Tabriz)傗儅僗僕僃僨丒僇僽乕僪乮僽儖乕丒儌僗僋乯(Masjed e Kabud or Blue Mosque)側偳偑桳柤偱偁傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僞儂峘(Port Tejo)丗 僗儁僀儞拞晹偐傜億儖僩僈儖傪宱偰戝惣梞偵拲偖丄僀儀儕傾(Iberia)敿搰嵟挿偺愳乮僥僌僗(Tagus)愳丄僞儂(Tajo)愳丄僥乕僕儑(Tejo)愳乯壨岥偺峘挰丅
僟儅(Dama)丗 儓乕儘僢僷偺僎乕儉偲偼彮偟堘偆僪儔僼僩偺堦庬(a kind of draughts or checkers)丅
僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)丗 僔儕傾撿惣晹偵偁傞偙偺崙偺庱搒偱恖岥150枩丄尰懚偡傞悽奅嵟屆偺搒巗偺1偮偱傕偁傞丅
僞儅儕儞僪(Tamarind)丗 擬懷乮拞墰傾僼儕僇乯尨嶻偺儅儊壢偺忢椢崅栘丟幚偼惔椓堸椏丒栻梡乮娚壓嵻乯丒挷枴椏偵梡偄傜傟傞丅枖丄庒偄浒偼怘梡偵側傞丅
僟儈傾儞 僨 僑僀僗(Damião de Gofs)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠偱乽嬥帩偪墹儅僯儏僄儖(Rei D. Manuel)偺擭戙婰乿傪挊嶌偟丄1566擭偵弶斉杮弌斉偟偨丅暅崗斉偼僐僀儞僽儔偱1949 - 1955擭偵弌斉偝傟偨(Crónica do
Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel composta por Damião de Gois Nova edição conforme a
primeira de 1566. Coimbra 1949 - 1955.)乿丅
僟儈僄僢僞(Damietta)丗 僄僕僾僩杒晹偺僫僀儖愳嶰妏廈偵嵼傞挰偺柤偱偁傞丅
僞儈儖 僫僪僁廈(Tamil Nadu)丗 僀儞僪撿搶晹僐儘儅儞僨儖奀娸(Coromandel Coast)増偄偺廈偱廈搒偼媽徧儅僪儔僗(Madras)偺僠僃儞僫僀(Chennai)丅
僞乕儔乕嬧壿(Thaler)丗 15悽婭偐傜19悽婭偵巊傢傟偨僪僀僣偺嬧壿(=3 Marks)
僞儔僶(Taraba)丗 僞僀僼(Tayf)偺屻攚抧丅
僞儔儖揳壓(Prince Talal)丗 僀僽儞 僒僂僪墹(Ibn Saud)偺懅巕偺堦恖偱丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾桳椡婇嬈壠偱傕偁傝丄崙楢奐敪婡娭偺傾儔價傾榩娸寁夋偲憤嵸(president of Arab Gulf Program for UN
Development Organization)(AGFUND)偲傾儔僽 僆乕僾儞戝妛(Arab Open University)偺憤嵸偱傕偁傞丅
僟儕儎(Dariyah)丗 僟儕儎(Dariyah)偼傾儔價傾弬忬抧偺鋊偵摉偨傞埵抲偵偁傞丅媽儊僢僇奨摴偺價僕儍僨傿儎(Al Bijadiyah)偺杒惣100
km偵偁傝, 價僕儍僨傿儎偺惣22km偐傜巬摴傪杒惣偵恑傓偲愒偄搚偺暯尨偑尷傝側偔懕偒丄偦偺強乆偵壴浖娾偺業摢偑尰傟偰嫃傞丅偙偺曈傝偱偼業摢偺懡偔偑僐儞僋儕乕僩偺搚娫偺條偵暯偵戝抧傪暍偭偰嫃傝丄偦偺娫偵悈傪扻偊偨偨偔偝傫偺愺偄偔傏抧偑偁傞丅偙偺暯尨偵偼擾抧偼柍偔丄閜閗偺孮傗梤偺孮偑憪傪怘傋偰偄傞偩偗偱偁傞丅偙偺愺偄熆傟扟(Wadi)偑廤傑偭偰扟偲惉傝丄摴楬偼偦偺扟偵増偭偰恑傓丅廤棊偺戝偒偝偐傜偡傞偲壗屘偙傫側偵恖偑廤傑偭偰偄傞偺偐晄巚媍側掱丄懡偔偺恖偑嬥梛楃攓偱儌僗僋偵廤傑偭偰嫃傞丅儌僗僋偺偺廤棊傪夁偓傞偲壴浖娾偺戝偒側業摢偑暯尨偺拞傪撿惣偐傜杒搶偵捈慄偵暲傫偱嫃傞丅晽壔偟偰斅忬偵惉偭偨壴浖娾偵暍傢傟偨偨偔偝傫偺媢偑暲傫偱嫃傞丅僟儕儎(Dariyah)偺庤慜偵彫偝傔偺僟儉偑抸偐傟丄晹棊偺屻傠偵偼偼彫宆儓僢僩偺嶰妏斂偺宍傪偟偨摿挜桳傞壴浖娾偺愲搩偑戕偊偰嫃傞丅恀怴偟偄壠偑報徾揑偵婔搹偐寶偰傜傟偰嫃傞偑丄偳傟傕嬻偒壠偱偁傞丅惌晎偺曗彆嬥傪棳梡偟偰丄偙傟傜偼扤偐偺塀戅屻偺堊偵寶偰傜傟偰嫃傞偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偺懞偵傕僫僣儊灲巕偺敤偼偁傞偑恖岥傪榙偆條側惗嶻偼偲偰傕婜懸弌棃柍偄丅僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偵偼偙偺條偵偳偆偟偰惗寁傪榙偭偰嫃傞偺偐媈栤側挰傗懞偑懡偄丅乽偙傟傜偼梀杚柉(Bedouins)偺婎抧偩乿偲尵偆恖傕嫃傞丅
乽僞儕乕僋 儅僨傿僫乕 僕儏僢僟乿丗 僔僃僀僋 傾僽僪 僌僢僟僗 傾儞僒儕(Sheikh Abd al-Quddus al-Ansari)挊偺乽僕僢僟巗偺楌巎(History of the city of Jiddah)乿偱1963擭偵僕僢僟偱嵟弶偵弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽僞儕僴 儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al-Mustahsir)乿丗 僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)偺挊嶌乽僞儕僴 儉僗僞乕僔乕儖乮撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae
Meridionalis)乯乿偼惣楋1229擭偺捈偖屻偵彂偐傟偨丅偙偺杮偼楌巎揑抐復丄椃峴婰偲幮夛揑廗姷偺婰弎偦偟偰撿傾儔價傾偺挰偺庬乆嶨懡側抧棟揑側忣曬偐傜峔惉偝傟偰偄偨丅1970擭戙偵偼僫億儕戝妛搶梞妛晹攷巑偱傾儔價僗僩G. 僙儗僞僲攷巑(Dr. G. Celentano) 偑僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir)偺挊嶌僞儕僴 儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al Mustahsir)偺僕僢僟偵娭偡傞復傪峑掶丒東栿偟偨(Dr. G. Celentano of the Instituto Universitario
Orientale -
僞儕乕僽(Tarib)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushait Road)偺杮摴偲價僔儍乕(Bishah)偲偺暘婒偁傞娫摴傊暘偐傟偺棫懱岎嵎偺偁傞僞僯乕僽(Tanib)偺22倠倣撿偺杮摴増偄偵乽婌傃乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪晅偗傜傟偨晹棊偑偁傞丅傾僔乕儖廈(Asir)撪棨抧曽偱偼摨偠柤慜傗摨偠條柤慜偑斾妑揑嬤偄丄懞傗廤棊偵巊傢傟偰偄傞帠偑懡偔丄僞僯乕僽(Tanib)偐傜儕儎僪(Riyadh)曽柺傊偲杒搶偵彮偟栠偭偨儅僢僟乕(Al-Maddah)偲偺娫偵傕摨偠柤偑晅偗傜傟偨彫偝側晹棊偑偁傞丅
僞儖Talh(Acacia gerrardii)丗 僞儖偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾傪戙昞偡傞傾僇僔傾庬偺庽栘偱拞墰攚椗偲塢傢傟傞僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jabal Tuwayq)傛傝傕惣偱偼熆傟扟偺扟掙偽偐傝偱偼柍偔丄娾嶳偺忋傗峠奀偺奀娸嵺傑偱帺惗偟偰偄傞丅攚崅偼戝偒偄傕偺偱傕5-6倣埵偱悈偑彮側偄応強偱偼1m偵傕枮偨側偄丅僒儔儉偲堎側傝崻尦偐傜婔偮傕偺巬偵暘偐傟傞偑梩偼庽姤偵枾廤偟偰偍傝丄嶳梤傗梤偵偼娙扨偵怘傋傜傟側偄丅搶晹廈偺杒晹丄拞晹偵偼帺惗偟側偄偺偼愇奃幙搚忞傪寵偆偺偱偼側偄偐偲巹側傝偵棟夝偟偰偄傞丅
僟儖僂傿乕僔儏(Dervish)丗 恄旈庡媊嫵抍偺廋峴幰乮寖偟偄梮傝傗婩摌偱朄墄忬懺偵偼偄傞乯丄梮傝嫸偆恖丅
僟儖僇儞僎儕(Mrs. Mary Pope D'Arcangeli)丗 傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑偺傾僔僗僞儞僩丅
僟儖儅僥傿傾(Dalmatia)丗 僶儖僇儞(Balkan)敿搰惣晹偺僋儘傾僠傾 (Croatia)傪拞怱偲偡傞傾僪儗傾奀(Adriatic
Sea)増娸抧曽丅
僞儞僓僯傾(Tanzania)丗 傾僼儕僇搶晹偱僀儞僪梞偵愙偡傞塸楢朚偵懏偡傞崙偱1964擭偵僞儞僈僯乕僇(Tanganyika)偲僓儞僕僶儖(Zanzibar)偲偑崌暪偟惉棫丄柺愊94.5枩km2丄恖岥3,659枩恖(2004)偱庱搒偼僟儖 僄僗 僒儔乕儉(Das es Salaam)丅
僞儞僕乕儖(Tangier)丗 儌儘僢僐(Morocco)杒抂偺僕僽儔儖僞儖奀嫭(the Strait of Gibraltar)偵椪傓峘榩搒巗丄恖岥67枩恖(2004)丄婭尦慜15悽婭偵偼僼僃僯僉傾恖(Phoenician)偺岎堈抧偱偁偭偨丅
扨惈榑僉儕僗僩嫵(Monophysitism Christian)丗 僄僕僾僩偐傜峀傑偭偨僉儕僗僩偼恄惈偲恖惈偲偑堦懷偵暋崌偟偨扨堦惈偺傕偺偱偁傞偲愢偔丅
抈敀愇(Opal)丗 夠忬傑偨偼恡憻忬丒忂擕忬側偳傪側偟偰嶻偡傞敿摟柧側偆偟晄摟柧偺峼暔偱丄惉暘偼娷悈宂巁偱偁傝丄峝搙5.5 - 6.5丄敀丒墿丒峠丒妼丒椢丒奃丒惵摍偺怓傪惉偟丄僈儔僗岝戲傪帩偮丅婱抈敀愇偼曮愇偲偟偰梡偄傞乮僆僷乕儖(Opal)乯丅
乽抦宐偺幍拰(Seven Pillars of Wisdom)乿丗 僩乕儅僗 僄僪儚乕僪 儘乕儗儞僗(Thomas Edward Lawrence) (1888- 1935)挊丄傾儔價傾斀棎偵偍偗傞帺恎偺懱尡傪婰榐偟偨帺揱揑嶌昳偱1919擭偵姰惉偟偨尨峞傪暣幐丄1922擭偵埑弅偟偰巹壠斉偲偟偰弌斉偟偰偄傞丅1926擭偁傞偄偼1935擭偵弶斉偑弌偰偄傞偑1965擭儘儞僪儞偱嵞弌斉偝傟偨(LAWRENCE, T. E. Seven Pillar of Wisdom
London 1965, (first published in 1965).)丅
僠僃儖働僗恖(Circassian)丗 杒惣僇僼僇僗岅懓(North-western Caucasus or Caucas)偵懏偡傞Cherkess偲傕塢偆丅
乽拞悽偵偍偗傞儗償傽儞僩偺岎堈偺楌巎乿丗 W. 僿僀僪挊丄1885 - 1886擭偵儔僀僾僠僢僸偱弌斉(HEYD, W.
Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age Leipzig 1885 - 1886.)丅
乽拞搶偺恖乆偲暥壔(People and Cultures of the Niddle East)乿丗
1970擭偵儖僀乕僘 E. 僗僂傿乕僩(Louise E. Sweet)偑曇廤偟丄僯儏儓乕僋偱弌斉偟偨丅摨彂偵偼僀儞僪梞(the Indian Ocean)偲峠奀奀堟傪峲峴偟偰偄偨僶僢僈儔(Baggalah)丄僽乕儉(Boom)丄僒儞僽乕僋(Sambuk)偍傛傃僓儖僋(Zaruk)偺庡梫側4偮偺宆偺傾儔僽慏(Arab Ship)摍偵偮偄偰徻偟偔弎傋偰偄傞丅
僡僢僟(Djidda)丗 僕僃僢僟(Jedda)丅
乽抧柤帿揟(Exhaustive Gazetteer)乿丗 僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemy)乮儔僥儞岅柤偼Claudius Ptolemaeus乯偺抧棟妛僈僀僪偺庡梫晹暘偺抧柤帿揟偼抧堟偵傛偭偰惍棟偝傟偨応強応強偺梋偡強柍偔尋媶偝傟偰偄偨丅
僠儍傾僢儔(Chaalla)丗 僌儞僼僟乕(Al Qunfudhah)偲僕僃僢僟乕(Jeddah)偺娫偺嵐敊偵偁偭偨懞丅
拑怓偺奀憯椶(Algae)丗 僇僕儊崺晍(Ecklonia radiata)偼僇僕儊(Ecklonia cava)摍偲摨偠崺晍栚(Laminariales)崺晍壢偱偁傝丄儂儞僟儚儔壢(Sargassaceae)偵偼僼僔僗僕儌僋(Sargassum confusum)傗僸僕僉(Sargassum fusiforme)偑娷傑傟丄妼憯栐(Phaephycease)僇僙儌僲儕栚(Scytosophonales)偵偼僼僋儘僲儕(Colpomenia sinuosa)傗儚僞儌(Colpomenia bullosa)偑娷傑傟傞丅
僠儍僪(Chad)丗 傾僼儕僇拞晹丄杒晹偼僒僴儔嵐敊偺撿偵愙偟丄撿惣晹偵偼僠儍僪屛(Lake Chad)傪書偔丄尦僼儔儞僗椞偱1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊128枩km2丄恖岥1,078枩恖(Estimated in 2007)丄庱搒偼僂儞僕儍儊僫(N'Djamena)丅
僠儍僪屛(Lake Chad)丗 僠儍僪(Chad)丄僇儊儖乕儞(Cameroons)丄僯僕僃乕儖(Niger)丄僫僀僕僃儕傾(Nigeria)偵傑偨偑傞傾僼儕僇拞晹偺屛偱丄慺柺偺婫愡曄摦偑寖偟偔丄棳弌壨愳偑柍偄堊偵峖悈帪偵偼悽奅嵟戝偺扺悈屛偺1偮偲側傞丅
僠儍儔僋僗(Charax)丗 傕偲傕偲傾儗僉僓儞僟乕戝墹 (Alexander the Great) 偵傛偭偰尒偮偗傜傟偨僠僌儕僗
(Tigris) 偲儐乕僼儔僥僗 (Euphrates)壨岥偺娫偺壗張偐偵偁傞挰偱偁傞丅惓妋側埵抲偼摿掕偱偒側偄偗傟偳傕傾僶僟儞搰(Abadan Island) 偺杒偺奜傟偺応強偩偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅
僠儍乕儖僘 儌儞僞僊儏乕 僟僂僥傿(Charles Montague Doughty)丗 塸崙偺嶌壠丒椃峴壠(1843 - 1926)偱1888擭偵乽傾儔價傾嵐敊偺椃峴(Travels in Arabia Deserta乿傪挊弎偟偨乮扐偟丄弶斉偼1888擭乯(Doughty, C.M. Travels in Arabia Deserta
London 1926. ) 丅
拞墰傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙(Central African Republic)丗 傾僼儕僇拞晹撪棨崅尨偵埵抲偡傞媽僼儔儞僗椞偱1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊62枩km2丄恖岥422枩恖(2007)丄庱搒偼僶儞僊(Bangui)丅
拞墰嬒堦孹幬懷(Northern Interior Homo-Cline)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hail or Hayil)搶晹偐傜儕儎僪(Riyadh)傊偲墑傃偰嫃傝丄屆惗戙(Paleozoic)偍傛傃拞惗戙(Mesozoic)偺懲愊憌偱峔惉偝傟丄搶杒傊偲孹幬偟偰偄傞丅
拻夠丗 Temsah or Ingots丅
僠儏儖僯僪挬(Tulunid)丗僩僁乕儖乕儞挬偲揮幨偝傟傞偙偺墹挬(Tulunid,
868 - 905)偼惣楋868擭偵僄僕僾僩憤撀偱偁偭偨傾僴儊僪 僀僽儞 僠儏儖儞(Ahmed Ibn Tulun)乮傾僼儅僪 僀僽儞 僩僁乕儖乕儞乯偑庛懱壔偟偨傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)偐傜恀偭愭偵撈棫偟丄惣楋905擭傑偱僫僀儖扟(Nile Valley)傪巟攝偟偨丅乮僩僁乕儖乕儞挬(Tulunids)傪嶲徠丅乯
挭娫懷(Intertidal Zone or Foreshore)丗 掅挭埵偲崅挭埵偺娫偵棨抧偵惉傞昹曈偱偁傞丅
挌帤(Clove)丗 儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas)尨嶻僼僩儌儌壢壢偺擬懷忢椢崅栘偱丄巬偼嶰嵆忬丄梩偼懳惗偱妚幙丄壴偼敀丒扺峠怓偱摏忬丄廤嶶壴彉傪側偟丄崄傝偑崅偔丄壴屻丄挿偄懭墌忬偺塼壥傪寢傇丄錛傪姡憞偟偨挌崄乮僋儘乕償乯偼屆棃桳柤側惗栻丒崄恏椏偱壥幚偐傜傕桘傪庢傟丄偦偺懠偵墿怓偺愼椏偲偟偰傕巊傢傟偨丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽挌帤(clove)偼姡憞偝偣偨暵偠偨傑傑偺Carophyllus aromaticus偺錛偱偁傝丄Carophyllus aromaticus偼崄椏彅搰(Spice Islands)偲傕屇偽傟傞儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas)尨嶻偺忢椢庽偱偁傞乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
僠儑僂儖(Chaul)丗 儃儞僶僀(Bombay)偐傜撿栺60km偺濨枂側愳偺娸曈偵偁傝丄僨傿僂(Diu)偐傜偼斂慏偱1擔偺峲奀偱峴偗偨丅1521擭偵億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)偑嵲傪抸偒丄掕廧偟丄億儖僩僈儖椞僀儞僪偺堦晹(a
Part of Portuguese
India's Northern Province)偲側偭偨丅
挋悈憛(Birka)丗 熆傟扟偺掙偵愝偗傜傟偨悈棴傔偱塉婜偵挋傔偨悈傪姡婜偵堸椏悈摍偵巊偆丅
挋憛(Cistern)丗 乮壆忋摍偺乯悈憛丄乮揤慠偺乯挋悈抮丅
乽抧棟妛僈僀僪(Geographic Guide)乿丗
8姫偐傜側傝丄抧棟妛僈僀僪偺庡梫晹暘偼抧堟偵傛偭偰惍棟偝傟偨応強応強偺梋偡強柍偔尋媶偟偨抧柤帿揟偲偦傟傜偺応強偵妱傝摉偰傜傟偨媴柺忋偺堒搙宱搙偱偁傞丅擇斣栚偺晹暘偼墌悕宍偺搳塭偱昤偐傟偨悽奅抧恾偲抧堟抧恾偱峔惉偝傟偨抧恾挔偱偁傞丅僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemy)乮儔僥儞岅柤偼Claudius
Ptolemaeus乯偼鏢鏞柍偔抧媴偑媴懱偱偁傞帠傪慜採偲偟偰偄偨丅
僠儞僶偺曕峴丗 懌偺傃偭偙(Lameness)丅
僣僥僫僌(Tutenague)丗 儅儔乕僥傿乕岅(Marathi)乮僀儞僪拞惣晹儅僴儔僔儏僩儔僔儏廈(Maharashtra)偺岞梡岅乯偱僪僀僣嬧(German silver)偵帡偨敀怓崌嬥埥偄偼僀儞僪曽柺偐傜桝擖偟偨垷墧傪巜偡丅
僣儃僒儞僑(Alum-Root)丗 杒暷嶻儐僉僲僔僞壢僣儃僒儞僑懏偱椢傪懷傃偨敀傗愒枴偑偐偭偨楅偺宍傪偟偨壴傪桳偡傞怉暔(Heuchera americans)偺崻丅
僣儅儞 儀僀(Tuman Bey)丗 1516擭8寧24擔偵傾儗僢億(Aleppo)嬤偔偺儅儖僕 僟價僋(Marj Dabiq)偺暯尨偱僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman)偲偺愴偄偱僄僕僾僩懁偑暡嵱偝傟丄僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Qansawh al-Ghawri)偑嶦偝傟偨屻傪僗儖僞儞傪宲彸偟偨偑丄1517擭1寧22擔偵僇僀儘(Cairo)偼僆僗儅儞(Ottoman)懁偺庤偵棊偪丄僣儅儞 儀僀(Tuman
Bey)偼棤愗傜傟丄張孻偝傟丄偙偙偵儅儉儖乕僋墹挬(Mamluk Burji Dynasty, 1382 - 1517)偼柵朣偟偨丅
僣儉儕(Tumli)丗 崅偄応強偵愇傪愊傫偩働儖儞偱曟偲峫偊偰偄傞愱栧壠傕偄傞丅
僣儔僀僼(Turaif)丗 傾儔價傾墶抐憲桘儔僀儞(TAP Line)偺儓儖僟儞(Jordan)崙嫬偵嬤偄挰偱丄'傾儖'傾儖('Ar'ar)偐傜243
km偺応強偵偁傞丅挰偺擖傝岥偐傜彮偟擖偭偨杒婑傝偵傾儔儉僐(ARAMCO)偺桘憛強偑偁傞丅僣儔僀僼(Turaif)偐傜惣偵岦偐偆偲10 km掱偱摴楬偺惓柺偵奺乆偑撈棫偟偨嶳偑婔偮傕尒偊偰偔傞丅僴僢儔梠娾抧懷(Al Harrah)偺壩嶳惈偺嶳乆偱偁傞丅
僣儚僀乕儖(Al-Tuwair)丗 僒僇僇(Sakaka)偺撿曽栺8km偺峹奜偵戝偒側嵒娾偺媢偑敆傝丄偦偺榌偺彫偝側奟偺忋偵攑毿偑寶偭偰偄傞応強偑偁傞丅偙傟偑婭尦慜僫僶僥傾(Nabataeans)帪戙偺堦悽婭偐傜婭尦擇悽婭偵妡偗偰斏塰偟偨僣儚僀乕儖屆忛偺嵼偭偨応強偱丄偦偺忛偼嵟屻偵偼堦晹壆嵲偲屇偽傟偨掱偵彫偝偐偭偨丅偦傟偱傕偙偺堚愓偼傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偺僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemaios)乮婭尦擇悽婭乯偑婰弎偟偨僨儏乕儅僩 傾儖乕僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)抧曽偺屆戙搒巗偺堦偮偲巚傢傟傞丅偦偺攑毿偺棤庤偵懕偔娾偺媢傪搊傞偲丄偦偺搶幬柺偵偼恖娫丄攏丄幹丄閜閗丄懌愓傗屆戙傾儔價傾旇暥偑尒傜傟傞丅偦偺婔偮偐偼堦儢強偵偐偨傑偭偰昤偐傟丄枖丄婔偮偐偼撈棫偟偰昤偐傟偰偄傞丅
僣儚儖(At Tuwal)丗 僣儚儖(At
Tuwal)偼僕僓儞廈(Jizan Emirate)峠奀娸摴楬偺僀僄儊儞乮Yemen乯偲偺崙嫬偺挰偱丄偦偺愭偵娙扨側奐暵婡偱摴楬傪幷抐偟偨専栤強偑偁傝丄崙娗棟帠柋強偲惻娭偺寶暔僈暲傇丅僕僓儞乮Jizan乯偐傜僥傿僴儅乕掅抧乮Tihamah乯傪撿傊偲壓傞偲姉偲儌儘僐僔(Sorghum)偑栚棫偪丄僆乕僠僃儕(Aucheri)傕戝偒偔惉偭偰惗偊偰偄傞丅墌宍擾応偼尒偁偨傜偢丄戙傢傝偵揰嵼偡傞戝偒側搚閈摢偼彫偝側梩偺墌偄攚偺崅偄燇栘(Bush)偱偁傞丅僕僓儞(Jizan)偐傜僣儚儖偵岦偐偭偰撿偵壓傞偲46 km偱傾僴僪 儅僒儔乕(Ahad al Masarah)傪捠夁偡傞丅偙偺挰偼懞掱搙偺婯柾偱僋僶乕(Al-Khubah)傊偺摴偑暘婒偡傞丅搶懁偵敪揹強偑偁傝丄彫偝側墌宍擾応(Center Pivot)偑儌儘僐僔(Sorghum)偺敤偺拞偵堦婎偁傜傢傟傞丅僕僓儞(Jizan)偐傜62 km偱僒儈僞乕(Samitah)偲塢偆戝偒側挰傪捠夁偡傞丅儌儘僐僔(Sorghum)偺敤偺拞丄僔僪儖(Sidr)偺栘偑揰乆偲怉傢偭偰慳椦偺條偩丅僕僓儞(Jizan)偐傜80 km偱僣儚儖(At Tuwal)偵摓拝偡傞丅
僨傿乕僂乮僨傿僂乯(Diu)丗 僀儞僪偺惣晹丄僌儔僕儍乕僩廈(Gujarat)偺傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)偵撍弌偡傞僇乕僥傿儎儚乕儖敿搰(Kathiawar Peninsula)偺撿抂偵埵抲偡傞彫搰偱丄柺愊偼38.5km2丄恖岥偼栺23,000恖丅僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(the Ottoman Empire)偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨偑丄1509擭億儖僩僈儖偺娡戉偑儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk)偺娡戉偲僨傿乕僂壂奀愴(Battle
of Diu)偺枛丄偙傟傪懪偪攋傝丄報搙梞偺惂奀尃傪庤偵偄傟偨丅1535擭偵億儖僩僈儖偼僌僕儍儔乕僩墹崙(the Sultanate of Gijarat)偲儉僈乕儖掗崙(the Mughal Empire)偵懳偡傞杊塹摨柨傪寢傃丄僨傿乕僂偵梫嵡傪寶愝偟偨丅偙偺摨柨偼捈偖偵攋婞偝傟丄僕儍儔乕僩崙墹偼1537擭偐傜1546擭偺娫偵億儖僩僈儖傪嬱拃偟傛偆偲偟偨偑幐攕偵廔傢偭偨丅1554擭偵偼億儖僩僈儖偑僌僕儍儔乕僩墹崙(the Sultanate of Gijarat)偐傜僨傿乕僂搰偺摑帯尃傪庤偵偄傟僨傿乕僂偼億儖僩僈儖椞(Portuguese India)偲側偭偨丅偑丄偟偐偟丄1961擭偵僀儞僪孯偺怤峌偵傛傝丄億儖僩僈儖偼僨傿乕僂傪僀儞僪偵曉娨偟丄尰嵼偼僟儅儞(Daman)抧嬫偲嫟偵僀儞僪惌晎捈妽抧偱偁傞丅乮尨暥丗僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僨傿僆僑 僇僂儞(Diogo Cão)丗 15悽婭偺億儖僩僈儖偺扵専壠偱丄1482擭偵僐儞僑愳(the River Congo)偺壨岥傪敪尒偟丄1485擭偺戞2峲奀偱偼撿敿媴擬懷偺奜傟偵偁傞僫儈價傾(Namibia)偺償僅儖償傿僗榩(Walvis Bay)傑偱峲奀偟偨丅
僨傿僆僑 僨儏 傾僓儉僽儎(Diogo de Azambuja)丗
1482擭偵僊僯傾(Guinea)奀娸偺僒儞 僕儑儖僕儏 僟 儈僫(Sao Jorge da Mina)偵嵲偲岺応傪寶愝偟偨丅偦偙偱偼墿嬥偺暡枛偑敪尒偝傟偰偄偨丅
僨傿僆僑 儘儁僗 僨 僙働僀儔(Diogo Lopes de Sequeira)丗
1520擭偵婋尟傪朻偟偰峠奀偵擖偭偨偑丄億儖僩僈儖廤棊偵懳偟偰奀孯墦惇偱媡廝偟偰偄傞僩儖僐恖払偵憳嬾偣偢偵戅媝偟偨丅
僨傿僆僪儘僗 僔僋儘僗(Diodorus Siculus)丗
婭尦慜1悽婭偺僔僠儕傾乮僔僔儕乕搰乯偺撪棨偺傾儖僊儕僂儉(Argyrium)偱惗傑傟偺僊儕僔傾偺楌巎壠偱40姫偐傜側傞晄媭偺乽楌巎憄彂(Library of History)乿傪挊弎偟偨丅偦偺撪偺戞1姫丄戞5姫丄戞11姫偍傛傃戞20姫偟偐尰懚偟偰偄側偄偑屻悽偺巇帠偱偦偺懠25姫偺抐曅偐傜敳悎偑尒偮偐偭偰偄傞丅
僨傿僒乕(Ad-Disah)丗 偙偺堚愓偼儔僴梠娾抧懷(Harrat Ar Raha)偺拞偺僞僽僋(Tabuk)偐傜栺85 km撿偵埵抲偟丄忛暻偲廧嫃愓偲嫟偵僫僶僥傾 (Nabataean)偍傛傃僀僗儔儉弶婜偺旇暥偑巆偭偰偄傞丅
僨傿僢僾僗儘乕僾(Dip Slope)丗 抧憌柺偑嶌傞幬柺偁傞偄偼抧憌孹幬偵挷榓揑側幬柺偱慻怐抧宍偺堦庬丅偙偺梡岅偼丄幬柺偺孹幬丄宍懺丄婯柾偵娭學側偔巊傢傟傞丅夋憸偐傜丄傛傝懡偔偺僨傿僢僾僗儘乕僾傪敾撉偟丄憱岦丒孹幬忣曬傪拪弌偡傞偙偲偵傛傝丄峔憿抧幙夝愅偺婎慴僨乕僞偑嶌惉偝傟傞丅娚孹幬抧堟偵偍偗傞僨傿僢僾僗儘乕僾偼丄偦偺斀懳懁偺幬柺乮僼儘儞僩僗僇乕僾乯傛傝挿偄偺偑摿挜偱偁傞偑丄孹幬偑30傪墇偊傞媫幬柺偵側傞偲抧宍揑偵偼儂僢僌僶僢僋(hogback)偲側傝丄僨傿僢僾僗儘乕僾偺敾暿偼崲擄側椺偑懡偄丅(ASTER SCiENCE PROJECT)
僨傿僫乕儖(Dinar)丗 僀僗儔儉朄(Islamic Law)偱偼乽僨傿僫乕儖嬥壿(Islamic Gold Dinar)偺廳偝偼22k嬥(917)偱4.25僌儔儉(grams)丄僨傿儖僴儉嬧壿(Silver
Dirham)偺廳偝偼弮嬧(pure silver)偱3.0僌儔儉(grams)乿偲掕傔傜傟偰嫃傝丄峏偵丄戞2戙惓摑僇儕僼(634 - 644)偺僇儕僼 僂儅儖 僀僽儞 僴僢僞乕僽(Khalif `Umar ibn al-Khattab)偵傛偭偰丄椉僐僀儞偺昗弨偲偟偰乽10僨傿儖僴儉嬧壿(Silver Dirham)偺廳偝偼7僨傿僫乕儖嬥壿(Islamic Gold Dinar)偺廳偝偲摨偠偱偁傞乿偲寛傔傜傟偰偄傞丅
乽僨傿僶儞(Divan丄Collection of
Poems)乮帊廤乯乿丗 僫僔乕儖-僀 僐僗儘僂(Nasir-i Khosrow) 偺曇廤偟偨帊廤丅
僥傿僴儅乕奀娸抧堟(Tihamah Coastal Area)丗 傾僔乕儖(Asir)嶳妜抧懷崅尨偺僒儔僩(Sarat)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞惣懁偺墢偲峠奀娸偲偺娫偵嫴傑傟偨嵶挿偄抧堟偱偁傞丅奀娸掅抧偲塢偆柤偐傜扨挷偽宨娤傪偟偨抧堟偲棟夝偝傟丄塹惎幨恀偱偦偺條側報徾偵偟偐尒偊側偄丅幚嵺偵朘傟傞偲抐奟傗壐傗偐偵媢椝丄壩嶳丄梠娾抧懷丄儅儞僌儘乕僽幖抧懷丄懡偔偺壨愳偑偁傝丄峏偵奀娸掅抧偺懡偔偺晹暘偵抧恾偵偼婰嵹偺柍偄悢儊乕僩儖偺崅偝偺彫偝側梠娾抧懷偑嶶嵼偟偰偄傞摍偲抧宍偼暋嶨偱偁傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜彮偟戝傑偐偵暘偗傞偲僥傿僴儅乕嶳抧(Hilly Tihamah)丄僥傿僴儅乕奀娸掅抧 (Coastal Tihamah lowlands)偍傛傃價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk)偺嶰偮偺抧曽偲側傞丅僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偺峴惌嬫暘傕撿偐傜杒傊偲尰嵼偺僕僓儞(Jizan)廈丄傾僔乕儖(Asir)廈丄僶僴乕(Bahah)廈偍傛傃儅僢僇乕 傾儖 儉僇僢儔儅乕(Makkah Al Mukarramah)廈偺撿晹暘偺斖埻偑暋嶨偵擖傝崬傫偱嫃傞丅偙傟偼愄偐傜偺嵶偐偔暘偐傟偨晹懓偺椞搚偺強堊偱偼柍偄偐偲巹偼巚偭偰偄傞丅幚嵺偵朘偹偰傒傞偲熆傟扟偺戲嬝堦偮堦偮偵晹懓柤偲尵偆傛傝壠懓柤偑晅偒丄峏偵峏偵嵶偐偔暘偐傟偰嫃傝丄偦傟傪徻嵶偵弎傋傞偺偼擄偟偄丅晹懓偵偼懏偝偢帺暘払偺懞偵拤惤岦偗傜傟偰偄傞傾僼儕僇弌恎偺僼僃儔僸儞(fellahin)偲屇偽傟傞擾柉偑慡懱偺敿悢傪愯傔傞偺傕僥傿僴儅乕偺戝偒側摿挜偩偲巚偆丅
僥傿僴儅乕奀娸掅抧(Coastal Tihamah Lowlands)丗 奀娸掅抧偼峠奀偲暯峴偟偰偦偺娸偵増偭偰傎傏撿杒偵墑傃偰偄傞丅僌儞僼僟乕(Qunfudhah)偐傜杒偵僕僃僢僟乕(Jeddah)傑偱偺奀娸偼杦偳幖抧懷偱偁傝偦偺撪懁偺嵒媢抧懷偱儌儘僐僔(Sorghum)丄僈儅僉價(Bulrush
Millet)丄層杻摍偑嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺掅抧偼摿偵僕僓儞(Jizan)偺廃曈偱偼熆傟扟偑嶳乆傪棳傟壓傝奀娸偵扝傝拝偔慜偵壂愊愵忬抧偲偟偰峀偑傝丄燇燆偝傟朙偐側擾嬈抧懷偲惉偭偰偄傞丅扐偟丄懠偺抧堟偲堎側傝彫婯柾側傕偺傪彍偗偽墌宍擾応偼杦偳柍偔丄揱摑擾嬈偑拞怱偱2003擭崰傑偱偼擾嬈楯摥幰偺拞妀傕僒僂僕崙愋幰偱偁傞丅乽婰嵹偺柍偄悢儊乕僩儖偺崅偝偺彫偝側梠娾抧懷偑嶶嵼偡傞堊偵戝婯柾擾応偑惉傝棫偨側偄偺偱偼柍偄偐乿偲巹偼巚偭偰偄傞丅
僥傿僴儅乕嶳抧(Hilly Tihamah)丗 婲暁偺懡偄僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain Range)偺愐椗偐傜尟偟偄奟抧乮傾僗僟乕儖(al-Asdar)乯傗媫孹幬偟偨扟偺忋棳晹暘乮傾僈僶僩(al-'Aqabat)乯偑媢椝惈偺僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)嶳抧偺榌偺彫媢傊偲懕偒丄偙偙偱傕僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偺崅偄嶳乆偑朙偐側崀塉傪傕偨傜偟偰偄傞丅僞僀僼(Taif)偐傜壓偭偨奀娸偐傜撿傊僌儞僼僟乕(Gunfudah)曈傝傑偱偼僒儔儚僩嶳柆乮傾僔乕儖嶳柆乯偐傜熆傟扟偑傎傏悅捈偵捈愙峠奀娸傊偲拲偄偱偄傞丅僌儞僼僟乕(Gunfudah)偐傜撿傊僔儏僈僀僌(Shuqayq)晅嬤傑偱偼價儖僋(Al Birk)梠娾抧懷偺撪棨懁偵儉僴僀儖(Muhayil)偐傜儕僕儍儖 傾儖儅乫(Rijal
Alma')曽柺偵僼僌儚嶳(Jabal Faqwa)摍偺嶳暲傒偑偁傝丄傾僔乕儖嶳妜抧懷崅尨惣懁偺墢僒儔僩(Sarat)偲暯峴偵熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)偑敪払偟偰偄傞丅僔儏僈僀僌(Shuqayq)偐傜撿偼熆傟扟乫僀僩儚僪(Wadi 'Itwad) 摍悢杮偑僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat Mountain Range)偲悅捈偵峠奀娸偵拲偓丄偦偺撿偱偼傾儖 僼傽乕儖僔儍乕(Al-Farshah)晅嬤偺傾僔乕儖嶳妜抧懷崅尨偺惣懁偺墢僒儔僩(Sarat)偲傾儖 僈乕儖嶳(Jabal Al Qahr)丄僴儖僽嶳(Jabal Harub)丄僼傽僀僼傽嶳(Jabal Fayfa)傗僶僯 儅儕僋嶳(Jabal Bani Malik)摍偺嶳暲傒偲偺娫偵熆傟扟僶僀僔儍(Wadi Baysha)偺宬扟杶抧偑僒儔僩(Sarat)偲傎傏暯峴敪払偟偰偄傞丅偙偺宬扟杶抧偺峠奀懁偱偼婯柾偼彮偟彫偝偄偑婔偮傕偺熆傟扟偑峠奀娸偵悅捈偵拲偄偱偄傞丅
僥傿僴儈 僇僴僞儞懓(Tihami Qahtan)丗 媢椝惈僥傿僴儅乕嶳抧偺梀杚柉偱偁傞僥傿僴儈 僇僴僞儞(Tihami Qahtan)偺椞抧偼僼傽儖僔儍乕(Al-Farshah)傪娷傓僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat
Mountain Range)偲峠奀娸偺奀娸夞楲偺娫偵偁傞丅偦偺椞抧偱偁傞僈僴僞僯崅尨偵偼扞敤偺擾応偑嶶嵼偡傞岝宨偑峀偑傞丅偦偺崅尨偼怺偄扟娫偵崗傑傟偨嶳乆偱峔惉偝傟偰偼偄傞偑丄嶳梤傪帞堢偡傞偺偑摼堄偲偡傞僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)懓嶳梤帞偄偵偼廫暘偵惗妶偟偰峴偗傞丅婥岓偺尩偟偝偵壛偊偰恖乆偺岲愴揑側揱摑偱偦偙傊椃峴偡傞偺偼娙扨偱偼柍偐偭偨丅廧恖偼椞搚曐帩偺堄幆偑旕忢偵崅偐偭偨丅堎朚恖偼娊寎偝傟偢丄暵嵔偝傟偨悽奅偱偁偭偨丅僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)懓偱傕摿偵梤帞偄偼旤堄幆偑嫮偔丄僕儍僗儈儞丄僶僕儕僐丄僯僈儓儌僊(Wormwood)丄僼儔儞僗 儅儕僑乕儖僪丄僷儞儎偺栘偺壴(Fleurs de Kapokier)丄僙儕壢偺怉暔(Umbellifer)丄僇僨傿(Kadi)摍峀偄儗僷乕僩儕乕偱敮傪忺傝棫偰乽壴忺傝偟偨抝払乿偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
僥傿儉乕儖挬(Timurids)丗 僥傿儉乕儖挬偼丄拞墰傾僕傾偺偵杣嫽偟偨儌儞僑儖掗崙(Mongol Empire, 1206 - 1368)偺宲彸惌尃偺堦偮偱丄拞墰傾僕傾偐傜僀儔儞偵偐偗偰偺抧堟傪巟攝偟偨僗儞僯乕攈(Sunni)僀僗儔儉墹挬(1370 - 1507)偱偁傞丅偦偺嵟惙婜偵偼丄斉恾偼杒搶偼搶僩儖僉僗僞儞(East Turkistan)丄撿搶偼僈儞僕僗愳(the Ganges)丄杒搶偼償僅儖僈愳(the Volga)丄撿惣偼僔儕傾(Syria)丒傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)曽柺偵傑偱媦傃丄偐偮偰偺儌儞僑儖掗崙偺惣撿晹抧堟傪惂攅偟偨偺偱掗崙偲屇偽傟傞帠傕偁傞丅墹挬偺巒慶僥傿儉乕儖(Timur or Temur, 1370 - 1405)偼丄僠儍僈僞僀娋崙(Chaghatai, 1225 - 1687)偵巇偊傞僶儖儔僗(Barlas)晹懓偺弌恎偱丄尵岅揑偵僥儏儖僋岅(Turkic
speaking)傪榖偟丄廆嫵揑偵僀僗儔儉壔偟偨儌儞僑儖孯恖乮僠儍僈僞僀恖乯偺堦堳偱偁偭偨丅僥傿儉乕儖偺巰屻偵懅巕偨偪偵傛偭偰掗崙偼暘妱偝傟偨偨傔媫懍偵暘楐偵岦偐偭偰弅彫偟丄15悽婭屻敿偵偼僒儅儖僇儞僪(Samarkand)偲僿儔乕僩(Heart)偺2惌尃偑巆偭偨丅偙傟傜偼嵟廔揑偵16悽婭弶摢偵僂僘儀僋(Uzbek)偺僔儍僀僶乕儞挬(Shaybanid
dynasty, 1428-1468/1500-1599)偵傛偭偰拞墰傾僕傾偺椞搚傪扗傢傟傞偑丄僥傿儉乕儖挬偺墹懓偺傂偲傝僶乕僽儖(Babur, 1483-1531)偼傾僼僈僯僗僞儞(Afganistan)偺僇乕僽儖(Kabul)傪宱偰僀儞僪偵擖傝丄19悽婭傑偱懕偔儉僈儖掗崙(Mughal Empire, 1526-1858)傪懪偪棫偰偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僨傿儎(Diya)丗 儊僢僇偱偺將偺寣偺戙彏丅
僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir'iyah)丗僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir'iyah)偼儕儎僪(Riyadh)杒惣偺峹奜偵偁傞堚愓偱丄戞堦師僒僂僪岞崙(1744 – 1818)偺庱搒偱偁傝丄僒僂僕墹幒偺敪徦偺抧偱傕偁傞丅
僨傿儖僴儉(Dirham)丗 (僨傿僫乕儖(Dinar)嶲徠)丅
僥傿儞僽僋僩僁(Timbucktu)丗尦僼儔儞僗椞僗乕僟儞(French
Sudan)偱1960擭偵撈棫偟偨惣傾僼儕僇偺撪棨崙儅儕(Mali)拞晹偺僯僕僃乕儖愳(Niger)嵍娸偺挰丅
僥僆僼儔僗僩僗(Theophrastus)丗 怉暔妛幰僥僆僼儔僗僩僗(The botanist Theophrastus, 371 BC – c 287 BC乯偼傾儕僗僩僥儗僗(Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC)偺掜巕偱乽怉暔妛偺慶(a History of Plants)乿偺挊幰偱偁傞揘妛幰丒怉暔妛幰偺僥僆僼儔僗僩僗偼崄椏偺燇栘偺暘晍傪婰弎偡傞拞偱撿傾儔價傾偵偮偄偰偺怣棅偱偒傞忣曬傪巆偟偨嵟弶偵恖偱偁傞丅
僨僇儞崅尨(Decan)丗 僨僇儞崅尨(Deccan Plateau)偼僀儞僪敿搰(Indian Subcontinent)偺戝晹暘傪愯傔丄杒曈傪僫儖儅僟愳(the Narmada)乮償傿儞僨傿儎嶳柆(Vindhya Range)乯丄搶惣曈傪偦傟偧傟搶僈乕僣嶳柆(Eastern Ghats)丒惣僈乕僣嶳柆(Western Ghats)偦偟偰撿曈傪僋儕僔儏僫愳(River Krishna)偵埻傑傟偨戝偒側戜宍傪偟偨旍梹側崅尨偱丄柸偺嶻抧偱偁傞丅
僥僌僗(Tagus)丗 乮僞儂峘(Port Tejo)嶲徠丅乯
僥僗僩儞(Testoon)丗 僥儏乕僟乕挬(Tudor dynasty, 1485 - 1603)弶戙偺僀儞僌儔儞僪墹僿儞儕乕7悽乮Henry VII, 1485-1509) 偺帯壓偱僔儕儞僌(Shilling)偺愭嬱偗偲偟偰僥僗僩儞嬧壿(Testoon)偑摫擖偝傟偨丅偙偺峝壿偼1489擭崰偵嬌傔偰尷傜傟偨検偑拻憿偝傟偨偩偗偱偁傝丄堦斒揑偵偼棳捠偟偰側偐偭偨丅僥僗僩儞嬧壿(Testoon)偼僿儞儕乕8悽乮Henry
VIII, 1544-1551)偺帯悽偺屻敿偵戝検偵拻憿偝傟偨丅偙偺嬧壿偼偙偺帪戙偺傎偐偺峝壿摨條偵旕忢偵幙偺埆偄嬧壿偱偁偭偨丅僿儞儕乕8悽偺巰屻丄僥僗僩儞嬧壿偼僞儚乕乮Tower in London乯丄僒僂僗儚乕僋(Southwark)偍傛傃僽儕僗僩儖(Bristol)偱拻憿偝傟偰偄偨丅僿儞儕乕8悽偺庒偄懅巕偺僄僪儚乕僪6悽(Edward VI, 1537 - 1553)偼僥僗僩儞嬧壿偺拻憿傪懕偗丄僄僪儚乕僪6悽偺帪戙偵巒傔偰丄僥僗僩儞嬧壿偼僔儕儞僌(Shilling)偲屇偽傟傞條偵側偭偨丅
僨僟儞墹崙(Dedanite)丗 乮儕僸儎乕儞(Lihyan)傪嶲徠丅乯
揝愇(Ironstone)丗 愭僇儞僽儕傾婭(Precambrian age)偐傜屆惗戙(Paleozoic)偺揝暘偺懡偄愒偄嵒娾偺撪晹偵曄愡嶌梡偱宍惉偝傟偨幦柾條偺帴揝峼偺嫴傒偱媽愇婍偺嵽椏偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄偨丅
僥僩僁傾儞(Tetouan)丗 儌儘僢僐(Morocco)杒晹偺抧拞奀偵椪傓峘挰丒巗偱恖岥28枩恖丄偐偮偰偼僗儁僀儞椞儌儘僢僐偺庱搒丅
僨僫儕僀(Denarii)丗 婭尦慜211擭崰偵拻憿偝傟偨屆戙儘乕儅偺嬧壿偱嵟傕堦斒揑偵棳捠偟偰偄偨壿暭(Coin)偱偁偭偨丅
僥僶僀僗(Thebais)丗 屆戙僄僕僾僩偺挰 (Thebes) 傪巜偡偲峫偊傜傟傞丅僥乕儀(Thebes)偼僇僀儘偺撿675km偵偁傞僫僀儖(Nile)拞棳偺挰偱丄拞丒怴墹崙帪戙偵庱搒偲偟偰塰偊丄搶娸偵僇儖僫僢僋恄揳(Karnak Temple)丒儖僋僜乕儖恄揳(Luxor Temple)丄惣娸偵僨儖-僄儖-僶僴儕媨揳(Deir el-Bahri)丒墹壠偺扟(Valley of the Kings)摍偺堚愓偑懡偄丅
僨乕儊乕僥乕儖(Demeter)丗 擾嬈丒朙閌丒寢崶丒幮夛拋彉偺恄偱儘乕儅偺働儗僗(Ceres)偵摉偨傞(Goddess of Crops)丅
僨儏傾僯乕(Duanee)丗 僋儖乕僗(Cruse)偲嫟偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)偱巊傢傟偨捠壿扨埵偱40僨儏傾僯乕(Duanees)偑1僋儖乕僗(Cruse)偱偁傞丅
乽僨儏傾儖僩 僶乕儖儃僒偺杮(Book of Duarte Barbosa乯乿丗 僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儅儞僙儖 儘儞僌儚乕僗 僟僀儉僗(Mansel Longworth Dames)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1919/1921偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅摨彂偺戞1姫47 - 49暸偵偼僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)偺僕僢僟梫嵡壔嶌嬈偵偮偄偰弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅
僨儏僇僩(Ducats)丗 悽奅戞堦師戝愴慜傑偱儓乕儘僢僷(Europe)拞偺庢堷偱巊傢傟偨嬥壿偱丄偦偺廳偝偼.986嬥偱3.4909 grams偁傝丄0.1107 try ounce偵憡摉偟偨丅偙偺僐僀儞偼1140擭僔僔儕乕(Sicily)偺儘僢僕儍乕擇悽(Roger II)偺帯悽偱嵟弶偵敪峴偝傟偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅乮1僩儘僀僆儞僗偼惓妋偵31.103 476 8僌儔儉乯
僨儏僶(Dhuba)丗 僞僽僋(Tabuk乯偺惣170km偺峠奀娸偵偁傞峘挰偱丄挰偺拞怱偐傜杒20km偵偼僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偲偺娫傪峴偒棃偡傞僼僃儕乕(Ferry)偺峘偑偁傞丅
僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)丗 僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)杒惣晹僕儍僂僼廈(Al Jawf Province)偵偁傞屆戙偐傜懕偄偰偒偨挰偱偁傞丅梊尵幰僀僗儅乫僀儖(Isma`il)偺巕懛偑峠奀偺僥傿僴儅奀娸(Tihama
Coast)偱偦偺悢傪憹傗偟偰偄偭偨帪偵僀僗儅乫僀儖(Isma乫il)偺懅巕偺僨儏儅乫(Duma乫)偼偦偙傪棧傟丄嵟廔揑偵崱擔偺僨儏儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖偵扝傝拝偄偨丅僨儏儅乫偼偙偺抧偵帺暘偺嵲傪抸偄偨偺偱偦偺杤屻偵偙偺抧偺柤慜偲側偭偨丅僕儍儞僟儖偲塢偆捠傝柤偼偙偺嵲偑愇偱抸偐傟偰嫃偨堊偵偙偺挰偺柤慜偺岅旜偵晅偗壛偊傜傟偨丅懠偺愢偲偟偰偼偙偺嵲偑扨偵愇偱憿傜傟偰偄傞偲塢偆帠偱偼柍偔丄偙偺抧傪巟攝偟偨傾儖 僈儞僟儖壠(al-Jandal or al-Gandal)偺壠柤偵桼棃偟偰偄傞偲傕尵傢傟偰偄傞丅傾儖 僈儞僟儖偼杒傾儔價傾偵攅尃傪帩偭偰偄偨儀僪僂僀儞偺旕忢偵屆偄壠懓偺柤偱偁傞丅傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)偺婰榐偱偼偙偺挰偼傾僨儏僢儅僣(Adummatu)偲偟偰婰偝傟偰嫃傝丄儘乕儅(Rome)傗價僓儞僠儞(Byzantine)偺婰榐偵偼僪儅僞(Domata)丄僨儏儊僒(Dumetha)乮僨儏儅僒(Dumatha)乯摍偲婰榐偝傟偰偄傞丅
僥儏乕儖(At Tur)丗 乮僩乕儖(Tor)傪嶲徠丅乯
僥儏儖僯僪挬(Tulunid)丗 僩僁乕儖乕儞挬(Tulunid)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞偙偺墹挬偼僄僕僾僩丒僔儕傾偵傑偨偑傝丄惣楋868擭偵僄僕僾僩懢庣偱偁偭偨傾僴儊僪 僀僽儞 僠儏儖儞(Ahmed Ibn Tulun)偑庛懱壔偟偨傾僢僶乕僗挬偐傜恀偭愭偵撈棫偟丄惣楋905擭傑偱僫僀儖扟(Nile Valley)傪巟攝偟偨僄僕僾僩嵟弶偺撈棫儌僗儗儉墹挬偱偁偭偨偑丄嵞傃傾僢僶乕僗挬偺巟攝壓偵擖偭偨丅
僥儖(Tell)丗 拞搶偱屆戙搒巗堚愓偺廳側傝偐傜側傞媢忬堚愓丅
僥儖僫僥(Ternate)丗 僀儞僪僱僔傾偺儅儖僢僇(Molucca)彅搰嵟戝偺僴儖儅僿儔(Halmahera)搰偺惣偵偁傞彫搰偱丄壩嶳偺撿榌偵峘挰僥儖僫僥偑偁傞丅
揤媴(Celestial Sphere)丗 娤應揰偐傜挱傔偨敿宎柍尷戝偺壖憐媴柺偱揤懱偺尒偐偗偺曽岦傪昞帵偡傞嵗昗傪寛傔傞堊偵憐掕偝傟傞丅
揱摑揑側僫僕儔儞(Traditional Najran)丗 僫僕儔儞廈偵偼抧宍揑偵嶳妜抧懷丄暯傜側抧曽偍傛傃嵒媢抧懷(sand region)摍3偮偺堎側傞娐嫬偑偁傝丄揱摑揑側僫僕儔儞抧曽偲偼偙偺撪偺嶳妜抧懷偲暯傜側抧曽偱偁傞丅
乽揱摴椃峴婰(Missionary Travels and Resarches in South
Africa, 1857 in London)乿丗 僀僊儕僗偺愰嫵巘偱扵専壠儕償傿儞僌僗僩儞(David Livingstone, 1813 - 1873)偺挊嶌丅
僨儞儅乕僋偺傾儔價傾巊愡抍(Scientific Mission of Danish Government
to explore most fertile part of Arabia)丗 墦惇戉乮1761擭 – 1767擭乯偺戉堳偼僪僀僣偺椃峴壠偱應検巑寭揤暥娤應幰偺僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten (Karsten) Niebuhr (1733 - 1815)丄堛幰偱怉暔偺惗懺偵徻偟偄抦幆傪帩偮儁乕僞乕 僼僅儖僗僇儖(Peter Forskal)丄奜壢堛偱抧幙妛幰偱偁傞僋儕僗僠傾儞 僇乕儖 僋儔僀儅乕(Christian Karl Cramer)丄尵岅妛幰偱傾儔價傾妛幰偺僼儕乕僪儕僢僸 僠儕僗僥儞僙儞(Friedrich Christian Von Haven)丄 寍弍壠偺(Georg Wilhelm Baurenfeind) 偱峔惉偝傟丄彚巊偄偼尦僼僢僒乕儖(Hussar)偺儀乕儖僢僌儗儞(Berggren)偱偁偭偨丅
僩
摵(Copper)丗 帺慠摵偲偟偰傕嶻弌偡傞嬥懏偱揥惈丒墑惈偵晉傒丄壿暭偺惢憿偵梡偄傞惵摵丒墿摵摍偺摵崌嬥傗摵壔崌暔偺尨椏偲側傞丅
僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖僲僫(Duarte Barnona)丗 僶儖僲僫偼僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺弶戙億儖僩僈儖彜娰挿僊儖 僼僃儖僫儞僨僗(Gil Fernandes)偺墮偱僇僫僲傾偵僼僃儖僫儞僨僗偲嫟偵棷傑傝丄儅儔僶儖(Malabar)偺尵梩傪偙偺崙偺恖娫埲忋偵棧偣傞掱丄椙偔妛傫偩楌巎壠丅
僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒(Duarte Barbosa)丗 僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒(Duarte Barbosa)偼庒偄帪偵搶夞傝僀儞僪峲楬奐戱幰償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama)(1460 - 1524)偺戞2夞墦惇(1502)偵壛傢傝丄1517擭傑偱僀儞僪偵棷傑偭偨丅億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)傊偺婣搑丄戝偒側堄枴偱偺僀儞僪梞(the
Indian Ocean)偺億儖僩僈儖偱抦傜傟偰偄傞庡梫側応強慡偰偵偮偄偰丄岎堈偵娭偡傞嫽枴偁傞忣曬偲嫟偵丄堦楢偺婰弎傪曇廤偟偨丅乽僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒偺杮(the Lovro de Duarte Barbosa)乿偲屇偽傟傞弶斉偼乽奀奜抦幆偺廂廤(the Colecçāo de Noticias da Naçōes Ultramarinas)乿偺戞2姫偲偟偰1813擭偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偺墹棫壢妛傾僇僨儈乕(the Royal
Academy of Sciences)偵傛偭偰弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒偺杮(Book of Duarte Barbosa乯乿丗 僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒(Duarte Barbosa)挊偺乽僪僁傾儖僥 僶儖儃僒偺杮(the Lovro de Duarte Barbosa)乿偲屇偽傟傞弶斉偼乽奀奜抦幆偺廂廤(the Colecçāo de Noticias da Naçōes Ultramarinas)乿偺戞2姫偲偟偰1813擭偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偺墹棫壢妛傾僇僨儈乕(the Royal
Academy of Sciences)偵傛偭偰弌斉偝傟偨丅偦偺屻丄僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儅儞僙儖 儘儞僌儚乕僗 僟僀儉僗(Mansel Longworth Dames)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1919/1921擭偵儘儞僪儞偱嵞弌斉偝傟偨丅
僪僁僇僩乕儞(Ducatoons)丗 嵟弶1598擭偵拻憿偝傟丄18悽婭傑偱巊傢傟偨僆儔儞僟偺嬧壿偱丄17悽婭偐傜18悽婭偵偐偗偰丄儕僢僋僗嬧壿(silver rix-dollar)偑昗弨峝壿偲偟偰嵞妋擣偝傟偨帪偵丄幚嵺偵偦傟偵懼傢傞僪僁僇僩乕儞(Ducatoons)偑搶梞偺僆儔儞僟椞偱偼堦斒揑偵巊傢傟傞條偵惉偭偰偒偨丅乽僆儔儞僟僪僁僇僩乕儞(Ducatoons)埥偄偼儕僟乕嬧壿(silver rider)偼1659擭偵嵟弶偵妋掕偝傟丄偦偺壙奿偼僆儔儞僟杮崙偱63僗僩僁僀儀儖(Silver Stuivers)偩偭偨乿偲塢偆丅(Ceylon Coins and Currency by H.W. Codrington)丅
搨恏巕(Cayenne丄Red Pepper)丗 僫僗壢偺堦擭憪偱丄擬懷傾儊儕僇尨嶻偱丄壥嵷偲偟偰悽奅偱峀偔嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅壥幚偼枹弉偺娫偼擹椢怓偱丄弉偡傞偲愒偔側傞丅懡偔偺嵧攟昳庬偑偁傝丄恏枴庬偼壥旂丒庬巕偵巋寖惈偺恏枴傪桳偟丄姡憞偟偰崄恏椏偲偡傞丅娒傒庬偼僺乕儅儞偲屇偽傟丄怘梡偵偝傟傞丅
僩僂僜僂儞 僷僔儍(Tousoun Pasha)丗 懢庣儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕(Mohammed
Aly Pasha, 1805 - 1848)偺懅巕(1794 - 1816)偱僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺抧曽挿姱乮Pasha丗 抦帠丒憤撀丄Bey乯擟姱偟偰偍傝丄1811擭偺僸僕儍乕僘墦惇巌椷姱偵擟偠傜傟偨丅
僪僂僢儔埥偼僨儏儔(Dhourra, Dura or Durra)丗僪僂僢儔偲偼傾僘僉儌儘僐僔(Sorghum vulgare)偱偁傝丄偙傟偼傾僼儕僇杒搶晹偐傜僀儞僪偵偐偗偰惗堢偡傞僀僱壢偺崚暔丒壠抺帞椏梡儌儘僐僔偱僊僯傾 僐乕儞(Guinea Corn)丄僀儞僪僉價(Indian Millet)丄僕儑儚乕儖(Jowar)偲傕塢偆丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺巗応偱攧傜傟偰偄偨傾僘僉儌儘僐僔(Indian Millet)偼彫偝側棻傪桳偡傞庬椶偼僀僄儊儞偐傜塣偽傟偨偑丄懡偔偼僰價傾(Nubia)撪棨偺僞僇(Taka)偐傜僜儚僉儞(Sowakin) 帩偭偰偙傜傟丄僕僢僟傊偲塣偽傟偨丅
摨柨崙(Central Powers)丗 戞堦師戝愴傑偱偺偄傢備傞嶰崙摨柨乮1882擭乯傪寢傫偱偄偨僪僀僣(German)丄僀僞儕傾(Italy)丄僆乕僗僩儔儕傾丒僴儞僈儕乕(Austria/Hungary)偱戞堦師戝愴拞偼僪僀僣丄僆乕僗僩儔儕傾丒僴儞僈儕乕偱帪偵僩儖僐(Turkey)丄僽儖僈儕傾(Bulgaria)傪娷傓丅
僩僁乕儖乕儞挬(Tulunids)丗 僄僕僾僩丒僔儕傾偵傑偨偑傞僀僗儔儉墹挬(868 - 905)偱丄傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids)偵傛傝僄僕僾僩偵攈尛偝傟偨僩儖僐宯孯恖傾僴儅僪 僀僽儞 僩僁乕儖乕儞(Ahmad ibn Tulun)偑偦偙偱幚尃傪埇偭偰撈棫偟丄905擭偵嵞傃傾僢僶乕僗挬偺巟攝壓偵擖偭偨丅(僠儏儖僯僪挬(Tulunid)傪嶲徠丅)
乽搶梞僀儞僪忣惃偺婰榐(Livro do Estado da India Oriental)乿丗
1646擭偵儁僪儘 僶僢儗僩 僨 儗僙儞僨(Pedro Barreto de Resende)傪幏昅傪姰惉偟偨丅
乽搶梞偲婔偮偐偺偦偺懠偺崙乆偺婰弎乿丗 (Description of the East and some other
Countries)丄塸崙偺椃峴壠儕僠儍乕僪 億乕僐僢僋(Richard Pococke) (1704 - 1765)偼1737擭偐傜1742擭傑偱拞搶(Orient)傪椃偟偨婭峴暥傪幏昅偟丄儘儞僪儞偱1743 - 1745擭偵弌斉偟偨丅
乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)乿丗 僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)偑挊嶌丂1813擭偵弌斉偟丄僩乕儅僗 僜乕僩儞(Thomas Thornton)偑偦偺夵掶斉傪1825擭偵弌斉偟偨丅乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)乿偁傞偄偼乽搶僀儞僪杅堈偺揙掙巜恓(East Indian Trader's complete Guide)乿偼儓乕儘僢僷偐傜偺峲奀偺搑拞偵偁傞搶梞偺搰乆(Eastern Islands)偍傛傃岎堈峘(Trading
Stations)傪娷傓僀儞僪丄拞崙丄擔杮偍傛傃偦偺嬤椬偺崙乆偵奀曈偺抧棟揑偍傛傃峲奀偵娭偡傞婰弎傪傕曪娷偟偰偄傞丅偝傜偵偙偺杮偵偼偦傟偧傟偺崙乆偱偺岎堈丄嶻暔丄壿暭丄搙検峵(Weights and Measures)丄擖峘婯懃丄娭惻(Duties)丄椏棪(Rates)丄椏嬥(Charges)摍偺婰帠偍傛傃偙傟傜偺崙乆偐傜偺塸崙傊偺桝擖彜昳偲偦傟偵妡偐傞娭惻偺婰弎傕娷傑傟偰偄傞丅偦傟傜偲嫟偵柤梍偁傞搶僀儞僪夛幮偺屘僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)偑搶僀儞僪嬈柋(East Indian Service)偵挿擭嬑柋偟丄僀儞僪偲拞崙傊偺7搙偺峲奀偺搑拞偱廤傔偨懡偔偺偦偺懠懡偔偺忣曬傪娷傫偱偄傞丅偦傟傜偼僩乕儅僗 僜乕僩儞(Thomas Thornton)挊偱1825擭儘儞僪儞偺M.R.A.S偐傜弌斉偝傟偨夵掶斉偺56暸偐傜64暸偵摨巵偺堚尵幏峴恖偺傕偲偵巆偝傟偨曬崘彂偐傜擖擮偵嶌惉偟偨彺栿偍傛傃懡偔偺捛壛偝傟偨婱廳側帠崁摍偑宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽摴楬偲墹崙偺杮乿偺栿杮丗 傾僢僶乕僗挬偺墹巕偺堊偵惣楋846擭偵僀僽儞 僐乕儖僟僪價(Ibn Khordadbih)偵傛偭偰曇嶽偝傟丄僀僗儔儉掗崙偺執戝側岎堈楬偺嫽枴偁傞奣梫傪娷傫偱偄偨乽摴楬偲墹崙偺杮 (Kitab al-Masalik wa'l-Mamalik, Liber
Viarum et Regnorum or Book of the Roads and Kingdoms)偼M.
J. 僨 僕儑僄僕儏(M.J. de Goeje)偵傛偭偰東栿丒曇廤偝傟丄1889擭偵儔僀僨儞(
僪僇儞(Dokan)丗 僸僕儍乕僘偺儀僪僂僀儞払偼擬楏偵僞僶僐傪岲傒丄僞僶僐(Tobacco)乮僪僇儞(Dokan)乯偲偟偰偱偼柍偔丄抝偺歯岲昳偲塢偆柤偱丄帺暘偺揦偱儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)傊偼抦傟側偄傛偆偵撪枾偵攧傞幰払偑嫃偨丅
僩乕僑(Togo)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹僊僯傾榩偵柺偟丄僈乕僫(Ghana)偲儀僫儞(Benin)偵嫴傑傟偨尦僼儔儞僗怣戸摑帯椞偱1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊5.6枩km2丄恖岥偼413枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼儘儊(Lomé)丅
搒巗晹孯帠嶌愴丗 MOUT(Military Operations on Urban Terrain)
僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍(Tosun Pasha)丗 僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍(Tosun
Pasha丄1794 - 1816)偼僣乕僗儞 僷僔儍(Tusun Pahsa)偲傕揮幨偝傟傞丅1805擭偐傜1849擭傑偱僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire)僄僕僾僩憤撀(Wali of Egypt)偱偁偭偨儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(1805 – 1849)偺挿抝偱偁傞丅儉僴儞儅僪
傾儕 僷僔儍偺宲巕偱梴巕偺挊柤側僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha)*偲偼堎側偭偰偼偄偨偑丄僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偼婔偮偐偺楌巎揑偵廳梫側嬈愌傪忋偘偰偄傞丅1811擭偵儚僢僴乕僽攈孯(Wahabbi Forces)偵傛偭偰堷偒婲偙偝傟偨傾儔價傾敿搰偺憶棎傪捔埑偡傞堊偺孯帠嶌愴傪惉岟偝偣偨丅楌巎揑側婰榐偐傜僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偼儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偵傛偭偰偦偺堚嶻傪堷偒宲偖傛偆偵塣柦晅偗傜傟偰偄偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜偦偺婅偄偼1816擭偵嫲傜偔昦婥偱僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偑巰朣偟偨堊偵姁偊傜傟側偐偭偨丅偙偺堊偵孯帠嵟崅巌椷姱偲偟偰偺抧埵偼宲巕偱梴巕偺僀僽儔僸儉 僷僔儍(Ibrahim Pasha)偑堷偒宲偄偩丅悢擭屻偺1848擭偵僩乕僜儞 僷僔儍偺懅巕傾僢僶僗(Abbas)偑慶晝偐傜捈愙丄憤撀(Pasha)偺抧埵傪庴偗宲偓丄1854擭偵埫嶦偝傟傞傑偱6擭娫偦偺抧埵偵偁偭偨丅
僩僩(Thoth)丗 僄僕僾僩恄榖偱僩僉(ibis)偺摢晹傪傕偮丄抦幆丒妛寍摍偺巟攝幰丅
僪僶僀(Dubai)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄楢朚杒搶晹偱儁儖僔儍榩偵柺偟丄愇桘嵦孈丒彜嬈偑庡嶻嬈偱杅堈峘傪桳偟丄娤岝抧偲偟偰傕敪揥偟丄恖岥27枩恖丅
僪僼傽乕儖(Dhofar)丗 僆儅乕儞撿晹偺抧曽柤偱傾儔價傾岅柤偼僘僼傽乕儖(Zufār)偱僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲崙嫬傪愙偡傞丅嶳偺懡偄抧堟偱柺愊偼9.93枩暯曽僉儘偱恖岥偼21.6枩恖偁傝丄拞怱搒巗偼僒儔儔乕(Salalah)偱偁傞丅楌巎揑偵偼悽奅拞偱偺擕崄(Feankincense)偺庡梫嶻抧偱偁偭偨丅
僩儅僗 僕儑僛僼 傾儖僲乕(Thomas Joseph Arnaud)丗
1843擭僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨傾僕傾 僕儍乕僫儖(Journal Asiatique)偺戞4僔儕乕僘戞V姫偍傛傃戞VI恉偵搊応偡傞乽(In Journal Asiatique 4e Série, t. V &
VI, Paris 1843.)丅
僩儉僶僋(Tombak)丗 僶僗儔(Basra)偲僶僌僟僢僪(Baghdad)摍偱嶻偡傞彮偟幙偺棊偪傞庬椶偺僞僶僐偱丄偦偺梩偼敄偄墿怓偱偁傝丄晛捠偺僞僶僐偵妑傋偰枴偑擹偄丅廬偭偰丄枴傪傑傠傗偐偵偡傞堊偵慜傕偭偰愻傢傟傞丅杽憭(the Bury)偵巊傢傟傞僩儉僶僋(tombak)偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜塣偽傟丄懠偺僞僶僐偲摨偠庬椶偱桳傞偑丄幙偑棊偪傞丅偙偺彜昳(Article)偺岎堈偼旕忢偵懡偔丄偦偺僸僕儍乕僘偱偺徚旓偼杦偳怣偠傜傟柍偄掱偵懡偄丅戝偒側検偑僄僕僾僩(Egypt)岦偗偵慏愊傒偝傟傞丅
僪儈儞僑 僶僨傿傾 僀 儗僽儕僔儏(Domingo Badía y Leblich)丗 僗儁僀儞偺椃峴壠(1766 - 1818)偱僀僗儔儉嫵搆偵曄憰偟偰傾儕 儀僀 傾僢僶僢僔(Aly Bey al-Abbassi)偺婾柤偱儌儘僢僐(Morocco)傪摜嵏偟丄僉儕僗僩嫵搆偲偟偰1807擭偵巒傔偰儊僢僇(Mecca)偵帄傞丅僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)丄僐儞僗僞儞僠僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)傪宱偰丄婣崙偟丄乽傾儕 儀僀(Ali Bey)偺1803擭偐傜1807擭偺娫偺椃峴婰乿傪挊弎偟丄1814擭偵僷儕(Paris)偱弌斉偟偨丅
僩儔僀僨儞僩 儂僥儖(Trident Hotel)丗 僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)偺僩儔僀僨儞僩 儂僥儖(Trident Hotel)偵巹偑嵟弶偵攽傑偭偨偺偼19987擭偺搤偱偁偭偨丅偙偺儂僥儖偼挰拞偵偁傞偺偵崑壺偵夵憿偝傟掚墍傕偁傞棫攈側巐偮惎儂僥儖偵惉偭偰嫃傝丄愙懸傕夣偄丅2003擭偺搤偵偼嶰怘晅偒偺娤岝僷僢僋傗僈僀僪(guide)傕惍旛偟偰偄偨丅
僩儔僀儕乕儉(Trireme)丗 屆戙僊儕僔儍丒儘乕儅帪戙偺嶰抜僆乕儖偺僈儗乕慏(Galley)丅
僪儔僋儅(Drachma)丗 屆戙傑偨偼尰嵼僊儕僔儍偺廳検扨埵(cf. Dram)偱丄尰戙僊儕僔傾偺捠壿扨埵(100 Lepta)偱偁傝丄屆戙僊儕僔傾偺嬧壿(6
Obols)偱偁偭偨丅乮儕乕僟乕僗塸榓帿揟乯
僪儔儉(Dram)丗 僪儔儉(Dram)偼屆戙偵偼僪儔僋儉(Drachm)偲捲傜傟丄廳検扨埵偲捠壿扨埵偺椉曽偵巊傢傟偰棃偨丅 屆戙僊儕僔儍偺廳検扨埵僪儔僋儉(Drachm)偼100暘偺1僊儕僔儍 儅僀儞(Mine)偱栺4.37g偱偁偭偨乮儘乕儅 僪儔僋儉(Roman Drachm)偼3.41g乯丅尰戙偺僪儔僋儉(Drachm)偼1/16忢梡僆儞僗=1.772g丄1/8栻梡僆儞僗=3.888g偱1/8塼検僆儞僗=0.0037lit.偱偁傞丅乮僪儔僋儅(Drachma)傪嶲徠丅乯
僩儔儞僜僋僔傾僫(Transoxania)丗 僆僋僗僗愳(Oxus River)乮尰嵼偺傾儉僟儕傾愳(Amu Darya)乯埲杒偺僽僴儔(Bukhara)偍傛傃僒儅儖僇儞僪(Samarkand)傪娷傓僆傾僔僗掕廧抧堟偱屆偔偼僜僌僨傿傾僫(Sogdaiana)偲屇偽傟偨丅
僪儕僆僺僙僇僗(Dryopithecus)丗拞怴悽拞婜偐傜慛怴悽弶婜偵惗懚偟偰偄偨壔愇椶恖墡偱僑儕儔(gorilla)丄僠儞僷儞僕乕(chimpanzee)丄恖椶嫟捠偺慶愭偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅
僩儕僗僞儞 僟 僋乕僯儍(Tristão da Cunha)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺峲奀幰丒扵専壠(1460? - 1540)丟 僀儞僪墦惇搑忋偱1506擭偵僩儕僗僞儞 僟 僋乕僯儍(Tristan da Cunha)彅搰傪敪尒偟丄屻偵儅僟僈僗僇儖(Magagascar)搰丄僜僐僩儔(Socotra)搰摍傪扵専偟偨丅
僩儕僗僞儞 僟 僋乕僫彅搰(Tristan da Cunha)丗 撿傾僼儕僇偲撿暷偺娫偺撿戝惣梞偵偁傞4偮偺搰偐傜側傞壩嶳搰孮丅
僩儕億儕(Tripoli)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱僞儔僽儖僗(Ṭarābulus)偲屇偽傟丄搶抧拞奀増娸偵峀偑傞儗僶僲儞(Lebanon)偱恖岥50枩偺戞擇偺搒巗偱偁傝丄庱搒儀僀儖乕僩(Beirut)偲摨偠偔峘挰偱偁傞丅(儕價傾偺庱搒僩儕億儕偲摨柤側偺偱儕價傾懁傪乽惣僩儕億儕乿偲尵偆偙偲傕偁傞丅)僩儕億儕偼屆偔偐傜搶抧拞奀桳悢偺晉桾側峘偲偟偰塰偊丄廫帤孯偵傛傞攋夡埲慜偼乽僟乕儖丒傾儖丒僀儖儉(Darb al Ilm or House of Knowledge)乿偲偄偆戝恾彂娰傪桳偟偰偄偨丅戞堦夞廫帤孯偺嵺偵娮棊偟丄廫帤孯崙壠偺僩儕億儕攲椞(County of Tripoli, 1109 - 1289)偲側傝丄1289擭儅儉儖乕僋挬(the Mamluk Sultanate, 1250-1517)偵柵傏偝傟攋夡偝傟傞傑偱悢搙偵傢偨傞廫帤孯偺忋棨丒曗媼嫆揰偲偟偰丄傑偨僀僞儕傾彜恖傜偵傛傞捠彜偺応偲偟偰棙梡偝傟偨丅
僩乕儖(Tor)丗 僔僫僀敿搰(Sinai Peninsula)偺僗僄僘榩(Gulf of Suez)偺榩岥偵嬤偄榩娸晹偵埵抲偡傞僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺搒巗丅偙偺柤偼儌乕僛(Moses)偑恄偐傜廫夲偺柫斉(tablets)傪庼偐偭偨僩乕儖嶳(Jabal Al Tor)偵桼棃偡傞丅
僩儖僉乕 儅僨傿媨揳丗 僩儖僉乕 儅僨傿媨揳(Turki Al Madi Palace)偺擖傝岥偵妡偗傜傟偨愢柧彂偒偵偼乽偙偺媨揳偼僀僗儔儉楋1362擭乮偍傛偦惣楋1943擭乯偵岞崙惌挕丄嵸敾強偍傛傃柍慄嬊偲偟偰寶偰傜傟偨丅偦偺堦晹偼岞偲偦偺壠懓偍傛傃岇塹偺堊偵愯桳偝傟偰偄偨丅偙偺媨揳偼摉帪偺僫僕儔儞岞(Prince of Najran)偱偁偭偨僩儖僉乕 價儞 儌僴儞儊僪(Turki Ben Mohammed)偺娔撀偺壓偵寁夋丒寶愝偝傟偨丅偙偺媨揳偼姰慡側忛偲峫偊傟偰偍傝丄廫暘偵枮懌偱偒偨丅偙偺岞崙傪宲彸偟偨偺偼僩儖僉 價儞 儌僴儞儊僪 儅僨傿丄僴儅僪 價儞 儌僴儞儊僪 儅僨傿丄傾儕 儉僶儔僋 僀僽儔僸儉 價儞 傾僽僨儏儖 儔僴儅儞 僫僔儈丄僇儕僪 價儞 傾僴儅僪 僙僟僀儕偱偁偭偨丅偙偺媨揳偵偁傞60晹壆偺撪栿偼4晹壆偑柍慄嬊丄6晹壆偑晲婍屔丄楃攓(Salah)屇傃偐偗栶(Muazzin)偲儌僗僋偺晹壆丄嵸敾強偺晹壆丄惌挕幏柋幒5晹壆丄媞偺愙懸傗岞幃峴帠傪峴偆儗僙僾僔儑儞偺晹壆丄恌椕幒丄怘摪丄僐乕僸乕儖乕儉丄挋憼屔丄岞偲偦偺壠懓偺廧嫃17晹壆丄怘椏挋憼屔偲梡嬶屔偵6晹壆丄帞椏挋憼偵4晹壆丄岇塹暫廻幧(Al-Akhuia)12晹壆偱偁傞丅拞掚偵偼僀僗儔儉埲慜偐傜孈傜傟偰偄偨屆偄堜屗偑偁傞丅偦偺怺偄晹暘偼儗儞僈偱曗嫮偝傟丄愺偄晹暘偼曗廋偺嵺偵愇慻傒偱曗嫮偝傟偰偄偨丅偙偺媨揳偺4嬿偵偼墌宍偺搩偑偁傞丅僫僕儔儞偺憤崌嫵堢抧嬫偼嫵堢憤嬊傾僽僨儏儖 傾僕僘 傾僴儅僪 傾僀傾僨傿偺娔撀偺壓偵僀僗儔儉楋1406乮偍傛偦惣楋1985擭乯擭埲慜偵寶偰傜傟偰偄偨條偵偙偺媨揳偺嵞寶偵摉偨偭偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅乽Prince Turki Al Madi Palace丗
The Palace was built in 1362 AH to be princedom zone, the court and the
wireless. A part of it was specified for the prince and his family and also the
prince guards. The palace was planned and it was built under supervision of
"Turki Ben Mohammed" Prince of Najran these days, the palace is
considered a complete castle and it is sell satisfaction, the Following Princes
sub/sequenced the princedom / one-Turki Ben Mohammed AlMadi. Hamad Ben Mohammed
Almadi. Ali Almubarak. Ibrahim Ben Abdul Rahman Al Nashimi. Khalid Ben Ahmad Al
Sedairi.The Place Contents sixty rooms were distributed as following: wireless
building '4 rooms'. weapons store '6 rooms'. The mosque and the muazzin room.
the court room. Official office '5 rooms. The main reception of the Prince to
receive guests and for official occasions. Hospital room 'Dining room' Coffee
room and a store room. The Prince and his family house '17rooms. Food stores
and tools '6 rooms' Enimals folds '4 room'.'Gaurd house "Al-Akhuia"
'12 rooms'. The inner courtyard has an old well it was dug since the days
before Islam. its lower part was made form bricks and its upper part was made
from stones during rebuilding. The palace has 4 towers in its corners. They are
circular in shape. Najran general educational zone took care in reconstructing
the palace as constructed before 1406 under Supervision of general director of
education Mr. Abdul Aziz Ahmad Al Aiadi乿
僩儖僋儊儞(Turcoman)丗 僩儖僋儊儞(Turcoman, Turkmen or Turkman)偼庡偲偟偰僩儖僋儊儞(Turkmenistan)丄僀儔儞杒搶晹(North-Eastern Iran)偺儂儔乕僒乕儞抧曽(Khorasan)偍傛傃傾僼僈僯僗僞儞杒晹(Northern
Afghanistan)抧曽偵廧傓僥儏儖僋岅宯彅懓(Turkic People)偺僩儖僋儊儞岅(Turkmen language)傪榖偟丄揱摑揑偵梀杚偲僆傾僔僗擾嬈傪塩傫偱偒偨柉懓偱偁傞丅
僩儖僋儊僯僗僞儞(Turkmenistan)丗 拞墰傾僕傾撿惣晹偱僇僗僺奀(Caspian Sea)搶撿娸偐傜搶偵峀偑傞嫟榓崙丅僇儔僋儉嵒敊(Kara kum)偑崙搚偺85%傪愯傔偰偍傝丄崙柉偺傎偲傫偳偼撿晹偺嶳増偄偺搒巗偵廧傫偱偄傞丅朙晉側愇桘丒揤慠僈僗傪杽憼偡傞丅庱搒偼傾僔僈僶乕僪(Ashgabat )偱僷儖僥傿傾(Parthia丄BC
247 - AD 226)乮娍柤乽埨懅崙乿乯偺敪徦抧僯僒堚愓(Site of Nisa, Ancient Capital of
Parthians)偑嬤偔偵偁傞丅
僩儖僐岎堈暫(Trading Janissaries)丗 嬤塹暫偵擖傝崬傫偩傑偲傕側彜恖偱偁傝丄孯戉偺壎宐偵傛偭偰偦偆偱側偗傟偽椃偺搑拞偱晩壽偝傟傞壽惻偐傜柶彍偝傟偰偄傞丅偟偐偟丄岎堈暫偼暫栶傪晧傢側偄偟丄媼梌傕巟媼偝傟偰偄側偄丅偙偺條側岎堈暫偼柉帠摑帯幰偐傜撈棫偟偰偍傝丄帺暘偺強懏偟偰偄傞孯戉偺彨峑埲奜偺嵸偒偵偼廬傢側偄丅岎堈暫(Trading janissaries)傕帺暘払偺壸暔偲椘怘傪塣傃堊偺僩儔儞僋1屄偲峴棝2屄偵懳偡傞柶惻傕嫕庴偟偰偍傝丄岎堈暫偼偦傟傜偺拞偵壸暔偲椘怘偱偼側偔帺暘払偺傕偭偲傕壙抣偺偁傞彜昳傪媗傔崬傓丅
僩儖僶乕(Turubah)丗 儅僢僇廈(Makkah Al Mukarramah Province)搶晹偵偁傝丄乽嵐恛丒壩嶳奃抧乿傪堄枴偡傞乽僩儖僶乕(Turubah)乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偨挰偱偁傞丅偙偺挰偼僴僟儞梠娾抧懷(Harrat Hadan)偲僫儚僔僼梠娾懷(Harrat Nawasif)偵嫴傑傟偨熆傟扟僗僶僀忋棳偵埵抲偟丄擕崄偺摴偑僽僌儉梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Buqum)傪捠傝敳偗傞弌擖岥偲惉偭偰嫃偨丅
僩儗償傿僒儞(Miss Luisa Trevisan)丗 傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑偺傾僔僗僞儞僩丅
僩儘僌儘僟僀懓(Troglodytes)丗 僀僄儊儞偺懳娸偱丄尰嵼偺僕僽僠(Djibouti )偵廧傓偲塢傢傟偨桾暉偱嫮椡偱偁偭偨晹懓偱丄僔儍儖儖 儖僀丒僪丒儌儞僥僗僉儏乕(Charles-Louis de Montesquieu, 1689 -
1755)偺彂偄偨乽儁儖僔傾恖偺庤巻(Persian Letter)乿偱偼z憸忋偺傾儔價傾偺晹懓偱屆戙僩儘僌儘僨傿僞僄懓(Troglodytae)巕懛偩傠偆乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅僩儘僌儘僨傿僞僄懓(Troglodytae)偼傾僼儕僇偺峠奀娸偵廧傫偱偄偨屆戙晹懓偱寠嫃恖偺堄枴傕偁傞丅
僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jabal Tuwayq)丗 僩儚僀僋嶳柆(Jabal Tuwayq)偼嬻敀抧懷嵐敊(Rub Al Khali)偺撿惣晹偵嬤偄儉乕僟僼傽儞嫭扟(Muhdafan Gap)偺撿偐傜儕儎僪(Riyadh)傊岦偐偭偰640km杒忋偟丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)晅嬤偱杒惣偵曽岦傪曄偊丄僗僟僀儕(Sudayr)偺惣偺抂傑偱峏偵墑傃偰嫃傝丄僕儖僼傿(Zilfi)偺巗奨傪墇偊偰丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)偐傜杒惣栺270km曈傝偱丄僟乕僫傾嵐敊(Dahna' sands)偺嵒媢偺拞偵徚偊偰峴偔丅僩儚僀僋嶳柆偺拞怱晹偼儕儎僪(Riyadh)晅嬤偱偁傝丄昗崅偑1,070m傕偁傝丄偦偺惣懁偺奟抧偼憫尩側宨娤偱偦偺榌偺暯抧偐傜暯嬒245m傕洣棫偟偰嫃傞丅
僪儞 傾儖償傽乕儘 僨 僇僗僩儘(Dom Alvaro de Castro)丗 1517擭3寧偵峠奀偵擖偭偨僜傾儗僗(Soares)採撀巜婗壓偺僽儕僈儞僥傿儞宆斂慏(Brigantine)偺娡挿偱丄婔偮偐偺慏傪漒曔偟偨偑丄偦偺棯扗昳偱愊嵹夁忚偲側傝丄捑杤偟丄40柤偺忔傝慻堳偲嫟偵揗傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
僪儞 傾儞儕働 僨 儊儞僙僗(Dom Anrique de Menses)丗1525擭偵億儖僩僈儖偑僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺嵲傪曻婞偟偨帪偺憤撀丅
僪儞 僕儑傾儉 僨 儕儅(Dom Joam de Lima)丗 僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺億儖僩僈儖偺嵲偺巌椷姱偱丄1525擭傑偱偵愴憟傪廔傢傜偣偨丅
僪儞 僕儑傾儞 僟 儕僗儃傾(Dom João da Lisboa)丗
1552擭7寧偵僺儕 儔僀僗(Piri Rais)偑傾儔價傾奀宱桼偱傾儔價傾榩擖傝偟偨帪偺億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偺僆儅乕儞(Oman)梫嵡巌椷姱丅
僪儞 僪僁傾乕僥 僈儖僶儞(Dom Duarte Galvão)丗
1515擭4寧7擔偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)傪弌峲偟偨怴憤撀儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偺娡戉偵忔傝崌傢偣偨億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偺傾價傾僔僯傾(Abyssinia)媨掛傊偺怴擟戝巊丅
僪儞 僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊儎僟(Dom Francisco Dalmeyada)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺弶戙僀儞僪憤撀(Viceroy of India)僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟 (Francisco d'Almeida)偺暿徧丅
僪儞 儘儗儞僜 僟儖儊僀僟 (Dom Lourenço d'Almeida)丗 僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco d'Almeida)偺懅巕偱1508擭1寧偵3鋤偺慏偲5惽偺(Light Caravel)偺寉僇儔儀儖慏偐傜惉傞彫娡戉偱僠儑僂儖(Chaul) 偺峘傪朘傟偨嵺丄僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)偵廝傢傟丄愴偄偼2擔栚傕3擔栚傕懕偄偨偑丄庒偄傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偺巰偵傛偭偰廔傢偭偨丅
僫僀僕僃儕傾(Nigeria)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹僊僯傾榩偵柺偡傞塸楢朚偺崙偱15悽婭埲棃300擭娫偑億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)丄僆儔儞僟(Holland)丄僀僊儕僗(UK)摍偺搝楆杅堈偺拞怱抧偱19悽婭埲棃僀僊儕僗椞偱偁偭偨偑1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊92.3枩km2丄恖岥1壄1,172枩恖(1995)偱庱搒偼傾僽僕儍(Abuja)丅
僫僀僽(Naib)丗 儊僢僇(Mecca)偺暃庱挿(Deputy or Lieutenant)丅
僫僆慏(Nao)丗 僇儔僢僋慏(Caravel)偵帡偨丄偦傟傛傝傕戝宆偺斂慏偱慏懱拞墰晹偵峛斅偑偁傞丅僐儘儞僽僗(Columbus)偺忔慏偟偨僒儞僞 儅儕傾(Santa Maria)崋偼僫僆慏(Nao)偱偁傞丅
僫僕僪(Najd)丗 僫僕僪(Najd)偲偼傾儔價傾敿搰拞墰晹偺戜抧傪帵偡抧棟揑側掕媊偱偁傞丅乽戝偄側傞嵒偺奀乿偲傕塢傢傟傞僫僼僪嵐敊(Nafud)偑僫僕僪偺杒尷偱丄嬻敀抧懷嵐敊(Rub'
Al Khali)偑偦偺撿尷偱偁傞丅僟僴僫嵐敊(Dahna')偺嵒嶳偺挿偄旜崻偑僫僕僪傪搶晹廈傗傾儔價傾榩(Arabian
Gulf or Persian Gulf)偐傜幷偭偰嫃傝丄僸僕儍僘丒傾僔乕儖嶳柆(Hijaz-Asir Mountains)偑偙偺戜抧偺惣偺奜傟偱偁傝丄峠奀(Red Sea)傗僥傿僴儅乕掅抧(Tihamah)偲幷偭偰偄傞丅僫僕僪(Najd)偼昗崅偑762m偐傜1,525m偺崅尨偱偁傝丄偦偺搶懁乮壓僫僕僪乯偵偼僆傾僔僗(Oasis)廤棊偑懡偔丄慡懱偵偼儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偑慳傜偵嶶傜偽偭偰梀杚惗妶傪塩傫偱偄偨丅偦偺宱堒搙偼杒堒20亱偐傜28亱偱搶宱41亱偐傜48亱偱搶惣880km丄撿杒720km偺斖埻偱偁傞丅偙偺抧堟偼惣楋1899擭偐傜1912擭偵偐偗偰傾僽僪儖 傾僕僘 僀僽儞 傾僽僪儖 儔乕儅儞 僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rhaman ibn Saud)偺棪偄傞儚僢僴價(Wahhabi)孯抍偑僆僢僩儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire)偐傜愴偄庢偭偨抧堟偱偁傝丄惣楋1932擭偵偼僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偑愝棫偟偨僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偺堦廈偲偲側傝丄庱搒儕儎僪(Riyadh)偑抲偐傟偨丅偦偺屻丄1963擭偵僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾偑慡搚傪惣晹廈(Hijaz)丄拞墰廈(Najd)丄惣撿廈(Ashir)偲搶晹廈(Hasa)偺巐廈偵暘偗偨撪偺拞墰廈(Najd)偱傕偁傝丄偦偺庡側峴惌嬫偼僕儍僶儖 僔儍僢儅乕儖(Jabal Shammar)丄僇僔儉(Qasim)丄僗僟僀儖(Sudayr)丄儚僔儏儉(Washm)丄傾儕僪(Arid)丄傾僼儔僕乮Aflaj乯丄僴儞僋(Hank)丄儎儅儅乕(Yamamah)偍傛傃儚僨傿 僟儚僔乕儖(Wadi Dawasir)偱偁偭偨丅
僫僕僪4晹懓(4 Najd Tribes)丗 僫僕僪(Najd)偱僆傾僔僗擾嬈(Oasis Farming)傗梀杚(Nomadism)傪塩傫偱偄偨儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偼僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)丄僴儖僽懓(Harb)丄傾僥僶懓(Ateba)偍傛傃儉僥乕儖懓(Muter)偺4晹懓偱偁偭偨丅丅
僫僔僼揁(Nasif House)丗 儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼(Muhammed
Nasif)偼1884擭僕僢僟偵惗傑傟偨崅柤側妛幰(scholar)偱丄憼彂壠(Bibliophile)偱丄怴暦偺曇廤幰偱偁傝丄偦偺憼彂偵偼慭慶晝偺晝恊(grand-grandfather)偑惗懚拞偵廂廤偟偰偄偨懡偔偺婱廳側幨杮(Manuscript)傕娷傑傟丄傾儔價傾岅偺憼彂偺悢偼6,000嶜偵媦傫偱偄傞丅枖丄偦偺壆晘偼僕僢僟寶愝傪戙昞偡傞寍弍揑側寶暔偱偁傝丄傕偰側偟怱朙偐偱岎嵺岲偒側儉僴儞儅僪 僫僔僼偼懡偔偺偮偮傑偟偄弰楃払傪巒傔丄挊柤側僀僗儔儉偺妛幰傗傾儔僽妛幰(Arabist)傪墖彆偟偨傝丄偦偙偱愙懸偟偨傝偟偨丅偦傟傜偺朘栤幰偺拞偵偼傾僽僨儏儔傾僕僘崙墹(King Abdulaziz)傗儘乕儗儞僗(T.E. Lawrence)傕娷傑傟偰偄偨丅僒僂僕惌晎偼乽偙偺寍弍揑側寶暔傪曐懚偡傞帠偑崙壠偵偲偭偰廳梫偱偁傞乿偲擣幆偟丄僫僔僼揁(Nasif House)傪岞嫟恾彂娰偲偟偰尰嵼丄妶梡丒曐懚偟偰偄傞丅乮傾儔儉僐儚乕儖僪帍偐傜彺栿乯
僫僔乕儖-僀 僐僗儘僂(Nasir-i Khosrow)丗
揱愢揑側僀僗儅僀儖攈怣幰帊恖偱揘妛幰偱偁傞丅惣楋1004擭偵惗傑傟丄偦偺乽帊廤僨傿僶儞(Divan丄Collection of
Poems)乿偲偦偺挊嶌乽僒僼傽乕儖 僫儊(Safar Nameh丄Book of Travel)乿偱抦傜傟偰偄傞條偵儁儖僔傾暥妛(Persian Literature)偲巚峫偵嵟傕戩墇偟偨恖暔偺堦恖偱偁偭偨丅
僫僕儔儞(Najran)丗 僫僕儔儞(Najran)偼怺偄熆傟扟偺扟掙偵墑傃傞嵶挿偄屆偄挰偱丄崱偼僫僕儔儞廈偺廈搒偱偁傞丅僫僕儔儞偵偼傾儔價傾岅偱乽斷傪奐暵偡傞堊偺栘榞乿偲偐丄乽岮偺妷偒乿偲偺堄枴偱偁傞偗傟偳傕丄乽嶍傜傟偨扟乿偲偺堄枴傕偁傞丅偙偺熆傟扟偼偦傟傪幚徹偟偰偄傞條偵尟偟偄偺偱巹偵偼偙傟偑憡墳偟偔巚偊傞丅偙偺熆傟扟偼僀僄儊儞曽柺偐傜傕朙晉側悈傪廤傔偰嵐敊偺扟娫偵朙偐側椢偺墍傪惗傒弌偟偰偄傞丅偙偺挰偺忋棳偵僗僀僗偺夛幮偑寶愝偟偨僫僕儔儞宬扟僟儉((Al Madhiq Dam))偼戙昞揑側僒僂僕偺帯悈僟儉偱偁傞丅Najran 偼Nagran埥偄偼Nadjran偲捲傜傟傞帠傕偁傞丅
僫僕儔儞偺僉儕僗僩嫵傊偺夵廆(Religious Conversion of Najran People to
Christianity)丗 乽惣楋250擭埲崀僸儉儎儖廆庡尃壓偱僉儞僟懓摨柨傪傓偡傃僫僕儔儞抧曽偑桪惃(Acendancy)偱偁偭偨娫偵丄偙偺抧曽偺恖乆偼嬼憸悞攓(Idol
Worship)偐傜僉儕僗僩嫵偵夵廆偟偨乿偲偺愢傕偁傞偟丄乽5丄6悽婭偵偙偺抧堟傪椃偟偰偄偨彜恖傪捠偠偰偺僉儕僗僩嫵傊偺夵廆偟偨乿偲偺愢傗丄乽僫僕儔儞(Najran)偵搝楆偲偟偰攧傜傟偰偒偨廋摴憁僼傿 儌僀儞(Fi-moyn)偑懡偔偺僇儔儅(Karamah)乮婏愓乯傪婲偙偟丄僫僕儔儞偺恖乆偼偦傟傪尒偨帪偵僉儕僗僩嫵傪庴偗擖傟偨乿偲偺愢傗僘 僫儚僗(Dhu Nawas)帺恎偑傾僽僪僢儔 價儞 僒儈乕儖(Abdullah b. Thamir)偲塢偆柤偺僫僕儔儞偺抝偑楢傟偰棃偨僉儕僗僩嫵廋摴巑払偺堦恖偵杺弍偱攋傟丄恖乆偑僉儕僗僩嫵傪庴偗擖傟偨乿摍條乆側愢偑偁傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偦偺偳傟傕偑惁嶴側媠嶦偵懴偊偨嫮屌側廆嫵怱傪愢柧偡傞偩偗偺愢摼椡偵寚偗傞條偵巹偵偼巚偊傞丅
僫僕儔儞攷暔娰(Najran Museum)丗 擕崄偺摴偺廻応僆僋僪乕僪(Ukhdood)傪晘抧偵偟偰嫃傞丅偙偺攷暔娰偼僒僂僕崙撪偱偼屆戙儐僟儎嫵搆乮僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarites)乯偺懚嵼傪岞偵柧婰偟偰偄傞捒偟偄応強偺堦偮偱偁傞丅
僫僕儔儞 儂儕僨傿僀儞(Najran Holiday-Inn)丗
1987擭偺搤偵僫僕儔儞傪朘傟偨帪偵偼攽傑傟傞條側廻幧偑柍偔丄嬯楯偟偨偑偙偺儂僥儖偑奐嬈偟偨偍堿偱嬻敀抧懷惣晹傊偺朘栤偺嫆揰偑弌棃偨丅
僫僣儊僌(Nutmeg)丗 擏摛蔲乮偵偔偢偔乯偼僯僋僘僋壢偺擬懷嶻忢椢庽崅栘丄儅儗乕尨嶻偱崅偝10m丄梩偼挿懭墌宍丄梩幙偼岤偔丄帗梇堎姅丄帗壴偼懾墿敀怓偺忇宍偱丄壴屻丄媴宍偺塼壥傪寢傃丄壥旂偼擏幙丄壖庬旂偼峠怓偱庬巕拞偺恗丄偡側傢偪擏摛蔲乮偵偔偢偔乯偼崄婥偑偁傝丄屆偔偐傜寬堓栻丒崄枴椏丒嫺廘栻偱偁傝丄尪妎嶌梡丒恄宱杻醿嶌梡偑偁傞丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽僫僣儊僌(nutmeg)傕崄椏彅搰(Spice Islands)偲傕屇偽傟傞儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas) 尨嶻偺儊乕僗(Myristica muscata)偲塢偆怉暔偺壥幚偺庬偱偁傞乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
僫僣儊偺栘(Christ's Thorn)丗 傾儔價傾偱偼僔僪儖(Sidr)偁傞偄偼僕儏僕儏儀(Jujube)偲屇偽傟傞丅懠偵僫僽僋庽(Nabk Tress)丄Lote
tree,丄Christ's Thorn丄Jujube 偲傕屇偽傟丄妛柤偼Ziziphus
spina-christi偱偁傞丅傾僟儉偑抧忋偵崀傝偰巒傔偰岥偵偟偨怘暔偲尵傢傟偰偍傝丄偝傑偞傑側栻岠偑偁傞丅梩偼僴乕僽愇尣傗傆偗丄僔儔儈偺梊杊丄栚偺庮傟傗擽釃偺帯椕丄旍枮杊巭偵岠梡偑偁傝丄庽旂傗崻傕堓捝丄栍挵摍偵岠梡偑偁傝丄傾僗僩儕儞僛儞傗奝巭傔偵巊傢傟傞丅僔僪儖偺枿偼僒僂僕(Saudi Arabia)偱偼嵟崅媺偺朓枿偱條乆側栻岠偼偁傞偲捒廳偝傟丄1kg偱彮側偔偲傕SR 800埲忋偡傞丅扐偟丄偙偺崟偔僪儘僢偲偟偨朓枿傪巹偼嬯庤偱偁偭偨丅僔僪儖偺栘偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾撿晹偺傾僔乕儖(Asir)丄僫僕儔儞(Najran)偍傛傃僕僓儞(Jizan)偵偼偛偔晛捠偵惗偊偰偍傝丄偦偺朓枿偼偙傟傜偺抧曽偺摿嶻暔偵側偭偰偄傞丅
7儐僗僼傿/摢(7 Yusufi pro Capite)丗 乽儅僈儕僶(Magharibah)偑弰楃偱僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偵摓拝偟偨偲偒庱挿偵巟暐偭偨僊僕儎(Giziya)偼堦恖摉偨傝7儐僗僼傿偱偁偭偨乿偲僀僽儞-傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)挊乽僞儕僴 傾儖-儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al-Mustahsir)乿乮暃戣丗乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae
Meridionalis)乿乯偵弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅(1儐僗僼傿(Yusufi)偼儊僢僇偺岎姺強偱偼13僇儔僢僩(Carats)1僌儗僀儞(Grain)偵憡摉偟偨丅乯
僫僶僥傾墹崙(Nabataean kingdom)丗 婭尦慜堦愮擭戙偺嵟屻偺悽婭偵僫僶僥傾墹崙偼尰嵼偺僕儑乕儖僟儞(Jordan)偵偁傞儁僩儔(Petra)傪庱搒偲偟偰丄尰嵼偺儅僟乕'僀儞 僒乕儕乕(Mada乫in Salih or Madain Saleh)偱偁傞傾儖亅僸僕儖(Al Hijr)丄僨儏乕儅僢僩 傾儖亅僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jundal)偍傛傃儚僨傿'儖亅僔乕儖僴乕儞(Wadi'l-Sirhan)傪巟攝壓偵抲偄偰丄偦傟埲慜偵宲懕偟偰偄偨杒惣傾儔價傾偺崙乆偵庢偭偰戙傢偭偨丅僫僶僥傾偼偙偺抧堟慡懱偺愴棯揑側応強偵挰傪抸偒丄偦偟偰儚僨傿'儖亅僔乕儖僴乕儞傪僫僶僥傾墹崙偺擇儢強偺峀偔棧傟偨晹暘傪偮側偖惗柦慄偲埵抲晅偗偨丅僫僶僥傾偼僨儏乕儅僢僩 傾儖亅僕儍儞僟儖偍傛傃儚僨傿'儖亅僔乕儖僴乕儞傪帺暘払偑巟攝偟偨偲尵偆彂偒暔偱偺婰榐偼巆偝側偐偭偨偑峫屆妛揑偵偼偦偺偟偭偐傝偟偨徹嫆傪棤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅僊儕僔儍(Greek)偺抧棟妛幰偱楌巎壠偺僗僩儔儃(Strabo)乮婭尦慜64擭-23擭乯偼偦偺挊彂乽抧棟妛乿偺拞偵乽傾僄儕僂僗 僈儖僗(Gaius Aelius Gallus)乮儘乕儅儞偺僄僕僾僩憤撀(Roman Prefect of Egypt, 26 BC - 24 BC)乯偺婭尦慜24擭偺傾儔價傾墦惇(Arabian Expedition)偺帪偵僫僶僥傾偼傾儖亅僸僕儖傪巟攝偟偰偄偨丅乿偲婰榐偟偰偄傞丅僫僶僥傾偑傾儖亅僸僕儖偲僨儏乕儅僢僩 傾儖亅僕儍儞僟儖傪巟攝壓偵抲偄偨偺偼婭尦慜堦悽婭偺拞崰埥偄偼偦傟傛傝彮偟慜偱丄屆戙偵偍偄偰偙偺擇偮偺挰偼撿惣傾儔價傾偺僀僄儊儞偺擕崄(frankincense)偲杤栻(myrrh)岎堈摍傪巟攝偟丄堦斣斏塰偟偰偄偨偲帪戙偲巚傢傟傞丅僫僶僥傾墹崙偼僩儔僕儍儞(Trajan)掗帯悽偺惣楋106擭偵儘乕儅偵暪撣偝傟丄偦偺屻偼儘乕儅掗崙偲偦偺屻宲偺價僓儞僠儞(Byzantines)掗崙偺帪戙傪捠偠偰戝僔儕傾(Great
Syrian)嵐敊偺峳栰偵柧妋側崙嫬偼懚嵼偟側偔側偭偨丅
僫僶僥傾恖(Nabataeans)丗 僫僶僥傾恖偼尦乆偼傾儔僽晹懓偺曻杚柉偱偁傝丄庡偵岎堈偵傛偭偰偦偺椡傪拁偊婭尦慜4悽婭偺廔傢傝枠偵師戞偵掕廧偟崙憿傝傪偟偰棃偨丅僫僶僥傾恖偼撿傾儔價傾偲抧拞奀偺揱摑揑側搒巗傪寢傇戉彜岎堈傪扴偄斏塰偟偨丅婭尦慜1悽婭偵偼僫僶僥傾墹崙偼偦偺庱搒傪崱擔偺撿僕儑儖僟儞(Southern Jordan)偺儁僩儔(Petra)偵抲偒丄杒惣傾儔價傾偵桳偭偨彅崙偵庢偭偰戙傢偭偨丅僫僶僥傾恖偼偦偺巟攝傪僸僕儖(al-Hijr)丄僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偍傛傃儚僨傿儖 僔乕儖僴儞(Wadi'l-Sirhan)傊偲奼戝偟偰峴偭偨丅僸僕儖(al-Hijr)偲偼尰嵼偺儅僟乫僀儞 僒儗乕(Mada'in Salih)偱偁傞丅僫僶僥傾恖偼偙偺抧堟偺愴棯揑埵抲偵偦傟偧傟搒巗傪寶愝偟偨丅儚僨傿儖 僔乕儖僴儞偼墦偔暘棧偟偨僫僶僥傾墹崙偺椞搚傪寢傇惗柦慄偲惉傝丄偙偺帪婜偵屆戙偺僸僕儖傗僨儏儅僩 傾儖 僕儍儞僟儖偼嵟傕斏塰偟偰偄偨丅
僫僼僪嵐敊(An Nafud乯丗 執戝側嵒偺嵐敊(Al-Nafud)偼執戝側僫僼僪偲傕屇偽傟僕儍僂僼廈(Jawf)偐傜撿撿搶偵僴僀儖廈(Hayil)偍傛傃杒晹崙嫬廈(Northern Borders)傊偲峀偑偭偰偄傞丅杒堒27亱00'偐傜30亱00'丄搶宱39亱00'偐傜43亱00'偵埵抲偟偰嫃傝丄僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾杒惣晹偺峀戝側曄宍偟偨杶抧傪杽傔丄偦偺柺愊偼67,300暯曽僉儘偵媦傇丅僫僼僪嵐敊偺嵒媢偺嵺偩偭偨摿挜偼僼傽儖僕(Falj)偲屇偽傟傞偦偺宍偵偁傞丅僼傽儖僕偼傎傏敿懭墌偱丄攏偺掻偺嫄戝側愓偺條側宍傪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺嵐敊偺怉惗偼埨掕偟偰偍傝丄朙偐側偺偱梀杚偵揔偟偰嫃傞丅僫僼僪偺柤慜偼 嵒媢傪堄枴偡傞僯僼僪(al-Nyhud)偐傜師戞偵鎍偭偰偙偺條偵屇偽傟傞條偵惉偭偨丅
僫僼僪懲愊杶: 僫僼僪嵒嵐敊偑僞僽乕僋懲愊杶(Tabuk Basin)偍傛傃僂傿僨傿傾儞懲愊杶抂晹(Widyan basin margin)椉曽偺戝敿傪旐偭偰偄傞偺偱偙傟傜傪崌傢偣僫僼僪懲愊杶(Nafud Basin)偲屇傫偱偄傞丅偙偺擇偮偺懲愊杶傪暘妱偡傞條偵僴乕僀儖丒儖僩僶乕屒宆抧宍(Hail-Rutbah Arch)偑僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)偺搶晹晅嬤偐傜杒傊偲墑傃偰偄傞丅僞僽乕僋懲愊杶偺屆惗戙(Paleozoic)弶婜偺懲愊憌偼儚僨傿儖 僔乕儖僴儞(Wadi'l-Sirhan)懲愊杶傪峔惉偡傞怴惗戙(Cenozoic)偺懲愊憌偺撿晹偺壓晹憌傊偲峀偑偭偰偄傞丅
僫億儕戝妛搶梞妛壢丗 Istituto Universitario Orientale of the
University of Naples.
僫儈價傾嫟榓崙(Republic of Namibia)丗 捠徧僫儈價傾偼丄戝惣梞偵柺偟偨傾僼儕僇撿惣晹偺崙丅庱搒偼僂傿儞僩僼僢僋(Windhoek)丅杒偵傾儞僑儔(Angola)丄杒搶偵僓儞價傾(Zambia)丄搶偵儃僣儚僫(Botswana)丄撿偵撿傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙(Republic
of South Africa)偲崙嫬傪愙偟丄傑偨戝惣梞偵柺偡傞丅乽僫儈價傾乿偺崙柤偼丄偙偺崙偺撿晹偵峀偑傞僫儈僽嵒敊(Namib Desert)偵桼棃偟丄乽僫儈僽乿偼庡梫柉懓偱偁傞僒儞恖(San, Khwe or Bushmen)偺尵梩偱丄乽壗傕側偄乿偲偄偆堄枴偱偁傞丅摉弶僪僀僣(Germany))乮堦晹僀僊儕僗(UK)乯偑怉柉抧偲偟丄怉柉抧帪戙帪戙偺柤徧偼撿惣傾僼儕僇丅戞堦師悽奅戝愴埲屻偼撿傾僼儕僇楢朚偑埾擟摑帯傪懌偑偐傝偵崙嵺朄忋堘朄側暪崌傪峴偭偨丅偦偺屻丄1990擭偵撈棫傪払惉偟偰偄傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僫乕儎儖(Nair)丗 僫乕儎儖(Nayar)偲傕屇偽傟丄僀儞僪撿惣晹働儔儔(Kerala)廈偺儅儔僶儖(Malabar)奀娸偺僇乕僗僩(caste)傑偨偼偦偺堦堳偱屆偔偐傜偙偺抧堟傪惌帯揑丒孯帠揑偵巟攝偟偰偄偨偑丄9悽婭偛傠傑偱偵僸儞僪僁乕壔偝傟丄塸崙偵栭怉柉抧壔埲慜偼揟宆揑側曣宯幮夛傪宍惉偟偰偄偨丅
僫儖儅僟愳(the Narmada)丗 僀儞僪拞晹儅僨傿儎 僾儔僨僔儏廈(Madhya Pradesh)搶晹偵敪偟丄僒僩僾儔嶳柆(Satpura Ránge)嶳柆偺杒懁傪惣偵棳傟丄傾儔價傾奀偺僉儍儉僶僀榩(Gulf of Cambay)偵拲偖僀儞僪偱僈儞僕僗(the Ganges)愳偵師偖惞側傞愳偱偁傞丅
柤偺抦傟側偄億儖僩僈儖恖偺搝楆(Anonymous Portuguese Slave)丗 儕僠儍乕僪 僴僋儖乕僩(Ricard Hakluyt)偑偍傛偦1580擭偵弌斉偟偨桳柤側乽庡梫側峲奀(Principal Navigation)乿偺拞偱妶帤壔偝傟偨柤偺抦傟側偄億儖僩僈儖恖偺搝楆偺曬崘彂偺塸岅暥復偺偁偪傜偙偪傜偵尰傟傞婔偮偐偺僀僞儕傾岅偺扨岅偐傜敾抐偟丄尦乆偼懠偺償僃僱僣僀傾恖(Venetian)偺嶌昳偱偼側偄偐偲巚傢傟傞丅偙傟偵偼傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偲僇僀儘(Cairo)偺巗偺條巕丄僇僀儘偐傜儊僢僇(Mecca)傊偺弰楃楬丄弰楃偺媀幃偍傛傃儊僢僇丄儊僨傿僫乮Medina乯丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺巗偺條巕摍偑婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅僆僢僩儅儞 僗儖僞儞崙(Ottoman Sultan)偺巟攝幰偲偟偰偺儉儔僩嶰悽(Murad III)偲偺娭學偐傜偙偺曬崘幰偼1574擭偐傜1595擭偺娫偵彂偐傟偰偄傞偑丄慜弎偟偨條偵偙傟偼僴僋儖乕僩(Hakluyt)偵傛偭偰偦偺弌強傗挊幰偵懳偡傞拲夝柍偟偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺搝楆弰楃幰偺暸偐傜弌偨僕僢僟偺奊偼旕忢偵嫽枴怺偔丄尨埬偼僩儖僐偵傛傞杊塹偵堦晹峷專偟偰偄傞丅偙偺搝楆偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偺搒巗傪尒偰偄傞偵堘偄側偄丅屆偄塸岅偼撉傓偺傪彮偟擄夝偱偼偁傞偑嶶暥偼暦偄偰偄偰妝偟偄丅
撿嫗栘柸(Nankins)丗 扺墿怓偺晍抧(Yellowish Cotton Cloth)偱傾儔價傾廧柉偺戝晹暘偑巊偭偰偄傞丅
僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿(Nicolò de' Conti丄1395
- 1469)丗 償僃僯僗(Venice)嬤朤偺僉僆僢僕傾(Chioggia)偺惗傑傟偱丄庒偄偲偒偐傜僟儅僗僇僗(Dammascus)岎堈偵廬帠偟丄僐儞僥傿偼偦偙偱傾儔價傾岅傪妛傫偩丅1419擭偵丄僐儞僥傿偼傾儔價傾(Arabia)偲儁儖僔傾(Persia)偵岦偐偆戉彜偵壛傢傝丄偦偙偱偺朻尟偺枺椡偲枹抦偑師戞偵僐儞僥傿傪曔傜偊偨丅僐儞僥傿偼搶梞偵岦偐偆慏偵忔傝丄25擭娫偺曻楺偺屻丄傗偭偲帺暘偺曣崙偵栠偭偨丅僐儞僥傿偼儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)偐傜僀儞僪(India)偦偟偰僙僀儘儞(Ceylon)丄僕儍儚(Java)丄僗儅僩儔(Sumatra)媦傃撿巟撨(South of China)偵峴偭偨丅婣楬偵僐儞僥傿偼價儖儅(Burma)傪朘栤偟丄偦偙偱僐儞僥傿偼僀儔儚僨傿愳(Irrawaddy
River or Ayeyarwady River)傪傾償傽(Ava)傑偱慿偭偨丅偦傟偐傜惣僀儞僪偺僐乕僠儞(Cochin)丄僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偍傛傃僇儞儀僀(Cambay)偵棫偪婑傝丄僜僐僩儔(Socotra)丄傾僨儞(Aden)偍傛傃儀儖儀儔(Berbera)傪墇偊偰丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵1438 or 1439擭偵拝偄偨丅僔僫僀嶳(Mount Sinai)偱僐儞僥傿偼僗儁僀儞恖乮Spaniard乯偺椃峴壠儁儘 僞僼乕儖(Pero Tafur)偵夛偭偰偄傞丅僐儞僥傿偼僞僼乕儖偵懡偔偺懱尡傪榖偟偰偄傞丅偦偺拞偵偼僄僕僾僩偺僗儖僞儞偺椞搚傪捠夁偟偰僇僀儘(Cairo)傊捠峴偡傞嫋壜傪摼傞偨傔偵2擭娫傕儊僢僇偱懸偭偰偄偨榖偺條偵億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio Bracciolini)偵榖偟偰偄側偄暔岅傕偁偭偨偑丄僞僼乕儖偺暔岅偺怣棅惈偵偼媈栤偑偁傞丅
乽僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿偺杮(Book of Nicolò de' Conti)乿丗 朄墹僄僂僎僯僂僗巐悽(Pope Eugenius IV)偺柦椷偱僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿(Nicolò de' Conti)偺朻尟椃峴傪僼傿儗儞僣僃恖乮Firenzian or Florencian乯偺旈彂億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio Bracciolini)偑彂偄偨乽條乆側塣柦(De varieate fortunae)乿傪僴僋儖乕僩(Hakluyt)嫤夛偺僕儑儞 僂傿儞僞乕 僕儑乕儞僘(John Winter Jones)偑東栿丒曇廤偟丄1857擭儘儞僪儞偱乽僯僐儘 僨 僐儞僥傿偺杮(The Book of Nicolò de' Conti)乿偲戣偟弌斉偟偨丅
僯僕僃乕儖(Niger)丗 傾僼儕僇杒晹丄僒僴儔嵐敊撿晹偺尦暓椞惣傾僼儕僇偺堦晹偱丄1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊126.7枩km2丄恖岥915枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼僯僕僃乕儖愳(Niger Rive)増偄偺僯傾儊(Niamey)丅
僯僕僃乕儖愳(Niger River)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹偺戝壨丄僊僯傾(Guinea)偺撿惣抂偵敪偟丄儅儕(Mali)傪宱偰僯僕僃乕儖(Niger)惣抂傪棳傟丄僫僀僕僃儕傾(Nigeria)拞墰晹傪棳壓偟偰僊僯傾榩乮the Gulf of Guinea)偵拲偓丄壓棳偵偼戝僨儖僞傪宍惉偟偰偄傞丅増娸偵偼儅儕(Mali)偺庱搒僶儅僐(Bamako)丄僯僕僃乕儖(Niger)偺庱搒僯傾儊(Niamey)偑偁傞丅
擇廳掗崙(Austria-Hungary Empire or Dual Monarchy)丗 僴僾僗僌儖僌壠(House of Habsburg)偑僴儞僈儕乕偺儅僕儍乕儖(Magyars or Hungarians)婱懓偲懨嫤偟偰丄1867擭僴儞僈儕乕墹崙偺寶愝傪擣傔丄摨孨楢崌乮僆乕僗僩儕傾峜掗偑僴儞僈儕乕墹傪寭偹傞乯傕偲偵惉棫偟偨擇廳掗崙偱戞堦師悽奅戝愴偵攕傟丄1918擭偵夝懱偟偨丅
僯僱償僃(Nineveh or L Ninus)丗 屆戙傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)偺庱搒偱612擭偵掗崙偑柵朣偟偰攑毿偲側偭偨丅尰嵼偼僀儔僋偺儌僗儖(Mosul)偺僠僌儕僗愳(Tigris)偺懳娸偵堚愓偑偁傞丅
僯乕僽乕儖(C. Neibuhr)丗 僪僀僣偺椃峴壠偱丄應検巑寭揤暥娤應幰偱偁偭偨僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten (Karsten) Niebuhr, 1733 - 1815)偼僨儞儅乕僋惌晎偑攈尛偟偨傾儔價傾扵専戉偵嶲壛偟丄嵟傕旍梹側晹暘偺傾儔價傾偡側傢偪僀僄儊儞傪壢妛揑偵挷嵏偡傞巊柦傪懷傃偰扵専偟偨丅5恖偺壢妛幰偲1恖偺彚巊偄偺6恖偱峔惉偝傟丄1761擭偵僐儁儞僴乕僎儞(Copenhagen)傪弌敪偟偨丅1762擭10寧29擔偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵忋棨偟偨丅僀僄儊儞偍傛傃偦偺屻偺僀儞僪傊偺峲奀偱偺搑拞偱拠娫偼儅儔儕傾(malaria)丄旀楯崲溵丄塰梴幐挷偱堦恖堦恖巰傫偱峴偒丄僯乕僽乕儖(Niebuhr)偼嵟屻偺4擭娫傪堦恖偱椃偟偰僐儁儞僴乕僎儞(Copenhagen)偵1767擭枛偵栠傝拝偄偨丅
乽僯乕僽乕儖偺椃偺暔岅乿丗 僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten Nieburhr)帺恎偺挊嶌偱乽傾儔價傾偲偦偺廃曈偺椃峴婰(Reisecbeschreibung nach Arabien und Andern
Umliegenden Ländern)乿偲偺戣柤傪晅偗丄僐儁儞僴乕僎儞(Copenhagen)偱 1774 - 1778擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽僯乕僽乕儖偺椃偺暔岅乿偺塸岅偺東栿丗 僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten (Karsten) Niebuhr)(1733 - 1815)挊乽傾儔價傾偲偦偺廃曈偺椃峴婰(Reisecbeschreibung nach Arabien und andern
umliegenden Ländern)乿偺塸栿偼乽傾儔價傾偲偦偺懠偺搶曽偺崙乆偺椃峴(Travels through Arabia and other
Countries in the East)乿偲戣偝傟丄僄僨傿儞僶儔(Edinburgh)偱1792擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅偙偺杮偼嵟嬤儀僀儖乕僩(Beirut)偱擔晅柍偟偵嵞斉偝傟偰偄傞偑丄乽僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten Niebuhr)偲偦偺拠娫偺朻尟偲嬈愌乿偺塸岅偵傛傞姰慡側婰弎偼偛偔嵟嬤偵側偭偰丄僨儞儅乕僋偺1761擭偐傜1767擭傕墦惇偵偮偄偰偺婰弎偲偟偰丄乽傾儔價傾偺僼僃儕僢僋僗(Arabia Felix)乿偲偺戣柤傪晅偗傜傟丄丄H. 僜乕儖僉儖僪(H. Thorkild)偵傛偭偰儘儞僪儞(London)偱1964擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽僯乕僽乕儖偺椃偺暔岅乿偺暓栿嵞斉丗 乽傾儔價傾偲椬愙偡傞偦偺懠偺崙乆傊偺僯乕僽乕儖偺椃峴婰乿偲戣偝傟偰丄1779擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨(Description de l'Arabie d'après les
observations et recherches faites dans le pays même par M. Niebubr Paris 1779.)
丅
乽僯乕僽乕儖偺椃偺暔岅乿偺棖栿嵞斉丗 M. 僯乕僽乕儖挊丄乽傾儔價傾偲椬愙偡傞偦偺懠偺崙乆傊偺椃峴婰(Voyage en Arabie et en d'autres pays
circonvoisins par M. Niebubr)乿偼傾儉僗僥儖僟儉(Amsterdam)偱1776擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅
擕崄(Frankincense)丗 擕崄偼僇儞儔儞壢 (Burseraceae) 儃僗僂僃儕傾懏偺擕崄庽乮Boswellia Thurifera or Boswellia caraterii乯偺庽旂偐傜庢傟傞庽帀偱偁傞丅擕崄庽偼傾僼儕僇(Africa)偺僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia))丄傾儔價傾(Arabia)偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)丄僆儅乕儞(Oman)側偳偺憠偣偨搚抧偵帺惗偟偰偍傝丄庽旂偵彎傪晅偗偰庽帀傪嵦傞偑丄庽塼偼巒傔擕敀怓偺塼懱偱丄嬻婥偵怗傟傞偲屌壔偟丄扺墿怓偺椳宆偺庽帀偵側傞丅偦偺愭抂偑彈惈偺擕庱偵傛偔帡偰偍傝丄擕崄偲柦柤偝傟偨丅屆棃恄偵曺偘傞孫崄偲偟偰丄枖戝愗側媞條傪傕偰側偡帪偺崄傝偲偟偰丄枖崄椏偺曐棷嵻偲偟偰梡偄傜傟傞丅傢偢偐偵儗儌儞條偺怱傪棊偪拝偐偣傞偟偭偲傝偟偨崄傝偱丄偙偺擕崄偺庽傪弰偭偰丄僔僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba)偲僜儘儌儞墹(King Solomon)偺庢堷傕峴傢傟偨掱偺婱廳側庽偱傕偁傞丅僿僽儔僀恖(Hebrew)偲僄僕僾僩恖(Egyptian)偼敎戝側晉傪旓傗偟偰偙傟傪僼僃僯僉傾恖(Phoenician)偐傜桝擖偟偰偄偨丅塼懱乮惛桘乯忬偺傕偺偲丄夠忬偺傕偺偑偁傝丄夠忬偺傕偺偼僩僷乕僘(Topaz)偺傛偆偵旤偟偔丄偦偺傑傑忺偭偨傝丄嵱偄偰億僾儕偵崿偤偨傝偟偰傕旤偟偄丅惛桘偼丄惉弉敡偵怴偨側妶惈傪梌偊丄偟傢傪庢傞偲傕尵傢傟偰偄傞丅旂晢偺嫮憇嵻偲偟偰傕妶桇偟丄旂帀偺暘斿偺僶儔儞僗傪偲傞偺偵傕栶棫偮丅
擕崄偲杤栻(Frankincense and Myrrh)丗 炿烻壢乮僶儖僙儔乯(Burseraceae)椶偺儃僗僂僃僢儕傾(Boswellia) 懏偺庽栘偐傜嶻偡傞偺偵杤栻(Myrrh)偲僽僨儕僂儉(Bdellium)偼僐僢儈僼僅儔 (Commiphora) 偐傜嶻偡傞丅儀僨儕僂儉(Bdellium)偼杤栻偵側傫偲側偔帡偰偍傝丄杤栻偲偟偰偟偽偟偽尒橍偝傟傞丅屆戙偵偼偙偺擇偮偺柧妋側嬫暿偼柍偐偭偨丅傾儔價傾偱抦傜傟偰偄傞僽僨儕僂儉(Bdellium) 偼僐僢儈僼傽儔 儅僋儖(Commiphora
mukul) 偲僐僢儈僼僅儔 僔儞儁儕(Commiphora scimperi) 偱偁傞丅
擕崄庽丗 儃僗僂僃儕傾(Boswellia serrata Boswellia Roxb. ex
Colebr.)懏偼僇儞儔儞壢(Burseraseae)偱榓柤偼:擕崄庽偱偁傝丄傾儔價傾偺懎柤偱偼僒儔僀僌僢僈儖(Salai Guggal)偲屇偽傟傞丅 儃僗僂僃儕傾懏偺栘偼庬椶偵傛傝旝柇偵崄傝傗惉暘偑堎側傞偑丄偄偢傟傕僼儔儞僉儞僙儞僗(Frankincense)乮尰抧柤僆儕僶僫儉Olibanum乯乮榓柤丄擕崄乯偲屇偽傟傞庽帀(Fragrant Oleo-Gum-Resins)傪嶻弌偡傞丅僼儔儞僉儞僙儞僗偼栘偺姴傪彎偮偗偰摼傜傟傞擕塼忬偺塼懱偑峝壔偟偨庽帀偱偁傞丅偙偺庬偺庽帀偼丄怉暔偑嬠偵懳偡傞杊塹嶌梡傗帺忩嶌梡偺偨傔偵嶻弌偡傞丅 偙偺庽帀傪崄楥偱暟偄偨傾儘儅偼揱摑揑偵拞嬤搶傗僀儞僪偺帥堾側偳偺嵳抎丄岞嫟巤愝丄儗僗僩儔儞側偳偱丄媀幃傗彍拵丄彍嬠偵峀偔棙梡偝傟偰偄傞丅傑偨忲棷拪弌偵傛偭偰摼傜傟偨僺僱儞(Pinene)傪庡惉暘偲偡傞惛桘偼堛栻昳丄壔徬昳丄傾儘儅僥儔僺乕偵棙梡偡傞丅儃僗僂僃儕傾懏偺擕崄偺庡惉暘偲偟偰偼僺僱儞(Pinene)椶丄儃僗僂僃儕傾巁(Boswellic
Acid) 丄僆儕僶僲儗僙儞(Olibanoresene) 丄儃僗僂僃儕僨傿僯僋巁(Boswellidinic Acid) 摍偑暘椶丄柦柤偝傟偰偄傞偑丄傾乕儐儖償僃乕僟堛椕(Ayurveda Treatment)丄娍曽偱偼峈嬠傪栚揑偵巊梡偝傟偰偄傞丅
擕崄偺摴(Frankincense Route)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偺崄(Incense)偑惗嶻偝傟傞抧堟偐傜尰嵼偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)傪捠偭偰丄儓儖僟儞(Jordan)丄僔儕傾(Syria)丄僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偍傛傃抧拞奀増娸(Mediterranean Coast)傊帄傞屆戙戉彜楬(Ancient Caravan Route)偱偁傞丅庡梫側岎堈昳偲偟偰偺崄(Incense)偵偼擕崄(Frankincense or Olibanum)偲杤栻(Myrrh)偑偁偭偨丅
僰僗儖 儂僥儖(Al-Nusl Hotel)丗 僰僗儖 儂僥儖(Al-Nusl
Hotel)偼僒僇僇乮Sakaka乯偵擖偭偰嵟弶偺戝偒側儘乕僞儕乕偵憫尩側傾儖 儔僽儅僯僀儎 儌僗僋(Al-Rabmaniyya Mosque)丄巹棫恾彂娰乮僨傿乕儖 傾儖 僕儍僂僼 儕儖乫僂儖儉(Dir
al-Jawf lil-'Ulum)乯偲傾儖 僰僗儖 儂僥儖(Al-Nusl Hotel)偑暲傫偱偄傞丅傾儖 僰僗儖 儂僥儖偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙撪偱嵟傕旤偟偄儂僥儖偺堦偮偱攷暔娰傪寭偹偰偄傞丅儂僥儖偼擇奒寶偰偱悂偒敳偗偺幍偮偺儂乕儖傪帩偪丄奺儂乕儖傪埻傫偱廫悢偺媞幒偑偁傞丅娤岝挕偺暃挿姱偺僗儖僞儞 傾儖 僗僟僀儕(Dr. Sulman Al-Sudairi)偼昿斏偵偙偺儂僥儖傪朘傟丄僕儍僂僼廈偺暃抦帠偑偙偺儂僥儖偺擇奒傪廧嫃偲偟偰巊偭偰偍傝丄偦偺堊偵儂僥儖慡懱偑寈姱偵傛偭偰尩廳偵寈岇偝傟偰偄傞丅
晍惢昳(Cloth Good)丗 晍抧偱嶌傜傟偨惢昳丅
僰價傾(Nubia)丗 僄僕僾僩撿晹傾僗儚儞(Aswan)偐傜僗乕僟儞杒晹僴儖僩僁乕儉(Khartoum)偵帄傞僫僀儖(Nile)愳棳堟偺嵐敊抧曽偱6-14悽婭僪僁儞僋儔(Dunqulah)傪搒偲偡傞崟恖僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺墹崙(Makuria
or Dunqulah)偑偁偭偨丅
乽僰價傾丄僐儖僪僼傽儞偍傛傃傾儔價傾偺椃乿丗 僪僀僣恖壢妛幰偺僄僪僂傾儖僩 儖僢儁儖(Eduard Rüppel)挊丄1829擭僼儔儞僋僼儖僩偱弌斉偝傟偨(Reise in Nubien, Kordofan and Arabien 1822 - 1827.
Frankfurt 1829.)丅
僰價傾偺儀儖儀儖懓(Berábera Nubians)丗 儀儖儀儖恖(Berbers)丅
僱僌儔僫(Negrana)丗 婭尦慜24擭偵傾僄儕僂僗 僈儖僗(Aelius
Gallus)偑儅乕儖僔傾僶(Marsiaba)偐傜偺婣楬偵愴偭偨偺偑尰嵼偺傾僽僴偺僒乫僟乕(Sa'dah)乮僜僂僟乕(Sawdah)乯偵嬤偄僱僌儔僫(Negrana)偱偁偭偨丅
僱僌儔僯巗(City of Negrani)丗 僱僕儔僯(Nejrani)偲傕塢偄丄尰嵼偺僫僕儔儞(Najran)偱偁傞偑丄僊儕僔傾楌巎壠僗僩儔儃(Strabo)挊偺乽抧棟妛(the Geography of Strabo)乿偱偺I尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨儘乕儅掗崙孯偺屆戙撿傾儔價傾乮僸儉儎儖崙乯墦惇乿偺婰弎偐傜夝庍偡傞偲乽偙偙偱僱僌儔僯偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞挰偼儊僢僇(Mecca)偱偼側偄偐乿偲巹偼偐偹偰偐傜峫偊偰偄偨丅摨偠條側堄尒偺宖嵹(http://12thharmonic.net/commentary/aelius-gallus/)偑偁偭偨偺偱偙偙偱偼儊僢僇偲摿掕偡傞帠偵偟偨偄丅
僱僗僩儕僂僗攈(Nestorianism)丗 僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偼屆戙僉儕僗僩嫵偺嫵攈偺堦偮偱丄尰嵼偱傕傾僢僔儕傾惓嫵夛(Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church
of the East)偵偦偺嫵媊偑揱傢偭偰偄傞丅僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偺婲尮偼僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲億儕僗(Constantinople)憤庡嫵僱僗僩儕僆僗(Nestorius, c.386 - c.451)偵傛傝愢偐傟丄僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偺嫵媊偱偼僉儕僗僩偺埵奿偼1偮偱偼側偔丄恄奿偲恖奿偲偺2偮偺埵奿偵暘棧偝傟傞偲峫偊傞丅偦傟備偊丄恖惈偵偍偄偰僉儕僗僩傪惗傫偩儅儕傾(Mary)偑恄偺曣偱偁傞偙偲傪斲掕偡傞丅僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偺嫵媊偼431擭偺僄僼僃僜僗岞夛媍(Council of Ephesus)偱僇僩儕僢僋(Roman Catholic Church)丄搶曽惓嫵夛(傕偟偔僊儕僔儍惓嫵)(Eastern Orthodox Church)丄搶曽彅嫵夛(Oriental Orthodoxy)丄惞岞夛乮Anglicanism or Anglican Church乯丄戙昞揑側僾儘僥僗僞儞僩偺儖乕僥儖嫵夛(Lutheranism)摍偺僉儕僗僩嫵庡棳攈偐傜堎抂偲偟偰攔愃偝傟偨丅僱僗僩儕僂僗偑岞夛媍偱攋栧偝傟偨屻丄僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偼498擭僙儗僂僉傾丒僋僥僔僼僅儞(Seleucia Ctesiphon)偵怴偟偄憤戝巌嫵傪棫偰偨丅尰嵼偼傾僢僔儕傾(Assyria)抧堟偵揰嵼偡傞懠丄傾儊儕僇傗僆乕僗僩儔儕傾偵堏柉傪拞怱偲偡傞怣搆偑偄傞丅枖丄僱僗僩儕僂僗攈偺嫵夛偺堦晹偼17悽婭偵儘乕儅偵婣堦偟丄尰嵼傕拞搶丄傾僼儕僇偱妶摦偟偰偄傞丅拞崙傊偼丄搨偺懢廆偺帪戙偵儁儖僔傾恖巌嵳偺垻梾杮傜偵傛偭偰揱偊傜傟丄宨嫵偲屇偽傟偨丅 乮Wikipedia乯
僲
僴僀僗僞僗儁僗丗 儁儖僔傾墹僟儕僂僗 僴僀僗僞僗儁僗(Persian King Darius Hystaspes)偼傾働儊僱僗挬儁儖僔傾(Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire, 550 BC – 330 BC)偺僟儗僀僆僗1悽(Darius I, c. 552 BC – 486 BC)捠徧僟儗僀僆僗戝墹(Darius th Great)偱偁傞丅
僴僀僩 僶儔僇(Habit Al Baraka)丗 廽暉偺庬偲偝傟丄崟僋儈儞偲傕屇偽傟傞僉儞億僂僎壢僯僆僀僋儘僞僱僜僂(Nigella sativa)偱偁傞丅
僶僀僶儖僗(Sultan
Baybars)丗 僶僀僶儖僗(Sultan Baybars丄1260 - 1277) (al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al
Din Baybars al Bunduqdari)偼傾僽 僼傽僣乕僴(Abu al Futuh)偲偁偩柤偝傟偨儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk 1250 - 1517)偺戞5戙僗儖僞儞(Sultan)偱丄儖僀嬨悽(King
Louis IX, 1226 - 1270)偺棪偄傞戞幍師廫帤孯(Seventh
Crusade, 1248 - 1254)偵夡柵揑側懪寕傪梌偊偨儌僗儗儉孯偺巌椷姱偺堦恖偱偁偭偨丅僶僀僶儖僗偼儌儞僑儖(Mongol)偵柵傏偝傟偨傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate,
750 - 1258)偺僇儕僼傪庴偗擖傟丄媮怱椡傪崅傔丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk)偺斏塰偺婎慴傪嶌偭偨丅乽僶僀僶儖僗偼僩儖僐宯偺僉僾僠儍僢僋懓(Kipchak
Turk)偱儌儞僑儖偵廁傢傟丄搝楆偲偟偰攧傜傟偰偒偨偑丄攏弍偵廏偱偰偄偨偺偱搝楆暫晹戉(Mamluk)偵曇擖偝傟偨乿偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk 1250 - 1517)偼僶僼儕乕丒儅儉儖乕僋挬(Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya
Mamluks, 1250 – 1382)偲僽儖僕乕丒儅儉儖乕僋挬(Burji
dynasty, 1382 - 1517)偵暘偗傜傟傞偑丄僶僀僶儖僗偼慜幰偺帪戙偵懏偡傞丅
僶僀儕乕儉(Bireme)丗 屆戙僊儕僔儍丒儘乕儅帪戙偺搝楆傗廁恖偵偙偑偣偨2抜僆乕儖(Bireme)偺僈儗乕(Galley)偱斂傕憰旛偟偰偍傝丄奀愴梡偵傕巊傢傟偨丅
僴乕僀儖(Hail or
Hayil)丗 僴乕僀儖偼僴乕僀儖廈偺廈搒偱丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)偐傜惣杒惣傊600km棧傟偨熆傟扟 傾儖僟僀乕儕乫(Wadi Al Dayri')惣娸偺娚傗偐偵孹幬偟偨暯尨偺拞偵偁傞丅偙偺暯尨偼僕僶儖 傾僕儍(Jibal Aja)偺杒懁偱僕儍僶儖 僔儍儞儅儖(Jabal Shammar)偺撿懁偵峀偑傝丄椉曽偺嶳夠偼嫟偵壴浖娾偱弌棃偰偄傞偺偱僴乕僀儖偼壴浖娾偺嶳偵埻傑傟偨杶抧偲傕尵偊傞丅熆傟扟 傾儖僟僀乕儕乫偺棳傟偑偦偺椉懁偺廧恖偑堦弿偵側傞偺傪朩偘偰嫃偨屘帠偐傜偙偺挰偼僴乕僀儖偲柦柤偝傟偨丅
僴僀儞儕僋 僼儔僀僿乕儖 僼僅儞
儌儖僣傾儞(Heinrich, Freiherr
von Maltzan)丗 儊僢僇偺拞怱傊偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺棫偪擖傝嬛巭椷傪旔偗傞堊偵儌僗儗儉弰楃偺怳傝傪偟偨惣梞恖偺執嬈偺尒捈偟偱偼梋傝弎傋傜傟偰偄側偄偑丄儌儖僣傾儞偑傾儖僕僃(Algiers)偺儉乕傾恖(Moor)偵暞偟偰椃傪偡傞帠偱偦偙偵摓払偡傞峷專傪峴偄丄1873擭偵僪僀僣偺僽儔僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Braunschweig) 偱弌斉偝傟偨乽撿傾儔價傾傊偺椃(Von Maltzan, H.
Reise nach Südarabien Braunschweig 1873.)乿傪挊弎偟偨丅
僶僂僋儂僢儖(Boukhorr)丗 傾儔價傾岅偺塸岅揮幨Boukhor乮Bakhour乯偼暓岅偱Encens偱偁傝丄崄偲儅儞僱儞儘僂(Rosemary)偺堄枴偑偁傞(University of
Balamand Mise à jour Feb 1, 2007)丅乮儅僽僇儔(Mabkharat)傪嶲徠丅乯
僴乕僌(Hague)丗 僴乕僌巗偼僆儔儞僟岅偱僨儞丒僴乕僼巗(Den Haag)偲塢偄丄杒奀増娸偵埵抲偡傞僆儔儞僟墹崙(the Netherlands)偺搒巗丅傾儉僗僥儖僟儉(Amsterdam)偲儘僢僥儖僟儉(Rotterdam)偵師偖僆儔儞僟戞嶰偺搒巗偱偁傞丅恖岥偼2006擭1寧帪揰偱475,580恖丅13悽婭偵偦偺尨宆偑嶌傜傟偨婻巑偺娰乮儕僢僨儖僓乕儖乯偲徧偝傟傞寶暔偑尰嵼偺崙夛媍帠摪偲側偭偰偄傞丅偦偺傎偐偵丄墹幒偺媨揳丄拞墰姱挕丄奺崙偺戝巊娰側偳偑抲偐傟偰偍傝丄幚幙揑偵偼庱搒婡擻傪帩偭偰偄傞惌帯偺拞怱搒巗偱偁傞丅1248擭丄儂儔儞僩攲乮Count of Holland乯偺僂傿儗儉2悽(William II)偵傛偭偰寶偰傜傟偨丅僗儁僀儞偵懳偟偰斀棎偟偨80擭愴憟(僆儔儞僟撈棫愴憟乯偵嵺偟偰偼丄1608擭傛傝偙偺抧偱榓暯岎徛偑峴傢傟丄梻1609擭偵傾儞僩儚乕僾(Antwerp)偱媥愴忦栺偑惉棫偟偨丅廆嫵愴憟偼廔巭晞偑懪偨傟僂僃僗僩僼傽儕傾忦栺(Peace of
Westphalia)偵傛偭偰僱乕僨儖儔儞僩楢朚嫟榓崙偺撈棫偑彸擣偝傟偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僶乕僋宆斂慏(Barque)丗 嬤戙偱偺僶乕僋(Barque)偲塢偆梡岅偼働儖僩岅(Celtic
Languages)傪捠偠偰僼儔儞僗偺僈儕傾岅(Gaulish)偐傜棃偰偄傞丅19悽婭埲慜偵偼僶乕僋(Barque)埥偄偼僶乕僕(Barge)偼増娸傗撪棨悈柺偱巊傢傟偨斂傑偨偼鋫烡偱悇恑偝偣傞彫偝側廙傪堄枴偟偰偄偨丅18悽婭枛偵僶乕僋(Barque or Bark)偲塢偆梡岅偼3杮埲忋偺烖(Mast)傪帩偪丄屻烖(Mizzenmast)偺傒偑廲斂偱巆傝偼墶斂傪挘傜傟傞鋨憰傪帩偭偨斂慏偵巊傢傟傞條偵側偭偨丅3杮烖(Mast)偺栘惢僶乕僋慏(Barque)偼19悽婭拞崰偺奜梞壿暔慏偲偟偰偼嵟傕堦斒揑偵巊傢傟偰偄偨丅20悽婭弶婜偵偼4杮烖(mast)偺峾揝惢僶乕僋慏(Barque)偑揟宆揑側奜梞壿暔慏偲側偭偨丅暷崙偱偼3杮偺烖(MAST)偵墶斂偑挘傜傟丄屻烖(Mizzenmast)偺傒偑廲斂偑挘傜傟偨鋨憰偝傟偨4杮烖(Mast) 僶乕僋慏(Barque)傪僔儁儞僥傿儞宆斂慏(Shipentine)偲傕屇傫偱偄傞丅
僶僌僟僨傿娰(Beit
al-Baghdadi)丗 偙偺柤慜偼嵟弶偺帩偪庡偱偁偭偨僶僌僟僨傿(Al-Baghdadi)偵場傫偱偮偗傜傟偰偄傞丅僶僌僟僨傿(Al-Baghdadi)偼僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺桾暉側抧庡偱偁傝丄僶僌僟僨傿(Al-Baghdadi)偑奐敪偟偨僶僌僟僨傿峹奜抧嬫(Al-Baghdadi Suburb)偲偟偰傕偦偺柤偑巆偭偰偄傞丅僶僌僟僨傿娰(Beit al-Baghdadi)偼尒墳偊偺偁傞僕僢僟寶抸偺傕偭偲傕愻楙偝傟偨椺偱偁傞丅庤挙傝偺傛傠偄屗偑憢傪暍偄丄堦楢偺峳傟壥偰偨巇愗偺偁傞僶儖僐僯乕(Balcony)偱夡偝傟丄庤挙傝偝傟丄偦偟偰揾椏傪揾傜傟偰偄側偄偦偺暻偼僩儖僐偺憤撀(Turkish
Governor)偑廧傫偱偄偨崰偐傜庴偗宲偑傟偰偒偨巊偄屆偟偨憇楉偝偺婥攝傪揱偊偰偄傞丅挊柤側傾儔價傾扵専壠僕儑儞 僼傿儖價傿嫧(H. St. John B.
Philby)傕偐偮偰僶僌僟僨傿娰(Beit al-Baghdadi)偵廧傫偱偍傝丄傾儔儉僐(Aramco)偺僕僢僟偱偺嵟弶偺廻幧偱傕偁偭偨丅
乽攷暔帍(Histria
Naturalis)乿丗 儘乕儅偺攷暔帍壠僾儕僯僂僗僂僗(Gaius Plinius
Secundus) (捠徧僾儕僯僂僗(Elder
Pliny)) 偑A.D. 77擭偵攷暔帍(Histria Naturalis)傪挊弎偟偨丅
僶僌儔乕(Baggalh
or Baghla): 2丄3杮偺儅僗僩偵廲斂傪挘傞傾儔價傾偺斂慏偱丄僠乕僋嵽(Teak-Built)偱嶌傜傟偨奜峲慏偱愊嵹検悢昐僩儞偺嵟戝偺傾儔僽斂慏偱偁傞丅
僶僋儕(Arab
geographer al-Bakri)丗 執戝側傾儔價傾抧棟妛幰丄乽抧棟帿揟乮儉僕儍儉 儅 僀僗僞僕儍儉乯乿傪挊弎丄僗儁僀儞惗傑傟偺僶僋儕偼1094擭偵杤偡傞丅儎僋僩(Yakut)偑嵦梡偟偰偄傞応強偺柤慜傪抧棟揑側埵抲偵偐偐傢傝柍偔丄傾儖僼傽儀僢僩弴偵堦棗昞偵偡傞曽幃傪奐敪偟偨丅
僴僋儖乕僩(Hakluyt)丗 僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偼儘儞僪儞偵搊榐偝傟偰偄傞帨慞慻怐(Regidtered
Charity)偱悽奅巎偺敪揥偵峷專偟偰偒偨丅摨嫤夛偼1846擭偵儕僠儍乕僪 僴僋儕乕僩(Richard Hakluyt, 1552-1616)偵傛偭偰愝棫偝傟丄弌斉偲偟偰偼乽戝峲奀帪戙(Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration)乿偑桳柤偱偁傞丅
乽僶僋儕偺抧棟帿揟乮儉僕儍儉 儅 僀僗僞僕儍儉乯乿丗 乽僶僋儕偺抧棟帿揟(Mujam ma
Istajam - Das Geographische Wörtetbuch des Abu 'Obeid 'Abdallah ben Abd al-Aziz
el Bakri ed. by F. Wüstenfeld Göttingen-Paris 1877償僗僥儞僼僃儖僩 僎僢僥儞僎儞曇廤丄1877擭僷儕偱弌斉乿丅乮摨彂234暸嶲徠丅乯
僷乕働乕儖(Percale
or Rhassah)丗 鉱枾側忋摍柸晍偱僔乕僣摍偵梡偄傜傟傞丅
僴僒旇暥丗 尪偺挰僎僢儖僴(Gerrha)乮僕儍儖乪傾(al-Jar' a)乯帪戙偵巊傢傟偨庡梫側暥帤偼僀僗儔乕儉(Islam)埲慜偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僔僶恖(Sabaean )偑巊偭偨暥帤(the Sabaean script)偲摨偠偱偁傞丅偙傟偼僴僒岅(the Hasaean language)傪彂偔偺偵巊傢傟丄僴僒岅偼梋傝巎愓偵偼巊傢傟偰柍偄偵偣傛僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺懠偺僀僗儔乕儉埲慜偺曽尵偲枾愙偵娭楢偟偨尵岅偱偁傞偲尒側偝傟偰偄傞丅崱擔抦傜傟偰偄傞僴僒旇暥(Hasaean
Inscriptions)偼僒僕(Thaj)偐傜杦偳弌搚偟偰偄傞丅懠偼僸儞僫(Hinna)丄僇僥傿乕僼(Qatif)丄儔僗丒僞儞僰儔(Ras Tannurah)丄傾僽働僀僋(Abqaiq)丄傾僀儞丒僕儍儚儞('Ayn Jawan)偍傛傃撿僀儔僋偺僂儖僋(Uruq)偐傜弌搚偟偰偄傞丅杦偳慡偰偺僴僒旇暥(Hasaean
Inscriptions)偼曟愇偱偁傝丄柤慜丄晹懓娭學摍偺忣曬傪梌偊偰偄傞丅傾儔儉旇暥(Aramaic
Inscription)偍傛傃僊儕僔儍旇暥傕搶晹廈偱弌搚偟偰偄傞丅
僶 僒儔儅(Ba Salamah)丗 僶 僒儔儅偼傾儔僽偺挊弎壠偱偁傝丄僞乕僀僼偺撿搶栺20km偵偁傞熆傟扟僗儅儔(Wadi Thumalah)偺棳傟傪墎偒巭傔偰偄傞僗僢僪 僒儅僢儔僉(as-Sudd as-Samallaqi)偵偮偄偰乽傾儅儗僋恖(Amalekites)*偑僞乕僀僼傪愯嫆偟偰偄偨帪戙偵偙偺僟儉偼寶愝偝傟偨偺偼柧傜偐偱偁傝丄偙偺寶憿幰偼椡偺偁傞抝偱偁偭偨乿偲尵偭偰偄傞丅僸僕儏儔楌1349 - 1353擭乮1930 - 1935乯偵弌斉偝傟偨僶 僒儔儅(Ba Salamah)挊偺乽僴儎僩 僒僀僀乕僪 傾儔僽(Hayat Sayyid al-Arab)乿偺戞III姫乽儊僢僇偐傜僕僃僢僟傊乿曇偵偼乽僒儅僢儔僉(al-Sudd al-Samallaqi or al-Sadd al-Samallaqi)偼挿偝偼140m偱崅偝偼拞怱偱10m偱岤偝偼8m偱偁傞丅僟儉偺曽岦偼搶惣偱偁傝丄椉抂偼椉懁偺媢偺娾敡偵愙偟偰偍傝丄熆傟扟偺抸掔傪惉偟偰偄傞乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅
僶僓乕儖(Bazzaar)丗 儁儖僔傾岅偺巗応偱傾儔價傾岅偺僗乕僋(Suq)偲摨堄岅丅
僴僔僃儈僥 僔儍儕僼(Hashemite Sharif)丗 儊僢僇偺巟攝奒媺僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraysh Tribe or Quraish Tribe)偺堦壠偱偁傞僴乕僔儉壠(Hashemites of Clan
of Hashim or Banu Hashim)偺庱挿丅
僴僔僔(Hashysh)丗 戝杻偺帗姅偺壴彉偲忋晹偺梩偐傜暘斿偝傟傞庽帀傪惢偟偨傕偺偱丄杻栻偲偟偰媔墝偟偨傝丄姎傫偩傝堸傫偩傝偡傞丅戝杻偺壴偵偮偄偰偼偙偺堊偵庬偺廃傝偵偁傞僔僃儔僱僋(Sheranek)偲屇偽傟傞彫偝側梩傪巊偆丅晛捠偺恖偼僷僀僾偵媗傔偨僞僶僐(Tabacco)偺忋偵偦傟傪彮検傪嵹偣傞丅忢廗幰(Higher Classes)偼師偺條側曽朄偱嶌傜傟偨儅傾僕儑僂儞(Maadjoun)偲屇偽傟傞僕僃儕乕偐儁乕僗僩偵偟偰怘傋傞丅戝検偺梩傪僶僞乕偲嫟偵悢帪娫幭偰丄偦傟偐傜埑椡傪偐偗傞丅偦偺條偵偟偰峣傝弌偝傟偨僕儏乕僗偲朓枿偲偦偺懠偺娒偄栻暔傪崿偤崌傢偣傞丅偙偺堊偺揦偺偁傞僄僕僾僩偱偼岞慠偲斕攧偟偰偄傞丅僴僔乕僔(Hashysh)儁乕僗僩偼僶僗僩(Bast)偲屇偽傟丄偦傟偺攧恖偼乽婥帩偪傛偄(Cheerfulness)乿傪堄枴偡傞僶僗僥傿(Basty)偲屇偽傟傞丅僇僀儘偺庡梫崅姱払(Principal Grandees)偺埥傞崅姱偺懅巕偺寢崶幃傪廽偆嵳傝偱丄偙偺挰偺慡偰偺慏敃偑攈庤側峴恑偵嶲壛偝偣傜傟偨帪偵丄僶僗僥傿(Basty)偑彜攧傪偡傞偺偼嬛偠傜傟丄朄棩偱桳嵾偵側傞偗傟偳傕丄傕偭偲傕攈庤偱偁傞丅偍執曽(First
Rank)偺杦偳偑偁傞宍偦偺懠偱僶僗僩(Bast)傪巊偆丅偙傟偼垻曅(Opium)摨條偵寖偟偔婥暘傪晜偒棫偨偣丄憐憸椡傪崅傔傞丅偙偺僷乕僗僩偵僔儕傾(Syria)偐傜棃傞儀儞僕(Bendj)偺庬傪崿偤傞恖払傕嫃傞丅
僴僕儈
(Al-Hazimi)丗 桳柤側Hafiz乮僐乕儔儞楴撉幰乯偱惣楋1153擭偵僴儅僟儞 (Hamadan)
偱惗傑傟丄惣楋1188擭偵僶僋僟乕 (Baghdad)偱杤偟偨丅
僴僕儉 僕儍儔儈僪(Hazm Al Jalamid)丗 僴僕儉
僕儍儔儈僪偼僕儑儖僟儞(Jordan)丄僀儔僋撿晹(Southern Iraq)偍傛傃僔儕傾(Syria))傊偲峀偑傞戝婯柾側椨巁峼暔杽憼懲愊抧堟(Phosphate Rock
Deposit Region)偺堦晹偱偁傞儚僨傿乫儖 僔儖僴儞丒僣儔僀僼(Wadi Sirhan / Turaif Area)抧嬫偺僕儍儔儈僪峼彴(Phosphate Rock Deposit in Al Jalamid)偺撿抂偵摉偨傞丅椨巁峼愇偺妋掕杽憼検2.13壄僩儞桳偡傞僕儍儔儈僪峼彴偺奐敪偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偺廳梫巤嶔偺堦偮偱偁傞丅偙偺峼彴偺奐敪偼僣儔僀僼(Turaif)惣偵埵抲偡傞僂儞儉 僂'傾儖(Umm Wu乫al)峼彴偲嫟偵儅乫傾僨儞(Ma'aden( the Saudi Arabian Mining
Company))偵擟偝傟偰偄傞丅儅乫傾僨儞(Ma'aden)偼搶晹廈僇僼僕(Al Khafji)撿惣130km偱僕儏儀僀儖(Jubail)偺杒60km儔僗丒僝僂儖(Ras Al Zawr)偵傾儔價傾榩奀娸岺嬈抧懷偺堦晹偲偟偰戝婯柾側傾儖儈僯僂儉偍傛傃椨巁旍椏偺桝弌僾儔儞僩偲峼愇愱栧峘偺寶愝偟偰偍傝丄娫傕柍偔丄擭娫惗嶻検64枩僩儞偺傾儖儈僯僂儉惛楤強偲擭娫惗嶻検300枩僩儞偺椨巁僯傾儞儌僯僂儉僾儔儞僩乮椨巁旍椏岺応乯(Diammonium
Phosphate Plant)偑壱摥偟桝弌傪奐巒偡傞丅偙偺峼彴奐敪偺堊偵僒僂僕傾儔價傾惌晎偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾揝摴婡峔(SRO,(Saudi
Railways Organisation))偵僕儍儔儈僪偐傜儔僗 傾儖 僝僂儖傑偱偺揝摴寶愝傪巜帵偟偰偍傝丄偦偺寶愝偼偡偱偵幚峴偵堏偝傟偰偄傞丅
僴僕儖 儎儅儅乕(Hajr al-Yamamah)丗 尰嵼偺儕儎僪(Riyadh)抧嬫
僷僔儍儕僋(Pashalik)丗 僷僔儍(Pasha)偺娗妽尃丅
僶僔儏(Bash)丗 庱挿(Chief)丅
攎徳灲巕丗 巹偑攎徳灲巕偲熡柤偟偰偄傞僄僟僂僠儎僔偼僥儀僗僪乕儉儎僔偲傕屇偽傟丄塸柤偼Doom Palm,
Doum Palm or Dawn Palm偱妛柤偼Hyphaene
thebaica偱偁傞丅傾僼儕僇嶻偺戝偒側愵宆偺梩傪晅偗傞灲巕偱嵐敊偺搚忞傪埨掕偝偣傞偺偵廳梫側摥偒傪偡傞丅偦偺壥幚偼椦岀埵偺戝偒偝偱怘梡偵側傞丅僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偱偼梠娾抧懷偱偟偐僄僟僂僠儎僔偺孮惗傪尒偰偄側偄偺偱梠娾偲孮惗偺娭學偼怺偄偲巹偵偼巚傢傟傞丅
僷乕僗(Purses)丗 500僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)丄50僪儖(Dollars)枖偼5億僂儞僪(Pounds)丅
僶僗僩儖儅(Bastorma)丗 彫傾僕傾(Asia Minor)嶻偱僷僗僩儔儈(Pastrami)偲傕塢傢傟崄恏椏傪棙偐偣偨墫捫偗偟偨鄮惢偺媿擏丅
僴僗儅抧曽(Hasma
Region)丗 僴僗儅抧曽(Hasma Region or
Hisma Region)偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)巗偺惣偵埵抲偟偰嫃傝丄偦偺廳梫側峫屆妛揑堚愓偼偦偺杒惣晹偺儔僂僘嶳(Jabal Al-Lawz)偺廃曈偵偁傞丅儔僂僘嶳(Jabal Al-Lawz)偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偐傜惣杒惣偵125 km棧傟丄偙偺抧堟偱偼昗崅偺堦斣崅偄嶳夠偱偁傞丅偙偺嶳夠偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偺惣偐傜杒傊偲僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Chain of Sarawat
Mountains)傊偮側偑傝丄峏偵杒傊僕儑儖僟儞(Jordan)偺儔儉熆傟扟(Wadi Rumm)傑偱懕偄偰偄傞丅偙偺抧堟偵偼僒儉乕僪(Thamudic)丄僫僶僥傾 (Nabataean)偍傛傃憗婜僀僗儔儉旇暥(Islamic
Inscriptions))偵壛偊偰堦枩擭慜偺娾暻夋(Rock Art
or Petroglyph)傗旇暥(Inscriptions)偑嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅僴僗儅抧曽(Hasma Region)偼偦偺抧棟揑側埵抲偐傜僫僶僥傾帪戙(Nabataean Era)偺婭尦1悽婭偍傛傃婭尦2悽婭偵捠彜偑塰偊丄暥柧偑敪揥偟偨丅偦傟埲崀偵傕偙偺抧曽偺恖乆偺堊偺捠彜偼懕偒偙偺抧堟偵傾儔價傾恖廤棊偑塱懕揑偵偁偭偨帠傪帵偟偰偄傞丅
僶僗儔(Basrah)丗 僀儔僋撿搶晹(Southeastern Iraq)僔儍僢僞儖傾儔僽愳(the
Shatt-al-Arab)塃娸偺峘榩搒巗丄恖岥41枩恖丅
僷僙儕(Parsley)丗 僙儕壢偺擇擭惗憪栘(Petroselinum Orispus)偱丄巕梩乮僔僶乯埲忋偼堦擭惗梩嵷傑偨偼擇擭惗梩嵷偱偁傞丅抧拞奀尨嶻偱偁傝丄惗偺梩偼憉夣側崄枴偑偁傝丄梞怘偵揧偊偰偩偡丅僆儔儞僟僛儕偲傕屇偽傟傞丅
僴僞僽(Hatabu)丗 僴僞僽偼傾儔價傾岅偱偼僆儖僞傾(Ortaa)丄塸岅偱偼Jaubertia Aucheri偲屇偽傟傞掅栘偺崻偱偁傞丅偙偺崻偼壩帩偪偑椙偔丄揤慠偺扽偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅偙偺崻偼僗乕僋(Suq)乮巗応乯偱恉偲偟偰攧傟丄彫偝側僺僢僋傾僢僾堦戜暘偱4,000儕傾儖傕偡傞丅枖丄乽偙偺掅栘偺梩偼巕嫙偺庮傟暔偺帯椕傗徚壔嵻偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅乿偲尵偆丅
僴僟儗乕儉(Hadáreme)丗 搶梞偺杦偳偡傋偰偺偐側傝偺婯柾偺挰偱偼偦傟偧傟摿桳偺偐偮偓恖晇(Porters)偺庬懓傪帩偭偰偄偨丅傾儗僢億(Aleppo)偱偼彫傾僕傾(Asia Minor)嶳妜晹偺傾儖儊僯傾恖(Armenians)偵丄僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偱偼儕僶僰僗嶳柆(Mount Libanus)偺恖乆偵丄僇僀儘(Cairo)偱偼僰價傾(Nubia)偺儀儖儀儖懓(Berábera Nubians)偵丄儊僢僇(Mekka)偲僕僢僟(Djidda)偱偼僔儕傾(Syria)偲摨偠條偵嶳妜晹懓(Mountaineers)偺僴僟儗乕儉(Hadáreme)偵偙偺栶栚偑梫媮偝傟偰偄傞丅傾儔價傾恖偺拞偱懠偺庬懓傛傝傕嬑曌偱偁傞偺偼僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramaut)弌恎偺恖乆偱偁傝丄偦偺惓捈偝偲嬑曌偝偱懠偺幰払傛傝傕岲傑傟偰偄偨丅斵摍偼僄儖 僴僟儗儉(El Hadáreme)偲傕屇偽傟丄懡偔偼彜恖偺揁偱尯娭斣(Doorkeepers)丄儊僢僙儞僕儍乕(Messengers)傗偐偮偓恖晇(Porters)摍偺彚巊偄偺巇帠偵偮偄偰偄偨丅(Travels in The
Hedjaz of Arabia by Johana Ludwig Burckhardt in 1829)
朓枿(Honey)丗 枿朓偑壴偐傜嵦廤偟丄憙偵挋憼偟偨枿偱丄敀怓摟柧偁傞偄偼懷墿怓偺擲偭偨擹塼偱惉暘偼杦偳摐暘偱塰梴壙偑崅偔丄怘梡丒栻梡偵偝傟傞丅
僴僢僇(Mint)丗 僔僜壢偺懡擭憪偱丄嶳抧偵帺惗偡傞偑丄崄椏怉暔偲偟偰戝婯柾偵嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅壞丒廐偵梩泓偵扺峠巼怓偺怬宍壴傪憄惗偡傞丅宻丒梩嫟偵敄壸桘偺尨椏偲側傝丄崄椏偍傛傃嫺枴嫺廘栻偲側傞丅儊僌僒丄儈儞僩偲傕屇偽傟傞丅
僶僢僈儔(Baggalah)丗 僶僢僈儔偼傾儔僽斂慏(Arab Sailing Ships)偱偼嵟戝偱偁傝丄愄偼僀儞僪(India)丄儁儖僔儍(Persia)丄傾儔價傾(Arabia)偍傛傃僀儞僪梞娸(Indian Ocean Coast)偺傾僼儕僇(Africa)偺娫偺岎堈偵巊傢傟偨丅峠奀偱偼嵟杒偼僕僢僟(Jiddah)傑偱朘傟偰偄偨丅僶僢僈儔偼尰嵼偱偼徚柵偼偟偰偄側偄偵偣傛丄嬌抂偵悢偑尭偭偰偍傝丄偳偙偱偱傕偢偆偭偲憿慏偟傗偡偄慏偱杦偳摨偠検偺壿暔傪塣傋傞擻椡偁傞僽乕儉(Boom)偵庢偭偰戙傢傜傟偰偄傞丅僶僢僈儔偼僠乕僋嵽(Teak Timber)偱嶌傜傟偰偄偨丅僠乕僋嵽偼憿慏強偱巊傢傟傞傕偭偲傕曗嫮偝傟丄傕偭偲傕懴媣惈偺偁傞嵽栘偱偁偭偨丅僶僢僈儔偼摪乆偲偟偨慏旜椑(Transom
Sterns)偵摿挜偑偁偭偨丅僶僢僈儔偺慏旜椑偼旤偟偄嬋慄傪帩偪丄帪偵偼嬥敁傪旐偣偰偍傝丄億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偑怤棯偟偰偒偨15丄16悽婭偐傜僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)偱尒傜傟偨墷廈斂慏(European
Sailing Ships)偺塭嬁傪帵偟偰偄偨丅僶僢僈儔偺娵偄悈愗傝(Cutwater)偼旝柇偵挘傝弌偟偨慏庱嵽(Stem)偵崌懱偟偰偄傞丅慏庱嵽偺愭抂傕傊偝偒偵撍偒偩偟偨拞悽晽偺僈儗乕慏(Galley)偺徴妏偵帡偰嬋偑偭偰偄傞丅僶僢僈儔偺巐妏偄慏旜(Square
Stern)偼捈妏側嵍尳(Square
Ports)偺廳側傝偱愗傜傟偨撍偒弌偟偨慏旜撍弌晹(Counter)傪帩偪丄偦偟偰僈儗乕慏(Galley)偺廻幧偵帡偨撍弌暔偱偦傟偧傟偺廻幧偑愝旛偝傟偰偄傞丅捠忢偼堦惽偺儃乕僩傪墶偞傑偵慏旜(Stern)偵捿偟偰偄傞丅僶僢僈儔偼慏庱晹(fore)偲慏旜晹(aft)偺峛斅傪挘傜傟丄捠忢偼3儢強偺徃崀岥傪旛偊偰偄傞丅僶僢僈儔偺2杮儅僗僩偼戝嶰妏斂(Lateen Sail)偵揔崌偟偰偄傞丅戝嶰妏斂偼傾儔僽慏偱桞堦尒傜傟傞鋨憰(Rig)偱偁傞丅戝嶰妏斂偼嶰妏宍偐偱丄曗嫮偝傟丄愙崌偝傟偨婔偮偐偺挿偝偺斂晍偱嶌傜傟丄忋偵岦偐偭偰嵶偔側偭偰偄傞丅斂偼挿偄斂寘(Spar)偵昍傪捠偝傟丄慜曽偵孹幬偟偰偄傞斂拰(Mast)偵幬傔偵梘偘傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儔僽慏(Arab Ship)偺彈墹偼80僩儞偐傜300僩儞偺壿暔偲20恖偐傜50恖偺忔堳傪塣傋傞丅慏挿偼15m偐傜55m偱丄慏暆偼4m偐傜15m偱偁傞丅
僴僒儞 僷僔儍(Hasan
Pasha)丗 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad 'Ali Pasha or rahimah-Allahu ta'ala, 1769 - 1849)偺懅巕偺堦恖偱丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偑僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺巘抍傪彆偗丄惞搒儊僢僇偲惞搒儅僨傿乕僫偐傜墦偔僀僄儊儞(Yemen or
Yaman)傑偱楾錝幰払傪堦憒偟偨丅儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼儊僢僇(Mecca)偵栠傝丄1815擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1230擭恄惞側寧乯傑偱偵懾嵼偟偨丅偦偺屻丄儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍偼僄僕僾僩偵婣娨偡傞偵嵺偟偰丄僴僒儞 僷僔儍(Hasan
Pasha)傪儊僢僇抦帠(Governor of Mecca)偵擟偠偨丅
僴僢僔(Hassi)丗 1948擭1寧6擔丄僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger)偑儅儞儚僋(Manwakh)偐傜擇搙栚偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊墶抐偟偨嵺偵埬撪偺儀僪僂僀儞偑乽儚僨傿 僪儚僔乕儖(Wadi Dawasir)偺挰僗儔僀僀儖(Sulayyil)偺撿偵偁傞僴僢僔(Hassi)偲塢偆悈堜屗偱閜閗偵悈傪堸傑偣偨帠偑偁傝傾儔僟(Aradh)偲塢偆撿偺嵒媢抧懷傑偱挿偔墑傃傞愇奃娾奟抧偵偝偊扝傝拝偗偽偦偺悈堜屗傪扵偟弌偡帺怣偑偁傞乿偲婰弎偑偁傞丅巹傕僗儔僀僀儖(Sulayyil)偺熆傟扟偵増偭偨廧戭抧偺撿偵偼悢儊乕僩儖偐傜廫悢儊乕僩儖掱搙偺愇奃娾偺奟偵埻傑傟偨婔偮偐偺彫偝側擾応偑偁傞偺傪妋擣偟丄偦偙偐傜撿撿惣傊偲墑傃傞傾僗僼傽儖僩曑憰偺怴偟偄摴傪尒偮偗偨丅乽偙偺摴偼偙偺抧堟偱偼彫偝側椢抧偑僼傽儖僔(Farsi)偺抧恾忋偵桞堦婰偟偰偁傞僔儍乫僀僶儖(Sha'ibal)偲儚僨傿
傾儖 僸僰(Wadi al Hinw)偺拞娫偵峴偔摴偩乿偲巹偼捈姶偟偨丅傾僗僼傽儖僩曑憰偼僇儖僗僩(karst)暯尨傪摴楬榚偵棫偮揹拰偵壦偗傜傟偨揹椡慄偲嫟偵懕偒僗儚僀僀儖偐傜撿撿惣47 km偱廔傢偭偰偄傞丅摴偺廔傢傝偺搶懁偵偼5丄6尙偺壠偑偁傝僞儅儕僗僋(Tamarisk丄僊儑儕儏僂)偺栘棫偵埻傑傟偰偄傞丅偙偺悢尙偺壠偼彫鉟楉偱旤偟偄怓偵揾傜傟僼僃儞僗偺埻傒傕柍偔偳偙偐儓乕儘僢僷偺廤棊傪巚傢偣傞晽忣偱偁傞丅偙偙偑僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred
Thesiger)偑嬯楯偟偰僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜嬻敀抧懷傪墇偊偰嵟弶偵扝傝拝偄偨堜屗僴僢僔(Hassi)偱偁偭偨偺偑暘偐偭偨丅偙偺熆傟扟偺壨彴偵増偭偰峴偗偽僇儕儎僩 傾儖 僼傽僂(Qariyat al Faw)傑偱偙偙偐傜嬐偐60 km埵偺嫍棧偱偁傞丅
僴僢僕乮Hajj乯丗 怣嬄崘敀丄楃攓丄婌幪丄抐怘偲嫟偵夞嫵搆偺屲峴偺1偮偱懠偲堎側傝丄幚峴偱偒傞懱椡丒嵿椡偑偁傞幰偩偗偑峴偊偽椙偄丅弰楃寧偺8擔偐傜10擔偺帪婜傪拞怱偵儊僢僇偲偦偺廃曈偱峴傢傟傞弰楃偺媀幃偵嶲壛偡傞帠傪堄枴偟丄戝弰楃偲屇偽傟傞丅
僴僢僟(Hadda)丗 僕僢僟偺搶杒搶70km梋傝偺熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅(Wadi
Fatima)偵偁傞僴僢僟(Hadda)偱偼偙偺熆傟扟偼搤偺娫偺椢偵旐傢傟丄婛偵幐傢傟偨僕僢僟(Jiddah)偲儊僢僇(Mecca)傪寢傇閜閗戉彜偺帪戙偵弰楃偑栰塩偡傞応強偱偁偭偨丅
僴僢僟僕偺堜屗(Haddaj
Well)丗 僴僢僟僕偺愹(Bir Haddaj)偼傾儔價傾敿搰偱嵟戝偺愹偱偁傝丄傾儔價傾偺楌巎偺拞偱嵟傕桳柤側堜屗偱傕偁傞丅乽偙偺堜屗偼峖悈偺捑揇偱姰慡偵杽傔傜傟堦搙偼徚柵偟丄僗儔僀儅儞 價儞 僌僫僀儉(Sulaiman Bin Ghunaim)偲塢偆柤偺抝偑僞僀儅(Tayma)偵傗偭偰棃偰孈傝婲偙偡傑偱悢悽婭偵傢偨偭偰杽傕傟偨傑傑偱偁偭偨乿偲塢偆丅崱擔偱傕僞僀儅(Tayma)偺恖乆偺柤偺懡偔偼偙偺抝偵場傫偱柤晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺堜屗偼愗愇偱慻傑傟怺偝偼栺11 m - 12
m偱丄偙偺堜屗岥偼彮偟曄宍偼偟偰偄傞偑捈宎60 m偁傞丅悈偼31偺愇憿傝偺抧壓悈楬(Qanat)偵攝悈偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺堜屗偺楌巎偼婭尦慜6悽婭偵慿傞丅
僴僢僪枽(Ras
al-Hadd)丗 傾儔價傾奀偵椪傓傾儔價傾敿搰偺嵟搶抂丅
僴僢儔梠娾抧懷乮Al Harrah乯丗 偙偺壩嶳抧懷偼儔僕儖梠娾抧懷(Harrat Al Rajil)偲傕屇偽傟丄僔儍傾儉梠娾抧懷(Harrat Ash Shaam)偲偟偰傕抦傜傟偰偄傞尯晲娾惈偺戝偒側壩嶳抧懷偱偁傞丅僔儕傾(Syria)偐傜儓儖僟儞(Jordan)傪敳偗丄杒晹僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Northern Saudi
Arabia)傑偱峀偑傞戝婯柾側僔儍儅梠娾抧懷(Harrat
Ash Shamah or Harrat Ash Shaam)偺撿偺嶰暘偺堦偱偁傞丅僔儍傾儉梠娾抧懷(Harrat Ash Shaam)偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾椞撪偺晹暘偼僕儍僂僼廈(Al Jawf Province)偐傜媽僋儔僀儎僩廈(Al Qurayyat)偍傛傃杒晹崙嫬廈(Province of Northern
Borders)偵峀偑傝丄熆傟扟僔乕儖僴儞(Wadi
Sirhan)偺杒搶抂偵偵愙偟丄杒惣偐傜撿搶偵挿偝270km丄暆75km偱丄偦偺柺愊偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾椞撪偩偗偱15,200暯曽km偵傕側傞丅偦偺嵟崅曯偼昗崅1100m偺傾儉僪嶳(Jabal al Amud)偱偁傞丅偙偺梠娾抧懷偺妶摦偼拞怴悽(Miocene)乮2愮3昐枩擭偐傜5昐枩擭慜乯偵巒傑傝丄堦斣嵟嬤偺暚壩偼峏怴悽屻婜(Late-Pleistocene)偲姰怴悽(Holocenne)偵婲偒偰偄傞丅僴僢儔梠娾抧懷偵偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱1986擭偵愝棫偝傟偨栰惗惗暔曐岇埾堳夛(NCWCD)偑1987擭偵嵟弶偵愝偗偨栰惗惗暔曐岇嬫偑偁傝丄偦偺柺愊偼13,775km2偵媦傇丅
僴僨傿乕僗(Al-Hadith)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵偺梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪偺尵峴榐丅僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an, Quran or Koran)偑儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)傊偺孾帵偲偄偆偐偨偪偱揤巊傪捠偟偰恄偑岅偭偨尵梩偲偝傟傞偺偵懳偟偰丄僴僨傿乕僗偼儉僴儞儅僪帺恎偑擔忢惗妶偺拞偱岅偭偨尵梩傗偦偺峴摦偵偮偄偰偺徹尵傪傑偲傔偨傕偺偱偁傞丅 偨偩偟丄僋儖傾乕儞偲堎側傝丄堦嶜偺杮偵傑偲傑偭偰偄傞傛偆側椶偺傕偺偱偼側偄丅揱偊傜傟傞尵峴堦偮堦偮偑僴僨傿乕僗偱偁傞丅
僴僨傿僟(Al-Hadidah)丗 嬻敀抧懷偺儀僪僂僀儞偼瑕愇徴撍孍抧(Crater)偺懚嵼傪抦偭偰偍傝丄傾儔價傾岅偱揝傪堄枴偡傞僴僀僟(Al-Haida)偲屇傫偱偄偨丅(僂僶乕儖(Ubar)傪嶲徠丅乯
僴僨僀僟(Hadeyda)丗 19悽婭巒傔偵峠奀偱憿慏偑壜擻偱偁偭偨峘偼僗僄僘(Suez)丄儌僇(Mokha)偍傛傃僜儅儕傾(Somalia)偺僴僨僀僟(Hadeyda)偺3峘偺傒偱偁偭偨丅
僶僨僆(Badeo)丗 W. 僗儈僗 (W. Smith)偵傛偭偰1873 -1878偵儘儞僪儞偱曇廤偝傟偨乽僊儕僔儍偲儘乕儅偺抧棟帿揟 (a
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography) 乿偼戞I姫偺368暸 (t. I, p. 368) 偵僶僨僆 儗僊傾 (Badeo Regia) 偵偮偄偰乽僶僨僆 儗僊傾 (Badeo Regia丄Ptol. VI par. 6) 偼僉儍僢僒僯僠(Cassaniti) 偺庱搒(Metropolis)偱丄傾儔價傾偺惣奀娸偺柉偑廧傒丄僿僕儍乕僘偺尰嵼偺抧堟偵娷傑傟丄僾儕僯僂僗僂僗(Pliny)偵傛偭偰償傽僨僀(Vadei) 偲彂偐傟丄戝偒側挰偱偁傞偲婰弎偝傟偰偄偨 (VI 28. s. 32) 丅僼僅乕僗僞乕(Forster) 偵傛偭偰偦偺挊彂亀傾儔價傾偺楌巎揑抧棟(the Histrocal
Geography of Arabia) 亁偺戞II姫142 - 143暸 (Vol. II, pp. 142-3) 偵偼僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵嬤偄儀儎僨傿僀僃(Beyadhye)
偲摿掕偝傟丄僕僢僟(Jiddah) 榩偺撿枽(South Promontory) 傕儔僗 僶僪(Ras Bad) 偲屇偽傟偰偄傞乿偲婰偟偰偄傞丅
僶僨儏僀儉乕傾恖(Badhuy
Moors)丗 儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)丅
僶僪乫(Al Bad')丗 屆戙僆傾僔僗偺挰僶僪乫(Al Bad')偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偺惣曽栺145 km傪傎傏撿杒偵憱傞熆傟扟乫僀僼傽儖(Wadi 'Ifal)偺拞偵偁傝丄儅僈僀乕儖 僔儏傾僀僽(Maghair Shuaib)偲屇偽傟傞娾嶳傪崗傫偩僫僶僥傾恖(Nabataean)偺憫尩側曟偑偁傞丅僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemy)偼偙偺屆戙僆傾僔僗傪傾儖乕僂儎僀僫乕(Al-Uyaynah)偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅僀僗儔儉弶婜偵偼偙偺挰偼儅儖僈僞(Al-Malqatah)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞抧嬫偵偁傝丄曟偲挰偺懚嵼偼偙偺僆傾僔僗偑岎堈傗擾嬈偺拞怱偲偟偰塰偊丄堎側偭偨帪戙偺堎側偭偨崙偺廤棊偑愨偊娫柍偔塩傑傟偰偄偨徹嫆偱偁傞丅
僶僪 儅儞僨僽奀嫭(Strait of Bad
al-Mandeb)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲傾僼儕僇(Africa))偺僕僽僠(Djibouti)偺娫偺奀嫭偱峠奀偺擖岥偵摉偨傞丅傾儔價傾岅偺堄枴偼乽椳偺栧(Gate of Tears)乿偱塸岅栿偼Mandab Strait丅
僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadhramaut)丗 僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺屆戙挰崙壠孮偺嵼偭偨熆傟扟偺柤慜偱僊儕僔儍岅(Greek)偺梫嵡壔偑岅尮偱戉彜楬偺梫嵡壔偝傟偨悈応偺偁傞廻応傪堄枴偡傞丅嬤戙偺僉儍儔僶儞僒儔僀(Caravansary)偼彨偵偙傟偵憡摉偡傞丅
僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadramawt
Kingdom)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹(Southern Arabian
Peninsula)偺熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Wadi
Hadhramaut)偵婭尦慜4悽婭偐傜3悽婭偺戞4巐敿婜傑偱偁偭偨屆戙墹崙偱丄偦偺庱搒偼撈摿偺崅憌價儖偵摿挜偺偁傞僔僶乕儉(Shibam)偱偁傞丅
僴僪儔儅僂僩奀娸(Hadramaut
Coast)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹(Southern Arabian
Peninsula)偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺傾僨儞(Aden)埲搶偺傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)増偄偺奀娸嵐敊抧懷丅
乽僴僪儔儅僂僩偺椃(Reise in
Hadramaut乿丗 傾僪儖僼 僼僅儞
償儗乕僨(Adolf von Wrede)挊偱1870擭偵H.F. 儌儖僣傾儞(H.F.
Maltzan)偑曇廤偟 僽僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Braunschweig)偱弌斉偟偨(ed. by H.F. Maltzan
Braunschweig 1870.)丅
僶乕僩儔儉 僩乕儅僗(Bertram Thomas)丗 扵専壠僶乕僩儔儉 僩乕儅僗(Bertram
Thomas)偼1930擭偐傜1931擭偵妡偗偰僆儅乕儞(Oman)撿晹偺傾儔價傾奀(Arabian
Sea)偺奀娸偵偁傞挰僒儔儔(Salalah)偐傜僇僞乕儖敿搰(Peninsula of Qatar)傑偱惣梞恖偲偟偰偼弶傔偰儖僽傾儖僴儕嵒敊(Rub Al Khali)傪墶抐偟偨丅僶乕僩儔儉 僩乕儅僗(Bertram Thomas)偼揱愢偺棳嵒抧懷僂僢儉 傾儖 僒儈儞(Umm al Samin)偵偮偄偰偼儀僪僂僀儞偐傜偲暦偄偰偄偨偲塢偆丅
僷僩儕僢僋 僺僄儔乕僪(Patrick Pierard)丗僷僩儕僢僋偼僼儔儞僗棨孯(Armée de Terre
française)弌恎偺嵐敊僈僀僪偱丄巹偺儕儎僪(Riyadh)挀嵼帪戙偺桭恖偺堦恖偱傕偁傝丄儅僟僀儞僒儗乕儂僥儖(Madain
Salih Hotel)偵忢挀偟偰嫃偨丅
僴僫僼傿乕妛攈(Hanafi Madhhab)丗
尰嵼偺僀儔僋(Iraq)偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽(Imam Abu
Hanif)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱僗儞僫攈偺巐戝朄妛攈偺堦偮偱偁傞丅妶摦帪婜偼儉僴儞儅僪乮Muhammad乯偺杤屻偝傎偳帪傪抲偄偰偺傕偺偱偼側偄丅懡偔偺巘偵偮偄偰妛傫偩偲偝傟丄僔乕傾攈(Shia or Shi乫a)僀儅乕儉(Imam)丄僕儍傾僼傽儖 僒乕僨傿僋(Ja乫far
ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq)傕偦偺堦恖偲偄傢傟傞丅傑偨丄嫵桭偺堦恖儅乕儕僋 僀僽儞
傾僫僗(Anas ibn Malik)偲夛偭偰偍傝丄掜巕払乮僞乕價僀乕儞(Tabiun)乯偺堦恖偲側偭偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僶僯 儅儕僋(Bani Malik)丗 僶僯
儅儕僋(Bani Malik)偼僕僓儞(Jizan)偺搶杒搶栺95km晅嬤偺僀僄儊儞崙嫬(Yemeni
Border)偲側傞僒儔儚僩嶳柆(The Chain
of Sarawat Mountains)偐傜僥傿僴儅乕掅抧(Tihamah)偲棊偪崬傓媫孹幬偺扟偺忋棳晹乮傾儖 傾僈僶僩(al-'Aqabat)乯偑彮偟暯傜偵惉偭偨宬扟偺扟娫偺旈嫬偱壏愹搾帯応偑偁傞丅僒僽儎(Sabya)偐傜偺摴楬傪60km埵扝傞偲崙嫬寈旛戉(frontier force)偺専栤強偑偁傝丄偦偺愭偺摴楬廔揰偺僟僀儖(Al Dayr)偺彮偟庤慜偐傜撿傊揷幧偠傒偨摴傪搊傞偲庤彂偒偱壏愹(Hot
Spring)偲偺堦尒暘偐傝擄偄娕斅偑偁傞埰晹偵拝偔丅偦偙偵嫃偨専栤強偺暫巑傕奐敪帠柋強(Fayfa
Development Authority)偲偺娕斅偺偁傞寶暔偺栧斣偱僗僇乕僩(Skirt)傪偼偄偨嶳妜晹懓偺榁恖傕乽嬐偐18km摴偺傝偱曑憰偼柍偄偗傟偳娙扨偵峴偗傞乿偲尵偆丅幚嵺偵偼埰晹偐傜僼傽僀僼傽(Fayfa)偲斀懳曽岦偵扟傪壓傝丄嵞搙嶳暊傪搊偭偰峴偔偑摴楬偺塃懁偺奟偼愮恞偺扟偺條憡偲惉偭偰棃偨丅僽儖僪乕僓乕(Bulldozer)偱懡彮偼搚惙傝偟偰偔傟偰偼嫃偰傕強乆偼攔悈偺堊偵嬻戧偺條偵扟傊岥傪奐偗偰嫃傞丅嶁偼梋傝偵媫偱幵偑僨儞僌儖曉偟偵惉傜側偄偐偲晄埨偵惉傞丅偙偺忋傝傪12km扝傞偲拑壆偺偁傞摶乮昗崅 1,100 m乯偵搊傝拝偔丅3.5km壓偭偨廤棊偱嵞搙丄摴傪暦偔偲怓偺晅偄偨摢晍傪姫偄偰丄僉儖僥傿儞僌(Kilting)晽偺僗僇乕僩(Skirt)傪偼偒丄抁搧傪嵎偟丄乽儉僕儍僸僨傿乕儞(Mujahideen)(撪柋徣偺娗妽偺暯暈偺寈旛戉)乿偩偲尵偆懞恖偐傜偼乽埬撪椏偼偍嵳傝(Eid)偩偐傜偲SR50偔傟乿偲偺惪媮偝傟偨丅僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偱摴埬撪椏傪惪媮偝傟偨偺偼屻偵傕愭偵傕偙偺帪偩偗偩偭偨丅偦偙偐傜峏偵嶳摴傪2.5km壓傝傞偲戝偒側扟傪搉偭偨強偑搾帯応偱偁偭偨丅偙偺戝偒側扟偼熆傟扟僶僀僔儍乮Wadi
Baysha乯偺1巟棳偺尮摢晹偱偁傞丅搾帯応偵偼攚忎偱丄暆偑10m丄挿40m埵偺壆崻晅偒偺僾乕儖(Pool)偑偁傝丄巕嫙嶰恖偲柉懓堖憰偺榁恖偑壏愹偵偮偐傞偲尵偆傛傝梀塲偟偰偄偨丅堦斣墱偼僔儍儚乕僩僀儗(Shower
Toilet)偑偁傝丄偦偺榚偺曽偵10m x 20m埵偺戧捹偺傛偆偵廃傝偺娾偑嶰曽愗傝棫偭偨奟偵側偭偨墯傒偑偁偭偰丄偦偙偵娾敡偐傜壏愹偑桸偒弌偟偰嫃傞丅斵摍偲偺夛榖偱偙偺扟偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲偺崙嫬偺扟偱偁傝丄斀懳懁偺嶳傪搊傟偽僀僄儊儞(Yemen)椞偱偁傞丅偙偺偁偨傝偼嬛惂偺僈僢僩(Qatt)傪嵧攟偟偰丄忢梡偡傞恖傕嫃傞丅乽擔拞偼僒僂僕孯偺挀嵼暫払偑帯埨傪庣偭偰偄傞偑丄栭娫偼僀僄儊儞偺晹懓柉偑巟攝偟偰偄傞乿偲暦偔丅乽弶傔偐傜偙傫側応強偲尵傢傟傟偽棃偰側偄偗傟偳寢壥偲偟偰偼偙偺旈嫬朘栤偼婱廳懱尡偩偭偨乿偲巚偆丅
僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Banu al-Ukhaydir)丗 傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasids, 750-1258)偺悐戅偲嫟偵嬨悽婭屻敿偵偼暘棧庡媊僀僗儔儉暘攈偑拞墰偍傛傃搶傾儔價傾偵偁傜傢傟偨丅儉僴僢儅僪 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Muhammad al-Ukhaydir)偲塢偆柤偺傾儔僂傿乕攈(Alawite)乮傾儕乕乯偵廬偆幰乯偺僓僀僨傿(Zaydi)斀媡幰偑斀棎偵幐攕偟僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)偐傜堷偒忋偘偰棃偨丅儉僴僢儅僪 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Muhammad al-Ukhaydir)偼傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偺惌帯揑孯帠揑偵嬻敀偵忔偠偰傾儖乕僇儖僕(al-Kharj)偵巟攝傪妋棫偟(AD 866)丄僉僪儕儅乕(Khidrimah)傪偦偺庱搒偲偟偨丅僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Banu al-Ukhaydir)偺巟攝偼彮側偔偲傕200擭懕偄偨丅僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼偙偺娫偵儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi
Hanifah)偍傛傃傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偺揱棃偺杒晹抧堟偱偁傞儚僨傿 僋僢儔儞(Wadi Qurran)偵僋僢儔儞(Qurran)傗傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偺偦偺懠偺応強偺恖乆傪柍棟傗傝偵堏廧偝偣丄偦偺巟攝傪峀偘偨偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偺堏廧偼僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偺巟攝偺弶婜偵婲偒丄乽僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖偼晄摉偱埑惂揑側堊惌幰偱偁偭偨丅乿偲偺尵偄揱偊偑偁傞丅惣楋928擭偵傾儖乕僴僒(al-Hasa)偺僇乕儖儅僥傿傾儞(Qarmatians)偼僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Banu al-Ukhaydir)偵廳戝側攕杒傪晧傢偣偨偑丄僶僰 傾儖乕僂僇僀僨傿乕儖(Banu al-Ukhaydir)偵尷傜傟偰偼嫃偨偵偣傛偦偺巟攝偡傞椞抧傪巆偡偺傪嫋偟偨丅偙傟偼乽傾儔僂傿乕攈(Alawite)偺嫵媊偲僀僗儅乫僀儕(Isma'ili)偺嫵媊偺娫偺椶帡惈偑偁傞堊偱偁偭偨乿偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅
僶僰 僒僉僼懓(Banu Thaqif)丗 梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僢僪帪戙(Muhammad乫s Era)偺傾儔價傾偺晹懓偺堦偮偱嬼憸彈恄儔僩(al-Lat)傪怣嬄偟偰偄偨丅僞乕僀僼廃埻偺旍梹側搚抧偺峀戝側抧堟傪愯桳偟丄戝婯柾偵掕廧偟偰偄偨擾峩晹懓偱偁傝丄僞乕僀僼巗(Taif)偱偼恖岥偺戝懡悢傕愯傔傞庡梫晹懓偱偁偭偨丅僶僰 僒僉僼懓偼帺暘払偺搚抧傪捠夁偡傞戝婯柾側戉彜偵曐岇偲栶柋傪採嫙偱偒傞棙揰傪棙梡偟丄戝曄偵斏塰偟偰偄偨丅僼僫僀儞(Hunayn, February 1st 630 or 8H)偺愴偄偐傜彑棙偺婣娨傪偟偨屻偩偭偨恄偺巊幰(Muhammad)偼僶僰 僒僉僼懓偺堦帪揑側庛偝傪棙梡偟偰僞乕僀僼偵僀僗儔儉傪庴偗擖傟偝偣傞帠偑弌棃傞偲姶偠丄偙偺巗傪曪埻偟偨丅廳岤側巗偺奜暻偲婃忎偵暵偠傜傟偨栧偑寱丄憚偲媩偱偺傒晲憰偟偨幰払偱偼懳峈弌棃偢丄偙偺帋傒偼惉岟偟側偐偭偨偑丄堦擭屻偵6恖偺僒僉僼懓戙昞偑儉僴儞儅僪傪朘傟丄僒僉僼懓偑僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偡傞偲愰尵偟偨
僶僰 僟僂僗(Banu Daws)丗 梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Prophet Muhammad)偺帪戙偵妶桇偟偨傾儔價傾敿搰偺晹懓偺堦偮偱偁傝丄僥傿僴儅(Tihama)弌恎偱儊僢僇(Mecca)偺撿偵廧傫偱偄偨丅淲(偄偟備傒)(Catapult)偺巊偄曽傪姰慡偵弉抦偟偰偍傝丄崅偄梫嵡偵懳偡傞峌忛梡僞儞僋偺宱尡傕帩偭偰偄偨丅僶僰 僟僂僗偺庱椞偺堦恖僣僼傽僀儖(Al-Tufayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi, died 633)偼僇僀僶乕儖(Khaybar)偺惇暈埲棃丄忢偵儉僴儞儅僪偵廬偭偰丄偦偺梫媮偵懳墳偡傞弨旛傪惍偊偰偄偨丅儉僴儞儅僪偺柦椷偱僣僼傽僀儖偼帺暘偺晹懓偺峴摦偺恦懍壔傪恾傝丄愴旛傪惍偊偨丅630擭偵偼僞僀僼(Taif)曪埻偑巒偭偰4擔栚偵偼僞僀僼偵摓拝偟丄捈偪偵淲(偄偟備傒)(Catapult)傪巊偄巒傔偨丅枖丄僣僼傽僀儖偼僞儞僋傕摦堳偟偰棃偰偍傝丄偦偺幷暳偺壓偵懡偔偺僶僰 僟僂僗懓偺愴巑払傪梫嵡壔偟偨忛暻偺峌寕偵岦偐傢偣偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄僞僀僼懁偺暫巑払偼擛壗偡傟偽僶僰 僟僂僗懓偺愴巑払傪捛偄暐偊傞偐偲塢偆帠傪椙偔怱摼偰偄偨丅恀偭愒偵擬偟偨揝曅傪旘隳懱偲偟偰巊偄丄偦傟傪僞儞僋傔偑偗偰搳偘偮偗僞儞僋傪墛忋偝偣偨丅僞儞僋偵幷暳偝傟偰偄偨儌僗儕儉偺暫巑払(Muslim Soldiers)偼偦偙偐傜偺偑傟傞偐丄惗偒側偑傜從偐傟偨丅僞儞僋偐傜偺偑傟偨儌僗儕儉偺暫巑払偼栴偱幩傜傟丄偦偺懡偔偑嶦偝傟偨丅偙偺怴偟偄愴弍偵幐攕偟丄乽僞僀僼偺梫嵡傪峌棯弌棃側偄乿偲儉僗儕儉孯(Muslim)偼屽偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia)
僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah)丗 屲悽婭偵乫傾僪僫儞(Adnan)晹懓偐傜暿傟偨杒曽傾儔僽晹懓偺儔價乫傾乕 (Rabi'ah) 僌儖乕僾偺僶僋儖 僀僽儞
儚乫僀儖懓(Bakr ibn Wa'il)偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)傗忋僫僕僪(Upper Najid)偐傜敿搰傪墶抐偟偰搶傊杒傊偲堏廧偟偨丅偦偺僶僋儖懓(Bakr)偺婔偮偐偺懓偺堦栧偑傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(Al-Yamamah)偲屇偽傟傞乽僴僕儖(Hajr)傪拞怱偲偟偨儚僨傿 傾儖乕乫僀儖僪(Wadi
al-'Ird丄屻偺儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah))乿偲乽僉僪儕儅乕(Khidrimah)傪拞怱偲偟偨傾儖乕僇儖僕(Al-Kharj)乿偐傜側傞抧曽偵掕廧偟偨丅揱愢偵傛傟偽乽僴僯僼傽乕(Hanifah)堦栧傕偙偺帪婜偵僴僕儖(Hajr)偺堚愓傪娷傓僞僗儉(Tasm)偲僕儍僨傿僗(Jadis)偺攑婞偝傟偨廤棊傪愯嫆偟偨乿偲塢偆丅僉儞僟懓楢崌(Kinda
Confederation)偑惣楋528擭偺僴儕僗 僀僽儞 乫傾儉儖(Harith
ibn 'Amr)偺杤屻偵曵夡偡傞偲傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(Al-Yamamah)偵惌帯揑嬻敀傪傕偨傜偝傟偨丅偦傟傪杽傔偨偺偑僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah)堦栧偱偁偭偨丅榋悽婭屻敿傑偱偵偼傾儔價傾榩偐傜僀僄儊儞偵帄傞戉彜楬偑慼傝丄偦偺岎堈偺壎宐傪庴偗偨僴僕儖 傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(Hajr al-Yamamah)偼偙偺帪傑偱偵婛偵孯帠揑晲桬丄掕廧偲擾嬈偺嫮偄揱摑偲寢傃偮偄偰拞墰傾儔價傾偺晹懓娫偺憟媍夝寛傗摨柨偺寢惉摍偺弌棃帠偵嫄戝側塭嬁椡傪傆傞偆條偵惉偭偰偄偨丅幍悽婭慜敿偺乽梐尵幰儅僴儞儅僪(Prophet
Mohammed, ca. 570 – 632)偺僀僗儔儉怣嬄(Islam)乿傪屇傃偐偗偵懳偟偰偼丄傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(Al-Yamamah)偼僉儕僗僩嫵偺塭嬁偑偁偭偨偲巚傢傟傞儉僒僀儕儅(Musaylima)偺揱摴傪怣嬄偟偰偄偨偺偱丄慡偔庴偗擖傟偢丄嵟傕晄孅偺掞峈傪懕偗偨丅儉僒僀儕儅(Musaylima)偼僇儕僪 僀僽儞
傾儖乕儚儕僪(Khalid ibn al-Walid)偺孯惃偲愴偆堊偵40,000恖埲忋偺抝払傪寢廤偝偣丄儚僨傿 僴僯僼傽乕(Wadi Hanifah)杒晹偺僕儏僶僀儔乕(Jubaylah)偵嬤偄乫傾僌儔僶乫('Aqraba')偱寖偟偔愴偭偨丅椉幰偲傕懡偔偺愴巰幰傪弌偟丄儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偑傾儔價傾偱宱尡偟偨嵟傕偡偝傑偠偄愴偄偲側偭偨丅偙偺乽傾僌儔僶乫('Aqraba')偺愴偄乿偼惣楋634擭偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉偑彑棙偟偨丅僶僰 僴僯僼傽乕(Banu Hanifah)偲傾儖乕儎儅儅乕(al-Yamamah)偺恖乆偼偙偺帪偐傜僀僗儔儉傊偵暈廬偟偰偄傞丅
僶僴乕(Al-Baha)丗 乽尒捠偟暯乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪帩偮僶僴乕廈(Al Baha Province)偺廈搒丄奀敳2,138m偺嶳妜戜抧偱扞敤偵埻傑傟丄朙偐側擾嬈抧懷偱偁傞偲嫟偵崅嶳悪乮價儍僋僔儞丄juniper乯旐傢傟丄壞傕椓偟偔儕僝乕僩抧偲傕惉偭偰偄傞丅
僴僶僔儏(Habesh)丗 僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偲塢偆崙柤偼僊儕僔儍岅(Greek)偺乽擔偵從偗偨乿偲偄偆堄枴偺傾僄僆僥傿僾僗偵場傓偑丄偙傟偼僄僠僆僺傾恖偺敡偺怓偵桼棃偟偰嫃傝丄暿柤偺傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偼丄傾儔價傾岅偱僄僠僆僺傾抧曽("Ityopp'ya")傪巜偡傾儖丒僴僶乕僔儏(Al-Habesh)偑揮鎍偟偨屇傃柤偱偁傞丅婭尦慜11悽婭偐傜10悽婭偵偐偗偰傾僕傾宯僙儉懓(Asiatic Semites)偑僄僠僆僺傾抧曽("Ityopp'ya")傪怤棯偟丄廧傒拝偄偨丅偦偺庡偨傞晹懓偑惣傾儔價傾撿晹(Western
South Arabia)僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺僴僶僔儍懓(Habasha)偱偁偭偨偺偱丄偙偺抧曽偼乽僴僶僔儍懓偺搚抧乿傪堄枴偡傞僴僶乕僔儏(Habesh)偲屇偽傟偨丅崱擔偱傕僄僠僆僺傾杒晹偺傾儉僴儔(Amhara)偲僥傿僌儔僀丒僥傿僌儕儞儎(Tigray-Tigrinya)抧曽偺僙儉岅傪榖偡恖乆偼僴僶僔儍懓偲屇偽傟偰偍傝丄偦偺恖岥偼僄僠僆僺傾慡懱偺36%偵媦傇丅枖丄傾價僔僯傾傕僄僠僆僺傾杒惣晹偲拞墰晹偍傛傃僄儕僩儕傾(Eritrea)傪堦妵偟偰屇傇柤偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄傞丅僴僶僔儍懓偑僄僠僆僺傾抧曽傊怤棯偟偨帪婜偼乽僜儘儌儞墹(Solomon,
971 BCE – 931 BCE)偑婭尦慜992 偐傜952傑偱傾價僔僯傾傪巟攝偟偨乿偲塢傢傟傞帪婜偲堦抳偟丄乽僔僶偺彈墹(Queen of Sheba, Makeda or Bilqis)偑墹嵗偵偄偨乿偲偝傟偰偄傞婭尦慜栺950擭偲傕堦抳偡傞丅揱彸偵傛傟偽乽屆戙僀僗儔僄儖墹僜儘儌儞偲僔僶偲偺彈墹偺懅巕偱僄僠僆僺傾傊亀宊栺偺敔亁傪塣傫偩儊僱儕僋1悽(Menelik I)乮僄僽僫丒儔丒僴僉儉(Ebna la-Hakim,
"Son of the Wise"), 抦宐偺懅巕乯偼僔僶偺彈墹(Makeda)偺巰屻丄傾價僔僯傾偺墹拞偺墹(Emperor
and King of Kings of Ethiopia)偲偟偰僄僠僆僺傾偺僜儘儌儞墹挬(Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia)傪寶崙偟偨乿偲塢傢傟傞丅偙偺墹挬偼搑拞偱偺拞抐偼偁偭偨傕偺偺3000擭偵傢偨傝丄225戙僴僀儗丒僙儔僔僄1悽(Emperor Haile Selassi)偑戅埵偟偨1974擭傑偱懕偄偰棃偨丅
僶僴乕 僷儗僗 儂僥儖(Al-Bahah Palace)丗 昗崅 2,100 m偵寶偮僶僴乕 僷儗僗 儂僥儖(Al-Bahah Palace)偼儅僋儚乕(Al Makhwah倛)傊壓傞媫嶁偺嶳妜僴僀僂僃僀傪尒壓傠偣傞懳娸偺奟偺忋偵桳傞丅偙偺廃埻偵偼栰惗偺儅儞僩僸僸偑懡偔丄摿偵搤応偺挬偵偼儂僥儖偺晘抧撪偱擔岦傏偭偙傪偟側偑傜巆斞傪懸偭偰偄傞丅
僴僶儔乕(Al-Habalah)丗 僴僶儔乕(Al-Habalah)偼傾僽僴(Abha)偐傜搶撿搶栺45km丄傾僴僪 儖僼傽僀僟乕(Ahad Rufaydah)偐傜撿傊栺15km偵擖偭偨僔儍乫傾僼(Al Sha'af)抧嬫偺抐奟偺恀壓偵埵抲偟丄僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)傪挱朷偡傞戕偊棫偮嶳乆偵埻傑傟丄怺偔嫹偔暵偠偙傔傜傟偨嫭扟偺墱偵偁傞丅僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman
Empire)偺敆奞傪旔偗偰丄僶僯 儅儕乕僋(Bani Maleek)偺堦巟懓偑廧傒偮偒丄媫弒側奟偵廧嫃傪抸偒丄僐乕僸乕敤丄僓僋儘偺壥庽墍丄僽僪僂敤摍傪奐崵偟偰峩偟偰偄偨丅奀娸偺僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)懁偐傜偼孹幬偑媫夁偓偰嬤偯偗偢丄偙偺懞傊偺弌擖傝偼奟忋偺僔儍乫傾僼(Al Sha'af)偲撽掤巕偱偺墲暅偺傒偱偁偭偨丅乽僶僯 儅儕乕僋偺抝払偼媫弒側嶳傪忋偑傝壓傝偡傞堊偵懱傪帺桼帺嵼偵弌棃傞條偵壓懷偟偐傑偲偭偰嫃側偐偭偨乿偲塢偆丅僶僯 儅儕乕僋懓偼慡偰偺嶌暔傗壥暔傪偦偙偱嵧攟偟丄巰懱傕摯寠偵杽傔偰偄偨丅彈巕嫙偑奟忋偵忋偑傞帠偼柍偐偭偨丅屘僼傽僀僒儖 僀僽儞 傾僽僪儖
傾僕僘崙墹(the late King Faisal
ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)偼偦偺帯悽偺僿僕儔楋1400擭乮惣楋1980擭乯偵廧嫃丄妛峑丄恌椕強丄偦偺懠偺岞嫟巤愝傪奟忋偵怴偨偵抸偒丄奟壓偺廧恖慡堳傪堏廧偝偣丄僼傽僀僒儖崙墹懞偲徧偟偨丅尰嵼偱偼傾僽僴(Abha)偺娐忬摴楬偐傜僕僶儖 傾儖
僒儔僩(Jibal al-Sarat)偺嶳椝傪搶偵墑傃傞傾儖 僈儔乫傾摴楬(Al-Qara'a
Road)偑嶌傜傟丄傾僗僟乕儖(al-Asdar)偲屇偽傟傞抐奟愨暻傗傾僈僶僩(al-'Aqabat)偲屇偽傟傞僥傿僴儅乕偵岦偐偭偰壓偭偰偄傞媫孹幬扟偺忋棳晹暘偺宨娤傪挱傔側偑傜丄傾僔乕儖崙棫岞墍僙儞僞乕(Asir
National Park Head Quarters)丄僴僶僶乕(Al
Hababah)崙棫岞墍丄僈儔僈儞(Al
Dalaghan)崙棫岞墍丄僈儔乫傾(Al-Qara'a)岞墍丄僞儉僯儎乕(Tamniyah)丄僈儕儎乕(Al Qariyah)嶳傪扝傝側偑傜僔儍乫傾僼(Al Sha'af)抧嬫傑偱偺僪儔僀僽傪妝偟傔傞丅僔儍乫傾僼(Al Sha'af)抧嬫偵偼棫攈側挀幵応丄揥朷戜丄媥宔幒丄怘摪丄嬻拞働乕僽儖摍娤岝巤愝偑惍旛偝傟偰偄傞丅嬻拞働乕僽儖僇乕偼偮偄嵟嬤傑偱壓懷偩偗偺孅嫮側抝払偟偐搊傝崀傝偟偨弌棃側偐偭偨僴僶儔乕(Habalah傊偺弌擖傝偺奟偵愝偗傜傟丄奟壓偺晹棊愓傑偱崀傝丄尒妛弌棃傞條偵側偭偰偄傞丅嬻拞働乕僽儖僇乕偵忔傞偲杦偳悅捈偵愗傝棫偭偨愨暻偑椙偔娤嶡偱偒傞丅300 m偺奟壓偵偼崱偱傕妱傟栚偺偁傞壆崻傪帩偪丄姡偄偨愇憿傝偺壠乆偑暲傫傃丄婛偵柍恖偵惉偭偰偟傑偭偰偄傞偑丄嵟嬤偵側偭偰攋婞偝傟偨斶垼傪昚傢偣偨攑懞偱偁傞丅
僶僴乕儖(Bahars)丗 乮峵検扨埵乯乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823弌斉乿偵傛傟偽10僼傽僕儖(Frazils)偱栺222lbs. 6oz.乮栺101kg乯偱偁傞丅
僶僽 僼乕儖僟栧(Bab al-Furda)丗 儁儖僔傾恖(Persian)偑寶愝偟偨僕儏僢僟(Juddah)偺4偮偺栧偺拞偺奀懁偺1偮丅
僶僽 儅僢僇栧(Bab Makka)丗 儁儖僔傾恖(Persian)偑寶愝偟偨僕儏僢僟(Juddah)偺4偮偺栧偺儊僢僇懁偺栧丅
僴僼傽儖 僶乕僥傿儞(Hafar al-Batin)丗 熆傟扟僶乕僥傿儞(Wadi al-Batin)偺僋僂僃僀僩(Kuwait)崙嫬偵嬤偄搒巗偱丄僫僕僪(Najd)嵐敊偺梤偺廤嶶抧偱傕偁傞丅戞堦師榩娸愴憟(1990 – 1991)偺帪偵暷崙摨柨孯偑僋僂僃僀僩扗夞偺堊偵嵟弶偵峌傔崬傫偩撍攋岥偲偟偰擔杮偵傕偦偺柤傪抦傜傟偨丅
僶僽 儅僪僶僈栧(Bab al Madbagha)丗 儁儖僔傾恖偑寶愝偟偨僕儏僢僟偺4偮偺栧偺1偮丅
僶僽 儖儅栧(Bab al-Ruma)丗 僔儔僼(Siraf)偺曵夡偺屻偦偺廧柉偺堦晹偼僕儏僢僟(Juddah)偵摓拝偟偰丄偦偙偵掕廧偟偨儁儖僔傾恖払(Persian)偼愇峱偺幗嬺 (gypsum mortar) 偱愇偺暻傪偙偺挰偺廃埻偵寶愝偟丄4偮偺栧偑奐偗傜傟偨丅偦偺栧偺拞偺偍庣傝(Talisman)偑挙傜傟偨愇偑嵹偣傜傟2偮偺栧偺1偮丅
僶僼僞(Baftas)丗 偒傔偺慹偄埨暔偺柸怐暔丅
僴儅僟儞(Hamadan)丗 僀儔儞惣晹僥僿儔儞(Tehran)偺惣撿惣偵埵抲偡傞巗偱恖岥41枩恖偱屆戙柤偼僄僋僶僞僫(Ecbatana)丅
僴乕儅儞 價僢僋僱儖(Herman Bicknell)丗 價僢僋僱儖偼奜壢堛偱僇僀儘偐傜弰楃傪峴偆慜偵丄僕儍償傽(Java)丄僠儀僢僩(Tibet)丄僸儅儔儎(the
Himalaya)丄儁儖僔傾(Persia)媦傃傾儞僨僗(Andes)傪扵専偟丄1875擭偵朣偔側偭偨丅1862擭8寧25擔晅偗偺儘儞僪儞僞僀儉僘(The
Times)偼夞嫵搆偵夵廆偟偨僴乕儅儞 價僢僋僱儖(Herman Bicknell)偐傜偺傾僽僪 僄儖
儚僸僪(Abd El Wahid)偲塢偆夞嫵搆柤偱峴偭偨弰楃偵偮偄偰弎傋偨庤巻傪宖嵹偟偰偄傞丅
僴儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)丗 僇儈僗
儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)偼傾僽僴(Abha)偺杒搶27 km偺嶳妜抧懷撪棨偵偁傝丄偐偮偰偼僔儍僴儔儞懓(Shahrani
Tribe)偺搒偱偁偭偨丅暥帤捠傝巗偺柤慜偱偁傞乽儉僔儍僀僩懓偺栘梛巗(Thursday
Suq)乿傪堄枴偡傞條偵揱摑揑側彜嬈搒巗偱偁傝丄彜寳偲偟偰偼傾僽僴(Abha)偲堦懱壔偟偰偄傞丅摿偵擾嬈惗嶻暔偺庢堷偑懡偄丅昗崅偼 1,880 m偱偁傝丄恖岥偼2004擭偺挷嵏偱偼446,467恖偱偁傞丅偦偺峹奜偵偼懡偔偺奜崙恖偺嫃廧偡傞孯帠婎抧(King
Khalid Air Base)偑偁傞丅
僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)丗
僴僒儞
僴儉僟僯(Al-Hassan Bin Ahmed
Bin Yakob Al-Hamadani, 893 – 947 or 956)偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)弌恎偺攷幆側抧棟妛幰偱揤暥妛幰偱偁傝丄偦偺懡嵤側嬈愌偱峀偔柤惡傪攷偟偨丅僴儉僟僯偼傾儔價傾敿搰偵娭偡傞徻偟偄抦幆傪帩偪丄摿偵撿晹偵娭偡傞抦幆偼帺慠抧棟妛丄抧宍妛丄峀偑傝丄晽懎丄壠宯偵傑偱媦傫偱偍傝丄傾儔價傾敿搰偵娭偡傞嵟弶偺嬶懱揑側挊弎傪峴偭偨丅僴儉僟僯(al-Hamdani)偼挊嶌乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)(Description of the Island of the Arabs)乿偺拞偱乽偙偺崙偼嶰曽傪奀偵埻傑傟丄杒晹偼儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(The Euphrates) 偲抧拞奀 (the Mediterranean sea) 偑崙嫬偱偁偭偨偺偱丄傾儔僽懓偼偙偺崙傪Jazirat
al-Arab 偡側偼偪亀傾儔僽懓偺搰(Island of the Arabs)亁偲屇傫偱偄偨乿偲婰弎偟偰偄傞丅D.H. 儈儏儔乕(D.H.
Müller)偼乽傾儔僽懓偺搰(Sifat Jazirat al-Arab)乿傪東栿丒曇廤偟丄1884擭偐傜1891擭偵偐偗偰儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱弌斉偟偨(Al Hamdanis Geographie der Arabischen Halbinsel ed. by D.H. Müller, 儔僀僨儞Leyden 1884 - 1891.)丅偦偺懠丄懡偔偺挊弎壠払偵堷梡偝傟丄摨偠堩榖偑傾儔價傾偵娭偡傞條乆側彂暔偵孞傝曉偟尰傟偰偄傞丅
恘暔椶(Cutlery)丗 恘暔椶偍傛傃僫僀僼丒僼僅乕僋丒僗僾乕儞椶摍丅
昘壨帪戙(Glacials)丗 抧媴偺楌巎偺拞偱丄嬌堟偺昘彴偑戝偒偔敪払偟偨帪戙傪巜偡丅偙偺帪婜偵偼挿婜娫偵傢偨偭偰丄戝婥傕奀梞傕崱傛傝偢偭偲椻偨偐偭偨丅戞嶰婭屻敿偐傜婥壏偑壓偑傝巒傔丆抧媴偑偦偺傛偆側昘壨帪戙偵嵟屻偵偼偄偭偨偺偼丄戞巐婭偺弶傔栺165枩擭慜偱偁傞丅偦傟偐傜偐傜尰嵼傑偱傪昘壨帪戙偲偄偆丅昘壨偑敪払偡傞昘婜偼悢枩偐傜10枩擭偺廃婜偱偍偲偢傟丆偦偺娫偵丆尰嵼傛傝傓偟傠偁偨偨偐偄娫昘婜偑偁偭偨丅奀悈偺昘寢偲梈昘偵傛偭偰奀柺偺崅偝傕偦傟偧傟掅壓偲忋徃傪偔傝偐偊偟偨丅峏怴悽偲嵟屻偺昘婜偑廔傢偭偨栺侾枩擭慜傛傝尰嵼傑偱偺姰怴悽偲偵暘偗傜傟傞丅戝棨傪偍偍偭偰偄偨昘彴偼丄栺1枩擭慜偺峏怴悽偺廔傢傝偵丄杒傾儊儕僇戝棨傗儓乕儘僢僷偐傜戅偄偨丅偟偐偟丄壢妛幰偺懡偔偼丄戞巐婭昘壨帪戙偼傑偩廔傢偭偰偄傞傢偗偱偼側偔丄尰嵼偼丄昘壨婜偲昘壨婜偺娫偵偁偨傞娫昘婜偩偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅
僷儔(Para or
Párá)丗 僩儖僐偺媽捠壿扨埵僷儔(Para or Párá)偼僩儖僐偺傕偭偲傕彮妟偺壿暭偱僸僕儍乕僘(Hedjaz)偱偼僨傿儚僯(Diwany)偲屇偽傟丄40僷儔(Párá)偑1僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)偱偁偭偨丅僷儔(Párá)偼僸僕儍乕僘慡懱偵棳捠偟偰偍傝丄摨偠條偵僇僀儘偱拻憿偝傟偰偄傞偺傕峉傢傜偢僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)傛傝傕杮棃偦側傢偭偰偄傞壙抣偑崅偐偭偨偺偱戝偒側廀梫偑偁偭偨丅乮拲乯1815擭偵懢庣偼壿暭拻憿強(Mint)偵擭娫7昐枩僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)偺拻憿傪惪偗晧傢偣偨(Farm out)丅偙傟偼尰嵼偺岎姺儗乕僩偱姺嶼偡傞偲栺20枩塸崙億儞僪(Pomds Sterling)偵憡摉偟丄偙偺僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)壿暭偼22丄23枃偱1僪儖偺壙抣偟偐柍偄偺偑椙偔抦傟搉偭偰偄傞偵傕峉傢傜偢丄8枃偱僪儖壿暭1枃偲岎姺偡傞條偵恖乆偵嫮惂偟偨丅
僶儔僇(Baraka)丗 廽暉(Benediction)丅
僶儔僇僩擇悽(Barakat
II)丗 1517擭偵儅儉儖乕僋掗崙(Mamluk Empire)偑柵傃丄偦偺峠奀廈偑僆僗儅儞僩儖僐懏椞(A Province of
Ottoman Turkey)偲惉偭偨帪偺梐尵幰偺巕懛偱2偮偺儌僗僋偺庣岇幰偱偁傞儊僢僇庱挿(the Sharif of Mecca)
僶儔僇僩擇悽(Barakat II bin
Muhammed of Barakat Efendi, 1497 - 1525)丅
錕錘悈(Rosewater)丗 偽傜崄悈丅
僴儔僟(Haradh)丗 僟儞儅儞(Damman)偺250km丄傾僴僒(Al Ahasa)偐傜撿142 km偵埵抲偡傞僟儞儅儞揝摴撿慄
僴儔儉(Haram)丗 僴儔儉偲偼僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾(Pre-Islamic Arabia)偵偁偭偨恄堟偱拞棫抧懷偱傕偁傝丄偦偺拞偱偺嶦恖偼嬛巭偝傟丄堦斒揑側晹懓娫偺揋懳怱偼曐棷偝傟偨丅晹懓柉偼晹懓娫偺岎徛傗挷掆傪暯榓揑偵峴偆帠偑弌棃偨丅僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾偱偼偦偺條側応強偑彜恖払傪柧傜偐偵枺椆偟丄偦偺條側応強傪巟攝偡傞惞壠懓偼旕忢偵塭嬁椡傪帩偮傛偆偵側偭偨丅
僶儔儌儞(Brahman)丗 僽儔乕僼儅儞(Brahman)丄汷梾栧偲傕屇偽傟丄僀儞僪巐惄拞偺嵟崅奒媺偱偁傞巌嵳幰憌傪塢偆丅
僷乕儕傾(Pariah)丗 傾僠儏乕僩(Dalits)偲傕塢偄丄僇乕僗僩(Caste)奜偺乽晄壜怗柉(Untouchable)乿偲傕東栿偝傟傞丅椡偑側偔僸儞僪僁乕嫵(Hindu)偺斴岇偺傕偲偵惗偒偞傞傪摼側偄恖乆偱偁傞丅偵傕娭傢傜偢1壄恖傕偺恖乆偑傾僠儏乕僩偲偟偰僀儞僪崙撪偵曢傜偟偰偄傞丅
僷儕傾將(Pariah
Dog)丗 僀儞僪(India)丒傾僼儕僇(Africa)摍偺敿栰惗將丅
僶儕僈僓(Barygaza)丗 報搙僉儍儉僶僀榩偺(Gulf of Cambay) 杅堈偺拞怱抧(Major
Emporium)偱丄僫儖儅僟愳偺壨岥(on the
estuary of the Narmada) 偵嵼傞尰嵼偺僽儘僂僠 (Today's
Broach) 偱偁傞丅
僷儕偺崙棫恾彂娰丗
Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris.
僷儖僌儔乕償(Palgrave)丗 僷儖僌儗僀償嫧偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞塸崙偺楌巎壠僷儖僌儔乕償嫧(Sir Francis Palgrave丄1788-1861)偺師抝(William Gifford Palgrave, 1826-1888)偱椃峴壠偱偁傝丄奜岎姱偱傕偁偭偨丅僀僄僗僘夛(Societas Iesu, the Society of Jesus)巑偲偟偰僔儕傾(Syria)偵攈尛偝傟偨屻丄僫億儗僆儞3悽(Napoleon III, also known as
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, 1808 - 1873)偺柦偱堛幰偵曄憰偟偰傾儔價傾傪扵専偟偨丅
僶儖僒儉(Balm)丗 崄桘丄崄峱偲傕塢傢傟傞朏崄惈庽帀偱丄僇儞儔儞壢儌僣儎僋僕儏懏(Commiphora)偺擬懷嶻偺栘偐傜嵦傟丄摿偵僊儗傾僪僶儖僒儉偺栘(Balm of
Gilead)傪巜偡丅捔捝偵梡偄傞丅儔僥儞岅偱偼儃乕儖僒儌儉(Balsamum)偲塢偆丅
僶儖僓乕儞忛(Barzan
Palace)丗 1808擭偵儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞
傾僽僪儖儉僼僙乕儞 傾儕(Muhammad bin Abdul-Muhsin Al Ali)偑寶愝傪弶傔丄僞儔乕儖 僀僽儞
傾僽僪僢儔(Talal ibn Abdullah,
1848-1868)偑姰惉偝偣偨乽僴乕僀儖偵偁偭偨楌巎揑側忛乿偱嵟屻偺儔僔乕僪懓庱挿(Al Rashid
emir)偑捛曻偝傟偨1921擭偵僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud or Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal Al Saud, 1880 -
1953)偵傛偭偰揚嫀偝傟偰偄傞丅
僶乕儖僗僶僀(Barsbay)丗 僨傿僂壂偺岎愴乮1509擭2寧乯偱偺攕愴偵懳偡傞億儖僩僈儖傊偺斀寕傪幚峴偡傞堊偵儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk
Dybasty, 1250 - 1517)採撀儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)巜婗壓偺僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼1515擭偵僕僢僟傪弌峲偟偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偺嵟弶偺栚昗偼億儖僩僈儖(Lusitanians)偲偺愴憟偺慜彛婎抧偲偟偰偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺惇暈偱偁傝丄偦偟偰愴棯揑偵廳梫側傾僨儞(Aden)偑屻偵側偭偰僗儔僀儅儞娡戉傪婏廝(Coup-de-Main)偟側偄條偵惇暈偡傞帠偱偁偭偨丅戞堦抜奒偲偟偰丄僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼傾僨儞(Aden)榩偺搶偵偁傞僇儅儔儞搰 (Kamaran)偵忋棨偟丄偙偺搰偵梫嵡傪抸偄偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼僀僄儊儞偱峴偭偨慡偰偺愴摤偵彑棙偟丄擣抦偱偒傞掱偵傾僨儞偺忛暻傪朇寕偵傛偭偰懝彎偝偣偨偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄傾僨儞偼僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偺峌寕傪戅偗偨丅儅儉儖乕僋挬偲僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐(Ottoma Empire, 1299 – 1923)偺娫偵婲偒偨暣憟偵娭偡傞曬崘傪庴偗偰丄僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼1516擭廐偵偙偺抜奒偱僕僢僟傊偺堷偒忋偘傪寛掕偟偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼偙偺墦惇偺寢壥偵幐朷偟丄僀僄儊儞恖偑廋暅偵挿偄娫傪偐偗側偗傟偽側傜側偐偭偨攑毿偺捠傝偵棯扗昳傪巆偟偨傑傑偱偼偁偭偨偑丄偦傟偱傕帺暘払偲嫟偵敎戝側愴棙昳傪塣傫偱偄偨丅枖丄僀僄儊儞偵偍偄偰儅儉儖乕僋挬偺惌嶔傪棜峴偡傞堊偵儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)偼暃姱偺僶乕儖僗僶僀(Barsbay)傪暘堚娡戉偲嫟偵挀棷偝偣偨丅
僶儖僙儘僫(Barcelona)丗 僗儁僀儞杒搶晹僇僞儘僯傾(Catalonia)帺帯廈偺廈搒偱奀峘乮160枩乯丅
僶儖僩儘儊僂 僨傿傾僔儏(Bartolomeu Diaz)丗 峲奀幰僿儞儕乕墹巕(Prince Henry the Navigator, 1394 - 1460)偺挿婜揥朷偺巜摫偺壓偵億儖僩僈儖恖慏挿払(Peotuguese Captains)偺宲彸偑傾僼儕僇偺惣奀娸傪彮偟偢偮丄偦偺嵐敊偺峀偑傝傪墇偊偰丄擬懷偺怉惗丄婏柇側惗偒暔偍傛傃柇側恖乆偑懡偄崙乆傑偱壓偭偰峴偭偨丅僨傿僆僑 僨儏 傾僓儉僽儎(Diogo de Azambuja, 1432 - 1518)偑1482擭偵僊僯傾(Guinea)奀娸偺僒儞 僕儑儖僕儏
僟 儈僫(São Jorge da Mina)偵嵲偲岺応傪寶愝偟偨丅偦偙偱偼墿嬥偺暡枛偑敪尒偝傟偰偄偨丅摨偠擭僨傿僆僑 僇僂儞(Diogo Cão)偑僐儞僑愳(the River Congo)偺壨岥傪敪尒偟丄1485擭偺戞俀峲奀偱偼撿敿媴擬懷偺奜傟偵偁傞僫儈價傾(Namibia)偺償僅儖償傿僗榩(Walvis Bay)傑偱峲奀偟偨丅1487擭偵億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偺僕儑傾儞擇悽墹(King Joãn II, 1481 -
1495)偺柦偱僶儖僩儘儊僂 僨傿傾僔儏(Bartolomeu Diaz, c.
1451 - 1500)偼2鋤偺僉儍儔儀儖慏(caravel)偲1鋤偺彫偝側壿暔慏偐傜惉傞墦惇晹戉傪巜婗偟丄僀儞僪峲楬傪尒偮偗傞栚揑偱丄摨擭偺敿偽偵僥僌僗(Tagus)偐傜弌峲偟偨丅僨傿傾僔儏偼桬姼偵傕傾僼儕僇奀娸傪棧傟丄搶傊岦偐偆慜偵丄妋幚偵婌朷曯(the Cape
of Good Hope)偺撿傑偱斂憱偟丄杒傊偲岦偒傪曄偊丄尰嵼偺儌僢僙儖榩(Mossel
Bay)偺抧堟偱偁傞搶惣傊偺峀偑傞奀娸傪娽偵偟偨丅偙偺奀娸傪扝傝丄僨傿傾僔儏偼傾儖僑傾榩(Algoa Bay)偵摓拝偟丄峀戝側悈堟偑峏偵搶傊偲峀偑偭偰偄傞偺傪抦偭偨丅僨傿傾僔儏偺僇儔儀儖慏(caravels)偼崱丄僀儞僪梞偵晜偐傫偱偍傝丄悢廫擭娫偵媦傇崲擄(strenuous)偱晄孅(stubborn)偺扵媮偺栚昗偡側偼偪僀儞僪傊偺奀楬偑杦偳彾拞偵偁傞偺傪椙偔暘偐偭偰偄偨僨傿傾僔儏偼偦偺姰慡払惉偺墴偟捠偟偨偄偲巚偭偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偦偺忔慻堳偼婛偵旀楯偟丄尭彮偟偨椘怘傪寽擮偟偰偍傝丄扤傕峲奀偟偨帠偺柍偄峳傟嫸偆丄枹抦偺悈堟傊偺嫲傟偐傜晄埨偵側傝巒傔偰偄偨丅僨傿傾僔儏偼堷偒曉偡條偵愢摼偝傟偨丅僨傿傾僔儏偺幐朷偼墹傊傕偨傜偡楴曬偵傛偭偰榓傜偘傜傟偨丅側傫偲偄偭偰傕丄偙偺峲奀偺憇戝偝偍傛傃戩墇偟偨傒偛偲偝偼丄婔悽婭偵傕搉偭偰儓乕儘僢僷恖偺嫽枴傪擱偊棫偨偣偰棃偨搶梞偺慡偰偺抧堟偵丄億儖僩僈儖偑奀楬偱捈愙捠峴偱偒傞壜擻惈傪傕偨傜偡偩傠偆丅僨傿傾僔儏偑帺暘偑扵偟媮傔偰偄偨執戝側枽傪挱傔偦偟偰偦偙偵乽棐偺枽(Cabo
Tormentoso丄Cape of
Storms)乿偲柤晅偗偨偺偼婣楬偺搑拞偱偁偭偨丅僶儖僩儘儊僂 僨傿傾僔儏(Bartolomeu Diaz)偼1488擭偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)偵摓拝偟偨偑丄億儖僩僈儖偲僗儁僀儞偺暣憟偑1495擭傑偱僨傿傾僔儏偺敪尒偺妶梡傪嫋偝側偐偭偨丅1495擭偵懻姤偟偨儅僰僄儖墹(King Manuel, 1469 –
1521)偼償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco da Gama, 1460 or 1469 - 1524)偺巜婗偺僀儞僪墦惇戉傪慻怐偟巒傔偨丅僨傿傾僔儏偑帺暘偺屻宲幰偵梌偊偨彆尵偼偙偺墦惇偑惉岟偡傞彆偗偵側偭偨帠偑徹柧偝傟偰偄傞丅
僶儖僶儕乕(Barbary)丗僄僕僾僩傪彍偔丄杒傾僼儕僇堦偺媽徧偱偁傞丅
僴乕儖僸乕儖(Kharkheer)丗 乮僇乕儖僉乕儖(Al Kharkhir)嶲徠丅乯
僶儖僼(Balkh)丗 傾僼僈僯僗僞儞(Afghanistan)偺搒巗丅僶儖僼廈(Balkh)偵懏偡傞丅偐偮偰偼丄僿儗僯僘儉(Hellenism)崙壠偺堦偮偱偁偭偨僶僋僩儕傾墹崙(Bactria)(BC
255-BC139)偺搒僶僋僩儔(Bactra or
Balhika)偲偟偰傕斏塰偟偨丅屆戙傛傝岎堈楬偺梫強偲偟偰敪揥偟偨偑丄尰嵼偼彫婯柾側搒巗偲側偭偰偄傞丅
僴儖僽懓(Harb)丗 僫僕僪(Najd) 4偮偺晹懓偺堦偮偱丄偍偦傜偔傾儔價傾敿搰偺儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偱偼堦斣戝偒側晹懓偱偁傞丅偙偺晹懓偼懡偔偺暘懓偵暘偐傟偰嫃傝丄偦偺偄偔偮偐偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偺僆傾僔僗偵掕廧偟偦偺懠偼梀杚惗妶傪憲偭偰偄偨丅偦偺椞堟偼僇僔儉(Qasim)偐傜儅僨傿僫 (Madinah)偺娫偺嵐敊偱偁傝丄儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah)偲儅僢僇乕(Makkah)偺娫偺弰楃楬傪墶愗偭偰嫃偨偺偱弰楃傪曐岇偡傞帠偱僩儖僐偐傜敎戝側曗彆嬥傪摼偰偄偨丅
僷儖僥傿傾(Parthian)丗 僇僗僺奀(the Caspian sea)撿搶晹偵傾乕儕儎恖(Aryan)偺尵梩傪榖偟偨偡偖傟偨婻攏柉懓偺挿傾儖僔儍僋(Arsaces
I)乮僊儕僔儍岅宍丗傾儖僒働僗乯偑傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹(Alexander
the Great)偺屻宲幰偱偁傞僙儗僂僐僗挬(Seleucid
Empire, 312 BC - 63 BC)偐傜婭尦慜247擭崰偵撈棫偟偰寶偰偨墹崙傾儖僔儍僢僋挬僷儖僥傿傾(Arsacid
Empire or Parthia Empire, 247 BC - 226 or 228 AD)偱丄慜1悽婭偵偼搶惣偼儐乕僼儔僥僗愳 (the
Euphrates)偐傜僀儞僟僗愳(the
Indus)丄撿杒偼僆僋僜僗愳(Oxus
River)(尰傾儉僟儕儎愳(the Amu
Darya))偐傜僀儞僪梞(the
Indian Ocean)偵偄偨傞戝掗崙( Iran,
Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaidzhan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
Tajikistan, Pakistan, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel)偲側傝丄僔儖僋儘乕僪(Silk Road)傪巟攝偟偨丅偍傕側搒巗偼僙儗僂僉傾(Seleucia)偲僋僥僔僼僅儞(Ctesiphon)偱偁傞丅慜1悽婭偺拞偛傠偐傜偼儘乕儅(the Roman Empire)偲偺愴摤偑偔傝偐偊偝傟丄惣楋224擭偵丄僒僒儞挬(Sassanid Dynasty,
226 - 651)偺憂巒幰傾儖僟僔乕儖1悽(Ardashir I, 226 - 241)偵惇暈偝傟偨丅拞崙巎彂偱偼傾儖僔儍僋偺拞崙岅傊偺揮幨偱偁傞埨懅乮亀巎婰亁乽戝埗楍揱乿乯偲屇偽傟傞丅
僷儖儈儔崙(Sate of
Palmyra)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱偼僞僪儌乕儖(Tadmor))偲屇偽傟傞偙偺搒巗崙壠偼僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)杒搶215km丄儐乕僼儔僥僗(Euphrates)撿惣120km偺僔儕傾(Syria)拞墰偵埵抲偟丄 婭尦慜1悽婭偐傜3悽婭傑偱偼丄僔儖僋儘乕僪(Silkroad)偺拞宲搒巗偲偟偰敪揥偟丄岎堈偺娭惻偵傛傝搒巗崙壠偲偟偰斏塰偟偨丅儘乕儅(Roman
Empire)偺懏廈偲側偭偨偙偲傕偁傞偑丄乽3悽婭偺婋婡(Crisis of the Third
Century)乿偺拞偱丄僷儖儈儔巗惗傑傟偺僙僾僥傿儈僂僗丒僆僟僄僫僩僁僗(Septimius
Odaenathus or Odenatus, 260 - 267)偼帺慜偺孯戉傪棪偄偰僷儖儈儔崙(Palmyrene Empire, 260 - 273)傪寶崙偟丄僒乕僒乕儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Empire, 226
- 651)偐傜偺峌寕傊偺杊屼偵摉偨偭偰偄偨丅帪偺儘乕儅峜掗僈儕僄僰僗(Gallienus,
c.218 - 268)偼僆僟僄僫僩僁僗傪搶曽慡堟偺巌椷姱偵擟柦丄僆僟僄僫僩僁僗偼偦偺婜懸偵墳偊偨偑丄267擭偵墐惾偱堦懓偺幰偵傛偭偰巋嶦偝傟偨丅屻嵢僛僲價傾(Zenobia240
- after 274)偑堦楢偺帠懺傪廂廍偟丄惣楋270擭崰偵偼僛僲價傾(Zenobia)彈墹偲偟偰孨椪偟偨丅偦偺帪戙偵偼106擭偵儘乕儅偵媧廂偝傟偨僫僶僥傾恖(the Nabataeans)偺捠彜尃傪堷偒宲偓丄僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺堦晹傕巟攝壓偵抲偒丄愨捀婜偵帄偭偨丅偟偐偟丄儘乕儅峜掗偺傾僂儗儕傾僰僗(Lucius
Domitius Aurelianus, 270 - 275)偼丄僷儖儈儔偺撈棫傪嫲傟丄峌寕傪奐巒丅惣楋272擭偵丄僷儖儈儔偼娮棊偟攑毿偲壔偟偨丅
僴乕儖乕儞 儔僔乕僪(Harun al-Rashid)丗 僴乕儖乕儞
儔僔乕僪(763/766 - 809)丄傾僢僶乕僗挬5戙僇儕僼(786 - 809)丄傾儔價傾儞僫僀僩偺庡恖岞偺1恖偲偄塢傢傟傞丅
僷儗僗僞僀儞
(Palestine)丗 僔儕傾(Syria)撿晹偺抧拞奀偵柺偟偨抧曽偱惞彂偱偄偆僇僫儞(Cannan)偺搚抧偱丄僔僆僯僘儉(Zionism)偍傛傃僀僗儔僄儖(Israe)l偱偼僀僗儔僄儖偺搚抧(Eretz Israel or Land
of Israel) 偲屇傇丅
僷儗儖儌(Palermo)丗 僀僞儕傾偺撿晹僔僠儕傾搰(Island of Sicily)杒惣晹偵埵抲偡傞搒巗丅僔僠儕傾廈偺廈搒偱偁傝丄僷儗儖儌帺帯導偺導挕強嵼抧丅婥岓偼揟宆揑側抧拞奀惈婥岓偱壞偼弸偝偲姡憞偑尠挊偩偑丄搤偼堒搙偺妱傝偵偁傑傝姦偔側偄丅撈帺偺崙嵺怓朙偐側暥壔傪惗傒弌偟偨拞悽僔僠儕傾墹崙(Kingdom
of Sicily)偺屆搒丅
僶儗儞僔傾(Valencia)丗 僗儁僀儞搶晹僣儕傾愳(Turia)偺壨岥偱抧拞奀偵椪傓峘挰偱抧拞奀偵柺偟丄壏抔側抧拞奀惈婥岓偱塉検傕彮側偄丅11悽婭偵抸偐傟偨儉乕傾恖(Moors)偺僶儗儞僔傾(Taifa of Valencia)偺庱搒乮1021擭偐傜1238擭乯偱偁偭偨偑丄尰嵼偼僶儗儞僔傾廈(Comunitat
Valenciana)偺廈搒偱丄僶儗儞僔傾導(Provincia
de Valencia)偺導搒偱傕偁傞丅恖岥偼僗儁僀儞戞3埵偺栺80枩恖偱偁傝丄僶儗儞僔傾搒巗寳偺恖岥傪娷傔傞偲173枩恖偵傕忋傞丅娤岝抧偲偟偰偼悽奅堚嶻偵搊榐偝傟偰偄傞對偺岎堈強(La Lonja de la Seda)傗崙棫摡婍攷暔娰(National Museum of
Pottery and Sumptuary Arts)丄戝惞摪(Catedral
of Valencia)側偳偑偁傝丄3寧偵奐嵜偝傟傞壩嵳傝偼挊柤偱僷僄儕傾(Paella))敪徦偺抧偱傕偁傞丅
僶儗儞僔傾抧曽(Valencia)丗 拞悽偺僶儗儞僔傾(Valencia)偼1010擭偐傜1238擭傑偱儉僗儗儉墹挬偲撈棫墹挬偑岎屳偵巟攝偟偰偄偨偑丄偦偺屻偼僉儕僗僩嫵崙偺椞搚偲惉傝丄傾儔僑儞(Aragon)偺墹払偵傛偭偰摑帯偝傟偨丅偦偺椞堟偵偼曄壔偑偁偭偨偑偩偄偨偄偼僗儁僀儞搶晹偺抧拞奀傪朷傓傾儕僇儞僥(Alicante)丄僇僗僥儕儑儞導(Castellón)偍傛傃僶儗儞僔傾導(Valencia)偱偁偭偨丅屻僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad or Emir
/Caliphate of Córdoba, 756 - 929 - 1031)偑1010擭偵孮彫墹挬(Taifa)偵暘楐偟偨帪偵僶儗儞僔傾(Valencia)偼傾僽僪儖傾僕僘 儅儞僗乕儖(Abd al Aziz Mansur, 1021 - 1061)偺摑帯壓偲側傝撈棫偟偨丅偦偺屻宲幰偺傾僽僪儖 儅儕僋(Abd al
Malik, 1061 - 1065)偼僼僃儖僫儞僪堦悽(Ferdinand
I, 1037 - 1065)乮Count of
Castile, 1029 - 1037, King of Leon and Castile, 1037 - 1065 & Emperor of
Spain, 1056 - 1065)偺峌寕傪庴偗丄恏偔傕棊忛偼柶傟偨傕偺偺僩儗僪(Toledo)偺巟攝幰傾儖 儅儉儞(Al Mamun, 1043 - 1075)偐傜偺曐岇傪媮傔傞掱偺攕杒傪偟偰偄偨丅傾儖 儅儉儞偼傾僽僪儖 儅儕僋傪捛曻偟丄偦傟偐傜偺10擭娫(1065 - 1075)偼僶儗儞僔傾偼傾儖 儅儉儞偺椞搚偲側偭偨丅偦偺屻宲幰偺僇僨傿乕儖(Al Qadir)偼庛崢偱僶儗儞僔傾偑嵞傃撈棫傪庡挘偡傞偺傪嫋偟偰偄偨丅傾儖僼僅儞僜6悽(Alfonso VI, 1065 - 1109) (King of Leon,
1065 - 1070 & King of Reunited Castile and Leon, 1072 - 1109)偑1085擭偺屻敿偵僩儗僪傪愯椞偟偨帪偵僇僨傿乕儖傪梑暫偺巟墖傪庴偗偨僶儗儞僠傾抧曽偺橒橲惌尃偲偟偰曐岇偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜儉儔乕價僩挬乮僀僗儔儉墹挬乯(Almoravid,
1040 - 1147)偺怤棯傪慾巭偡傞堊偵梑暫偑彚娨偝傟傞偲丄惣椬偺僒儔僑僒(Zaragoza
or Saragossa)偺儉僗儕儉巟攝幰偲摨柨偟偰偄偨杒椬偺僶儖僙儘僫(Barcelona)攲庉偼1089擭偵僶儗儞僔傾傪曪埻偟偨丅傾儖僼僅儞僜6悽偼僶儗儞僔傾偺棙尃傪崙搚夞暅塣摦(Reconquista)偱妶桇偟偨僇僗僥傿乕儕儍婱懓(Castilian Nobleman)儘僪儕僑丒僨傿傾僗丒僨丒價僶乕儖(Rodrigo Díaz de
Vivar)丄捠徧僄儖丒僔僪(El Cid,
1040 - 1099)偵忳偭偨丅僄儖丒僔僪偼僇僨傿乕儖偐傜斴岇椏傪庢傝棫偰梚岇偟偨偑丄1092擭偵僶儗儞僔傾偺廧恖払偑僇僨傿乕儖傪埫嶦偟丄儉儔乕價僩挬偺曐岇偺壓偱嫟榓懱惂傪妋棫偟傛偆偲偟偨偺偱丄僄儖丒僔僪偼僶儗儞僔傾傪1094擭偐傜偦偺巰偺1099擭傑偱捈愙摑帯偟偨丅偦偺屻丄1102擭偵偼僄儖丒僔僪偺枹朣恖偼儉儔乕價僪挬偵懳偟偰僶儗儞僔傾傪曻婞偟側偔偰偼惉傜側偔側偭偨丅師偺30擭偼僶儗儞僔傾偼儉儔乕價僪挬偺巟攝幰偵傛偭偰摑帯偝傟偨偑丄儉儚僢僸僪挬乮僀僗儔儉墹挬乯(Almohads,
1121 - 1269)偺摓棃偵愭棫偮崿棎婜偱偼僶儗儞僔傾偼偼嵞傃撈棫惈傪戝偒偔夞暅偟偨丅僶儗儞僔傾恖偺僀僽儞 儅乕儖僟僯僔儏(Ibn Mardanish, 1147
- 1172)偑堦帪巟攝傪彾埇偟偨偑丄僉儕僗僩嫵搆偲摨柨偟偰偄偨堊偵1151擭偵偼儉儚僢僸僪挬偺巟墖傪庴偗偰偨僶儗儞僔傾恖払偵斀媡偝傟丄僶儗儞僔傾偼儉儚僢僸僪挬抧曽椞庡偵巟攝偵擟偝傟偰偄偨丅傾儔僑儞(Aragon)偺惇暈墹僴僀儊堦悽乮傑偨偼僕儍僂儊堦悽乯(King of Aragon,
Count of Barcelona & Lord of Montpellier, 1213 - 1276)偼1232擭偐傜僶儗儞僔傾偺惇暈傪恑傔丄1238擭9寧28擔偵庱搒傪愯椞偟丄娮棊偝偣偨丅偙偆偟偰僶儗儞僔傾偼1238擭偐傜1258擭傑偱傾儔僑儞墹崙偺僴僀儊堦悽乮傑偨偼僕儍僂儊堦悽乯偵摑帯偝傟偰偍傝丄偦偺巰屻傕傾儔僑儞摨柨乮屻偺僗儁僀儞乯撪偵棷傑偭偨丅乮杮崁栚偼僽儕僞僯僇昐壢帠揟(Britannica)偺婰弎傪嶲峫偵偟偰廋惓偟傑偟偨丅 2009擭04寧04擔乯
僴儚僕儞懓(Hawazin, Hawaseen or Ha乫wa zin)丗
僀僗儔儉埲慜偺嫮椡側傾儔僽晹懓偱丄僞僀僼(Taif)偺廃曈偵廤拞偟偰嫃廧偟偰偄偨丅懡偔偺晹懓柉偑僔儕傾丄僀儔僋丄僄僕僾僩丄儌儘僢僐丄僗僷僀儞摍傊偺僀僗儔儉惇暈(Muslim
Conquests, 632 - 732)偵嶲愴偟偨丅僴儚僕儞懓偼傾僪僫儞懓偺堦晹偱偁傝丄偦偺愭慶偼傾僽儔僴儉(Abraham)偺懅巕僀僔儏儅僄儖(Ishmael)偵慿傞丅(弌揟丗
Wikipedia))
僴儞僓摨柨(Hanseatic
Leage)丗 14丄15悽婭杒僪僀僣偵偍偗傞彜嬈搒巗偺惌帯揑彜嬈揑摨柨丅
敿僨傿僫乕儖(Half a
Dinar)丗 敿僨傿僫乕儖(half a dinar)嬥壿偼僨傿僫乕儖嬥壿偺敿暘偺廳偝偲側傞丅
僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩(Hundredweight)乮婰崋: cwt乯丗儎乕僪丒億儞僪偵偍偗傞幙検偺扨埵偱偁傞丅僀僊儕僗偱偼112億儞僪(50.802 345 44 kg)丄傾儊儕僇崌廜崙偱偼100億儞僪 (45.359 237 kg)偲掕媊偝傟偰偄傞丅嬫暿偺偨傔丄僀僊儕僗偺僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩傪儘儞僌僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩(Long
Hundredweight)丄傾儊儕僇偺僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩傪僔儑乕僩僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩(Short Hundredweight)偲偄偆丅偳偪傜偺扨埵宯偵偍偄偰傕丄20僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偑1僩儞偲側傝丄僀僊儕僗偱偼2240億儞僪丄傾儊儕僇偱偼2000億儞僪偑1僩儞偲側傞丅尦乆丄Hundredweight偲偄偆尵梩偼乽100攞偺廳偝乿偲偄偆堄枴偱偁傞偑丄15悽婭埲慜偺僀僊儕僗偱偼108億儞僪傪1僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偲偟偰偄偨乮傛偭偰1僩儞偼2160億儞僪偲側傞乯丅尰嵼偺112億儞僪偺僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偼儘儞僪儞偱巊梡偝傟偰偄偨傕偺偱丄師戞偵108億儞僪偺屆偄僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偼儘儞僪儞偺僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偵抲偒姺傢偭偰偄偭偨丅僀僊儕僗偱偼丄億儞僪偲僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偺娫偵僗僩乕儞偲偄偆扨埵偑偁傝丄1僗僩乕儞偼14億儞僪丄1僴儞僪儗僢僪僂僃僀僩偼8僗僩乕儞偱偁傞丅場傒偵婰崋偺cwt偺"wt"偼Weight偺棯岅偱偁傝丄c偼儘乕儅悢帤偱100傪堄枴偡傞暥帤偱偁傞丅偙偺扨埵偼崱偱傕傾儔僽幮夛偱偼僉儞僞儖(Qintar)偲偟偰巊傢傟丄尰嵼偱偼旕岞幃偵50kg傪帵偟偰偄傞丅偙偺扨埵偼岎堈嬈幰偵傛偭偰儓乕儘僢僷偵媡桝擖偝傟偰偄傞丅
僴儞僶儖妛攈(Hanbali Madhhab)丗 傾僼儅僪 僀僽儞
僴儞僶儖(Imam Ahamad ibn Hanbal))傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱僗儞僫攈偺巐戝朄妛攈偺堦偮偱偁傞丅斵偼僔儍乕僼傿僀乕(Imam
Shafi'i)偵妛傫偩丅僔儍乕僼傿僀乕攈偲僴儞僶儖攈偺娫偵偼懡偔偺椶帡揰偑偁傞丅 儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabis)偼僴儞僶儖妛攈偵懏偟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僴儞僽儖僌(Hamburg)丗 僪僀僣杒晹偺僄儖儀(Elbe)愳偵椪傓僪僀僣嵟戝偺杅堈峘乮170枩乯偱1廈傪惉偡僴儞僓摨柨偺拞怱偺搒巗偱偁偭偨丅
僶儞儎儞埥偼僶儞儓儞恖(Banian or
Banyan)丗 僸儞僪僁乕嫵搆偱擏怘傪嬛偪偡傞摿庩僇乕僗僩偵懏偡傞彜恖丅
僺傾僗僩儖(Piastres)丗 僄僕僾僩丒僔儕傾丒儗僶僲儞偺捠壿扨埵偱1/100億儞僪(Pound)丅
搶僀儞僪彅崙(East
Indies)丗 僀儞僪丒僀儞僪僔僫丒搶僀儞僪彅搰偺憤徧揑媽柤丅
乽搶僀儞僪丒惣僀儞僪搉峲婰(Navigatio
ac Itinerarium)乿丗 僆儔儞僟偺椃峴壠僕儍儞 儂僀僿儞僗
僼僅儞 儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Jan Huyghen von Linschoten) (1563 - 1611)挊丄1599擭偵僴乕僌(Hague)偱弌斉丅
價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(Byzantine
Empire)丗 搶儘乕儅掗崙(Eastern Roman
Empire) 偺暿柤丅搶儘乕儅掗崙偼儘乕儅掗崙偑惣楋395擭偵搶惣偵暘楐偟偰埲屻丄僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)乮傕偲偺價僓儞僥傿僂儉(Byzantium)乯傪庱搒偲偟偰巒傑偭偨搶曽偺掗崙偱價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(Byzantine
Empire)偲傕屇偽傟偰懚懕偟偨偑丄惣楋1453擭偵僆僗儅儞掗崙 (Ottoman Empire,
1281 - 1924) 偵柵傏偝傟偨丅
PCA 丗
Presidency of Civil Aviation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
價僕傿乕儖(Vizir)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵崙丄摿偵僩儖僐掗崙偺崅姱傗戝恇傪巜偟偨偑丄僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偱偼僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif
Ghaleb, 1813 - 1827)偺帪戙偵寈嶡傪懇偹傞姱棛偱丄僈儗僽偑棷庣偺帪偵偼僕僢僟(Djiddah)偺摑帯傪擟偝傟偰偄偨丅
價僕僄乕儖媨揳(Visier's
Palace)丗 僕儏僢僟(Judda)偺惻娭傪寭偹丄奀偵椪傓晆摢丅
價僔儍乕(Bishah)丗 乽僩儕僇僽僩偺堄枴傪帩偮偙偺挰偺柤偵偼愄偵嘀栆側晹懓偑偡傫偱偄偨帠偵桼棃偡傞偺偱偼柍偄偐乿偲巹偼憐憸偟偰偄傞丅偙偺挰偼崱偼傾僔乕儖廈價僔儍乕導偺導挕強嵼抧偱偁傝丄熆傟扟價傾僔儍乕(Wadi
Bishah)偺愒偄奟偵嫴傑傟偨扟偵増偭偰僫僣儊灲巕擾墍偺懕偔擾嬈偺挰偱偁傞丅
僸僕儍乕僘(Hedjaz or
Hejaz)丗 僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偼儅僢僇乮儊僢僇乯丄儅僨傿乕僫乮儊僨傿僫乯偺擇戝惞抧傪娷傓丄傾儔僽偍傛傃僀僗儔乕儉偵偲偭偰楌巎揑丒廆嫵揑丒惌帯揑偵廳梫側抧偱偁偭偨丅傑偨偙偺抧堟偺嵟戝搒巗僕僢僟乮僕僃僢僟乯偼惞抧傊偺奀偐傜偺擖岥偱偁傞偩偗偱側偔丄僸僕儍乕僘偺惌帯揑拞怱偲側偭偨帠傕偁偭偨丅僸僕儍乕僘偼崱擔偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙偺杒惣晹偵偁偨傝丄僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偲偼僸僕儍乕僘嶳柆傪嫴傫偩椉懁傪巜偟偰偄傞丅僸僕儍乕僘嶳柆偼傾儔價傾敿搰偺惣抂傪憱傞堦懕偒偺嶳柆乮僒儔儚僩嶳柆(Sarawat
Mountain range)乯偺杒敿暘偱丄撿敿暘偼傾僔乕儖嶳柆偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅偙偺堦懕偒偺嶳柆偲峠奀偲偺娫傪傾僇僶榩(Gulf of
Aqaba)偐傜僶僽 僄儖 儅儞僨僽(Strait of Bab el Mandeb)傑偱墑傃傞嫹偄奀娸掅抧偑僥傿僴乕儅(Tehama)乮僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)乯偱偁傞丅扐偟丄堦斒揑偵偼乽僥傿僴乕儅乿偲塢偆屇徧偼僕僢僟(Jiddah)偐傜撿偺峠奀娸偺奀娸掅抧偵懳偟偰巊傢傟偰偍傝丄偦偺抧堟偺庡側搒巗偲偟偰偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾椞撪偺儔僀僗(Al Lith)丄僋儞僼僟乕(Al Qunfudhah)丄僕乕僓乕儞(Jizan)偲僀僄儊儞椞撪偺僓價僪(Zabid)丄儌僇(Mocha)丄儂僨僀僟(Al Hudaydah)摍偑偁傞丅僒儔儚僩嶳柆傕僥傿僴乕儅暯抧傕堦晹僀僄儊儞偵偐偐偭偰偍傝丄椉崙娫偵偼崙嫬傗婣懏傪傔偖傞榑憟偑偁偭偨丅偙偺栤戣偼1934擭忦栺偑掲寢偝傟丄堦墳偼媍榑偼廔椆偟偨偑丄幚嵺偵偼偦偺屻傕崙嫬栤戣偼宲懕偟丄2000擭偵僕僃僟忦栺(the 2000 Jeddah
Treaty)偑掲寢偝傟傞傑偱丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾偲僀僄儊儞偲偺崙嫬偼妋掕偟偰偄側偐偭偨丅
乽僸僕儍乕僘偱偺6儢寧乿丗 僕儑儞
僼儔僀儎乕 僉乕儞(John Fryer Keane)挊丄1877擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉(KEANE, J.F. Six Months
in the Hejaz London 1877.)丅
乽僸僕儍乕僘偺楌巎(History
of the Hedjaz)乿丗 僶僀僪 傾僒儈(Vide Asami)挊丅摨彂偵偼乽廈抦帠(Pasha)偲儊僢僇偺僔僃儕僼(Sherif of Mekka)偺娫偱暘偗傜傟丄僩儖僐偑傾僕傾傪惇暈偟(subdue)巒傔偨帪偵偼僔僃儕僼(Sherif)偼偙偺嵨擖偺1/3偟偐庴偗庢偭偰嫃傜偢丄偦傟偼僔僃儕僼偑1/2傪庴偗庢傟傞條偵惉偭偨僸僕儏儔楋(Hedjira)1042擭傑偱懕偄偨乿偲婰偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽僸僕儍乕僘傊偺弰楃偺暔岅(Story of
a Pligrimage to Hijaz)乿丗 僫儚僽 僗儖僞儞
僕儍僴儞 儀僈儉(Nawab Sultan Jahan Began)挊丄1913擭僇儖僇僢僞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
僸僕儍乕僘揝摴(Hejaz Railway)丗 僆僢僩儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偺僗儖僞儞
傾僽僨儖 僴儈僪擇悽(Sultan Abdel Hamid II丄1842-1918))偼僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偐傜偺惞抧儅僨傿僫 (Madinah)偍傛傃偺惞抧儅僢僇 (Makkah)傊悢廫枩恖偺弰楃傪塣傇堊偺揝摴寶愝偵忣擬傪擱傗偟偨丅峏偵僆僗儅儞掗崙偺廆嫵偵懳偡傞巟攝傗僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偵懳偡傞孯帠巟攝傪嫮傔丄傑偨僟儅僗僇僗偲僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偲偺岎堈傪嫮壔偟傛偆偲傕偟偰偄偨丅憤墑挿偼1,308km丄婳娫偼1,050mm偱丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偺揝摴栐偺堦晹傪側偟偰偍傝丄摉弶偺寁夋偱偼惞抧儊僢僇(Mecca or Makkah)傪廔拝墂偵偟偰偄偨丅戞擇庱憡偱揝摴偺棫埬幰偱偁傞僀僢僛僩 僷僔儍(Izzet Pahsa)偼僪僀僣恖媄弍幰僴僀儞儕僢僠 儊僀僢僗僫乕(Heinrich Meissner)傪屬偄丄枍栘傗儗乕儖偺晘愝偵7,000恖偺僩儖僐孯傪摦堳偟偨丅峏偵僟儅僗僇僗偐傜嵍姱岺傕摦堳偝傟偦偺崅偄媄検偼寶愝偝傟偨攔悈楬(Culvert)丄嫶丄20 km枅偵愝偗傜傟偨25恖廂梕偺嵲偍傛傃100恖梡偺暫幧摍偺奜娤傗嫮搙偵帵偝傟偰嫃傞丅愇嵽偵巊傢傟偨梠娾傗愇奃娾偑旤偟偔巇忋偘傜傟丄偦偺嬈愌偼崱擔偱傕揝摴晘偒愓偵増偭偰巆偭偰偄傞丅僟儅僗僇僗偺嵍姱払偺弉楙偲媄検偼摨偠儖乕僩偱揝摴傛傝傕埲慜偵嶌傜傟偨僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偐傜儅僢僇 (Makkah)傊偺弰楃楬偵寶偰傜傟偨婃忎側僇儔僶儞僒儔僀(Caravanserais)偲偟偰傕巆偭偰偄傞丅寶愝岺帠偺抶墑偺堊丄僼儔儞僗恖媄弍幰億乕儖 僑僟乕儞(Paul Gaudin)偑屬傢傟暔帒挷払傗曕崌惂偺摫擖摍岺帠懀恑偵峷專偟偨丅揝摴偼1900擭偵寶愝奐巒偝傟丄1908擭 9寧1擔偵儊僨傿僫(Medina)傑偱姰惉偟丄奜崙曬摴恮傪彽懸偟巒敪楍幵偑塣峴偝傟偨丅僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偐傜儅僢僇 (Makkah)傑偱偺1,302 km傪嵟崅帪懍枅帪60 km偱憱傝偦傟傑偱擇儢寧妡偐偭偰偄偨偙偺嬫娫偺椃傪嶰擔嶰斢偵抁弅偟丄懡偔偺弰楃傗暫巑傪撿傊塣傫偩丅偟偐偟側偑傜1914擭偵楢柨懁偼僪僀僣掗崙偲偺奐愴偲側傝丄1908擭 9寧1擔偵儊僨傿僫傑偱姰惉偟懡偔偺弰楃傗暫巑傪撿傊塣傫偩偑丄僩儖僐偺楍幵偼戞堦師悽奅戝愴帪偺1917擭3寧29擔偵傾僽 僫傾儉(Abu Naam)偲摨擭4寧5擔偵儉僟儔僕(Muduraj)偺杒偱儘乕儗儞僗(T.E. Lawrence)偲僀僊儕僗偺巟墖傪庴偗偨傾儔僽惃椡偺懸偪暁偣偵偁偄丄攋夡偝傟丄楬慄偺傎偲傫偳偼埲屻嵞寶偝傟偢丄偙偺婸偐偟偄奐捠偐傜14擭屻偺1924擭崰偵偼愴棎偺堊偵塣峴偑拞巭偝傟楬慄偼峳傟傞偵擟偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
僸僕儏儔楌(Hijrah or
Hegira)丗 惣楋622擭7寧16擔偵儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad偑儊僢僇(Mecca)巗柉偺敆奞偐傜儊僨傿僫(Medina)偵摝傟偨堏廧偺堄枴偱偙偺擭傪僀僗儔儉楋(Islamic
Calendar)乮僸僕儏儔楋(Hijri
Calenndar)乯尦擭偲偟偨丅
僸僕儔乕(Al
Hijrah)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)偺尮摢晅嬤偺晹棊偱乽堏廧乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僺僗僞僔僆(Pistachios)丗 撿墷丒彫傾僕傾尨嶻偺僩僱儕僶僴僛僲僉懏乮僇僀僲僉懏(Pistacia)乯偺彫栘偺僺僗僞僔僆僲僉偱偦偺幚偼敄墿椢怓傪偟偰偍傝丄僫僢僣偲偟偰怘梡偵偝傟傞丅
僺僗僞儗乕儞(Pistareens
of Philip V)丗 18悽婭傑偱惣僀儞僪彅搰傗暷崙偱梡偄傜傟偨僗儁僀儞偺Peseta峝壿丅
價乕僗僩儞(A.F.L.
Beeston)丗 僞僗儕僗(Wadi Tathlith)忋棳抧堟偱僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John
Philby)偑尒偮偗偰丄慹嶨側幨偟傪憲偭偨娾暻夋傗旇暥偑傾儔價傾偺楌巎忋偺廳梫側敪尒偱偁傞帠傪擣抦偟偨僆僢僋僗僼僅乕僪(Oxford)偺妛幰丅
僸僛僉儎(Hezekiah)丗 婭尦慜700擭崰偺儐僟墹崙偺墹(12th King of Kingdom of Judah, regned 715/716 – 687 BC)偱丄儐僟墹崙孅巜偺柤孨偲偄偭偰傛偔丄媽栺惞彂楌戙戞擇彂偱偼乽恄偺尵梩偵廬弴偱丄恄偺屼栚偵揔偆帠暱傪峴偭偨乿偲婰偝傟偰偄傞丅摉帪偼桪廏側巜摫幰偺壓偵嫮崙偲側偭偨傾僢僔儕傾(Assyrian)偲偆傑偔拞棫傪曐偭偰偄偨偑丄傗偑偰僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偑傾僢僔儕傾偵懳偟愴憟傪婲偙偡偲丄偦傟偵墴偝傟傞宍偱僄僕僾僩懁偵偮偄偨丅傾僢僔儕傾墹僙儞僫働儕僽(Sennacherib, reighed 704 – 681 BC)偼儐僟墹崙傊怤峌偟偨偑丄偙偺偲偒僙儞僫働儕僽偼儐僟墹崙娮棊栚慜偵偟偰撍擛孯傪揚戅偝偣偨偲偄偆堩榖偑偁傞丅揚戅偺棟桼偼徻偟偔偼傢偐偭偰偄側偄偑丄偙偺堩榖偲嫟偵傕偲傕偲怣嬄怺偐偭偨僸僛僉儎偺恖暔憸偑廳側傝丄媽栺惞彂偱偼嵟崅偺柤孨偱偁偭偨偲婰偝傟偰偄傞偑丄偍偦傜偔屩挘傪娷傓偲峫偊傜傟傞丅僸僛僉儎偺帯悽偵偍偄偰摿昅偡傋偒側偺偼丄抧壓悈楬偺奐敪偱偁傞丅儐僟墹崙偼丄巐曽傪嶳偵埻傑傟偰偍傝丄杊屼偼旕忢偵寴偐偭偨偑丄暫椘峌傔傗抐悈偲偄偭偨庤抜傪偲傜傟傞偲庛偐偭偨丅偙偺偨傔丄僸僛僉儎偼峀戝側抧壓悈楬傪奐嶍偝偣丄峆忢揑側堸椏悈偺妋曐偵惉岟偡傞丅偙偺悈楬偼尰嵼傕巆偭偰偍傝丄乽僸僛僉儎偺愹(Hezekiah乫s Tunnel乿偲屇偽傟傞丅愹偵偼摉帪偺旇暥傕巆偝傟偰偍傝丄偙傟偑屆戙傾儔儉岅()Aramaic Language)偺夝撉偵峷專偟偨乽僔儘傾儉旇暥(Siloam Inscription)乿偱偁傞丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
僸僷儖僗(Hippalus)丗 惣楋45擭崰偵婫愡晽偺榑棟傪敪尒偟偨僊儕僔儍偺愭嬱揑彜恖丅
僸儉儎儖墹崙(Himyarite)丗 婭尦慜110擭崰偵寶崙偝傟偨屆戙撿傾儔價傾偺墹崙偱偁傝丄婭尦慜25擭偵僔僶墹崙(Saba)傪搢偟丄惣楋50擭偵偼僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qataban)丄惣楋100擭偵偼僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadramaut)傪搢偟偨丅偙偺墹崙偼惌帯揑偵偼僔僶墹崙摨條偵惙悐傪孞傝曉偟偰偄偨偑丄惣楋280擭崰偵攅尃偑屌傑傝丄惣楋525擭傑偱傾儔價傾撿惣晹偱塰偊偨丅偦偺嵿惌偼擾嬈偲嫏嬈偱巟偊傜傟丄偦偺晉偼擕崄偲杤栻偺奜崙岎堈偱摼傜傟偰偄偨丅偙偺墹崙偼挿擭偵搉傝丄搶傾僼儕僇偲儘乕儅掗崙摍偺抧拞奀悽奅傪寢傇拞宲杅堈偺庡梫側栶妱傕扴偭偰偄偨丅傾僼儕僇岎堈偱偼徾夊偑庡梫岎堈昳偱偁傝丄僸儉儎儖偺岎堈慏偼搶傾僼儕僇奀娸傪峲峴偟丄搶傾僼儕僇偺峘傕巟攝偟偰偄偨丅嵟屻偺巟攝幰僨儏 僰儚僗墹(Dhu Nuwas丄塸柤Tubba)偼儐僟儎嫵偵夵廆偟丄摨墹偺僸儉儎儖墹崙撪偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨僄僠僆僺傾偺(Ethiopian)
偺傾僋僒儉攈僉儕僗僩嫵搆(Aksumite Christians)傊愴偄傪挧傫偩丅偙偺愴偄偼乽僫僕儔儞(Najran)偺媠嶦乿偲偟偰桳柤偱偁傝丄摨墹偼峏偵丄懠偺僄僠僆僺傾恖傗僸儉儎儖恖偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆傪僓僼傽乕儖(Zafar)偱傕媠嶦偟偨丅僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僰僗 儘乕儅峜掗(Emperor Constantine,
306-337 AD)偼偙偺弌棃帠傪僄僠僆僺傾偺傾僋僒儉墹崙(Aksum)偺僇儗僽墹(King Kaleb)偵捠曬偟丄懳墳傪梫媮偟偨丅惣楋525擭崰偵僇儗僽墹偼僸儉儎儖墹崙偵怤擖偟丄儐僟儎嫵偺僨儏 僰儚僗墹傪懪搢偟偨丅偙偺嵟弶偺彑棙偼傾僋僒儉墹崙偺彨孯傾僽儔僴(Abraha)偵扗傢傟偨偑丄傾僽儔僴偼僸儉儎儖墹崙傊偺傾僋僒儉墹崙偺廆庡尃傪擣傔偨偺偱偦偺巟攝偼惣楋570擭傑偱懕偄偨丅偦偺屻丄僀僄儊儞偺柉(Yemenis)偼儁儖僔儍(Persians)偲嫟摨偟偰傾僋僒儉墹崙偑巟攝傪偡傞憤撀傪儁儖僔儍恖憤撀偵岎戙偝偣偨偑丄惣楋632擭偵僸儉儎儖墹崙偼僀僗儔儉掗崙偵暪崌偝傟偨丅
僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarites)丗 傾儔價傾惣撿晹偍傛傃傾僼儕僇懳娸偵嫃偨屆戙恖偱崅搙側暥柧傪帩偪僙儉懓(Semitic)偵懏偡傞僄僠僆僺傾岅偵嬤偄傾儔價傾曽尵傪榖偟偰偄偨丅尰嵼偱傕傾儔價傾撿晹偵偦偺巕懛偑巆偭偰偄傞丅
僸儉儎儖偲僿儅僀乕儖偲(Himyar
& Hemair)丗 僀僄儊儞嫟榓崙惌晎崙棫峀曬僙儞僞乕(National Information
Center, Republic of Yemen)偼Himyar(BC110
to AD525)偲Hemair(BC
115 to AD 14)偺椉曽傪塸岅傊偺揮幨偵巊偭偰偄傞偑摨偠尵梩(Himyarite
Kingdom)傪堄枴偟偰偄傞偲巹偼夝庍偡傞丅
僸儊僂僀僉儑僂(Caraway)丗 僙儕壢僸儊僂僀僉儑僂(Carum carvi)偱偦偺幚偼僷儞偺拝怓椏傗嬱晽栻偲偟偰梡偄傞丅
價儍僋僔儞懏乮攼隊懏乯(Junipers)丗 僸僲僉壢偺恓梩庽偺堦庬丅妛柤 Juniperus 乮僔僲僯儉 Sabina乯丅 傑偨丄僱僘儈僒僔懏偲傕屇偽傟傞丅庽崅偼丄僴僀僱僘偺條側掅娏栘偐傜僀僽僉偺條側崅栘傑偱條乆偱偁傞丅櫝櫞惈偺昳庬傕尒傜傟傞丅庽旂偼愒妼怓偱丄廲曽岦偵敄偔挿偔攳偑傟傞丅梩偼抁偔宻偵枾拝偟丄屳偄偵傛傝偁偭偰梩偺晅偄偨巬偼朹忬偺奜尒傪帩偮丅帪偵恓忬偺梩傪帩偮巬偑尒傜傟1杮偺栘偵崿嵼偡傞丅帗梇堎姅偱丄懠偺恓梩庽偲堘偄姡壥偱偼側偔丄燋壥忬偺媴壥傪偮偗傞丅偙偺懏偺堦庬僙僀儓僂僱僘偺媴壥偼僕儏僯僷乕儀儕乕偲屇偽傟丄僕儞偺崄傝偯偗偵巊傢傟傞丅拞崙偱偼瀢乮昈乯偲彂偐傟丄擔杮偱尒傜傟傞僸僲僉偼戝棨偵偼暘晍偟偰偄側偄丅僶儔壢僫僔垷壢偺壥庽乮棞丄儕儞僑側偳乯偺昦奞偱偁傞愒惎昦偺拞娫廻庡偲側傞偨傔丄偙傟傜偺壥庽墍偺晅嬤偵偼怉嵧偟側偄偙偲偑朷傑偟偄丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼傾僔乕儖嶳柆偺崅嶳晹摿偵傾儖 僜僂僟乕(Al Soudah)崙棫岞墍摍丄峀偔攼隊(Juniper)價儎僋僔儞偺怷偵暍傢傟偰偄傞丅巆擮側偺偼棫偪屚傟偑栚棫偮偙偲偱偁傞偑丄擔僒嫤椡帠嬈偱擔杮崙嵺嫤椡帠嬈抍(JICA)偑傾僽僴(Abha)偵愱栧壠傪攈尛偟攼隊(Juniper)偺棫偪屚傟栤戣傪尋媶偟偰偄偨寢壥丄乽攼隊(Juniper)偼屚傟偰嫃傞偺偱偼柍偔丄姡憞偟偰峴偔婥岓偵崌傢偣偰帺傜偺戝偒偝傪彫宆壔偡傞條偵挷惍偟偰偄傞乿偺偩偦偆偩丅
敀抙(Sandalwood)丗 價儍僋僟儞壢偺敿婑惗忢椢崅栘丄僀儞僪僱僔傾尨嶻偱嬤墢庬偲嫟偵崄椏怉暔偲偟偰嵧攟偝傟偰偄傞丅崅偝5m丄梩偼懳惗偟墿椢怓丄帗梇堎姅丄壴偼巒傔扺墿怓丄偺偪愒怓丄恈嵽偼懷墿敀怓偱崄婥偑嫮偄丅孫偒暔偲偟丄枖丄暓憸丒婍嬶側偳傪嶌傞丅庽旂傕崄椏丒栻壢偵嫙偡傞丅
價儍僋僟儞偺栘乮敀抙乯(Sandal-wood)丗 價儍僋僟儞乮敀抙乯庡偵懢暯梞抧堟嶻偺價儍僋僟儞壢價儍僋僟儞懏(Santalum)偺忢椢崅栘偺憤徧偱價儍僋僟儞嵽偼敀側偄偟墿怓偱寴偔偰朏崄偑偁傝岺寍昳丒崄椏偵偵棙梡偝傟傞丅價儍僋僟儞偵帡偨栘偱摿偵僔僞儞乮巼抙乯(Red
Sandal Wood)傪巜偡応崌傕偁傞丅僀儞僪嶻偺僐僂僉僔僞儞乮峠栘巼抙乯(Pterocarpus
Santalinus)偼愼椏偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅
僸儔(Al Hira)丗 僀儔僋(Iraq)撿晹拞墰偺僋僼傽(al-Kufah)偺撿偵偁偭偨屆戙搒巗丅
僺儔僨儖億僗(Ptolemy
II Philadelphus)丗 僼傿儔僨儖僼傽僗墹(King Ptolemaeus
Philadelphus)偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅傾儗僋僒儞僟乕(Alexander)戝墹偑拞搶傗僄僕僾僩摍傪惇暈偟偰庽棫偟偨儅働僪僯傾(Macedonia)墹挬孮偺堦偮偲偟偰戝墹偺巰屻丄偦偺晲彨僾僩儗儅僀僆僗
(Ptolemaeus I or Ptolemy I, 305 BC - 283 BC)偑僄僕僾僩偵僾僩儗儅僀僆僗挬(Ptolemaic dynasty, 305 BC - 30 BC)傪庽棫偟偨丅僺儔僨儖億僗偼僾僩儗儅僀僆僗1悽偺懅巕偲偟偰儅働僪僯傾(Macedonia)偺僐僗乮Cos乯偵惗傟丄僾僩儗儅僀僆僗擇悽 (Ptolemaeus II or Ptolemy II, 283 BC - 246
BC)偲偟偰婭尦慜288擭偐傜晝偲嫟摨摑帯傪偼偠傔偨丅巓偱偁傞傾儖僔僲僄2悽(Arsinoe II)傪嵢偲偟偨堊偵僺儔僨儖億僗偲塢偆乽巓掜垽乿傪堄枴偡傞堎柤傪晅偗傜傟偨丅僺儔僨儖億僗(Ptolemy
II Philadelphus)偼愊嬌揑側奜惇偱僄乕僎奀(Aegean
Sea)偺彅搰傪夞暅丄搶抧拞奀偵奀孯椡傪庽棫偟偨丅偦偺堦曽偱婭尦慜274擭偵尦儘乕儅掗崙懏椞儕價傾搶杒晹僉儗僫僀僇 (Cyrenaica or
Cirenaica)偺僊儕僔儍墹(Magas of
Cyrene)偲偺愴偄傗儀僢僇乕崅尨(Beqaa
Valley)偍傛傃僷儗僗僠僫撿晹儐僟儎乮Judea乯傪娷傓僐僀儗丒僔儕傾(Coele-Syria)偺椞桳傪朷傓僙儗僂僐僗挬僔儕傾(Seleucid Empire, 312
BC - 63 BC)偺傾儞僥傿僆僐僗1悽僜僥儖(Antiochus I Soter丄281BC - 261 BC)偲偺戞堦師僔儕傾愴憟(First Syrian War,
274 - 271)偍傛傃戞僯師僔儕傾愴憟(Secondt
Syrian War, 260 - 253)摍丄擇搙偺僔儕傾(Syria)墦惇偵傛傝椞搚傪奼戝偟偨丅峏偵悽奅偺幍晄巚媍偺堦偮偱偁傞傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾偺戝摂戜(Lighthouse
of Alexandria)偺寶愝偺姰惉傗儈儏僗峘(Myus
Harbour or Mussel Harbour)偺惍旛摍傪娷傔丄傾僼儕僇偲傾儔價傾傊偺奀楬傗戉彜楬傪妋曐偟偨丅偝傜偵僼傽儐乕儉(Fayoum,
Faiyum or Fayum)偺抧傪怉柉抧偲偟偰奐敪偡傞偵惉岟偟丄偙傟傪傾儖僔僲僄導(Arsinoe)偲徧偟偨丅撪惌柺偱偼嵣憡傾億儘僯僆僗(Apollonius)偵傛傝丄僊儕僔傾恖(Greeks)傪巟攝奒憌偲偡傞姱椈揑拞墰廤尃崙壠偺惗嶻撈愯慻怐偲嫮椡側摑惂宱嵪婡峔傪晍偒丄崙晉偼墹挬偺楌巎傪捠偠嵟戝偲側偭偨丅暥壔柺偱傕晝偺堚嬈傪宲偓丄妛摪(Musaeum
or Mouseion at Alexandria)偲晬懏恾彂娰(Library
of Alexandria)偵懡悢偺妛幰丄暥恖傪彽阗偟傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾暥妛偺墿嬥帪戙傪尰弌偟偨丅
僺儕
儔僀僗採撀(Admiral Piri Rais)丗 16悽婭慜敿偵丄僆僗儅儞僩儖僐偺峠奀娡戉傪棪偄偨崅柤側採撀丅乮儔僀僗
僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)嶲徠丅乯
價儖僋(Al-Birk)丗 僶僴乕(Al-Bahah)偐傜256 倠倣偺憱峴偱價儖僋(Al-Birk)傪捠夁偡傞丅儊僢僇廈(Emirate of Makkah)偺峠奀娸偱堦斣撿偺廤棊偱偁傞偑丄價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al
Birk)偺拞怱揑側応強偵偁傝丄偙偺梠娾抧懷偺柤慜偵傕惉偭偰嫃傞丅偙偺梠娾懷偵偼壩岥媢偼懡偄偑崅偝偼梋傝柍偔丄昗崅513倣偑嵟崅曯偺條偩丅挰偺廃曈偱傕掅偔偄壩岥媢偑婔偮偐尒偊傞丅廈嫬専栤強(Check
Point)偑偁傝丄SWCC乮墫悈扺悈壔岞抍偺岺応乯偼偁傞偑丄恖岥3,000恖掱搙偺偳偪傜偐偲塢偊偽庘傟偮偮偁傞挰偩丅價儖僋(Al-Birk)晅嬤偼壂崌偵偨偔偝傫偺彫偝側搰偑尒傜傟傞愺偄奀偱丄嵒抧偲揇幙偺擖傝峕偑嶶嵼偡傞挿偄嵒幙偺懷忬偺廎偵儅儞僌儘乕僽(Mangrove)偑惗偊偰偄傞丅挰偵擖傞慜偵儅儞僌儘乕僽偼偙偙偱堦帪搑愨偊丄挰傪撿偵奜傟傞偲奀娸偵儅儞僌儘乕僽偑栠傞丅奀娸嬤偔偺棨抧偼嵒偲愇偺崿偞偭偨嵐敊偵傾僇僔傾(Talh丄Acacia Gerratdii)偑揰乆偲暲傇丅
價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al
Birk)丗 價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk or
Harrah Birk)偼壩嵱惈壩嶳悕(Pyroclastic
Cones)偑揰乆偲暲傇丄偧偭偲偡傞傛偆側晄媑側崟怓傪偟偨尯晲娾暯尨偱丄崟偄嵐敊偲傕屇偽傟傞丅峀偑傝偼僕僓儞乮Jizan乯杒惣偺僔儏僈僀僌(Shuqayq)偐傜僌儞僼僟乕(Qunfudhah)偵媦傃丄偦偺柺愊偼栺1,200暯曽僉儘偱偁傞丅價儖僋梠娾抧懷偺堦斣屆偄晹暘偺杦偳偼暚弌娾(Effusive
Rock)偱峔惉偝傟丄奀娸暯尨偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅墌悕宍傪偟偨尠挊側壩岥媢偱偁傞壩嶳悕(Conspicuous
Cones)偼崅偝偑400m偵払偡傞傕偺傕偁傝丄悢昐屄偑壩嶳抧懷慡懱偵嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅傾儔價傾偺僴僢儔僩(Harrat)偼2昐枩擭偐傜3愮枩擭慜偵宍惉偝傟偰偼偄傞偑丄尰嵼偱傕壩嶳妶摦偼懕偄偰偍傝丄價儖僋梠娾抧懷偱偺嵟屻偺暚壩偼1820擭偵婲偒偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk)偱嵟傕嫟捠偟偨暔幙偼崟怓埥偄偼愒怓傪偟偨丄備傞偔丄夠偵側偭偰偄傞丄妏偽偭偨懡岴幙偺娾熸(Sconia
Cinder)偱偁傝丄偦偺拞偵偼婥朅傪帩偮壩嶳抏(Volcanic
Bomb)傕崿偠偭偰偄傞丅壩嶳娾熸偼寉愇偵帡偨壩嶳惈偺嵽椏偱巗応偱偼廧戭偺揤慠抐擬嵽偲偟偰攧傜傟偰偄傞偺偑尒傜傟傞丅僴僢儔乕(Harrah)偺怉暔偵偼惗挿傪慾奞偝傟偰偼偄傞偑旤偟偔壴傪嶇偐偣傾僇僔儎(Acacia)丄梠娾抧懷偱尠挊偵尒傜傟傞戝偒側愵宆偺梩傪晅偗傞僄僟僂僠灲巕(Doom
Palm, Hyphaene thebaica)傗懡擏幙偱岝偭偰偄傞憚偺條側梩傪帩偮僜僪儉偺椦岀偲傕屇偽傟傞巰奀椦岀(Calotropis
procera)偺栘摍偑偁傞丅價儖僋梠娾抧懷偺峠奀娸偼梠娾偑峀偑傞儅儞僌儘乕僽偺幖抧懷偲側偭偰偄傞丅儅儞僌儘乕僽偑偁傞偲塢偆帠偼婦悈堟偺懚嵼傪帵偟偰偍傝丄嬤戙傑偱恀庫庢傝傪峴傢傟偰嫃偨偟丄嫑偺曮屔偱偁傝丄偙偙偵偼搉傝捁偺旘棃傕懡偄丅巆擮側偺偼偙偺娐嫬偑僄價偺梴怋偵揔偟偰偄傞堊偵婛偵梴怋応偑弌棃巒傔偰偄傞丅儅儞僕儍僴乕梀杚柉(Manjahah
Nomad)偺堦晹偼價儖僋(Birk)偲僔儏僈僀僌(Shuqayq)偺娫偵偁傞偙偺壩嶳惈偺嵐敊偵廧傫偱偄傞丅
價乕儖 僙僗儔(Bir Sesra)丗 乮僓乫僶儖忛(Qasr
Za'bal)嶲徠丅乯
價乕儖 僸儅(Bir Hima)丗
僫僕儔儞(Najran)偺杒杒搶80km偵埵抲偡傞偙偺晹棊偵偼乽擖傝夛偄杚抧偺堜屗乿偲塢偆柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅悈応偑桳傝丄妉暔偑嫃偰丄嵒娾偑業弌偟偨偙偺応強偼愭巎帪戙偺恖乆偵庢偭偰偼嵟崅偺惗妶偺応偱偁偭偨丅1952擭搤偺僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John
Philby)堦峴偵傛傞乽撿惣晹偺娾暻夋偍傛傃旇暥扵専乿偱偼價乕儖 僸儅偺惣偺抧堟偱婭尦慜3000擭戙屻婜偐傜婭尦慜2000擭戙屻婜偺娫傪拞怱偵嵟傕懡偔偺娾暻夋傗旇暥傪婰榐廂廤偟偰嫃傞丅
僸儞僪僁乕嫵(Hinduism)丗 報搙傗僱僷乕儖(Nepal)偱懡悢攈傪愯傔傞悽奅嵟戝偺柉懓廆嫵偱偁傝丄償僃乕僟惞揟(Veda)丒僇乕僗僩惂搙(Caste)摍丄懡偔偺摿挜傪僶儔儌儞嫵乮Brahmanism乯偐傜堷偒宲偄偩懡恄嫵(Polytheism)偱偁傝丄椫夢(Samsara)傗夝扙(Vimukti)偲偄偭偨撈摿側奣擮偑摿挜揑偱偁傞丅嶰恄堦懱(Trimurti)偲傛偽傟傞嬤悽偺嫵媊偱偼丄拞怱偲側傞3恄丄偡側傢偪僽儔僼儅乕(Brahma)丄償傿僔儏僰(Vishnu) 偍傛傃僔償傽(Siva)偼堦懱傪側偡偲偝傟傞丅
僸儞僪僗僞儞埥偼僸儞僪僁僗僞儞(Hindostan
or Hindustan)丗 僸儞僪僁僗僞儞偼僀儞僪偺儁儖僔儍岅柤偱偁傝丄楌巎揑偵僀儞僪杒晹傪巜偡丅僀儞僪槺戝棨偺僸儞僪僁乕嫵抧懷偱偼僀僗儔儉嫵抧懷偱偁傞僷僉僗僞儞抧曽偵懳偟偰僸儞僪僁僗僞儞(Hindustan)偲塢偆屇徧傪梡偄傞丅枖丄僸儞僪僁僗僞儞(Hindustan)偼15-16悽婭偵杒僀儞僪偵偁偭偨墹崙偺柤偱傕偁傞丅乮2009擭3寧1擔儕乕僟乕僘塸榓帿揟偵婎偯偒廋惓乯
價儞僶乕僔(Bimbashi)丗 僩儖僐偺棨孯彮嵅丅
烣楶巕乮傃傫傠偆偠乯(Betel-Nut)丗 烣楶庽偺壥幚丄嬤悽丄栻梡丒愼椏偲偟偰巊傢傟偨丅
烣楶庽(Betel
Palm Tree or Areca Palm Tree)丗
儎僔壢偺忢椢崅栘丄僀儞僪僱僔傾丒儅儗乕抧曽偺尨嶻丄擬懷傾僕傾傗撿懢暯梞彅搰偵峀偔嵧攟丄姴偼捈棫偟丄墌拰宍偱娐栦偑偁傝丄崅偝10-12m丄姴捀偐傜擹椢怓偺戝塇忬暋梩偑惗偊丄擏曚壴彉偵偼扨惈壴傪奐偔丄夎偼怘梡丄壥幚偼寋棏戝偱丄溴忀乮僉儞儅乯(betel
leaves)偵曪傫偱姎傒歯岲昳偲偡傞丅栻梡丄愼椏丄摨壢偺價儘僂乮姉埁乯偼暿庬丅
僼
僼傽僀僒儖(Faisal)丗 僒僂僕偺戞嶰戙崙墹僼傽僀僒儖 僀僽儞 傾僽僪儖-傾僕僘
傾儖 僒僂僪 (Faisal Ibn Abdul-Aziz Al Saud)偼弶戙崙墹傾僽僪僁儖傾僘傿乕僘丒僀僽儞 僒僂乕僪(Abdul-Aziz
Ibn Al Saud)偺4斣栚偺懅巕偲偟偰丄儕儎僪(Riyadh)偱惗傑傟偨丅曣偼儉僴儞儅僪丒僀僽儞 傾僽僪僁儖儚僢僴乕僽(Muhammad ibn 'Abd
al-Wahhab an-Najdi) (1703 - 1792)偺巕懛丅1925擭偵丄孯戉傪巜婗偟偰僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偱寛掕揑彑棙傪摼丄 梻擭僸僕儍乕僘偺抦帠偵廇擟丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙偑惓幃偵寶崙偝傟偨屻丄1932擭偵奜柋戝恇偵廇擟偟偨丅僷儗僗僠僫傪崙楢偑暘妱偟偨屻偵丄傾僽僪僁儖傾僘傿乕僘崙墹偵傾儊儕僇偲偺崙岎抐愨傪屇傃偐偗偨偑媝壓偝傟偨丅孼僒僂乕僪崙墹偺寬峃偑悐偊偨偲偒丄1964擭3寧4擔偵愛惌偵擟柦偝傟偨丅摨擭11寧2擔偵懄埵偟偨丅懄埵屻偼彈惈偺妛峑傗僥儗價側偳偺夵妚傪摫擖偟偨偑丄偙傟傜偺夵妚偼懡偔偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾恖偺斀懳偵憳偭偨丅1973擭丄僼傽僀僒儖崙墹偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺晲椡傪憹壛偝偣傞寁夋傪奐巒偟偨丅 10寧17擔偵壙奿傪4攞偵偟偰丄悽奅巗応偐傜僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺愇桘傪堷偭崬傔偨丅偙偺寢壥丄悽奅揑側愇桘婋婡偑敪惗偟偨丅崙撪偺怣朷偑埖偭偨偑丄1975擭3寧25擔偵丄僼傽僀僒儖崙墹偼帺暘偺墮僼傽僀僒儖丒價儞丒儉僒僪墹巕偵埫嶦偝傟偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僼傽僀僼傽(Fayfa)丗 僕僓儞(Jizan)偺搶杒搶栺70km偺僼傽僀僼傽嶳夠(Jabal Fayfa)偺嶳椝偵偁傞嶳懞偱丄僼儅僀儔乕(Al-Humairah)晅嬤摍偺榌偐傜挱傔傞偲塤傗夃偺拞偵懡偔偺敀偄壠乆偑尒偊傞丅傑傞偱嬻拞偵懞乆偑晜偐傫偱偄傞條側偺偱巹偼乽嬻拞搒巗乿偲偁偩柤偟偨丅昗崅栺2000m偺僼傽僀僼傽嶳夠(Jabal Fayfa)偱偼奀偐傜悂偄偰偔傞晽偑嶳椝墇偊傞帪丄塉傪崀傜偡偺偱燇燆悈偑摼傜傟傞丅偙偺壎宐偱嶳椝偐傜扟偵岦偐偭偰抜乆敤偑抸偐傟丄愄偐傜擾嬈偑塩傑傟偰棃偰偄傞丅偙傟偼昗崅栺2430m偵偁傞僀儞僇偺堚愓儅僠儏丒僺僠儏(Machu Picchu)偱傕摨偠偩偲巚偆丅僒僽儎(Sabya)偐傜偺摴楬傪60km埵扝傞偲崙嫬寈旛戉(frontier force)偺専栤強偑偁傝丄偦偺愭偺摴楬廔揰偺僟僀儖(Al Dayr)偺彮偟庤慜偐傜撿傊揷幧偠傒偨摴傪搊傞偲庤彂偒偱壏愹(hot
spring)偲偺堦尒暘偐傝偵偔偄娕斅偑偁傞埰晹偵拝偔丅嶳椝偺摴楬傪惣傊偲扝傞偲慹枛側僈僜儕儞僗僞儞僪(gas
station)埵偟偐柍偄柤偽偐傝偺僼傽僀僼傽 僙儞僞乕(Fayfa Center)乮昗崅 850 m乯偵拝偔丅峏偵忋偵偼僫僀僪 傾僴乕儖(Nayd
Ahar)丄僼傽乕儖僴乕(Farhah)丄僇僔儏乫傾乕(Al-Khash'ah)摍偺懞乆偱昦堾偲TV搩偑偁傞丅寈嶡彁偺慜偱僗僇乕僩(skirt)傪偼偒丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)晽偺抁搧(dagger)傪懷傃偨榁恖偵榖傪恥偔偲乽愄偐傜嶳妜擾嬈傪塩傫偱偒偨晹懓偺巕懛偱丄偙偺嶳偵曢傜偡尷傝偁傑傝嬥偼妡偐傜側偄乿偲尵偆丅廃埻偵偼嶳妜偺愇愊傒偺抜乆敤偑偳偙傑偱傕懕偄偰偄傞丅燇燆梡偺揤悈偵傛傝宐傑傟傞嶳捀傊嶳捀傊偲壠傕擾抧傕忋偘偰棃偨寢壥丄偙傫側尟慾側嶳偺忋偵廧傓傛偆側惉偭偨偺偩偲巚偆丅偨偩丄尟偟偄僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)嶳抧偺曵傟偨婲暁偵晉傓抧宍偼偦偺懠偵傕婔偮偐偺旕忢偵妘棧偝傟偨抧曽幮夛傪惗傒弌偟丄崅偄嶳偵妘愨偝傟偨恖乆偼偦偺抧堟枅偵晹懓柤偑晅偗傜傟丄傾僴儖 僼傽僀僼傽懓(Ahl Fayfa)偼偦偺拞偱傕摿偵桳柤側僌儖乕僾偺傂偲偮偱偁傞偲尵偆丅
僼傽乫僈(Fag乫a)丗
僇儅傾(Kamaaa)偲傕屇偽傟偼嵐敊偱庢傟傞僩儕僼(Desert Truffle)乮擔杮偱偼徏業戼偲塢偆丅乯偺堦庬偱偁傝丄乽塉偺宐傒乿偲傕塢偊傞偙偺僴僀乕儖(Hail)抧曽偐傜搶晹廈杒晹偵偐偗偰偺摿嶻昳偱偁傞丅揤岓偝偊岲偗傟偽嵐敊偼僼傽乫僈庪傝偺僒僂僕彈惈偱愯傔傜傟偰偄傞敜偱丄傾僶儎偲塢偆摢偐傜懌偺愭傑偱偡偭傐傝偲旐偆崟偄晍傪旐偭偨彈払偑壗昐恖偲嵐敊傪減渏偡傞巔偼僒僂僕崙撪偱傕捒偟偄岝宨偩丅彈惈偺曽偑僼傽乫僈傪尒偮偗偨傝嵦偭偨傝偡傞偺偵桪傟偰嫃傝丄晇傗嬤恊偺抝払偑斵彈払偐傜僼傽乫僈傪廤傔偰摴楬榚偱攧偭偰偄傞丅僼傽乫僈偺嫞傝偼撈摿偺傗傝曽偑偁傞丅愭偢攧傝庤偑抣傪晅偗偦傟傪攦偄庤偑嫞傝忋偘偰峴偒丄堦斣崅抣偑棊嶥偲惉傞丅僇僼僕(Al
Khafji)偱偼墢偑彮偟愒巼妡偐偭偨岤傔偺廮傜偐偄梩傪帩偮惣梞僗儈儗偺條側憪乮妛柤偼Moltkiopsis
ciliata偲塢偆丅乯偺孮惗偺拞偱尒偮偐傞丅僼傽乫僈偼偙偺憪偺懠偵擇庬椶偺怉暔偵婑惗偟偰堢偮偲暦偄偰偄傞丅偙偺嶰庬椶偺怉暔偑摨帪偵惗堢偡傞応強偱偟偐僼傽乫僈偼嵦傟柍偄傜偟偄丅乮徻偟偔偼乽朙偐側僆傾僔僗偵宐傑傟偨尨桘偺曮屔僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙搶晹廈乯偦偺3 杒晹 (屆戙僔儖僋儘乕僪岎堈楬乯5.1 晄巚媍側嵐敊戼僼傽僢僈)傪嶲徠丅乿
乽僼傽僔乕僔僀(Facetiae)乿丗 僀僞儕傾偺恖暥庡媊幰億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio
Bracciolini) (1380-1459)偺挊嶌丅
僼傽僕儖(Frazils)丗 乮峵検扨埵乯10儅僂儞僪(Maunds)偱1/10僶僴乕儖(Bahars)偱偁傞丅乮僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823擭弌斉偺乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)乿嶲徠丅乯
僼傽乕僕儞僌(Farthing)丗 1961擭偵攑巭偝傟偨塸崙偺彫摵壿乮1/4penny)丅
僼傽僝儉(Fathoms)丗 庡偵悈怺偺扨埵乽恞乿偱丄6僼傿乕僩偱栺1.83m偱偁傞丅
僼傽僥傿儅(Great
Wadi Fatima) 執戝側熆傟扟丗 僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偺婔偮偐偺媈偄柍偔擣幆偱偒傞搚抧偺柤慜偵偼僀傾儉價傾(Iambia)丄儎僩儕僢僷(Yatrippa)偍傛傃儅僐儔僶(Macoraba)偑娷傑傟偰偄偨丅僶僨僆(Badeo)偼柤慜偵傛傞抧曽惈偐傜僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺埵抲偵戝曄嬤偐偭偨丅撪棨偺儅僐儔僶(Macoraba)偐傜僶僄僠僂僗(Baetius)偲屇偽傟傞悈楬偑奀娸傑偱棳傟壓偭偰偄偨丅柧傜偐偵偙偺抧曽傪棳傟傞杮摉偺愳偼柍偐偭偨乮僾僩儗儅僀僆僗偼庡梫側攔悈楬偺摿挜偺傒傪徯夘偡傞栚揑偱晅偗壛偊偨偲巚傢傟傞丅乯偗傟偳傕執戝側熆傟扟僼傽僥傿儅 (Wadi
Fatima)偼尒帠偵屆戙偺僶僄僠僂僗(Baetius)傪戙昞偟偰偄偨偺偩傠偆丅
僼傽乕僥傿儅 僇儕僼挬(Fatimid Caliphate)丗 僼傽乕僥傿儅 僇儕僼挬(Fatimid
Caliphate)偼僼傽僥傿儅(Fatima)偲傾儕(Ali)偺巕懛偲徧偟丄僀僋僔僪挬(the Ikhsids)偑柵傃偨屻丄僫僀儖扟傪惣楋1070擭傑偱巟攝偟偨丅偙偺墹挬偼杒傾僼儕僇偵嫽傝丄僄僕僾僩丒僔儕傾堦懷傪巟攝偟偨僔乕傾攈 (Shi'a) 偺墹挬乮惣楋909擭 - 惣楋1171擭乯偱庱搒偼僇僀儘(Cairo)偵寶愝偟偨丅偦偺廆嫵揑妶摦偼儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偐傜傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsula)丄峏偵僔僠儕傾搰(Sicily)偍傛傃撿僀僞儕傾傑偱峀偑偭偨僔乕傾攈(Shiite Islam)掗崙傪妋棫偟偨丅拞悽傾儔價傾偱偺偙偺墹挬偼儕價儎(Libya)丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)傪娷傓傾儔僽悽奅偱堦尒偟偨偲偙傠偼婏夦側岎棳傪峴偆嫆揰偱偁傝丄僔乕傾攈(Shiite
Islam)偺旈媀揑偱擬楏側暘攈偺嫆揰偱偁偭偨丅
僼傽儐乕儉埥偼僼傽僀儐乕儉(Fayoum,
Faiyûm or Fayum)丗 僄僕僾僩杒晹偺巗偱僇僀儘偺撿惣130km偵埵抲偟丄25枩恖丄戞12墹挬傑偱偝偐偺傏傟傞堚愓偺偁傞戝僆傾僔僗偺挰偱偁傞丅
僼傽儔僆儞(Dr. Gaith
R. Pharaon)丗 乽僕僢僟乕乮埥傞傾儔價傾偺挰偺昤幨乯(Portrait of an
僼傽儔僕(Falaj)丗 堜屗傪孈傝偦偺掙傪墶寠偱宷偘偨燇燆梡偺抧壓悈楬偼僀儔儞偱偼僇儗乕僘(Karez)丄杒傾僼儕僇儀儖儀儖岅偱僼僅僢僈儔(Foggara)丄屆戙傾儔價傾岅偱僈僫僩(Qanat)偦偟偰傾儔價傾岅偱僼傽儔僕(Falaj)偲屇偽傟傞丅僼傽儔僕(Falaj)偺暋悢宍偑傾僼儔僕(Aflaj)偱偁傝丄儕儎僪廈(Ar Riyad Province)偺挰偱儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺撿330km偵埵抲偡傞儔僀儔(Layla)摍偼屆戙偐傜傾儖 傾僼儔僕(Al Aflaj)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
僼傽儔儞僘儔(Faranzulas)丗 廳検扨埵僼傽儔儞僘儔=28.35gx172/3x140/7=10.017kg丅
僼傽儖僒儞(Farsan)丗 僕僓儞(Ghisan or Jizan)峘偺惣懁偵偁傝丄媼悈偺椙偝偵壛偊丄慏偵偲偭偰埨慡側昫抧偑偁偭偨丅
僼傽乕儖僒儞僌(Farsang)丗 12km750m偵憡摉偡傞嫍棧偱偁傞丅
僼傽儖僔抦帠(Mayor
Sheikh Muhammad Said Farsi)丗 1970擭戙偺僕僢僟巗挕僼傽儖僔抦帠丅
僼傽儖僔抧恾(Farsi
Map)丗 僒僂僕偱嵟弶偵敪峴偝傟偨摴楬抧恾丅
僽僀僪墹挬(Buyids)丗 僽儚僀僼挬(al-Dawla al-Buwayhiya)偲傕揮幨偝傟傞僽僀僪墹挬乮(Buyids)偼惣楋942擭偵僶僋僟僢僪(Bagdad)傪彾埇偟偨僔乕傾攈(Shi'a)僀僗儔儉墹挬(Islam Dynasty)(934 -
1062 AD)偱堦悽婭埲忋傕僀儔儞(Iran)偲僀儔僋(Iraq)戝晹暘傪巟攝偟偨偑1055擭偵僙儖僕儏乕僋僩儖僐(Seljuq
Turks, 1037 - 1194)偵攕傟丄柵傏偝傟偨丅
僼傿儔僨儖僼傽僗墹(King Ptolemaeus
Philadelphus)丗 乮僺儔僨儖億僗(Ptolemy II
Philadelphus)嶲徠丅乯
僼傿儖價傿丗 僴儕乕 St. 僕儑儞
僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John
Philby, 1885 - 1960)偼僕儍僢僋僼傿儖價傿乮Jack
Philby乯埥偼僔僃僀僋 傾僽僪僢儔(Sheikh Abdullah)偲偟偰傕抦傜傟偰偄傞丅1932擭偵傾儔價傾敿搰偺拞墰晹偍傛傃杒惣晹傪扵専偟偨撪棨抧堟偵嵟弶偵朘傟偨惣梞恖偱偁傞丅1936擭偵僀僄儊儞傊偺墶抐偺搑拞偱傾僔乕儖(Asir)撪棨抧堟傪朘傟丄僞僗儕僗(Thathlith)忋棳堟偺娾暻夋丄旇暥傪敪尒偟偰偄傞丅尩偟偄抧偱惗偒傞堊偺抦幆丄嗦嘞偝丄寴擡晄敳偝偍傛傃桬婥偑捛愓幰偲偟偰偺擻椡傪巒傔丄悢乆偺揱愢傪惗傫偩儉僢儔乕懓(Al
Murrah)傪僶乕僩儔儉 僩儅僗(Bertram Thomas)偲嫟偵徯夘偟丄嬻敀抧懷偵偮偄偰傕婰弎偟偰偄傞丅捁偺惗懺偵懳偟偰傕嫽枴傪帩偭偰嫃傝丄傾儔價傾僉僣僣僉(Arabian
Woodpecker)偺柦柤幰偱傕偁傞丅偙偺條偵僴儕乕 St. 僕儑儞 僼傿儖價傿偼傾儔價傾偺尋媶丄扵専丄抧恾嶌惢丄婰弎傪45擭娫傕峴偄丄屘僀僽儞 僒乫僂僪崙墹屭栤傪傕柋傔偨偑丄乽塸崙怉柉抧嬊(British Colonial
Office)偱摥偔挸曬梫堳(Intelligence
Operative)偱傕偁偭偨乿偲傕塢傢傟偰偄傞丅徻偟偔偼偦偺侾 桰媣側搶惣岎堈偺拞宲峘僕僃僢僞2.13.2 乽僼傿儖價乕偺傕偭偲傕挿偄椃峴(Into the Highlands)乿偍傛傃壴姤偲僗僇乕僩巔偺抝払偑廧傓傾僔乕儖(Asir)偦偺俁嬻敀抧懷(the Empty Quarter)偵帄傞撪棨抧堟 徯夘傪嶲徠偟偰懻偒偨偄丅
僼傿儗儞僣僃(Florence)丗 僀僞儕傾拞晹僩僗僇僫(Tuscany)廈偺廈搒丄38枩恖丅屆戙儘乕儅帪戙丄壴偺彈恄僼儘乕儔偺挰偲偟偰僼儘儗儞僥傿傾乮Florentia乯偲柤晅偗偨帠偑岅尮偲偝傟偰偄傞丅僼傿儗儞僣僃偼屆戙偵僄僩儖儕傾恖(Etruscans)偵傛偭偰挰偲偟偰寶愝偝傟丄儘乕儅怋柉搒巗偑偍偐傟偨丅師戞偵拞彫婱懓傗彜恖偐傜側傞巟攝懱惂偑敪揥偟丄12悽婭偵偼帺帯搒巗偲側偭偨丅懡彮偺撪晹峈憟傕婲偙偭偨偑丄墦妘抧偲偺岎堈偵偔傢偊偰丄栄怐暔嬈傪拞怱偲偡傞惢憿嬈偲嬥梈嬈偱僼傿儗儞僣僃巗柉偼敎戝側晉傪拁愊偟丄僩僗僇乕僫(Toscana)偺戝晹暘傪巟攝偟偨僼傿儗儞僣僃嫟榓崙(Repubblica
fiorentina)偲側偭偨丅丅14乣15悽婭偵偼儈儔僲乮Milano乯偲偺愴憟傪偔傝偐偊偟偨偑丄1406擭偵傾儖僲愳(the Arno)壓棳偵偁傞僺僒(Pisa)傪妉摼偟偰懸朷偺奀傪庤偵偟偨丅1433擭偵楯摥幰偲偺徴撍偱僐僕儌丒僨丒儊僨傿僠(Cosimo de' Medici)偼捛曻偝傟偨偑丄梻擭僐僕儌偼暅婣偟丄嫟榓崙偺恀偺巟攝幰偲側偭偨丅偦偺巰屻偼丄偦偺巕僺僄儘(乮Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, 1416 - 1469)偵偦偺尃椡傪宲彸偟丄懛偺儘儗儞僣僅((Lorenzo de' Medici,
1449 - 1492)偺帪戙偵偼丄僼傿儗儞僣僃偼儖僱僒儞僗偺拞怱偲偟偰墿嬥帪戙傪寎偊偨丅執戝側傞儘儗儞僣僅((Lorenzo
il Magnifico))偲傕屇偽傟丄妛栤偲寍弍傪曐岇偟丄儖僱僒儞僗暥壔(Renaissance)偺拞怱抧偲側偭偨丅僺僄儘偺戙偱儊僨傿僠壠(Medici)偼堦帪幐媟偟偨偑丄1512擭僗儁僀儞孯偵傛偭偰尃椡偺嵗偵暅婣偟偨儊僨傿僠壠偼丄1527擭傆偨偨傃捛曻偝傟偨偑丄1531擭偵偼暅婣偟丄1569擭丄嫵峜偺庤偱僩僗僇乕僫戝岞(Grand Duchy of
Tuscany)偺徧崋偑儊僨傿僠壠偵庼梌偝傟丄僼傿儗儞僣僃偼僩僗僇乕僫戝岞崙偺庱搒偲側偭偨偑丄惌帯揑丒宱嵪揑偵師戞偵悐戅偟偨丅1737擭偵宲彸幰偑偲偩偊丄儊僨傿僠壠偺僩僗僇乕僫巟攝偼偍傢偭偨丅僩僗僇乕僫戝岞崙偼僆乕僗僩儕傾(Austria)偺僴僾僗僽儖僋壠(House of Habsburg)偵宲彸偝傟偨丅僼僃儖僨傿僫儞僪3悽(Ferdinand III)偼丄1799擭僼儔儞僗偵傛偭偰戅埵偝偣傜傟偨偑丄1814擭暅婣偟偨丅1849擭偵捛曻偝傟偨儗僆億儖僪2悽(Leopoldo II)偼僆乕僗僩儕傾孯偲偲傕偵暅婣偟偨偑丄僀僞儕傾偺撈棫傪傕偲傔傞愴偄偑懕偒丄1859擭偵戅埵偟偨丅寢嬊丄18悽婭偐傜19悽婭傑偱僼傿儗儞僣僃偼僫億儗僆儞帪戙傪彍偄偰僴僾僗僽儖僋壠偺巟攝壓偵偁偭偨偑丄1860擭偵僀僞儕傾墹崙偵崌暪偝傟丄1865擭偐傜償傿僢僩乕儕僆丒僄儅僰僄乕儗2悽(Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia)偺偍偝傔傞僀僞儕傾墹崙(Kingdom of Italy)偺庱搒偲側傞傕偺偺丄1871擭庱搒偼儘乕儅(Rome)偵堏偝傟偨丅乮帒椏丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僼僃僗(Fez)偼傾僼儕僇杒惣晹丄儌儘僢僐(Morocco)杒晹偺巗偱恖岥45枩恖偱丄偐偮偰偼儅儕乕儞挬(Marinid Empire, 1215
- 1465)摍偺彅墹挬偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅
僼僃僯僉傾(Phoenicia)丗 尰嵼偺僔儕傾偲儗僶僲儞偺抧堟偵偁偭偨僔儕傾奀娸偺僞僀儖(Tyre)丄僔僪儞(Sidon)側偳偺婭尦慜2000擭崰塰偊偨抧拞奀増娸偺屆戙搒巗楢崌崙壠偱彜嬈丒峲奀偵偡偖傟丄僇儖僞僑(Carthage)側偳偺怉柉抧傪寶愝偟偨丅
僼僃儔僸儞(Fellahin)丗 僼僃儔僸儞偼僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)掅抧偺廧柉偺偍傛偦敿悢傪愯傔丄偳偺晹懓偵傕懏偝側偄傾僼儕僇弌恎偺掕廧彫擾柉偺偱偁傞丅偙偺抧曽偺僼僃儔僸儞(Fellahin)偲晹懓柉偲偺娫偵尵梩傗廗姷偱嬫暿偡傞傕偺偼柍偄掱丄偙偺傾僼儕僇弌恎偺恖乆偼僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偵旕忢偵挿偄娫曢傜偟偰棃偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺僼僃儔僸儞(Fellahin)偺拤惤偼晹懓偱偼柍偔斵摍偺懞偵岦偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺懞乆偼燇燆偝傟偨峖悈暯抧偵偁傝幣栘偺埻偄偺拞偵傾僼儕僇偺揱摑揑側懞乆偺寶暔傪巚傢偣傞墌宍偺幣栘偺壠偑寶偰傜傟偨摿挜偁傞廤棊偱偁傞丅壠乆偺巬偱嶌傜傟偨崪慻傒偼曇傒巬(Wattle)偲揇偺幗嬺(Daub)偱杽傔傜傟揤堜偼儘乕僾偱擖擮偵曇傑傟偨屌偔媗傔傜傟偨儌儘僐僔偺榤偱嶌傜傟偨墌悕宍(Conical)埥偄偼棏宍(Ovoid)傪偟偰偄傞丅墌壆崻偺壓偺暻偵偼奊傪昤偄偨斅傪捿偡僼僢僋偑戲嶳晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅僼僢僋偵偼壴暱偺僄僫儊儖揾憰偟偨斅丄嵤怓偝傟偨杺朄時丄彫僇僢僾傗傑偭偨偔堎側傞捖楍暔偑楍偲側偭偰捿偝傟偰偄傞丅摿偵戝偒偔恖岥偑枾廤偟偨廤棊偲偟偰偼僕僓儞(Jizan)丄僒僽儎(Sabya)偍傛傃傾僽
傾儕僔儏(Abu Arish)摍偑偁傞丅
僼僃儔乕儔(Ferrara)丗 僀僞儕傾杒晹僄儈儕傾 儘儅乕僯儍(Emilia-Romagna)廈僼僃儔乕儔(Ferrara)導偺導搒乮14枩恖乯丅
晼崌崄乮傆偆偙偆偟乯(Copalm)丗 儌儈僕僶僼僂(Sweet Gum or Storax)偺庽帀丅
晽幵偺崅戜(Hill of
Windmills)丗 僕僃僟(Jeddah)偺晽幵偼尰嵼偱偼奜柋徣偑愯傔偰偄傞彮偟崅偔側偭偨応強偵棫偭偰偄偨丅
僽僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Braunschweig
or Brunswich)丗 僪僀僣拞杒晹僯乕僟乕僓僋僙儞(Lower Saxony)廈偺巗偱恖岥25枩恖丄媽僽僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Brunswich)岞崙偺庱搒偱偁偭偨丅
僼僃僢儔(Fellah)丗 彫昐惄(Boor)傪堄枴偟丄僩儖僐恖払偼楆懏(Servitude)偲梷惂偺嵟掅偺忬懺偵偁傞僄僕僾僩偺擾晇偵摉偰偼傔傞偺偑忢偱偁偭偨丅
僼僅僥傿僆僗(Photius)丗 僼僅僥傿僆僗(c. 820-891)偼旊柶偝傟偨僀僌僫僥傿僂僗(Ignattius)偺戙傢傝偵搶儘乕儅峜掗儈僇僄儖嶰悽(Michael III, 842 -
867)偵傛傝僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖
(Constantinople)憤庡嫵偵擟偠傜傟偨挿榁偱崻婥偺椙偄曇廤幰偱傕偁傝丄屆戙偺挊幰払偺懡偔偺嶌昳傪曐懚偟丄屻悽偵巆偡偺偵峷專偟偨丅
僼僅儖僗僇儖(Mr.
Forskal)丗 僯乕僽乕儖(C. Neibuhr)偺乽傾儔價傾偍傛傃偦偺懠偺搶梞偺崙乆偺椃峴婰乿偵搊応偡傞僯乕僽乕儖(Niebhhr)偑嶲壛偟偨僨儞儅乕僋偺傾儔價傾墦惇戉偺戉堳偱偁傝丄堛幰偱怉暔偺惗懺偵徻偟偄抦幆傪帩偮儁乕僞乕 僼僅儖僗僇儖(Peter Forskal)丅
僼僅儞 僿僀償儞(Mr. Von Haven)丗 僯乕僽乕儖(Niebhhr)偑嶲壛偟偨僨儞儅乕僋偺傾儔價傾墦惇戉偺戉堳偱偁傝丄尵岅妛幰偱傾儔價傾妛幰偺僼儕乕僪儕僢僸 僠儕僗僥儞僙儞(Friedrich Christian
Von Haven)丅
僼僇僀儎儞(Al-Fuqayyan)丗 僕僢僟嬤峹偺愹丅
僽僇儕(Bukhari)丗 16悽婭弶摢偵巒傑偭偨拞墰傾僕傾偺僽僴儔(Bukhara)傪拞怱偲偟偨僀僗儔儉崙壠乮僽僴儔 僴儞崙(Khanate
of Bukhara, 1500 - 1785)乯偺柉丅
晲婍(Arms)丗 峛檋丒搧憚丒媩栴丒揝朇偺椶摍偺愴憟偵梡偄傞彅庬偺婍嬶丅
僽僌儉梠娾抧懷(Harrat al
Buqum)丗 熆傟扟僗僶僀(Wadi Subay)偲熆傟扟儔儞儎乕(Wadi Ranyah)偺娫偵墑傃傞僫儚僔僼梠娾抧懷(Harrat Nawasif))偺撿惣抂偱僶僴乕(Al Baha)偺搶杒搶栺120km曈傝傪拞怱偵儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)偲僶僴乕廈(Al Baha Province)偺傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)偵嬤偄廈嫬偵峀偑傞梠娾抧懷丅
僼僒僀僯儎乕(Al
Husayniyah)丗 儕儎僪-僫僕儔儞摴楬(Riyadh – Najran Road)偺熆傟扟僴儃僂僫乕(Wadi Habounah)偵壦偐傞嫶偺杒懁専栤強偺偁傞晹棊偱丄乽嵲乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
僼僒僀儞丒僀僽儞丒傾儕乕(Husain or Husayn ibn
Ali)丗 僼僢僙僀儞丒價儞丒傾儕(Hussein bin Ali)嶲徠丅
僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)丗 16悽婭弶摢僄僕僾僩偺儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk, 1250 - 1517)偺僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂
僈僂儕(Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501-1516)偼億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)婡摦嶌愴偺嵟戝偺埆塭嬁傪庴偗丄嬯擸偟偰偄傞僀儞僪丄撿傾儔價傾偍傛傃搶傾僼儕僇偺僀僗儔儉巟攝幰偐傜偺墖孯偺梫惪偵偼墳偊丄奀孯墦惇晹戉傪慻怐偡傞寛掕傪峴偭偨丅偦偟偰懁嬤偱埆柤崅偔丄巆崜側僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)傪偦偺巜婗姱偵柦偠偨丅僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿採撀偑償僃僱僣僀傾恖(Venetian)偺彆椡傪摼偰丄僗僄僘偱媫偄偱寶憿偟偨娡戉偼傾儔價傾恖偲栺1,500柤偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆偲搝楆慏堳偑忔慏偟偨50鋤梋偺斂慏偱峔惉偝傟偰偄偨丅偙傟傜偼師戞偵屆戙偺峘僩乕儖(Tor) 偵廤拞偟偰棃偰丄偦傟偐傜1507擭弶傔偵愴摤偺堊偵撿偵傓偐偄丄擭枛偵偼僀儞僪奀堟偵摓拝偟偨丅僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偼億儖僩僈儖憤撀僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco d'Almeida)偑僠儑僂儖(Chaul)峘偵攈尛偟偨偦偺懅巕儘儗儞僜 僟儖儊僀僟 (Lourenço D'Almedida)偑巜婗偡傞3鋤偺慏偲5惽偺寉僉儍儔儀儖慏(light caravel)偐傜惉傞彫娡戉傪廝偭偨丅億儖僩僈儖彫娡戉偼嫢朶偝傪帩偭偰斀寕偟偨偑丄柍惃偺堊偵嫲傠偟偄嶦滳崌愴偺枛丄憇愨側愴巰傪偟偨丅偙傟偑1508擭1寧偵峴傢傟偨乽僠儑僂儖偺愴偄乿偱偁傞丅乽僠儑僂儖偺愴偄乿偱偺攕杒偼億儖僩僈儖恖払偵偲偭偰傕偺惁偄暅廞怱傪帩偨偣傞帠偱偁偭偨丅憤撀傾儖儊僀僟偼巇曉偟偺廝寕傪峴偆堊偵19鋤偺慏偑1509擭弶傔偵僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偐傜弌峲偟偨丅揋懳偡傞巟攝幰偑摑帯偟偰偄偨僟僀僽儖(Daibul)偺峘偵巄帪掆攽偟偰棯扗偟偨屻丄1509擭2寧3擔偵僨傿僂(Diu)壂偱僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿娡戉偲岎愴偟丄嫢朶側奀愴偱寣傒偳傠偺攕愴傪旐傜偣偨丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偵攕戅偟偨僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偵懳偟丄僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕偼怴採撀儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)偺巜婗偵暃採撀偲偟偰廬偆條偵巜帵偟偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偑億儖僩僈儖(Lusitanians)偺慜彛婎抧僀僄儊儞乮Yemen乯偵墦惇偟偰偄傞嵟拞偺1516擭弔偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299
- 1923)偺僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I,
1512-1520)偑撍慠丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks)椞撪偵峌傔崬傫偩丅1517擭1寧22擔偵僇僀儘(Cairo)偼僆僗儅儞(Ottomans)懁偺庤偵棊偪丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks)偼柵傃偰偟傑偭偨丅儊僢僇偺庒偄庱挿(Young Sharif of
Mecca)偼僒儕儉堦悽偵僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偺僕僢僟偱偺朶惌傪慽偊丄僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿傪閤偟偰曔敍偟僗儔僀儅儞偵堷偒搉偟偨丅僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偼偦偺屻丄儃乕僩偵忔偣傜傟丄棨偐傜墦偔乽嫑偺曣恊乮僂儞儉 僒儅僋(Umm Samak)乿偲屇偽傟傞応強偵塣偽傟丄尳懁偐傜揗傟偝偡堊偵奀偵搳偘崬傑傟偨丅
僼僒儈 僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Al-Husami Husain al-Kurdi)丗
僸僕儏儔楌920擭(1514 -1515)崰偺僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偺僫僀僽(Naib)乮儊僢僇(Mecca)偺暃庱挿乯丅
僼僕儍僀儔(Fujairah)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄僆儅乕儞榩偵柺偟丄恖岥3.2枩恖丅
僽僔乕儖(Bushire)丗 僀儔儞撿惣晹()Southwestern Iran)偺傾儔價傾榩乮儁儖僔傾榩乯偵椪傓峘挰丄恖岥16.5枩恖丅僥僿儔儞(Tehran)撿400km偵埵抲偡傞僀儔儞偺庡梫側奀峘偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾榩傪嫴傫偱僇僼僕(Al
Khafji)偺懳娸偱偁傝丄僄價嫏傕惙傫偱偁偭偨丅弸偔幖弫側婥岓偱丄廧恖傕僀儔儞偺拞偱偼攚偑掅偔愺崟偔恖払偑懡偄丅5悽婭偵偼僱僗僩儕僂僗攈(Nestorian Christian)偺嫆揰偱偁偭偨乿偲塢傢傟傞偑丄1736擭偵傾僼僔儍乕儖挬(Afsharid Dynasty,
1736 – 1750)僫乕僨傿儖 僔儍乕(Nadir Shah, 1736 - 1747)偵傛偭偰憂寶偝傟偨丅1763擭偵偼僓儞僪挬(Zand Dynasty, 1750 -
1794)僇儕乕儉 僴乕儞(Karim Khan, c. 1705 - 1779)偑僀僊儕僗搶僀儞僪夛幮(British East India
Company)偵岎堈強(Base
& Trading Post奐愝傪擣傔丄1856擭偲1915擭偵偼僀僊儕僗偵愯嫆偝傟偰偄傞丅1970擭戙偵偼僀僞儕傾 僗僫儉僾儘僎僥傿(Sanmprogetti)傗僼儔儞僗ETPM偺奀梞愇桘奐敪梡嶌嬈応傗婎抧偑偁偭偨丅嬤朤偵偼尨巕椡敪揹強偑寶愝偝傟丄1995擭儘僔傾偑寉悈楩傪嫙媼偟偰偄傞丅
僼僗僞慏(Fusta)丗 慏懱偑挿偔暯掙偱斂偲僆乕儖偱悇恑偡傞丅
僼僢僙僀儞丒價儞丒傾儕(Hussein bin Ali)丗 僼僒僀儞丒僀僽儞丒傾儕乕(Husain or Husayn ibn Ali, 1854 – 1931)偲傕揮幨偝傟傞丅僼僒僀儞偼儅僢僇偺僔儍儕乕僼(Sharof of Mecca, 1908 – 1916)偱僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 – 1923)偐傜偺傾儔僽撈棫塣摦(Arab Revolt(1916 - 1918)偺巜摫偟丄帺傜僸僕儍乕僘崙墹(King of Hejaz, 1916擭 – 1924)偲僇儕僼(Caliph, 1924)傪愰尵偟偨丅戞堦師悽奅戝愴拞偺1915擭丄僀僊儕僗偺僇僀儘挀嵼偺崅摍曎柋姱丒儅僋儅儂儞(High Commissioner Henry McMahon)偲彂娙傪岎姺偟丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偵斀婙傪東偡偲偒偵巟墖偡傞偲偄偆嫤掕乽僼僒僀儞 - 儅僋儅儂儞嫤掕(McMahon – Hussein Correspondence)乿傪寢傫偩丅偦偟偰丄4恖偺懅巕偲嫟偵乽傾儔僽偺斀棎乿傪婲偙偟偰1916擭丄撈棫傪壥偨偡丅偙偺偲偒僼僒僀儞偼僀儔僋丒僔儕傾丒傾儔價傾敿搰傪娷傓戝傾儔僽墹崙傪峔憐偟偰偄偨偑丄僀僊儕僗偼偡偱偵僒僀僋僗丒僺僐嫤掕(Sykes – Picot Agreement)偵傛傝偙偺抧堟傪僼儔儞僗偲偲傕偵暘妱偡傞曽恓傪寛傔偰偍傝丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺傒偺僸僕儍乕僘墹崙(Kingdom of Hejaz))傪憂巒偡傞偙偲偵側偭偨偺偱偁傞丅1920擭埲崀偼僆僗儅儞掗崙偺嫼埿偑徚柵偟偨偨傔僀僊儕僗偺墖彆傕搑愨偊丄1924擭偵偼僆僗儅儞壠偺傾僽僨儏儖儊僕僩2悽(Abdul Mejid II, 1868 – 1944)偑僇儕僼(Caliph of Islam, 1922 – 1924)傪攑埵偝傟偨婡偵僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偵偍偗傞尃埿傪媮傔丄僇儕僼偵懄埵偡傞丅偟偐偟丄傎偲傫偳慡僀僗儔乕儉悽奅偐傜栙嶦偝傟偨偩偗偱側偔丄僇儕僼埵傪棟桼偲偟偰廳惻傪壽偟偨偨傔丄僸僕儍乕僘撪晹偐傜傕峀斖側斀懳傪彽偔偙偲偵側傝丄嵼抧惃椡偐傜傕尒幪偰傜傟傞丅偝傜偵埲慜偐傜儊僢僇弰楃偵傛傞宱嵪岠壥偲僀僗儔儉尨棟庡媊偺傂偲偮偱偁傞儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabi)偺僀儅乕儉(Imam)偲偟偰偺棫応偐傜惞抧暪崌傪婓媮偟偰偄偨僫僕僃僪(Najd)偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan)僀僽儞丒僒僂乕僪(Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, 1876 – 1953)乮偺偪偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙弶戙崙墹乯偵怤峌偺戝媊柤暘傪梌偊偰偟傑偄丄儅僢僇傪扗傢傟偰屒棫柍墖偲側傞丅偝傜偵崙柉偐傜僼僒僀儞傛傝傕僒僂乕僪壠偑島榓偵墳偠傞壜擻惈偑崅偄挿抝傊偺忳埵傪梫媮偝傟偰丄弶傔傾僇僶偵摝傟傞偑丄儚僢僴乕僽孯偑偙偺抧偵棃傞偙偲傪寵偑偭偨僀僊儕僗偵傛傝偝傜偵僉僾儘僗搰傊偺朣柦傪梋媀側偔偝傟偨丅忳埵偺偐偄側偔僸僕儍乕僘墹崙偦偺傕偺傕梻1925擭偵偼柵傃丄僸僕儍乕僘墹崙偼傢偢偐9擭偱廔傢傝傪崘偘偨丅側偍1926擭丄傾僽僪僁儖傾僘傿乕僘丒僀僽儞 僒僂乕僪(Abdul Aziz ibn Saud)偑僸僕儍乕僘墹偵懄埵偡傞丅1930擭丄僉僾儘僗搰(Cyprus)偱昦偵搢傟傞偲懅巕偺帯傔傞僩儔儞僗儓儖僟儞(Transjordan偺傾儞儅儞(Ammam)傊堏傝丄梻1931擭丄摨抧偱巰嫀偟偨丅僼僒僀儞偺巕丒僼傽僀僒儖丒僀僽儞丒僼僒僀儞(Faisal bin al-Hussein bin Ali al Hashemi, 1883 – 1933)偼僀儔僋墹(King of Iraq, 1921 – 1933)偵丄傾僽僪僁僢儔乕丒僀僽儞丒僼僒僀儞(Abudullah I bin al-Hussein, 1882 - 1951)偼僩儔儞僗儓儖僟儞偺傾儈乕儖(Emir of Transjordan, 1921 – 1946)偺偪偵儓儖僟儞墹(King of Joedan, 1946 - 1951)偵丄偦傟偧傟僀僊儕僗偵傛偭偰棫偰傜傟偰偄傞丅尰嵼偺儓儖僟儞墹壠(Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan)偺捈愙偺慶偱偁傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
僾僥僀僴僯乕傾(Puteyhania)偺媼桘強丗 僋僂僃僀僩-儕儎僪(Kuwait-Riyadh)摴楬僴僼傽儖 傾儖
僶乕僥傿儞(Hafar al Batin)偐傜偼撿90 km偱丄僇儕僪崙墹孯帠搒巗傊擖傞偺棫懱岎嵎偐傜偼撿35 km偵偁傞儔僼僴(Rafha)曽柺傊偺挌帤楬偺嬐偐杒偵偁傞媼桘強偱丄弔偵側傞偲偦偺榚偺曽偱偼彫偝側巗偑弌棃偰僼傽乫僈(Fa'gas)乮嵐敊偺戼乯傪嫞傝偱攧攦偟偰偄傞丅
僽僨儕僂儉(Bdellium)丗 乮儀僨僢儕僂儉(Bdellium)傪嶲徠丅乯
僼僪(Hud)丗 梐尵幰僼僪(Prophet Hud)偼僀僗儔儉偺梐尵幰偺柤慜偱丄媽栺惞彂(Old Testament)偱偼僄儀儖(Eber)偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅僼僪偼帪戙偼柧傜偐偱偼側偄偑僲傾(Nuh or Noah)偐傜5悽戙屻偵惗傑傟偨偲偝傟偰偄傞丅僼僪偼僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)偺11復偵婰嵹偝傟偰嫃傝丄乽150嵨傑偱惗偒丄婭尦慜2400擭崰偵梐尵幰偲側偭偨乿偲怣偠傞儉僗儕儉(Muslims)傕嫃傞丅僋儖傾乕儞(Qur乫an)偵偼乽僼僪偼撿傾儔價傾偺傾乕僪懓(Ad)偵寈崘傪梌偊傞堊偵攈尛偝傟偨乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅僼僪偺寈崘傗拤崘偺傕偐偐傢傜偢丄傾乕僪懓偼嬼懡恄嫵偺憸恄偵屌幏偟偨丅傾儔乕(Allah)偼傾乕僪懓傪挦傜偟傔傞堊偵澺榀傪婲偙偟偨丅澺榀偺屻傕傾乕僪懓偼掞峈傪巭傔側偐偭偨偺偱傾儔乕(Allah)偼戝偒側棐偱傾乕僪懓傪慡柵偝偣偨丅嵟嬤偵側偭偰敪尒偝傟丄僋儖傾乕儞偵僀儔儉(Iram)偲婰嵹偺偁傞僂僶乕儖(Ubar)偼傾乕僪懓偺庱搒偱偁偭偨偲怣偠傜傟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemy)丗 儔僥儞岅柤偼僋儔僂僨傿僂僗 僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Claudius
Ptolemaeus, AD 90 – AD 188)偱僊儕僔儍弌恎偺2悽婭偺傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偺悢妛幰丒揤暥妛幰丒抧棟妛幰偱揤摦愢 (Geocentric Theory) 偺戙昞幰偱偁傞丅
僾僩儗儅僀僆僗 僜乕僥乕儖擇悽丗 僾僩儗儅僀僆僗 僜乕僥乕儖擇悽(Ptolemaeus
Soter II, Ptolemy IX Soter II or Lathros(Grass Pea), 116 BC - 110 BC, 109 BC -
107 BC & 88 BC - 81 BC)偼曣恊僋儗僆僷僩儔嶰悽(Cleopatra
III)偲偺嫟摨摑帯偱偁傝丄巓枀偺僋儗僆僷僩儔巐悽(Cleopatra
IV)偲寢崶丒棧崶丄枀偺僋儗僆僷僩儔 僙儗乕僱(Cleopatra Selene)偲嵞崶摍丄曣恊偲巓枀丒孼掜偺垽憺偺拞偱掜偺僾僩儗儅僀僆僗廫悽 傾儗僉僒儞僟乕堦悽(Ptolemy X Alexander
I)丄110BC -
109 BC & 107 BC - 88 BC)偲岎屳偵僾僩儗儅僀僆僗挬(Ptolemaic
Dynasty, 305 BC - 30 BC)偺墹埵偵偮偄偰偄傞丅庒偄崙墹僾僩儗儅僀僆僗 僜乕僥乕儖擇悽(Ptolemaeus Soter II)偵偼乽僄儕儏僩僁儔乕奀偵娭偡傞榑暥(A Treatise on the
Erythraean Sea)乿偺挊幰傾僈僒儖僠僨僗(Agatharchides,
c 170 BC - 100BC)偑壠掚嫵巘偲偟偰巇偊偰偄偨丅乮杮崁栚偼帪戙峫徹偵栤戣偑偁傝丄Wikipedia傪嶲峫偵廋惓偟傑偟偨丅2009擭4寧8擔乯
乽僾僩儗儅僀僆僗偵傛傞傾儔價傾敿搰偺儎僐億 僟儞僕僆儘偵傛傞幨杮(Arabian Peninsula
according to Ptolemy, from the manuscript by Jacopo d'Angiolo)乿丗 僼傿儗僣僄(Florence)偺儎僐億 僟儞僕僆儘 (Jacopo d'Angiolo)偵傛傞幨杮偼僷儕偺崙棫恾彂娰(the Bibliothèque
Nationale of Paris)偺憼彂偺1偮偱偁傞丅
僼僫僀儞偺愴偄(Battle of
Hunayn)丗 僴僢儚僕乕儞懓(Hawazin)偲僒僉僼懓(Thaqif)偺摨柨孯偵懳偡傞630擭偺僞僀僼(Taif)嬤朤偺僼僫僀儞(Hunain or Hunayn)偱偺愴偄偱梐尵幰儌僴儞儅僪(Prophet Mohammad)懁偺傾儔價傾儞 僕儍僸儕儎(Arabian Jahiliya)孯偑寛掕揑偵彑棙偟丄敎戝側愴棙昳傪妉摼偟偨丅
僽僴儔(Bukhara)丗 僂僘儀僉僗僞儞撿搶晹偺巗丄恖岥24枩恖丅16悽婭弶摢偵巒傑偭偨拞墰傾僕傾偺僽僴儔傪拞怱偲偟偨僀僗儔儉崙壠丅(僽僇儕(Bukhari)嶲徠丅)
僽乕儉(Boom)丗 慏庱旜摨宍偺壿暔慏偱捠忢丄慏挿偼12m偐傜24m偱偁傞丅僶僢僈儔(Baggalah)偲摨偠條偵鋨憰偝傟偰偍傝丄桞堦偺堘偄偼慏懱偺宍偱偁傞丅墌宍偺庤偡傝傪帩偮慏旜(stern)偼愲偭偰偍傝丄慏庱(bow)偼挿偔撍偒偩偟偰偍傝丄嫲傜偔抝崻悞攓(phallic)偑婲尮偱偁傞徾挜揑偵娵偔愗傜傟偨慏庱嵽偱廔傢偭偰嫃傝丄偦傟偑偙偺宆偺慏偺尠挊側摿挜偵惉偭偰偄傞丅僽乕儉(Boom)偼捠忢偼慡懱偵揔摉側徃崀岥傪帩偭偨峛斅偑挘傜傟偰偄傞丅慏旜極(poop)偼彮偟忋偑偭偰偄傞丅偲偑偭偨慏旜(stern)偼斂寘(boom)傪峲峴拞丄傛傝埨慡偵偟偰偄傞丅忔堳偼15柤偐傜40柤偲條乆偱丄愊嵹検偼捠忢偼100僩儞傪墇偊側偄偑丄栺200僩儞偺愊嵹検傪帩偮僽乕儉傕懚嵼偡傞丅傾儔價傾奀(Arabian
Sea)偺岎堈塣斃傗峘榩偺鋢(lighter)偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅
僽儔僕儖僗僆僂嵽(Brazilwood)丗 擬懷傾儊儕僇嶻摛壢僕儍僢働僣僀僶儔懏(Caesalpinia)偺悢庬偺栘偺憤徧偱摿偵C. echinata偺栘嵽偱僶僀僆儕儞偺媩丄壠嬶偺嵽椏偵巊傢傟傞丅枖丄偦偺怱嵽偐傜偲傟傞僽儔僕儕儞(Brazilin)偼愒丒儉儔僒僉偺愼椏偵梡偄傞丅
僾儔僢僔乕偺愴偄(Battle of
Plassey)丗 儘僶乕僩 僋儔僀僽(Robert Clive)巜婗壓偺600恖僀僊儕僗暫丄800恖偺報搙梑暫丄500恖偺悈暫偐傜側傞塸崙搶報搙夛幮孯偑34,000恖偺僼儔儞僗偲儀儞僈儖懢庣(the Nawab of Bengal)偺楢崌孯傪1757擭6寧23擔偵僾儔僢僔乕(Plassey)偱攋傝丄儀儞僈儖(Bengal)偵偍偗傞僀僊儕僗偺攅尃偑妋棫偟偨丅
僾儔僩 僄儖 僴僀儔僰(Plat El Hayrane)丗 僞僀儅(Tayma)偺撿50 km偱傾儖 僂儔(Al Ula)/僴僀儖(Hayil)暘婒偺杒60 km偵偁傞媼桘強偺攑毿偐傜搶偵3 - 4 km偵偁傞搶惣偵墑傃偨戜宍傪偟偨暯捀嶳偺忋偵愇嶌傝偺戝偒側峔憿暔偑偁傞丅偙偺娾嶳偺戝晹暘偼巁壔偟懢梲岝偱曄怓偟偨僗儗乕僩忬偺嵒娾偱暍傢傟偰偄傞偺偱墦栚偵偼偦傟偲偼側偐側偐暘偐傜側偄丅偙偺峔憿暔偼婭尦慜2000擭崰偵儀僪僂僀儞偑嶌偭偨暛曟偱偁傞丅庡暛曟偼戜抧偺搶偵偁傝丄惣懁傪摢偵捀曈偑20 m偺嶰妏宍偲媟晹偑捈宎30 m偺墌偑愊傒愇偱愇奯忬偵嶌傜傟偦偺娫傪暆5 m埵偺挿偄挿曽宍偺夞楲傪擇偮抲偄偨條側嵟挿120 m偺慜曽屻墌暛偺偔傃傟晹暘傪怢偽偟偨條側宍傪偟偰偄傞丅愊傒愇偺崅偝偼屻墌暛晹暘偱4 m丄巆傝偼1 m偱偁傞丅嵽椏偼嶳傪暍偆慜弎偺僗儗乕僩偱偁傞丅庡暛曟傕攟暛曟傕峔憿偼夡偝傟偰嫃側偄偑搻孈偼庴偗偰偄傞丅
僼儔儞僔僗僐夛(Franciscan)丗 1209擭偵傾僢僔乕僕(Assisi)偺惞僼儔儞僠僃僗僐(St
Farncis )偑憂棫偟偨廋摴夛偱偦偺奃怓偺廋摴暈偐傜僌儗僀 僼儔僀傾(Grey Friars)偲傕塢偆丅
僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco d'Almeida)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺孯恖僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco
d'Almeida, c. 1450 - 1510)偼嵟弶偺僀儞僪憤撀(Viceroy
of India, 1505-1509)偲偟偰擟柦偝傟偨丅偦偺1505擭埲棃丄僐乕僠儞(Cochin)傗僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺彜娰傪忛嵡偵嶌傝懼偊丄尰嵼偺働儔儔(Kerala)廈僐儔儉(Kollam)偱偁傞僋僀儘儞(Quilon)偵傕梫嵡傪屻偐傜嶌偭偨丅堦曽丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk,
1250 - 1517) 僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501 - 1516)偼栚偵梋傞億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)偺棯扗丒奀懐峴堊傗弰楃慏偵懳偡傞晭怞偵懳峈偡傞堊偵僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)採撀偺墦惇娡戉傪僀儞僪奀堟偵攈尛偟偨丅1508擭1寧偵峴傢傟偨乽僠儑僂儖(Chaul)偺愴偄乿偱彫娡戉傪巜婗偟偨懅巕儘儗儞僜 僟儖儊僀僟 (Lourenço
D'Almedida)偑儅儉儖乕僋挬墦惇娡戉偵傛偭偰嫲傠偟偄嶦滳崌愴偺枛丄憇愨側愴巰傪偝偣傜傟偨丅傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偼巇曉偟偺廝寕傪峴偆堊偵19鋤偺慏偑1509擭弶傔偵僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偐傜弌峲偝偣丄揋懳偡傞巟攝幰偑摑帯偟偰偄偨僟僀僽儖(Daibul)偺峘偵巄帪掆攽偟偰棯扗偟偨屻丄1509擭2寧3擔偺乽僨傿僂壂偺岎愴乿偱儅儉儖乕僋挬墦惇娡戉偵嫢朶側峌寕傪偟偐偗丄寣傒偳傠偺攕愴傪旐傜偣偨丅傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偺曔椄偵懳偡傞柍帨斶側怳傞晳偄偼屻偵億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠偺旕擄傪梺傃偰偄傞丅僨傿僂偺愴偄(the
battle of Diu)偺慜偐傜丄懡偔偺尃椡偑1恖偺庤偵挿偔廤拞偡傞偺傪嫲傟偰偄偨億儖僩僈儖崙墹儅僰僄儖堦悽(King
Manuel I, 1469-1521)偼僀儞僪憤撀傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偵僀儞僪摑帯椞(the Viceroyalty of
India)偺嵟崅尃埿偺帠柋強傪戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀偵擟柦偟偨傾僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖働(Afonso
d'Alboquerque, 1508 - 1515)偵搉偟丄婣崙偡傞條偵柦椷偟偰夝擟偟偨丅億儖僩僈儖婣崙偺搑丄1510擭5寧1擔丄婌朷曯(Cape of
Good Hope)嬤偔偺傾僼儕僇偺奀娸偵忋棨偟丄愹(Water
Hole)偱媥懅拞偱偁偭偨傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偺晹壓払偼僉儍僼儗懓(Caffres)偺朶搆払偐傜彫偝側峌寕傪偙偆傓偭偨丅偦傟偵暅廞傪偟傛偆偲偟偰傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偼曉傝摙偪偵偁偄丄65柤偺晹壓払偲嫟偵僉儍僼儗懓(Caffres)偵嶦偝傟偨丅乮乽柍帨斶側傾儖儊僀僟偺巰偺梊崘乿嶲徠丅乯
僼儔儞僔僗僐 儅儗僐僗(Farancisco Marecos)丗 1502擭10寧1擔偵婲偒偨償傽僗僐 僟
僈儅(Vasco da Gama)巜婗壓偱儉乕傾恖偵懳偡傞棯扗丒巆媠摍奀懐峴堊傪峴偭偨晹壓偺慏挿偺堦恖丅
僼儔儞僋(Frank)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱偼儖儊僗(Rumes乯傗儖儉(Rum)偼憡摉婜娫偵搉偭偰慡偰偺搶抧拞奀柉懓傪堄枴偟丄偦偺懠偺惣梞恖偼傂偲傑偲傔偵偟偰僼傽儔儞僕(Faranji)埥偄偼僼儔儞僋僗(Franks)偲偟偰堷梡偟偰偄偨丅
僽儕 (Bury)丗 杹偐傟偰偄側偄僐僐僫僢僣(Cococnut)偺幚偺妅偱嶌傜傟偰偍傝丄悈偑挋偊傜傟偰偄傞丅懢偄埊偑幹娗偺栶妱傪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺僷僀僾偼壓憌柉傗峠奀偺慏堳払慡偰偵傛偭偰忢梡偝傟偰偄傞丅峠奀偺慏堳払偼偙偺巊梡偵傕偭偲傕恞忢偱柍偔抆偭偰偄傞丅
僽儕僈儞僥傿儞宆斂慏(Brigantine)丗 2杮烖(MAST)偱墶斂傪憰旛偟偨僽儕僌宆斂慏(Brig)偲2杮埲忋偺烖(Mast)偱廲斂傪憰旛偟偨僗僋乕僫乕宆斂慏(Schooner)偺崌偄偺巕偱乽僴儖儅僼僅儘僟僀僩 僽儕僌(Hermáphrodite Brig)乿埥偄偼乽僽儕僌 僗僋乕僫乕(Brig Schooner)乿偲屇偽傟傞斂慏偱丄2杮烖(Mast)偱慜烖(Foremast)偵挘偭偨墶斂(SQUARE
Sail)偲庡烖(Mainmast)偵憰旛偟偨幬寘偵捿傞偟偨廲斂偺庡斂(Gaff Mainsail)偺忋偵嶰妏宍偺拞烖斂(Topsail)傪挘傞僗僋乕僫乕(Schooner)鋨憰偺慻傒崌傢偣偱偁傞丅偙偺條偵戙昞揑側斂偺挘傝曽傪2庬椶慻傒崌傢偣偰偄傞偺偱崌偄偺巕(Hermáphrodite)偲柤晅偗傜傟丄塸岅偱偼偙偺宆偺斂慏傪僽儕僈儞僥傿儞宆斂慏(Brigantine)偲屇傫偩丅丅
僾儕僯僂僗(Elder
Pliny)丗 儘乕儅偺攷暔帍壠乮惣楋23擭偐傜79擭乯丄儔僥儞柤僈僀僂僗丒僾儕僯僂僗丒僙僋儞僪僁僗 (Gaius Plinius Secundus)丄捠徧Pliny the Elder丅杒僀僞儕傾偺僐儉儉(Comm)乮尰嵼偺僐儌巗(Como)乯偵惗傑傟偨屆戙儘乕儅偺攷暔妛幰丄惌帯壠丄孯恖丅墮偵暥恖偱惌帯壠偺僈僀僂僗丒僾儕僯僂僗丒僇僄僉儕僂僗丒僙僋儞僪僁僗(Gaius
Plinius Caecilius Secundus)乮彫僾儕僯僂僗丄62A.D-114A.D乯偑偍傝丄梴巕偲偟偰偄傞丅彫僾儕僯僂僗偲嬫暿偡傞偨傔戝僾儕僯僂僗偲屇偽傟傞丅儘乕儅掗崙偺奀奜椞搚憤撀傪楌擟偡傞朤傜乽攷暔帍(Naturalis
Historia)乿傪挊偟偨丅抧拞奀娡戉偺巌椷姱偲偟偰撿僀僞儕傾偺儈僙僰儉(Misenum)偵偄偨偲偒丄償僃僗償傿僆壩嶳(Vesuvio)偺暚壩傪栚寕偟偨丅僾儕僯僂僗偼媬彆妶摦偺偨傔娡戉傪棪偄偰億儞儁僀(Pompeii)傊岦偐偭偨偑丄偦偺摴拞偱昦巰偟偨丅昦巰偱偼側偔丄壩嶳偺娤嶡傪懕偗傞偆偪偵旔擄偟抶傟偨偺偩偲傕尵傢傟偰偄傞(僂傿僉儁僨傿傾)丅
僽儕儏乕僕儏(Bruges)丗 儀儖僊乕杒惣晹僂僄僗僩僼儔儞僟乕僗(West Flanders)廈偺廈搒乮12枩乯丟拞悽栄怐暔嬈偑敪払丄屻偵僴儞僓摨柨偺拞怱丅
僼乕儖乮Foul or
Fuul)丗 僼乕儖(彫偝偄姡憞僜儔儅儊)傪摵惢偺怺偄撶偱幭崬傫偩摛偺僗乕僾偱僒僂僕偱偼抔偐偄傑傑丄栻枴偲堦弿偵挬怘偵嫙偝傟傞丅
僽儖僋僴儖僩(Johana
Ludwig Burckhardt)丗 僽儖僋僴儖僩(Burckhardt, 1784 -
1817)偼僗僀僗偺扵専壠偱塸崙傾僼儕僇嫤夛偵屬傢傟僄僕僾僩傪扵専偟丄屆戙搒巗儁僩儔(Petra)傪敪尒丄僀僗儔儉嫵搆偵曄憰偟儊僢僇(Mecca)傗儊僨傿僫(Medina)傪楌朘偟偨丅儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕(Pasha Mohammed Aly, 1805 - 1848)偼屻偵偍偳偗偰乽僽儖僋僴儖僩偺椃峴傊偺擬嫸(Johana Ludwig Burckhardt's travelling
madness)乿偲僞僀僼(Tayf)偱柤晅偗偨丅乮僽儖僋僴儖僩偺傾儔價傾丒僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偺椃嶲徠http://saudinomad.karuizawa.ne.jp/Jeddah-Burckhardt.html丅乯
乽僽儖僋僴儖僩偺慺惏傜偟偄揱婰乿丗 乽SIM, K 嵐敊偺椃峴幰乮僕儑儞 儖僀僗 僽儖僋僴儖僩偺堦惗乯乿偲戣偝傟1969擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨(An excellent
Biography of Burckhardt has appeared recently, entitled: SIM, K. Desert
Traveller: the life of John Louis Burckhardt London 1969.)丅
僽乕儖 僔儍儈乕(Bur-Shamie)丗 偲偘偩傜偗偵梞棞(Prickly Pear)偲傕屇偽傟丄僒儃僥儞偺堦庬僆僾儞僠傾(Opuntia)偱偁傞丅
僼儖僕儍儞僗 僼儗僱儖(Fulgence Fresnel)丗 1840擭摉帪偺僼儔儞僗偺僕僃僢僟椞帠偱傾僕傾 僕儍乕僫儖(Journal
Asiatique)偵傕婰帠傪嵹偣偰偄傞搶梞捠偱偁傝丄乽僀僗儔儉埲慜偺傾儔價傾巎偺尋媶 (Etudes sur
I'histoire des Arabes avant I'Islamisme) 乿傪挊嶌偟丄1836擭偵僷儕(Paris)偱弌斉偟偰偄傞丅
乽僽儖乕僗(Bruce)偺杮乿丗 乽1768擭丄1769擭丄1770擭丄1771擭偍傛傃1777擭偺僕僃乕儉僘 僽儖乕僗(James Bruce)偵傛傞僫僀儖偺悈尮偺敪尒偺椃乿偼僄僨傿儞僶儔(Edinburgh)偱1790擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅弶斉杮傪挷傋傞偺偼晄壜擻偱偁傞偑丄J.H. Castrera偵傛傞姰慡側暓栿(t. I, ch. XI)傕僷儕偱1790 - 1792擭偵弌斉偝傟偨丅僄僨傿儞僶儔(Edinburgh)偱1873擭偵弌斉偝傟偨乽僽儖乕僗偺傾價僔僯傾偲僰價傾偺椃(Bruce, J. Travels in Abyssinia and Nubia)乿偲塢偆戣柤偺廋惓斉偐傜偼婰榐偝傟偨椃峴偼寑揑偵嶍尭偝傟偰偄傞丅
僽儖儞僩搰(Burnt
Island)丗 捁偺搰 (Bird Island) 偲傕塢傢傟傞僕儍僶儖 傾僩亅僞僀儖 (Jabal at-Tayr) 偱偁傝丄偙偺搰偼峠奀偺恀傫拞偺峲楬偵偁傞250m崅偝偺壩嶳搰偱僀僄儊儞偺峘儘僿僀傾(Loheia)偺惣栺90km偵嵼傞丅
僼儗僌(Hulagu)丗 僼儗僌乮埉楏橸乯(Hulagu, 1218-1265)偼僕儞僊僗娋偺巕僣儖僀(Tolui)偺戞6巕偱1253擭孼儌儞働乮寷廆乯偺柦偵傛傝惣惇偟丄僀儔僋丒僔儕傾偵怤擖偟丄傾僢僶乕僗挬傪柵傏偟偨丅儌儞働乮寷廆乯偺杤屻丄帺棫偟丄僞僽儕乕僗(Tabriz)傪崙搒偲掕傔丄僀儖娋崙(1258-1353)傪憂巒偟偨丅嵼埵偼1256-1265偱偁偭偨丅
僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞(Prester John)丗 拞悽偺揱愢忋偺僉儕僗僩嫵廋摴巑偱傾僕傾傑偨偼傾僼儕僇偺崙墹.丅僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞偺椞搚偺恀偺娭學(A True
Relation of the Lands of the Prester John)偵偮偄偰傾儖償傽儗僗恄晝(Alvarez)偼偦偺挊彂乽1520擭偺僄僠僆僺傾傊偺億儖僩僈儖偺奜岎巊愡抍(the Portuguese
Embassy)偺暔岅乿偱偺婰弎偟偰偄傞丅摨彂偼1881擭僆乕儖僟乕儕乕(Alderley)偺僗僞儞儕乕嫧(Lord Stanley)偑東栿偟丄働儞僽儕僢僕(Cambridge)偺僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(Hakluyt Society)偺儀僢僉儞僌僴儉(C.F. Beckingham)偍傛傃僼儞僥傿儞僌僼僅乕僪(G.W.B. Huntingford)偵傛傞捛壛帒椏傪壛偊偨夵掶丒曇廤斉偑1961擭偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽"Prester
(Presbyter) John"偼"Preste
João"偺塸岅傊偺揮幨偱偁傝丄暘偐傝擄偔丄嬽榖揑側傾價僔僯傾峜掗(Negus of
Abyssinia)傪億儖僩僈儖恖払偼偙偺柤慜偱屇傫偱偄偨乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
乽僼儗偲僈儕僯僄偺傾價僔僯傾傊偺峲奀(Ferret-Galinier
Voyage en Abyssinie)乿丗 傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)傊偺巊愡偺曬崘彂偱偁傝丄1847擭僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨 (Paris 1847.)丅
僽儗乕儊儞(Bremen)丗 僪僀僣杒惣晹偺僽儗乕儊儞廈偼僽儗乕儊儞(Bremen) 偲僽儗乕儅乕僴乕僼僃儞(Bremerhaven)偺椉巗偐傜側傝丄僽儗乕儊儞(Bremen)偑償傽乕僓乕(Weser愳)偵椪傓摨廈偺廈搒乮55枩乯偱偁傝丄偐偮偰僽儗乕儊儞(Bremen)偼僪僀僣杒晹丄償僃乕僓乕(Weser)愳壓棳偲僄儖儀(Elbe)愳壓棳偺娫偵偁偭偨岞崙偺柤偱傕偁偭偨丅
僼儗乕儎 僴儖僋(Freya Hark)丗 乽僕僢僟乕乮埥傞傾儔價傾偺挰偺昤幨乯乿慜彂偒偺幏昅幰丅
僽儘僂僠(Broach or
Bharuch)丗 傾儔價傾奀偵椪傓僀儞僪 僉儍儉僶僀榩(the Gulf of Cambay)偺杅堈偺拞怱抧偱僫儖儅僟愳偺壨岥(Estuary of the Narmada)偵嵼傞挰偱愄偺僶儕僈僓(Barygaza)丅
僽儘乕僪僴乕僗僩R.J.C.
(R.J.T. Broadhurst)丗 乽僀僽儞 僕儏僶僀儖偺椃峴婰(THe Travels of Ibn Jubayr)乿傪東栿偟1952擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偟偨 (The
Travel of Ibn Jubayry tr. R.J.T. Broadhurst, London 1952)丅
僼儘乕儗儞僗(Florence)丗僀僞儕傾拞晹傾儖僲(The Arno) 壨斎偺挰偱偁傝丄僩僗僇僫(Tuscany)懢岞崙偺庱搒偱傕偁偭偨丅僀僞儕傾柤偼僼傿儗儞僣僃(Firenze)丅
僽儞僩栧(Bab
al-Bunt)丗 20悽婭偺弶傔偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺奀懁偵偁偭偨栧偱丄惻娭搹偲堦懱壔偟偰偍傝丄僗乕僋(suq)偵岦偐偭偰奐偗傜傟偰偄偨丅
傊
暷崙孯帠巜摫巊愡丗 USMTM
(The United States Military Training Mission)
暷崙棨孯峲嬻媄弍墖彆幚慔晹戉丗 TAFT
(Army Aviation Technical Assistance Field Team)
暷崙棨孯僒僂僕 儈僒僀儖巜椷強丗 AMC-SA (Army Missile
Command in Saudi Arabia)
暯柺媴宍恾悽奅抧恾(Planisphere
of World)丗 傾儔僽恖抧恾妛幰偱抧棟妛幰偺僀僪儕乕僔乕(Muhammad al-Idrisi,
1100 – 1165/1066)偑偙偺庤朄傪巊偭偰悽奅抧恾傪昤偄偨丅
儀僀儖乕僩(Beirut)丗儗僶僲儞(Lebanon)偺庱搒偱偁傝丄恖岥180枩偺摨崙嵟戝偺搒巗偱丄抧拞奀偵柺偟偨奀峘偱偁傞丅尦乆儀僀儖乕僩偼丄婭尦慜15悽婭偐傜婭尦慜8悽婭崰偵奀忋岎堈偱妶桇偟偨僼僃僯僉傾恖(Phoenician)偵傛偭偰丄愹偺奨(Beroth)偲柤晅偗傜傟偨丅儀僀儖乕僩偼丄挿偒偵傢偨偭偰搶抧拞奀偺岎堈偺拞怱抧偱偁傝懕偗偨丅拞悽偺傎偲傫偳偼丄傾儔僽嵟戝偺岎堈偺拞怱抧偲偟偰偺抧埵傪僀僗儔僄儖杒晹偺峘挰傾僢僐(Akko or
Acco)偵忳偭偰偄偨偑丄18悽婭偵側傞偲丄儀僀儖乕僩偼丄僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)偺巟墖傪摼偰丄傾僢僐偵傛傞岎堈偺撈愯傪懪攋偡傞偙偲偵惉岟偟丄弖偔娫偵傾僢僐偵戙傢偭偰偙偺抧堟偺庢堷偺拞怱抧偲側偭偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
暽嬍(Jasper)丗 晄弮暔傪娷傓愇塸偱丄鉱枾丒晄摟柧偱丄巁壔揝傪娷傓傕偵偼椢怓側偄偟峠怓丄悈巁壔暔傪娷傓暔偼墿妼怓偱偁傞丅屆偔偼嬋嬍丄娗嬍摍偺慺嵽偲側偭偨丅報嵽丄巜椫丄庀摍偺憰忺昳偵巊梡偝傟傞丅
儀僋僥儖(Bechtel)丗 International Bechtel Corporation偼傾儔儉僐(Arabian American Oil
Comany)偲嫟偵僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺奜娤傪戝偒偔曄偊偨婇嬈偱丄1925擭偵愝棫偝傟偰暷崙偺寶愝丒僄儞僕僯傾儕儞僌夛幮偱偁傝丄揝摴寶愝偐傜摴楬丒嫶椑傪庤妡偗傞寶愝夛幮偵惉挿丄杮幮偼僒儞僼儔儞僔僗僐(San
Francisco)丅
儀僘儗 僇乕儞(Bezret Khan)丗 敀抙(Sandal-Wood)偺彫偝側棻(Small
Nodules)偱價乕僘傪嶌傞偺偵巊傢傟傞丅
鋊晹(Surrah)丗 僗僢儔(Navel)偼僪乕儉(Qubba)偱暍傢傟偰嫃傞丅
儀僝傾乕儖愇(Bezour
Stone)丗 婏柇側岎堈昳偺拞偱傕儀僝傾乕儖愇偼嫲傜偔丄堦斣嫽枴傪偦偦傞偲巚傢傟傞偺偱丄僆儔儞僟偺桳柤側椃峴幰僸儏乕僑乕 償傽儞 儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Hugo van Linschoten, 1563 - 1611)挊偱1599擭偵僴乕僌弌斉偺乽椃峴埬撪(Navigatio
ac Itinerarium) (the Hague 1599, p. 87)乿偵婰弎偝傟偨嶻抧偲惈幙傪偙偙偺堷梡偡傞丅乮摨彂87暸嶲徠丅乯乽儀僝傾乕儖愇(Bezoar Stone)偼儁儖僔傾偺儂儔乕僒乕儞廈(Khrassan)乮僀儔儞搶杒晹偱廈搒偼儅僔儏僴僪(Mashhad乯乯偍傛傃僀儞僪偺堦抧曽偱嶻偡傞丅偙偺愇偼梤傗嶳梤儗僀儓僂(Mountain
Goat)偺堓偺拞偱榤偺嵶曅偺廃埻偵宍惉偝傟傞丅偐偮偰偙偺愇偑尒偮偐傞偲挷嵏偝傟徹柧偝傟偨條偵愇偼榤偺嵶曅偵嬅屌暔傪嶌傝側偑傜晅拝偡傞丅偙偺愇偦偺傕偺偼旕忢偵妸傜偐偱摟偒捠傝丄惗偒惗偒偟偨怓傪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺愇偼撆偵懳偟偰岠壥揑偱丄廳梫側帯椕栻偱偁傝丄儓乕儘僷偵偍偄偰僒僀偺妏偑崅壙偱偁傞埲忋偵丄僀儞僪偱偼偢偽敳偗偰崅壙偱偁傞丅乿儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Linschoten)偼乽儀僝傾乕儖愇偼嶳梤儗僀儓僂(Mountain Goat)傪堄枴偡傞儁儕僔傾岅偺僷僓儞(Pazan)傪億儖僩僈儖岅(Portuguese)偵揮幨偡傞嵺偵岆偭偰丄儀僝傾乕儖偲栿偝傟偰偟傑偭偨乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅儓乕儘僢僷偱偼儀僝傾乕儖愇偼枩擻栻(Cure-All)偲偟偰儘働僢僩(locket)偵擖傟偰庱偐傜傇傜壓偘傜傟偰偄偨丅"Lapis Bezar,
qui ex Persiae provincia Carassona, ac aliis Indiae terris advenit, in stomacho
ovis aut birci nascitur, subjecto tenui stramine, quod in medio jacet,
adherente lapide, ac cingente stramen, ut saepe experimentis cognitum est,
eodem reperto. Lapis ipse extrinsecus planus est. ac nitidus, colore
livido...Grande buic lapidi in
儁僢僥傿(Prof.
Maria Teresa Petti)丗 1970擭戙偵僫億儕戝妛搶梞妛壢嫵庼偱傾儔價僗僩丅
儀僨僢儕僂儉(Bdellium)丗 .儀僨僢儕僂儉杤栻(myrrh)偵帡偨朏崄偺偁傞庽帀偱埥傞庬偺傾僕傾傗傾僼儕僇嶻偺僶儖僒儞懏 (bursera,
balsam)燇栘埥偄偼僐儞儈僼僅儔(Commiphora)懏偺庽栘偐傜嶻偡傞丅擕崄丄杤栻偍傛傃儀僨僢儕僂儉偲塢偆僈儉庽帀偺慡偰偺庬椶偼屆戙偺拞搶偱偼廆嫵揑乮崄椏乯丄壔徬乮崄悈乯偍傛傃堛妛栚揑偱巊傢傟偨丅儊僜億僞儈傾偺灦宆暥帤
(cuneiform text) 偵偼杤栻乮儀僨僢儕僂儉乯偼摢偺幖晍
(poultice) 丄栚丄旲偍傛傃帹偺帯椕偍傛傃偦偺懠偺堛椕栚揑偵巊傢傟偨偲婰榐偝傟偰偄傞丅枖丄僔儏儊乕儖
(Sumerians) 偍傛傃 僶價儘僯傾 (Babylonian) 偱偼惔傔傞媀幃偲偟偰帥堾偺堦晹偲偟偰崄椏偑杽傔傜傟偨丅杤栻偲儀僨僢儕僂儉偑拪弌偝傟傞庽栘偼屆戙偵偼撿傾儔價傾偲杒晹僜儅儕傾
(Somaliland) 偱偟偐惉挿偟側偐偭偨丅傾儔價傾偺抧棟妛幰傾儖 儅僌僨傿僔 (al-Maqdisi) 偼乽儉僌儖 (muql) 偲屇偽傟傞儀僨僢儕僂儉偼偳偪傜偐偲尵偊偽僀僄儊儞杒晹偺傾儖 儅乕儖儚 (al-Marwah) 抧嬫偱堢偭偨乿偲堷梡偟偰偄傞偗傟偳傕撿傾儔價傾偱偼摿偵杤栻乮儀僨僢儕僂儉乯偼尰嵼偺僀僄儊儞偺傾僨儞榩偱杒堒18亱傛傝撿偱偟偐堢偨側偐偭偨丅帪娫偲嫟偵寴屌側崄椏岎堈偑撿傾儔價傾偲儊僜億僞儈傾丄僄僕僾僩丄僀僗儔僄儖傗僕儑儖僟儞偺條側拞搶抧嬫偺懠偺応強偲偺娫偱敪揥偟偨丅側偍丄Yahoo!帿彂偱偼儀僨僢儕僂儉(Bdellium)偼僽僨儕僂儉(Bdellium)偲揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽儀僪僂僀儞偲儚僢僴乕僽攈偵偮偄偰偺儊儌乿丗 僕儑儞 儖僀僗
僽儖僋僴儖僩(John Louis
Burckhardt)偺彂偄偨偙偺儊儌偼1831擭偵儘儞僪儞偱擔偺栚傪尒偨(Burckhardt also
wrote Notes on the Bedouins and Wahhabi which saw the light in London, 1831.)丅
儁僩儔(Petra)丗 巰奀(the Dead Sea)偲傾僇僶榩(the Gulf
of Aqaba)偺娫偵偁傞宬扟(Wadi
Araba) 偺擖傝慻傫偩娾嶳偺拞偵偁傞儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偺堚愓偱丄巰奀偐傜栺80km撿偵埵抲偡傞丅婭尦慜1200擭崰偐傜丄僙儉岅傪榖偡晹懓(Semitic-Speaking
Tribal Group)偱巰奀偺撿偺僱僎僽嵐敊(the Negev
Desert )傗傾儔僶乕宬扟(the
Arabah valley)偵廧傫偱偄偨僄僪儉恖(the
Edomites)偨偪偑儁僩儔晅嬤偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅僄僪儉恖偨偪偺崙偼婭尦慜11悽婭偐傜8悽婭偵偼懚嵼偟丄戝偄側傞斀棎(The Great Revolt)偲屇偽傟傞戞堦師儐僟儎丒儘乕儅掗崙愴憟(The first
Jewish-Roman War , 66 - 73 A.D.)偱廔鄟偟偨丅棫抧忦審偺椙偝偺偨傔丄婭尦慜1悽婭偛傠偐傜丄僄僪儉恖払傪撿傊捛偄傗偭偨僫僶僥傾恖払(the Nabataean)偑嫃廧偟偼偠傔偨丅僫僶僥傾恖偼僙儉岅攈偺傾儔儉岅(Aramaic
language)偺曽尵偱偁傞僫僶僥傾岅(Nabataean
language)傪榖偟丄傾儔價傾晅嬤偺杅堈傪撈愯偟偨丅偦傟偵偲傕側偄儁僩儔傕屆戙僫僶僥傾墹崙偺庱搒偲偟偰塰偊偨丅婭尦慜64擭偐傜婭尦慜63擭偛傠丄僫僶僥傾恖偼儘乕儅偺彨孯丄億儞儁僀僂僗(Pompey
the Great or Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 106 BC - 48 BC)偵傛傝丄偦偺巟攝壓偵偍偐傟傞丅儘乕儅偼丄僫僶僥傾偺帺帯偼擣傔偨傕偺偺丄惻傪壽偟偨丅傑偨嵒敊偐傜恑擖偟偰偔傞堎柉懓偺娚徴抧懷偲偟偨丅傑偨丄儘乕儅晽偺寶抸暔偺憿塩偑偙偺偙傠巒傑偭偨丅惣楋106擭偵偼丄儘乕儅峜掗僩儔儎僰僗(Marcus Ulpius Nerva
Traianus or Trajan, AD 98 - AD 117)偵傛傝儁僩儔偲僫僶僥傾恖偼儘乕儅偺傾儔價傾懏廈偲偟偰姰慡偵慻崬傑傟傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儁僪儘 傾儖償傽儗僗 僇僽儔儖(Pedro Alvares Cabral)丗
億儖僩僈儖偺峲奀壠(1467/68 - 1520)偱丄償傽僗僐 僟
僈儅 (Vasco da Gama)偺惉岟棥偱偺婣娨偺屻丄1500擭3寧9擔偵儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)傪嵟弶偵弌峲偟偨僀儞僪偵岦偐偆岎堈娡戉偺採撀偱偁傝丄偦偺搑拞偱僽儔僕儖傪敪尒偟偨丅偙傟偑嬼慠偵偣傛丄屘堄偵偣傛丄僽儔僕儖偼億儖僩僈儖墹壠偺強桳偲側偭偨丅
儁僯乕僂僃僀僩(Dwts. or
Pénny-Wèight)丗 儁僯乕僂僃僀僩偼塸崙偺嬥峵扨埵偱24 Grains丄1/20 Ounce (1.555g)丅
儀僯儞(Benin)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹偱14 - 17悽婭偵塰偊偨墹崙偱崱偺僫僀僕僃儕傾撿晹丅
儀僯儞愳(Benin
River)丗 僫僀僕僃儕傾撿晹傪棳傟丄儀僯儞榩偵拲偖愳丅
僿僾僞-僼僃儗傾僞(Hepta Phreata)丗 7偮偺堜屗偑偁傞偺偱偦偆屇偽傟偰偄偨僌儞僼僟乕(Al Qunfudhah)丅
僿僽儔僀婭尦(A.H.)
(Jewish Calender) 丗 儐僟儎恖偑巊偆懢堿懢梲楋偱19擭偵7搙13儢寧偺塠擭偑偁傝丄婭尦慜3761擭10寧7擔傪憂悽婭尦偲偟丄惣楋2001擭9寧18擔偐傜5762擭偑巒傑傞丅
僿僽儘儞(Hebron)丗 儓儖僟儞(Jordan)愳惣娸抧嬫偺挰丄恖岥7.9枩丄惞彂帪戙偐傜偺屆偄挰偱傾儔價傾岅偱偼僄儖 僇儖僀儖(el Khalyl丄el Khalil)乮僇儖僀儕僗(the
Khalylis)乯偲屇偽傟傞丅
儁儕儉搰(Island of
Perim)丗 僀僄儊儞(Yemen)撿惣晹傾僨儞(Aden)偺惣曽偺峠奀擖傝岥偵偁傞搰偱丄愄丄慏敃媼扽峘偑偁偭偨丅
儁儖僔傾(Persia)丗 1935擭偵夵徧偟偨僀儔儞(Iran)偺媽徧偱崱傕旕岞幃偵偼梡偄傞丅
乽儁儖僔儍峲奀偺楌巎(History
of Persian Navigation)乿丗 僴僨傿 僴僒儞(Hadi Hasan)挊丄1928擭 儘儞僪儞偱弌斉丄摨彂偺147暸偵偼乽戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀傾儖儃働儖働(Alboque, 1508 -
1515)偑儁儖僔傾 僒僼傽償傿乕挬(Safavids, 1501 -
1722)巒慶偺僔儍乕 僀僗儅僀儖(Shah Ismail, 1502 -
1524)傪嫼偟偨審乿偵偮偄偰婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅
乽儁儖僔儍榩偺僇僥傿乕僼偐傜峲奀偺儎儞僽乕傑偱偺椃峴婰乿丗 僕儑乕僕 僼傽乕僗僞乕 僒僪儔乕戝堁(Captain
George Forster Sadleir, 1789 - 1859)挊丄儊乕僕儍乕 償傽儞 働僱僨傿曇廤丄1823擭弌斉偺儃儞儀僀暥妛嫤夛夛曬戞III姫偺449 - 493暸(Account of a Journey from Katif on the Persian Gulf to Yamboo on the Red
Sea by Captain G.F. Sadleir ed. by Major Vans Kennedy. Transaction of the
Literary Society of
儁儖僔傾榩(Persian
Gulf)(Sinus Persicus乯丗 傾儔價傾敿搰偲僀儔儞偺娫偵嫴傑傟偨傾儔價傾奀偺榩擖晹暘偱僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼傾儔價傾榩偲屇傇丅
儁儖僙(Peluse)丗 僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptolemy AD 90 - AD 168)乮儔僥儞岅柤偼Claudius Ptolemaeus乯偑惗傑傟偨僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺挰丅
儁儖僙億儕僗(Persepolis)丗 屆戙儁儕僔儍掗崙偺庱搒丄僟儕僂僗堦悽(Darius, 522 BC – 486 BC) 偑傾働儊僱僗挬 (Achaemenid丄550 - 330 B.C.) 偺庱搒偲偟偰寶愝偟偨丅傾儗僉僒儞僟乕戝墹 (Alexander the
Great, 356 BC - 323 BC and AlexanderIII of Macedonia, 336 BC - 323 BC)偑儁儖僔傾(Achaemenid Persia
Empire, 550 BC – 330 BC)傪惇暈偟偨嵺偵丄從偐傟偰攑毿偲側偭偨丅偦偺堚愓偼僀儔儞撿惣晹僔儔僘(Shiraz)偺嬤偔偵偁傞丅
儁儖乕僪儖(Peru
Dollars)乮僐僽 僪儖(Cobb Dollars)乯丗 僗儁僀儞椞傾儊儕僇偺儁僜丄晄婯懃側宍傪偟偨僗儁僀儞椞傾儊儕僇偺慹惢峝壿丅
儀儖儀儔(Berbera)丗 僶乕儖儃儔(Barbora)偲傕揮幨偝傟傞僜儅儕傾(Somalia)杒晹偺傾僨儞(Aden)榩傪朷傓峘挰乮7枩乯丅
儀儖儀儖懓(Berber)丗 儀儖儀儖岅傪榖偡杒傾僼儕僇嶳抧偵廧傓僐乕僇僜僀僪(Caucasoid)偺恖庬偺愭廧柉懓偱傾僼儘=傾僕傾(Afro-Asiatic)岅懓偵懏偟丄曽尵偑挊偟偄丅7悽婭屻敿埲棃傾儔僽壔偑恑傒丄尰嵼偱偼儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偺傾僩儔僗(Atlas)嶳拞傗儕乕僼嶳抧(Rif Mountains)丄傾儖僕僃儕傾(Algeria)偺僇價儕乕(Kabylite)抧曽傪庡側嫃廧抧偲偡傞丅
僿儖儊僗(Hermes
the Sage)丗 尗恖僿儖儊僗(Hermes the Sage)偼屆戙僄僕僾僩恖偑慡偰偺壢妛傪嶌傝弌偟偨偲峫偊偰偄偨揱愢忋偺恖暔偱丄悽奅傪婥岓晽搚揑偵7偮偺抧堟偵暘椶偟偨丅偦傟偵傛傟偽丄僀僄儊儞 (Yemen) 偲僸僕儍乕僘 (Hejaz) 偼戞2抧堟偵擖偭偰偄偨丅
僿儖儊乕僗(Hermes, L
Hermēs, GK Hermés)丗 乮僊儕僔儍恄榖乯僛僂僗(Zeus)偲儅僀傾(Maia)[偲偺巕丗恄乆偺巊幰偱梼偺偮偄偨孋偲朮巕偲忨(Caduceus)傪恎偵偮偗偰昤偐傟偰偄傞丅彜嬈丒妛弍丒梇曎丒敪柧丒懱堢側偳傪巌傝丄傑偨搻懐丒梤偺孮丒椃恖偺庣岇恄偱儘乕儅恄榖偺儅乕僉儏儕乕(Mercury)偵偁偨傞丅
僿儖儊乕僗 僩儕僗儊僊僗僩僗(Hermés trismégistos)丗 Hérmes Tris-me-gís-tus (GK Hermés
trismégistos Hermes the thrice greatest)偼僌僲乕僔僗攈(Gnosticism)偑僄僕僾僩偺恄僩僩(Thoth)偵梌偊偨柤偱僿儖儊乕僗(Hermes)偲摨堦帇偝傟丄杺弍丒愯惎弍丒楤嬥弍偵娭偡傞彂暔偺挊幰偲偝傟偨丅
儀儗僯僗(Berenice)丗 峠奀偺僄僕僾僩懁偵偁傞峘偱偦偺柤慜偼僼傿儔僨儖僼傽僗墹乮僺儔僨儖億僗枖偼僾僩儗儅僀僆僗擇悽(King Ptolemaeus
Philadelphus or Ptolemy II Philadelphus, , 283 BC - 246 BC)乯偺曣恊偵場傫偱晅偗傜傟丄僼傽僂儖榩偺枽 (at the head of Foul
Bay) 偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅
儀儗儞惞懱尠帵戜(Belen
Monstrance)丗 儀儗儞(Belen)偼僗儁僀儞岅偱僉儕僗僩(Christ)偺抋惗傪偐偨偳偭偨恖宍忺傝偱丄惞懱偲偼僉儕僗僩偺懱偺徧偱僷儞偲晵摳庰偺宍傪偲偭偰尰懚偡傞偲偝傟傞丅梒帣僉儕僗僩丄搶曽偺嶰攷巑丄偦偺閜閗側偳偺恖宍偱崀抋嵳乮僋儕僗儅僗乯偐傜1寧6擔偺庡尠愡傑偱忺傝晅偗傜傟傞丅
儁儘 僞僼乕儖(Pero Tafur)丗 僗儁僀儞恖偺椃峴壠偱 乽儁儘 僞僼乕儖偺1435擭偐傜1439擭傑偱偺椃峴偲朻尟(Travels and Adventures of Pero Tafur (1435-1439)乿傪挊嶌偟偨丅
乽儁儘 僞僼乕儖偺1435擭偐傜1439擭傑偱偺椃峴偲朻尟乿丗 僗儁僀儞偺椃峴壠儁儘 僞僼乕儖(Pero Tafur)偑帺暘偺椃峴婰傪挊嶌偟偨丅摨彂偼僽儘乕僪僂僃乕椃峴壠僔儕乕僘(Broadway
Travellers Series)傪彂偄偨儅儖僐儉 儗僢僣(Malcolm Letts)偵傛偭偰東栿丒曇廤偝傟丄儘儞僪儞偱1926擭偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(Travels and
Adventures of Pero Tafur (1435-1439) Tr. and cd. by Malcolm Letts (Broadway
Travellers Series), London 1926.)丅
儁儘 僨 僐價儕儎儞(Pero de Covilhã)丗 僐價儕儎儞偼億儕僩僈儖墹偺僕儑傾儞擇悽(King João II)偺愃岓偱偁偭偨丅僕儑傾儞擇悽偼傾僼僅儞僜 僨 僷僀償傽(Afonso de Paiva)偵敽傢偣偰丄崄椏偺搚抧偵娭偡傞抦幆偲岎堈楬傪扵傝丄彨棃偺帠嬈傪婜懸偟偰嬽榖揑偵億儖僩僈儖恖(Portuguese)偑僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞(Prester John)偲屇傫偱偄偨傾價僔僯傾峜掗(Negus of
Abyssinia)偲楢棈傪偲傞偨傔偵僐價儕儎儞傪僷僀償傽(Paiva)偲嫟偵儗償傽儞僩(Levant)傊攈尛偟偨丅擇恖偼1487擭5寧7擔偵億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)傪弌敪偟丄傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偲僇僀儘(Cairo)傪栚巜偟偨丅偙偙偱斵摍偼儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偐傜棃偨悢恖偺儉乕傾恖(Moors)偲夛偄丄斵摍偲嫟偵傾儔價傾(Arabia)傊椃偡傞條偵庤攝偟偨丅1488擭偺弔偵斵摍偼僗儚僉儞(Suwakin)宱桼偱傾僨儞(Aden)傊峲奀偟丄摓拝偟偨屻丄暿傟偨丅僷僀償傽(Paiva)偼僄僠僆僺傾(Ethiopia)偵岦偐偄丄僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偼僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)傊岦偐偭偨丅僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偼摉帪丄僀儞僪偱嵟傕朙偐側峘偱偦偙偱偼夞嫵彜恖偺戝偒側嫟摨懱偑奜崙杅堈摿偵崄椏杅堈傪巟攝偟偰偄偨丅偦傟偵懕偒丄僑傾(Goa)丄儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)偍傛傃傾僨儞(Aden)偲椃偟偨屻偱丄僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偼嵞傃僇僀儘偵摓拝偟偨丅偦偙偱僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偼僷僀償傽(Paiva)偺巰朣傪抦偭偨丅墹偐傜偺怴偨側柦椷偱丄僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偼偦傟偐傜儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)偵栠偭偨丅弰楃偺暈憰偱僕僃僢僟(jeddah)偵恑傒丄偦偙偐傜儊僢僇(Mecca)傊偲恑傫偩丅偙偺儊僢僇偲儊僨傿僫(Medina)傊偺朘栤偼柦椷偱巜恾偝傟偰嫃側偐偭偨偑丄僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偺朻尟惛恄偺偣偄偱偁傞丅儊僨傿僫偐傜僐價儕儎儞(Covilhã)偼僔僫僀(Sinai)偵摓拝偟丄嵟廔揑偵1493擭偵僩乕儖(Tor)偍傛傃僛僀儔(Zeila)傪捠偭偰僱僌僗(Negus)乮僄僠僆僺傾峜掗乯偺媨掛偵拝偄偨丅
僿儘僪僩僗(Herodotus)丗 婭尦慜5悽婭偺僊儕僔儍偺楌巎壠乮婭尦慜484擭偐傜420擭乯偱彫傾僕傾偵惗傑傟彅曽傪梀楌偟挊彂乽楌巎乿偱儁儖僔傾愴憟傪拞怱偵搶曽彅崙偺楌巎丒揱愢丄傾僥僫僀(Athens)傗僗僷儖僞(Sparta)摍偺楌巎傪彇弎偟丄乽楌巎偺晝乿偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
儀儞僈儖(Bengal)丗 僀儞僪槺戝棨(Indian Subcontinent)偺杒搶晹偱僈儞僕僗愳(The Ganges)壨岥晹堦懷偲僽儔僼儅僾僩儔愳(The
Brahmaputra)偺棳堟偱1947擭偵僷僉僗僞儞(Pakistan)偲僀儞僪(India)偱暘妱偟偨丅崱偼惣儀儞僈儖抧曽(West Bengal)偼僀儞僪(India)椞偱搶儀儞僈儖抧曽(East Bengal)偼僶儞僌儔僨僔儏(Bangladesh)椞偱偁傞丅
儀儞僕儍儈儞(Benjamin)丗 埨懅崄埥偄偼儀儞僝僀儞庽帀(benzoin)偲傕屇偽傟丄搶撿傾僕傾乮僗儅僩儔丒僕儍儚尨嶻乯偺僄僑僲僉壢偺棊梩崅栘乮埨懅崄偺栘乯偺庽旂偐傜暘斿偡傞庽帀偱懷愒怓傑偨偼妼怓偺夠偱娒枴傪桳偟丄偦偺拞偵擕敀怓偺梓棻傪憼偟丄擬偡傞偲嫮偄朏崄傪曻偮丄孫崄偵梡偄丄嫀醾嵻丒屇媧巋寖嵻丅
儀僝傾乕儖愇(Bezour
Stone)丗 婏柇側岎堈昳偺拞偱傕儀僝傾乕儖愇偼嫲傜偔丄堦斣嫽枴傪偦偦傞偲巚傢傟傞偺偱丄僆儔儞僟偺桳柤側椃峴幰僸儏乕僑乕 償傽儞 儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Hugo van Linschoten)(1563 - 1611)挊偱1599擭偵僴乕僌弌斉偺乽椃峴埬撪(Navigatio
ac Itinerarium) (the Hague 1599, p. 87)乿偵婰弎偝傟偨嶻抧偲惈幙傪偙偙偺堷梡偡傞丅乮摨彂87暸嶲徠丅乯乽儀僝傾乕儖愇(Bezoar stone)偼儁儖僔傾偺儂儔乕僒乕儞廈(Khrassan)乮僀儔儞搶杒晹偱廈搒偼儅僔儏僴僪(Mashhad乯乯偍傛傃僀儞僪偺堦抧曽偱嶻偡傞丅偙偺愇偼梤傗嶳梤儗僀儓僂(mountain
goat)偺堓偺拞偱榤偺嵶曅偺廃埻偵宍惉偝傟傞丅偐偮偰偙偺愇偑尒偮偐傞偲挷嵏偝傟徹柧偝傟偨條偵愇偼榤偺嵶曅偵嬅屌暔傪嶌傝側偑傜晅拝偡傞丅偙偺愇偦偺傕偺偼旕忢偵妸傜偐偱摟偒捠傝丄惗偒惗偒偟偨怓傪偟偰偄傞丅偙偺愇偼撆偵懳偟偰岠壥揑偱丄廳梫側帯椕栻偱偁傝丄儓乕儘僷偵偍偄偰僒僀偺妏偑崅壙偱偁傞埲忋偵丄僀儞僪偱偼偢偽敳偗偰崅壙偱偁傞丅乿儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Linschoten)偼乽儀僝傾乕儖愇偼嶳梤儗僀儓僂(mountain goat)傪堄枴偡傞儁儕僔傾岅偺僷僓儞(pazan)傪億儖僩僈儖岅(Portuguese)偵揮幨偡傞嵺偵岆偭偰丄儀僝傾乕儖偲栿偝傟偰偟傑偭偨乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅儓乕儘僢僷偱偼儀僝傾乕儖愇偼枩擻栻(cure-all)偲偟偰儘働僢僩(locket)偵擖傟偰庱偐傜傇傜壓偘傜傟偰偄偨丅"Lapis Bezar,
qui ex Persiae provincia Carassona, ac aliis Indiae terris advenit, in stomacho
ovis aut birci nascitur, subjecto tenui stramine, quod in medio jacet,
adherente lapide, ac cingente stramen, ut saepe experimentis cognitum est,
eodem reperto. Lapis ipse extrinsecus planus est. ac nitidus, colore
livido...Grande buic lapidi in
僿儞僫(Henna)丗 僔僐僂僇(Lawsonia)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅儈僜僴僊壢(Lythraceae)偺擬懷惈掅栘(Lawsonia inermis)偱杒傾僼儕僇丒惣傾僕傾尨嶻偱偁傝丄拞崙偱偼屆偔偐傜嵧攟偝傟丄堦擭拞朏崄偺偁傞敀丒扺峠丒扺椢怓偺巐曎壴傪奐偔丅屆棃偐傜墿怓愼椏偲偟偰巊傢傟偰棃偨丅摢敮丒僸僎丅捾側偳乮愒乯拑怓偵愼傔傞偺偵巊傢傟傞丅屆偔偼僇儉僼傽僀傾(Camphire)偲傕塢偭偨丅
僿儞儕乕墹巕(Prince
Henry the Navigator)丗 僄儞儕働峲奀墹巕(Infante Dom
Henrique)(1394-1460) 偼億儖僩僈儖(Portugal)偺墹巕偱偁傝丄帺傜偼峲奀偟側偐偭偨偑丄戝峲奀帪戙偺弶婜偵偍偗傞廳梫恖暔偺1恖偱偁傞丅傾償傿僔儏墹挬(Dinastia de Avis,
1385-1580)傪奐偄偨僕儑傾儞1悽(Joao I, 1385 - 1433)偺巕偱偁傝丄扵専帠嬈壠丄屻墖幰偲偟偰峲奀幰偨偪傪墖彆偡傞偲偲傕偵巜摫偟丄偦傟傑偱枹抦偺椞堟偩偭偨傾僼儕僇惣娸傪摜攋偝偣傞側偳偟偨偙偲偱丄戝峲奀帪戙偺枊傪奐偄偨丅1420擭僄儞儕働偼惞抧僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)傊偺弰楃幰傪杊塹丄墖彆丄媬岇偡傞栚揑偺偨傔偵憂愝偝傟偨婻巑廋摴夛(Knights
Templar)偺屻宲偱偁傞僉儕僗僩嫵婻巑抍偺巜摫幰偲側傝丄偦偺巰偵摓傞傑偱偦偺抧埵偵偁傞偲偲傕偵丄敎戝側帒嶻傪曐桳偡傞婻巑抍偵傛傞墖彆偵傛偭偰丄帺傜偺扵専帠嬈偺嫮椡側帒嬥尮偲偟偨丅
乽僿儞儕乕 儖僢僋偺弌斉(Henry Rooke Travels to
the Coast of Arabian Felix in a Series of Letters)乿丗 乽僿儞儕乕
儖僢僋(Henry Rooke)偑晉桾側傾儔價傾(Arabia Felix)偺奀娸傪椃偟偨帪偺婔偮偐偺庤巻乿偼儕償僅儖僲(Leghorn)偱1788擭偵弌斉偝傟偨偑丄 弶斉偼儘儞僪儞偱1783擭偵婛偵弌斉偝傟偰偄偨(Rooke. H. Travels to
the Coast of Arabian Felix.... in a series of letters
杊嬻晹戉丗 ADA(Air
Defense Artillery)
儃僂儕(Boury)丗 僐僐僫僢僣偱嶌傜傟偨晛捠偺儁儖僔儍墝娗丅
億乕僋奀嫭(Palk
Strait)丗 僀儞僪撿搶晹(Southeastern India)偲僙僀儘儞(Ceylon or Sri Lanka)搰杒晹偺娫偺奀嫭丅
億乕僐僢僋(Pococke)丗 儕僠儍乕僪
億乕僐僢僋(Richard Pococke,
1704 - 1765)偼塸崙偺椃峴壠偱僔儕傾乮Syria乯丄儊僜億僞儈傾乮Mesopotamia乯丄僄僕僾僩乮Egypt乯摍傊椃傪偟丄婭峴偲偟偰傑偲傔偨丅傾儖僺僯僗僩乮Alpinist乯偺憪暘偗偱傕偁傝丄傾僀儖儔儞僪(Ireland)偺僆僜儕乕(Ossory)偺庡嫵偱傕偁偭偨丅億乕僐僢僋(Pococke)偼1737擭偐傜1742擭傑偱拞搶(the
Orient)傪椃偟偨婭峴暥乽搶梞偲婔偮偐偺偦偺懠偺崙乆偺婰弎(A
Description of the East and some other Countries)乿傪幏昅偟丄儘儞僪儞(London)偱1743 -
1745擭偵弌斉偟偨丅
儃乕僒(Boosa)丗缜缏偝偣傞乮(Intoxicate)堸傒暔丅
儂僕儍 僇僢僙儉(Khoja Kassem)丗 1503擭2寧12擔偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)娡戉偲償傽僗僐 僟
僈儅(Vasco da Gama)巜婗偡傞億儖僩僈儖娡戉偲偺奀愴偱僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺娡戉偺儅儔僶乕儖彫娡戉傪巜婗偟偨丅
儂僕儑僆儞(Al-Hojoon)丗 熆傟扟價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺價僔儍乕(Bishah)偱暘婒偡傞嵍屢偺熆傟扟僸乕儖僕儍僽(Wadi Hir Jab)増偄偺彫晹棊偺堦偮丅
儃僗僂僃僢儕傾(Boswellia
carterii)丗 僇儞儔儞壢 (Burseraceae) 儃僗僂僃儕傾懏(Boswellia)偺擕崄庽乮Boswellia Thurifera
or Boswellia caraterii乯丄撿傾儔價傾(South
Arabia偺僪僼傽乕儖(Dhofar)傗搶傾僼儕僇(East Africa偺僜儅儕(Somaliland)偱偟偐堢偨側偄偙偺儃僗僂僃儕傾(Boswellia)偲尵偆戝偒側燇栘偐傜偟傒偩偡庽帀偑擕崄(Frankincense)偱偁傝丄屆戙偐傜岎堈偺戝偒側懳徾偱偁偭偨丅
儃僗億儔僗奀嫭(Bosporus)丗 僩儖僐(Turkey)偺儓乕儘僢僷晹暘(Occident)偲傾僕傾晹暘(Orient)傪妘偰傞奀嫭丅挿偝偼撿杒栺30km丄暆偼嵟傕嫹偄抧揰偱傢偢偐800m掱丅
億僙僀僪儞(Poseidon)丗 僊儕僔儍恄榖偺奀偺恄丅僛僂僗(Zeus)偵師偖僆儕儏儉億僗偺恄(Olympian Deitiy)偱偁傝丄奀偺巟攝幰偱忢偵嶰偮枖偺寔乮傎偙乯傪帩偪丄惵摵偺傂偯傔偲墿嬥偺偨偰偑傒傪傕偮攏偑傂偔愴幵偵忔傝丄奀偺夦暔傪廬偊偰奀尨傪憱傞丄儘乕儅(Rome)偺僱僾僠儏乕儞(Neptune)偵偁偨傞 (the god of the Ocean in Greek
mythology)丅
億僢僕儑 僽儔僢僠儑儕乕僯(Poggio Bracciolini)丗 僀僞儕傾(Italy)偺恖暥庡媊幰(1380-1459)偱僪僀僣(German)丄僼儔儞僗(France)丄僗僀僗(Swiss)摍偺廋摴堾偱懡悢偺幨杮傪敪尒偟偨丅斢擭偼僼傿儗儞僣僃(Florence)偵栠傝彂婰姱挿偱挊嶌偵乽僼傽僔乕僔僀(Facetiae)乿摍偑偁傞丅
億乕僩儗乕僩(Prortrayal)丗 昤夋丄昤幨丄徰憸夋摍丅
儂僨傿僀僟(Hodeida)丗 儂僨僀僟埥偼僼僟僀僟(Hudaydah)偲揮幨偝傟傞僀僄儊儞(Yemen)惣晹偺峠奀傪椪傓峘榩搒巗乮40枩恖乯丅庱搒僒僰傾偺奜峘偱儌僇-僐乕僸乕偺桝弌偱桳柤丅
儂儅乕儖(Homar)丗 僞儅儕儞僪(Tamarind)偺僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺僗乕僋(Suq)偱偺屇傃柤偱偁傞丅僞儅儕儞僪偼搶僀儞僪彅崙偐傜塣偽傟丄崟恖偺崙傒偨偄偵働乕僉(cakes)偵偼擖傟傜傟偢丄傕偭偲暘夝偝偣偰帺慠偺傑傑偱怘偝傟傞丅悈偵擖傟偰幭暒偡傞偲惔椓堸椏偲側傝丄昦恖偵偼僔僠儏乕偵擖傟偰擏偲堦弿偵幭偰嫙偝傟傞丅
儂儌 僴價儕僗(Homo habilis)丗 弶傔偰摴嬶傪嶌偭偨偲偝傟傞捈棫墡恖偱200枩擭慜偺嵟屆偺僸僩懏偲尵傢傟傞丅
儂儔僘儉(Khwarizm)丗 惣傾僕傾偺傾儉 僟儕儎愳(Amu
Darya)偺壓棳抧堟丄屆偔偼搶惣岎捠楬偺梫徴偱12悽婭偵偼嫮戝側墹崙偑塰偊偨丅尰嵼偼僂僘儀僉僗僞儞(Uzbekistan)偲僩儖僋儊僯僗僞儞(Turkmenistan)偺椉崙偵懏偡傞丅
儂儕僨僀僀儞 僫僕儔儞(Holiday Inn Najran)丗 1990擭戙偵寶偰傜傟偨儂儕僨僀僀儞宯楍(Holiday Inn chain) 偵懏偡傞4僗僞乕儂僥儖偱偁傞丅奐嬈摉弶偼敿暘偑僫僕儔儞廈抦帠偺岞揁偲偟偰巊傢傟偰偄偨偺偱柤惡偑崅偐偭偨丅儕儎僪(Riyadh)偐傜撿偼傾僽僴(Abha)偲僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩(Khamis Mushayt)傪彍偗偽崙嵺媺偺儂僥儖偼柍偐偭偨偺偱丄偙偺儂僥儖偺姰惉偱嬻敀抧懷傊惣偐傜僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)傑偱斾妑揑娙扨偵擖傝崬傓帠偑壜擻偵側偭偨丅偙偺儂僥儖偼僫僕儔儞廈僫僕儔儞偺拞怱偐傜7km搶偱嬻峘偐傜惣19km偵偁傝丄82幒傪帩偮5奒寶偰偺寶暔偱偁傞丅娤岝奐敪偵擬怱偱墦偔300km嬤偔杒偺儕儎僪廈僇儕傾僢僩 僼傽僂堚愓(Qariyat al Faw)傊偺僣傾乕(Tourist
Tour)傪2000擭偵偼巒傔偰偄偨丅
億儖僠僐(Portico)丗 壆崻晅偒悂偒曻偪偺尯娭愭偺拰楲丅
億儖僩僈儖恖(Portuguese)丗 撿儓乕儘僢僷(South Europe)偺僀儀儕傾敿搰(Iberian
Peninsula)撿惣晹偺崙丄拞悽偵僒儔僙儞(Saracens)偺怤擖傪庴偗偨偑丄12悽婭偵尰椞搚傪愯傔偰撈棫墹崙偲惉偭偨丅億儖僩僈儖恖偼僀儀儕傾敿搰偺屆戙儘乕儅偺1廈偺柤偱尰嵼偺億儖僩僈儖偲僗儁僀儞偺堦晹偱丄億儖僩僈儖偺屆柤儖僔僞僯傾(Lusitania)偱偁傞偙偲偐傜儖僔僞僯傾恖(Lusitanians)偲傕屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
儃儘乕僯儍(Bologna)丗 僀僞儕傾杒晹僄儈儕傾丒儘儅乕僯儍(Emilia-Romagna)廈偺廈搒偱丄傾儁僯儞嶳柆(Apennine Mountains)偲億乕愳(Po River)偺娫偵偁傞億乕愳扟偵埵抲偡傞丅1088擭偵偼儃儘乕僯儍戝妛(University of
Bologna)偑憂棫偝傟傞摍丄屆偔偼暥嫵偺拞怱抧偱偁偭偨丅恖岥39枩恖丅
儅僀儉(Mime)丗1Mime偼僪僀僣偺嬧壿(Thaler)36枃暘偺廳偝丅
儅僀乕儞墹崙(Minaean Kingdom or Ma'in Kingdom)丗 僙儉懓宯(Shemite Tribes)偺柉懓儅僀乕儞恖(Minaean)偱峔惉偝傟丄傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偵偁偭偨屆戙墹崙丅塸岅傊偺揮幨偱偼the sate of ma'een傗Maeen傕巊傢傟偰偄傞丅儅乕僀儞恖(Minaean people)偼僙儉懓宯偺屆戙僀僄儊儞4晹懓偺1偮偱偁傝丄偦偺懠偺3晹懓偼僔僶恖(Sabaeans)丄僴僪儔儅僂僩恖(Hadramites)偍傛傃僇僞僶乕儞恖(Qatabanians)偱偁偭偨丅婭尦慜1愮擭婜偵偙傟傜4晹懓偼偦傟偧傟屆戙僀僄儊儞偵抧曽墹崙傪宍惉偟偰偄偨丅儅乕僀儞墹崙(Minaeans)偼杒惣偱熆傟扟僕儑僂僼(Wadi al
Jawf)偺拞偵丄僔僶墹崙(Sabaeans)偼偦偺撿搶偵丄僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qatabanians)偼僔僶墹崙偺撿搶偵丄僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙偼偦偺搶偵埵抲偟偰偄偨丅偙傟傜偺墹崙孲偺偁傞傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偼僊儕僔儎(Greek)偱偼乽宐傑傟偨傾儔價傾乿傪堄枴偡傞乽傾儔價傾偺岾暉(Arabia Eudaimon)乿偲屇偽傟丄偦偟偰儔僥儞(Latin)乮屆戙儘乕儅恖乯偱偼乽岾暉側傾儔價傾(Happy
Arabai)乿傪堄枴偡傞乽晉桾側傾儔價傾(Arabia Felix)乿偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅偦偺晉偺尮愹偼偙偺抧曽偱嶻偡傞擕崄(frankincense)丄杤栻乮儈儖儔乯(myrrh)丄宩旂(cassia)丄擏宩旂(cinnamon)乮僔僫儌儞乯偍傛傃儔僽僟僫儉(ladanum)乮敿擔壴偐傜嵦偭偨揤慠庽帀乯偱偁偭偨丅儅乕僀儞墹崙(Minaeans)傕摨帪戙偺懠偺傾儔價傾傗僀僄儊儞偺墹崙摨條偵旕忢偵戝偒側棙塿偺偁傞崄恏椏岎堈丄摿偵擕崄(frankincense)偍傛傃杤栻(myrrh)偺岎堈偵廬帠偟丄婭尦慜4悽婭偐傜婭尦慜1悽婭偺娫偵嵟傕塰偊偨丅儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)墹崙偺庱搒偼拞悽傾儔價傾偺抧棟妛幰偵偼僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞嵐敊夞楲(the strip of desert)偺惣偺抂偱丄熆傟扟僕儑僂僼(Wadi al-Jawf)偺搶抂偵偁傞僇乕儖僫僂(Karna, Qarnawu or Qarnaw)偱偁偭偨丅儅乕僀儞(Ma'in)墹崙偺傕偆堦偮偺挊柤側搒巗偵偼僶儔働僢僔儏(Baraqish)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞儎僔儖(Yathill)傕偁偭偨丅儅乕僀儞墹崙(Minaeans)偑巟攝偟偰偄偨搒巗偺杦偳偼熆傟扟僕儑僂僼偺忋棳晹偱偁傞熆傟扟儅僓僽(Wadi Madhab)偵増偭偨僀僄儊儞杒惣晹偱偁偭偨偑丄儅乕僀儞(Minaic)偺旇暥偼墦偔棧傟偨僒僂僕傾儔價傾杒惣晹偺僂儔(Al 'Ula)乮儅僟僀儞 僒乕儗乯傗僄僕僾僩偺僨儘僗搰(Island of Delos)偱傕敪尒偝傟偰偄傞丅婭尦慜2悽婭屻敿偵儅乕僀儞墹崙(Ma'in)偑僔僶墹崙(Sabaean Kingdom)偵攕傟丄婭尦慜1悽婭崰偵柵傃丄儅乕僀儞岅(Minaic language)偼惣楋100擭崰偵愨偊偨丅傗偑偰丄僔僶(Saba or Sheba)丄僇僞僶乕儞(Qataban)丄傾僂僒乕儞(Awsan)偍傛傃僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramawt)摍屆偄撿傾儔價傾搒巗崙壠孮偺懠偺崙乆傕僀僄儊儞嶳妜崅抧偺僓僼傽乕儖抧曽(Zafar)偺僸儉儎儖懓(Himyarite)偲塢偆堦抧曽惃椡偵暪撣偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅
儅僂儞僪(Maunds)丗 僀儞僪丒拞搶彅崙摍偺峵検扨埵丟捠椺偼82.286 pounds偱栺37.3kg偱偁傞乮儕乕僟乕僘塸榓帿揟乯丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偑堷梡偟偨僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823擭弌斉偺乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)乿偱偼2儔僢僩儖(Rattles)偱1/10僼儔僕儖(Frazil)偲婰弎偝傟偰偍傝丄姺嶼偡傞偲2.22lbs偱栺1kg偲側傝丄82.286 pounds偱栺37.3kg偲堦抳偟側偄偑丄偙偺東栿偱偼僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823擭弌斉偑堷梡偟偨僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞偺乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce)乿偱偺婰弎傪償傽僀僇(Vakia)丄儔僢僩儖(Rattle)丄儅僂儞僪(Maund)丄僼儔僕儖(Frazil)丄僶僴儖(Bahar)偲偺峵検扨埵姺嶼偱偼嵦梡偟偰偄傞丅僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞偼摨彂偵乽僩儖僐偺傗傝曽偱偼慡偰偺彜昳偼偝偍偽偐傝(Steelyard)偱検傜傟偰偄偨偺偱僩儖僐彜恖払摨條偵儓乕儘僢僷恖払傕寁検恖偑彜恖払偵梌偊傞偺偵揔惓偱偁傞偲峫偊偨廳偝偱枮懌偣偞傞傪摼側偐偭偨丅帺暘払偺壠偱偺攧傝攦偄偺帪傕彜恖払偼帺暘払偱彜昳傪検傞帠偼嫋偝傟偰嫃側偐偭偨丅偦傟偱柍偔偰傕寁検偡傞彜昳偵埥傞掱搙偺梋桾傪忋忔偣偡傞晄崌棟側廗姷偑偁偭偨乿偲傕弎傋偰偄傞偺偱僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞偑婰弎偟偰偄傞償傽僀僇(Vakia)丄儔僢僩儖(Rattle)丄儅僂儞僪(Maund)丄僼儔僕儖(Frazil)丄僶僴儖(Bahar)偲偺峵検扨埵姺嶼偑偳偺掱搙惓妋偱偁傞偐偵偮偄偰偼巹偼媈栤偵巚偭偰偄傞丅
儅僈儕僶(Magharibah)丗 杒傾僼儕僇恖丅
儅僈儕僶偑嶦偟偨將(Dog Magharibah had killed)丗 僀僽儞 傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)偼乽杒傾僼儕僇恖払偼儊僢僇偱岥偵僷儞偺夠傪偔傢偊偰塣傇將傪嶦偟偨堷偒懼偊偵摿暿側惻(Diya) 傪巟暐偭偨(North Africans
were charged with a special tax (diya) for having killed in Mecca a dog who
carried a bread loaf in his mouth.)乿偲偺偁傑傝抦傜傟偰柍偄憓榖揑弌棃帠乮僄僺僜乕僪乯偵尵媦偟偰偄傞丅
儅乕僉儏儕乕(Mercury) (c1350 L Mercuri-us God of
Merchandise or Merx Merchandise)丗 乮儘乕儅恄榖乯儊儖僋儕僂僗丄儅乕僉儏儕乕乮恄乆偺巊偄偺恄偱丄梇曎丒怑恖丒彜恖丒搻懐偺庣岇恄丟僊儕僔儍恄榖偺僿儖儊乕僗(Hermes)偵摉偨傞乮揤暥丗悈惎乯丅
楣愇乮傑偖偝愇乯(Stone Head)丗 寶抸梡岅偱憢傑偨偼弌擖傝岥偺忋偵悈暯偵搉偟偨愇丅
儅僋僨傿僔乕(Al-Makdisi or Al-Moqaddasi)丗
10悽婭偺傾儔僽偺抧棟妛幰(Arab geographer al-Makdisi)偱al-Moqaddasi
偲傕屇偽傟丄946擭偵僄儖僒儗儉偺寶抸壠偺壠偵惗傑傟偨丅峀偔椃峴傪偟丄懡偔偺攷幆傪帩偪丄乽崙乆偺抦幆偺堊偺嵟揔側堦暥乮The fairest division for knowledge of
Countries乯乿傪挊弎偟丄偙偺帪戙偺執戝側恖暔偲偟偰偺柤惡傪摼偨 (also spelled al-Moqaddasi in older
references), born in 946 in Jerusalem from a family of atchitects.) 丅
儅僌儕僽(Maggrebin)丗 乽擔偺捑傓抧偡側偼偪惣偺廧恖乿傪堄枴偟丄搶偵廧傓傾儔價傾恖偑僶儖僶儕乕(Barbary)偺崙乆偺尨廧柉傪偙偺條偵屇傫偩丅
儅僌儕僽偺崙乆(Maghrib Countries)丗 傾僼儕僇杒惣晹抧拞奀増娸偺儌儘僢僐(Morocco)丄傾儖僕僃儕傾(Algeria)偍傛傃僠儏僯僕傾(Tunisia)偵傑偨偑傞抧曽丅
儅僋儚乕(Mokhowa)丗 愇偺暻偲栘偺壆崻偺壠偑徾挜偡傞儅僋儚乕(Al Makhwah)偼僶僴乕(Al Baha)偐傜撿偵僥傿僴儅乕(Tehamah)掅抧傊偲30 km壓偭偨僊儖儚乕(Qilwah)傊偺暘婒乮昗崅 365 m乯偺廫帤楬傪拞怱偵峀偑傞擾懞丅
儅僐儔僶(Macoraba)丗 恄偺娰(House
of the Lord)偲屇偽傟傞儊僢僇(Mecca)偺屆偄柤慜(Archaic Name)偱偁傞丅
儅僗僇僢僩(Maskat)丗 僆儅乕儞崙(Oman)偺庱搒偱傾儔價傾敿搰偺搶晹偺峘榩搒巗丄僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)偵柺偟丄屆偔偐傜偺杅堈婎抧丅恖岥偼109枩恖乮2008擭乯丅
儅僗僇儗儞僴僗(Mascarenhas)丗
1538擭偵僌僕儍儔乕僩(Gujarat)偵嵟傕嬤偄億儖僩僈儖偺梫嵡(citadel)偱偁傞僨傿僂(Diu)傪峌寕偟偨僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)僗儔僀儅儞 僇僨傿儉(Sulayman al-Khadim)採撀巜婗壓偺峠奀娡戉偵懳偟偰媬彆偺娡戉偑摓拝偟丄僩儖僐奀孯偺婙娡偑偁傢偰偰峠奀偵堷偒曉偡傑偱2儢寧偵媦傇曪埻偲朇寕偵帩偪偙偨偊偨桬姼側億儖僩僈儖(Portuguses)偺梫嵡巌椷姱丅
儅僗僠僢僋(Mastic)丗 擕崄庽(Mastic
Tree)偐傜嵦傞揤慠擕崄庽帀乮塼乯偱巭寣梡廂澥嵻偲偟偰梡偄偨傝丄孫崄椏丄幗乮偆傞偟乯丄儚僯僗傗僯僗傪嶌傞丅
儅僗僠僢僋偺栘(Mastic Tree)丗 抧拞奀増娸抧曽嶻偱僂儖僔壢僇僀僲僉懏僩僱儕僶僴僛僲僉乮忢椢彫掅栘乯偱擕崄庽(Lentisc or Lentisk (Pistacia lentiscus))偲傕塢偆丅扐偟丄僇儞儔儞壢 (Burseraceae) 儃僗僂僃儕傾懏偺擕崄庽乮Boswellia Thurifera or Boswellia caraterii乯偲偼暿庬偱偁傞丅
儅僗僨傿(Masudi)丗 儅僗僂乕僨傿乕(Abu al Hasan Ali ibn al Husayn ibn Ali al Mas乫udi, c. 896 - 956/957)偼傾儔僽偺楌巎壠偱椃峴壠偱偁傝丄傾儔價傾偺僿儘僪僩僗(the Herodotus of the Arabs)偲屇偽傟偨丅
儅僗僩僪儞(Mastodon)丗屆戙惗暔偱徾偵帡偨慟怴悽(Oligocene)偐傜峏怴悽(Pleistocene)偵惐懅偟偨儅儞儉僩壢儅儞儉僩(Mammut)懏偺戝宆歁擕摦暔丅
儅僘僴僽(Madhab or Madh乫hab)丗 儅僘僴僽(Madh乫hab or Islamic School of Law)偼僀僗儔儉朄妛攈傪帵偡傾儔價傾岅偱偁傝丄僀僗儔儉弶婜偺150擭娫丄奺抧偵懡偔偺妛攈偑宍惉偝傟丄梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺嫵桭傜帺恎偵傛傞傕偺傕偁偭偨偲尵傢傟傞丅拞偱傕挊柤側傕偺偼僔儕傾(Syria)偺僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)丄僀儔僋(Iraq)偺僋乕僼傽(Kufa)偍傛傃僶僗儔(Basra)偲惞搒儅僨傿乕僫(Medina)側偳偱丄屻偵儅僨傿乕僫偼儅乕儕僋朄妛攈(Maliki Madhhab)偲側傝丄僀儔僋偺傕偺偼僴僫僼傿乕妛攈乮Hanafi Madhhab乯傊偲慻怐壔偝傟偨丅偁傢偣偰僔儍乕僼傿僀乕妛攈(Shafii)丄僴儞僶儖妛攈(Hanbali)丄僓乕僸儖妛攈(Zahiri)側偳偑宍惉偝傟傞丅傑偨僔乕傾攈(Shia or Shi乫a)偼丄6戙僀儅乕儉(Imam)偺僕儍傾僼傽儖 僒乕僨傿僋(Ja乫far ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq)偵柤傪庢傞僕儍傾僼傽儖朄妛攈(Fiqh or Ja乫fari Jurisprudence)偲偄偆撈帺偺妛攈傪桳偡傞丅偙偺偆偪僗儞僫攈(Sunni)偱偼摿偵僴僫僼傿乕妛攈(Hanafi Madhhab)丄儅乕儕僋妛攈(Maliki Madhhab)丄僔儍乕僼傿僀乕妛攈(Shafi'i Madhhab)偍傛傃僴儞僶儖妛攈(Hanbali Madhhab)偺4妛攈傪巐戝朄妛攈偲偡傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜偙傟傜偺朄妛攈偼丄堦斒揑側堄枴偵偍偗傞廆攈偱偼側偔丄僀僗儔儉巎傪捠偠偰丄憡屳偵偝傑偞傑側岎棳丒挷榓偑偁偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儅僟僈僗僇儖(Madagascar)丗 傾僼儕僇戝棨撿搶曽(Southeastern
Coast of Africa)丄僀儞僪梞惣晹(Western Indian Ocean)偵埵抲偡傞戝偒側搰偱尦僼儔儞僗椞偱1960擭偵撈棫丄杒搶偐傜撿惣偵挿偔儌儞僓價乕僋奀嫭(Mozambique Channel)偱戝棨偲暘棧丄柺愊58.7枩km2丄恖岥2,004枩恖(2008)丄庱搒偼傾儞僞僫僫儕償僅(Antananarivo)丅
儅僢僇 儉僇僢儔儅(Makkah al-Mukarramah)丗 扨偵儊僢僇(Makkah)偲傕屇偽傟傞丅偙偺搒巗偼楌巎揑偵偄偊偽僸僕儍乕僘抧堟(Hejaz Region)偱偁傞儅僢僇廈(Makkah Province)偺廈搒偱偁傞丅儊僢僇(Makkah)偼暿柤傪僂儞儉丒傾儖 僋儔乕乮Umm al-Qur丄挰乆偺曣乯偲傕偄偆丅擔杮岅偺傕偲偱偼挿傜偔儊僢僇偲屇傃側傜傢偝傟偰偒偨偑丄嬤擭偼妛弍揑側暘栰傪拞怱偵昗弨傾儔價傾岅偺敪壒偵傛傝嬤偄儅僢僇偑岲傑傟偮偮偁傞丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾惌晎偼丄1980擭戙偵摉巗偺柤慜偺岞幃側塸岅栿傪丄惣梞恖偑埲慜偐傜堦斒偵梡偄偰偒偨捲傝偱偁傞 Mecca 偐傜 Makkah偵夵傔偨丅恖岥偼1,294,167恖乮2004擭崙惃挷嵏乯丅僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)偐傜73km撪棨偵擖偭偨丄嫹偄嵒抧偺傾僽儔僴儉偺扟(Abraham or Ibrahim)偵偁傝丄奀敳277m偱偁傞丅峠奀偐傜偼80km棧傟偰偄傞丅儊僢僇偼僀僗儔儉嫵嵟戝偺惞抧偲偝傟偰偍傝丄摉抧傊偺僴僢僕乮弰楃乯(Hajj)偼丄懱椡偲嵿椡偑嫋偡尷傝偁傜備傞儉僗儕儉乮僀僗儔儉嫵搆乯(Muslim)偑堦惗偵堦搙偼壥偨偡傋偒媊柋偱偁傞丅儉僗儕儉偼儅僗僕僪丒僴儔乕儉(Masjid al-Haram)乮惞側傞儌僗僋丅僇傾僶(Ka乫aba)傪曐岇偡傞丅乯傪抧忋偱嵟傕恄惞側応強偲峫偊偰偄傞丅儊僨傿僫(Madinah)偲暲傫偱僀僗儔儉嫵擇戝惞堟偲偝傟偰偄傞偨傔丄儊僨傿僫摨條僀僗儔儉嫵搆埲奜偺擖応偼偱偒偢丄捠偠傞摴楬偺庤慜偵偁傞専栤強傛傝愭偵峴偔偙偲偑偱偒側偄丅乽儊僢僇乿偲偄偆尵梩偼丄廆嫵揑側堄枴偵尷傜偢丄廳梫側応強丄恖傪堷偒偮偗傞応強丄偁傞偄偼偳偭偲墴偟婑偣偨恖乆傪昞偡尵梩偲偟偰丄僀僗儔儉嫵搆偵尷傜偢丄悽奅拞偺偳偙偱偱傕梡偄傜傟傞傛偆偵側偭偰偄傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儅僢僒儚(Massawa)丗 暿柤儊僗儚(Meçua)丄(Mits'iwa)偲屇偽傟傞峠奀惣娸偺擖峕偵椪傓僄儕僩儕傾(Eritrea)偺奀峘乮3.7枩(2004)乯偱丄僕僓儞乮Jizan)偺傎傏懳娸偺杒堒15亱 36' 35亶 丄搶宱39亱
27' 0 亶偵埵抲偡傞丅乽僄僠僆僺傾峜掗僀僔儍僋堦悽(Yeshaq I of Ethiopia, 1414 – 1429)偑憤撀傪憲傝摑帯偟偰偄偨乿偲偺婰榐偑偁傝丄1557擭偵偼僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偑愯椞偟偨丅僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐偼儀僕儍懓(Beja)偵摑帯偝偣偰偄偨偑丄19悽婭偵偼僄僕僾僩偺儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕挬(Muhammad Ali Dynasty, 1805 - 1953)偵摑帯傪埾偹偨偑丄1885擭偵偼僀僞儕傾偺怉柉抧偲側偭偨丅1885 - 1900擭偺娫偼僀僞儕傾怉柉抧偺庱搒偱偁偭偨偑丄戞擇師戝愴屻偼嵞傃僄僠僆僺傾椞偲側傝丄僄儕僩儕傾撈棫愴憟偵傛偭偰1993擭偵僄儕僩儕傾椞偲側偭偨丅.
儅僢僜僂傾埥偄偼儅僢僜儚(Massoua or Massowah)丗 乮儅僢僒儚(Massawa)傪嶲徠丅乯
儅僢僟乕(Al-Maddah)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushait Road)偺杮摴偲價僔儍乕(Bishah)偲偺暘婒偁傞娫摴傊暘偐傟偺棫懱岎嵎偺偁傞僞僯乕僽(Tanib)偐傜儕儎僪(Riyadh)曽柺傊偲杒搶偵彮偟栠偭偨摴楬増偄偵偁傞乽捝傒丒嬯擸乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪晅偗傜傟偨晹棊丅
儅僢儔乕懓(Al Murrah)丗 尪偺梀杚柉儅僢儔乕懓偼嬻敀抧懷撿惣晹偺屆戙偐傜偺揱愢偺搒巗僫僕儔儞(Najran)偵嬤偄抧堟偵廧傓儎儉懓(Yam) 宯偺僕儏僔儍儉懓( Jusham)偺弌偱僇乕僞儞晹懓(Qahtan)偵懏偟偰嫃傞丅儅僢儔乕懓偼傾儔價傾敿搰偺彅懓偺娫偱偼閜閗偲嫟偵尩偟偄梀杚惗妶傪憲偭偰嫃傞偺偑桳柤偱丄懠偺梀杚柉偺條偵掕廧幰偵棅傜偢丄閜閗偲嫟偵惗妶偡傞帠傪屩傝偵巚偄丄閜閗偲恖偲恀偺嫟惗娭學傪抸偒丄傾儔價傾岅偱偼乽閜閗偺恖乿傪堄枴偡傞傾僴儖 傾儖 僶乫僀乕儖(Ahl al-Ba'ir)偲傕屇偽傟偰偄傞丅偦偺側傢偽傝(Dirah)偼傾儖 傾僴僒(Al Ahsa)偺撿偐傜嬻敀抧懷偺杒晹偍傛傃拞墰晹偱偁傝丄廤棊傪帩偨偢壞応偵棙梡偡傞堜屗偱偝偊廤棊偺嬤偔偵偼柍偔杚憪傪扵偟偰閜閗偲擭娫偵1,900 km傕嬃堎揑側嫍棧傪堏摦偡傞偺偼晛捠偺帠偱偁傞丅閜閗偺儈儖僋偵暷傗姡憞偟偨僫僣儊灲巕偺幚傗偨傑偵偼庪傝偺妉暔傪壛偊怘偟妷偒傪桙偟偙偺嵐敊偺墱偱傾儖 儅僢儔乕偼梀杚傪懕偗偰棃偨丅捛愓偲庪傝偺岻傒偝傗曽岦姶妎偺偡偽傜偟偝偱懠偺儀僪僂僀儞晹懓偵旕忢偵堌傟傜傟偰嫃傞傾儖 儅僢儔乕偼恖偑抦傞嵟傕壵崜側娐嫬偺堦偮偱惗偒巆傟傞嬌抂側婃嫮偝偲側傢偽傝(Dirah)偺抧宍傗怉暔傊偺怺偄抦幆傪帩偭偰偄傞丅側傢偽傝(Dirah)偑懠偺梀杚柉偲廳暋偟偰偄偰傕帺暘払偑愱梡偵巊梡偡傞嵐敊偺堜屗傪強桳偟偰偄傞偟懠偺梀杚柉偑杚憪傪媮傔偰嵐敊偺墱怺偔偵擖傝崬傫偩偲偟偰傕嬻敀抧懷偺傾儖 儉僢儔乕偺側傢偽傝傑偱摓払弌棃傞幰偼嫃側偄丅偙偺堊懠偺晹懓偲偺憳嬾偑杦偳柍偔帪偲偟偰乽尪偺梀杚柉乿偲傕屇偽傟傞丅嬤戙壔偲嫟偵儉僢儔乕偼偦偺撈帺惈傪崱偱偼杦偳柍偔偟偰偟傑偭偰偄傞丅
儅僨傿僋 僟儉(Al Madhiq Dam)丗 偙偺僟儉偼僫僕儔儞宬扟僟儉(Najran Valley Dam)偲傕屇偽傟丄偦偺摿暿側埵抲偲偦偺旤偟偔慺惏傜偟偄宨娤偺堊偵丄僫僕儔儞抧曽偺嬤戙壔傪徾挜偡傞応強偺堦偮偲偟偰愭偢嫇偘傜傟傞丅僫僕儔儞宬扟偺傕偭偲傕昗崅偑崅偄抧揰偼奀敳2,890m偱偁傝丄偙偺僟儉偺屛柺傕昗崅1,635m偵偁傞丅挿偝271m偺僟儉偺忋偵偼16m偺僽儘僢僋偱暆4.5m偺摴楬偑愝偗傜傟丄73倣偺崅偝偐傜5暯曽km偺屛柺傪娷傓廃埻偺宨娤傪挱傔傜傟傞丅偙偺僟儉偼僫僕儔儞巗偐傜35km偟偐棧傟偰嫃傜偢丄偦偺婡擻揑側棙揰偵壛偊丄懡悢偺捁傪枺椆偡傞條乆側僫僣儊灲巕丄壴偺嶇偔燇栘丄僇儞僉僣懏偺條側栘乆偑僟儉偺椉娸偺挀幵応偵怉偊傜傟丄僟儉偑娤岝揑側屇傃暔偵傕惉偭偰偄傞丅
儅僨傿乕僫 儉僫僢儚儔(Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah)丗 扨偵儅僨傿乕僫(Madinah)偲傕屇偽傟傞偙偺搒巗偼丄傾儔價傾敿搰偱丄儅僢僇乮儊僢僇乯(Makkah or Mecca)偵師偖僀僗儔乕儉偺戞2偺惞抧偱偁傞丅儊僨傿僫(Medina)偲傕偄偆丅傾儔價傾敿搰峠奀懁偺僸僕儍乕僘抧曽(Hejaz
region)偵埵抲偟丄尰嵼偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺儅僨傿乕僫廈(Al Madinah Province)偺廈搒偱丄恖岥偼130枩恖傎偳偱偁傞丅儅僨傿乕僫偼傾儔價傾岅偱乽梐尵幰偺挰乿傪堄枴偡傞儅僨傿乕僫丒傾儞 僫價乕乮Madinat An-Nabi乯偺棯偱偁傞丅梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪偺曟傪桳偡傞梐尵幰偺儌僗僋偑挰偺拞怱偵偁傝丄儅僢僇偲偁傢偣偰乽擇惞搒乮傾儖丒僴儔儅僀儞(Al-Haramayn)乯乿偲徧偝傟傞丅儅僢僇偺杒栺500km偺抧偵偁偭偰丄儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺帪戙埲慜偼柤慜傪儎僗儕僽(Yathrib)偲尵偄丄傾儔僽恖偺擇晹懓(Arab Tribes)偲儐僟儎嫵搆偺悢晹懓(Jewish tribes)偑廧傓挰偱偁偭偨丅622擭丄儅僢僇偱敆奞傪庴偗偰偄偨儉僴儞儅僪偼丄儎僗儕僽偺晹懓娫偺挷掆傪埶棅偝傟偨偺傪婡偵儅僢僇傪扙弌偟丄儎僗儕僽偵堏廧偟偨乮僸僕儏儔(Hijra)乯丅儉僴儞儅僪偼尰嵼偺梐尵幰偺儌僗僋偺応強偵廧嫃傪抲偒丄僀僗儔儉嫟摨懱乮僂儞儅乯(Umma Islamiya)偺寶愝偲儅僢僇偲偺愴偄傪巜婗偟丄偙偙偱朣偔側偭偨丅偙偆偟偰僀僗儔儉嫵偺惞抧偲側偭偨儊僨傿僫偼丄戞巐戙僇儕僼(Rightly Guided Caliphs or Righteous
Caliphs)偺傾儕乕(Ali ibn Abi Talib)乮656 - 661 AD乯偑僀儔僋(Iraq)偺僋乕僼傽(Kufa)偵堏傞傑偱丄弶婜偺僀僗儔儉嫟摨懱偺庱搒偲偟偰婡擻偟偨丅傑偨丄偙偺抧偵偼僀僗儔儉嫵巎忋弶偺僋僶乕丒儌僗僋(Quba Mosque)傕偁傞丅
乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
乽儅僨傿僫偲儊僢僇傊偺弰楃偺婰擮偡傋偒巹揑側岅傝(Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to
al-Madinah and Meccah - Memorial Edition)乿丗 儕僠儍乕僪 僼儔儞僔僗 僶乕僩儞嫧(Sir Richard Francis Burton)挊丄1893擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偟偨偑丄偦偺尨斉(Original edition)偼1855 - 1856擭偵婛偵弌斉偝傟偰偄偨丅摨彂偺戞II姫263-269暸偵偼僼儗(Ferret)偲僈儕僯僄(Galinier)偵偮偄偰儕僠儍乕僪 F. 僶乕僩儞嫧(Sir Richrad Burton)偼乽偙偺擇恖偺挊幰偼崅柤側(Celebrated)傾儔價傾偺愱栧壠偼僼儖僕儍儞僗 僼儗僱儖(Fulgence Fresnel)傪尃埿偲偟偰堷梡偟丄僕僢僟岎堈偺尰忬偺昞傪弌斉偟偨丅偦偟偰偙傟傜偺昞偼亀傾價僔僯傾偺惗妶(Life of Abyssinia) 亁偺挊幰乮挊幰偼柍柤偱偁偭偨偑丄儅儞僗僼傿乕儖僪 僷乕僉儞僗(Mansfiled Parkins)偱偁傞偺偑屻偵傢偐偭偨乯偵傛偭偰東栿偝傟偰偄傞乿偲尵偭偰偄傞丅
乽儅僨傿僫偲儊僢僇傊偺弰楃偺帺彇揱(Personal Narrative of Pilgrimage to
al-Madinah and Mecca)乿丗 儕僠儍乕僪 僼儔儞僔僗 僶乕僩儞嫧(Sir Richard Francis Button)挊丄1885
-1886擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉乮Burton, Sir Richard F. Personal Narraitive of
Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Mecca London 1855-1856乯丅
儅僨傿儎 僾儔僨傿乕僔儏(Madhya Pradesh)丗 僀儞僪拞晹偺廈偱廈搒偼岺嬈搒巗儃僷乕儖(Bhopal)偱偁傝丄1984擭偵桳撆僈僗楻傟帠屘偱2,000恖埲忋偑巰朣偟偨丅
儅僨僀儔(Madeira)丗 傾僼儕僇杒惣奀娸壂僇僫儕傾(Canaries)彅搰偺杒曽偵偁傞億儖僩僈儖椞偺搰孮偍傛傃庡搰丅
儅僪儔僗(Madras)丗 僀儞僪撿搶晹僞儈儖丒僫乕僪僁廈(Tamil Nadu)偺廈搒丄恖岥380枩恖偺峘榩搒巗偱僞儈儖岅柤偼Chennai丅
憢榞偲憢僈儔僗(Window Frame and Glass)丗 僀僄儊儞偺儌僇(Moka)丄儂僨傿僀僟(Hodeida)傗偦偺懠偺巗摍偱偼偙偺抧曽偱嶻偟丄慺惏傜偟偄岠壥傪帩偭偨愥壴愇峱(Alabaster)偺敄偄暯偨偄敿摟柧側塇栚斅偱僈儔僗偺戙梡偵偟偰偄偨丅
儅僰僄儖墹(King Manuel)丗 儅僰僄儖堦悽(Manuel I, 1469 - 1521)埥偄偼僪儞 儅僯儏僄儖(Dom Manuel)偼1495擭偐傜1521擭傑偱億儖僩僈儖墹偱偁傝丄偦偺帯惌壓偱偺僀儞僪峲楬傗僽儔僕儖敪尒偵傛傝億儖僩僈儖偼奀塣崙偲偟偰斏塰偟丄儅僰僄儖堦悽偼捠徧傪嬥帩偪墹(Fortunate' or Rei D. Manuel)偲屇偽傟偨丅
儅僴儉僪 僇乕儞 傾僪儕2悽(Mahmud Khan 乪Adli II)丗
1811擭偵僄僕僾僩憤撀(Governor of Egypt)偺儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad
乪Ali Pasha)傊彂娙偱儚僢僴乕僽攈偺楾錝傪挦敱偟偡傞條偵埶棅偟偨僇儕僼(Caliph of Muslim) 僗儖僞儞 儅僴儉僪 僇乕儞 傾僪儕2悽(Sulatn
Mahmud Khan 乪Adli II or rahmat-Allahi 'alaih)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙戞30戙僗儖僞儞(30th Sultan, 1808 – 1839) 儅僼儉僩2悽(Sultan Mahmud II, 1785 – 1839)偲峫偊傜傟傞丅乮崅嫶婰乯
儅僼僪 傾僪 僟僴僽峼嶳(Mahd adh Dhahab or Mahul Dhahab)丗 3000擭慜偵柤晅偗傜傟偨乽嬥偺梙傝饽乿傪堄枴偡傞乽僜儘儌儞戝墹偺峼嶳乿偲尵傢傟傞丅尰嵼偼1997擭3寧23擔偵峼暔愇桘徣嶱壓偺儁僩儘儈儞(Petromin)偐傜撈棫偟丄傾儔價傾岅偱峼暔傪堄枴偡傞儅乫傾僨儞(Ma乫aden)偲塢偆柤傪帩偮僒僂僕傾儔價傾崙塩峼嬈夛幮偵強桳偝傟偰偄傞丅嬥懏峼嬈帠嬈抍敪峴偺乽奀奜峼嬈忣曬摿廤崋悽奅偺峼嬈偺悥惃 Vol.33 No.1 2003.05乿偵偼乽偙偺峼嶳偼僕僃僢僟偺杒搶280倠倣奀敳1,238倣偺宱搙 :杒堒23 搙29 暘丄搶宱40 搙51 暘偵埵抲偟丄抧幙偼尨惗戙僕僢僟儞(Jiddah)憌孮偺埨嶳娾幙廤夠娾偲丄嬅奃娾側偳傛傝側傞壩嶳娾幙懲愊娾憌偵娧擖偟偨棳栦娾偱丄峼彴偼壩嶳娾幙懲愊娾憌拞偺撿杒宯偺抐憌孮偵増偭偰敪払偡傞棸壔暔傪敽偆愇塸柆孮偵傛傝峔惉偝傟偨巁壔懷丄晉壔懷偍傛傃弶惗懷傛傝側傞丅嵦峼朄偼岯撪孈偱丄摵偑惛峼拞丄嬥丒嬧偼惛峼拞偍傛傃媽攑嵱偺僸乕僾儕乕僠儞僌(Heap leaching)偵傛偭偰夞廂偝傟偰偄傞丅1996 擭枛偱偺杽憼峼検偍傛傃昳埵偼130枩t偱僩儞摉偨傝嬥偑20.8g丄 嬧偑109g/娷傑傟丄峼愇拞偵摵偼峼愇拞0.7%丄垷墧偼2.3%g偑娷傑傟偰偄傞乿偲弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅乮僸乕僾儕乕僠儞僌(Heap leaching)偲偼峼愇偵婬棸巁摍偺怹弌梟塼傪嶶晍偟丄峼愇拞傪怹摟偟偰壓偵廤傑偭偨怹弌塼傪億儞僾偱弞娐偝偣側偑傜夞廂惛惢偡傞曽幃偱偁傞丅乯
儅儂儅偺壠(House of Mafoma)丗
Mafoma埥偄偼Mafamede傪愄偺億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠払偼Muhammad偲捲偭偰偄偨丅16悽婭偺億儖僩僈儖偺楌巎壠僨儏傾儖僩 僶乕儖儃僒(Duarte Barbosa)傪娷傔偰丄乽儉僴儞儅僢僪(Muhammad)偺曟懄偪儅儂儅偺壠(the House
of Mafoma)偼儊僢僇(Mecca)偵偁傝丄儉僗儕儉弰楃(the Moslem pilgrimage)偺栚昗偱偁偭偨乿偲棟夝偟偰偄偨丅
儅僽僇儔(Mabkharat)丗 暓岅偱Encensoir偱偁傝丄捿傝崄楩偲柪揜崄乮儅儞僱儞儘僂(Rosemary)乯偺擇偮堄枴偑偁傞(弌揟丗 University of Balamand Mise à jour Feb 1,
2007)丅捿傝崄楩偵偼屆戙偱偼擕崄偑巊傢傟偨偺偱擕崄偲偺夝庍傕桳傝摼傞丅柪揜崄乮儅儞僱儞儘僂(Rosemary)乯偱偁傟偽忢椢掅栘偺僔僜壢偺栻梡怉暔偱丄慡懱偵椙偄崄傝偑偁傝丆巬傗梩傪崄椏偵梡偄傞怴慛偱娒偄朏崄偲傎傠嬯偝偑偁傞恓忬偺戙昞揑側僴乕僽偱偁傞丅妛柤偼Rosmarinus officinalis偱榓柤偼儅儞僱儞儘僂偱偁傝丄儘乕僘儅儕乕(Rosemary)偺暿柤傪帩偪丄壴婜偼弔偐傜壞偱偁傞丅
儅僼儉僩2悽丗 僆僗儅儞掗崙戞30戙僗儖僞儞(30th Sultan, 1808 – 1839) 儅僼儉僩2悽(Sultan Mahmud II, 1785 – 1839)偼戞27戙傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩1悽(Sultan Abdul Hamid I)偺巕偱偁傝丄撪奜偺婋婡揑忬嫷偵傛偭偰掗崙偺巟攝偑梙傜偖拞偱懄埵偟丄拞墰廤尃壔偲惣梞壔傪幉偲偡傞忋偐傜偺夵妚傪悇偟恑傔偰掗崙偺嵞惗傪偼偐偭偨峜掗偱偁傝丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偵偍偗傞孾栔愱惂孨庡偲昡壙偝傟傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾& Wikipedia乯乯
儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks)丗 傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid Dynasty, 1174 – 1250)偺壓偱椡傪晅偗偨愴摤搝楆儅儉儖乕僋(Mamuluk)偑僄僕僾僩偱撈棫偟丄惣楋1250擭偐傜惣楋1517擭傑偱僄僕僾僩偍傛傃僔儕傾傪巟攝偟偨丅偙偺僩儖僐宯僀僗儔儉墹挬(1250 - 1517)偼孨庡偑搝楆梑暫弌恎偱偁偭偨偺偱搝楆墹挬(the Mamluks)偺柤偑偁傞丅儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamuluk Dynasty,1250-1517)偼僶僼儕 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Bahri dynasty, 1250 -1382)偍傛傃僽儖僕乕 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Burji Dynasty, 1382 - 1517)偺2偮偺帪戙偵暘偗傜傟丄惣楋1517擭偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偑僇僀儘傪惇暈偟偰柵朣偝偣傜傟偨埲崀傕幚尃傪曐帩偟丄偦偺懏崙偲偟偰惣楋1811擭傑偱懕偄偨丅乽儅儉儖乕僋乿偲偼僀僗儔儉嫵崙偺敀恖搝楆乮僩儖僐恖丄儌儞僑儖恖丄僗儔僽恖摍乯傗搝楆梑暫傪堄枴偟偨丅
儅儓儔儉(Marjoram)丗 僴僫僴僢僇丄儅乕僕儑儔儉埥偄偼儅儓儔儉(Marjoram)偼崄憪偺堦庬偱丄僔僜壢偺懡擭憪偱偁傞丅抧拞奀抧曽尨嶻偱戙昞揑側僴乕僽偺堦庬偱梩丒宻丒壴偵朏崄偑偁傝丄擏椏棟摍偺崄恏椏偺懠丄栻丒壔徬昳偵梡偄傜傟傞丅
儅儔僈(Malaga)丗 僗儁僀儞撿晹傾儞僟儖僔傾(Andalusia)帺帯廈偺導柤偱丄偦偺導搒僕僽儔儖僞儖(Gibraltar)偺杒搶偵偁傞峘榩搒巗丒曐梴抧偺柤偱傕偁傞乮53枩乯丅
儅乕儔奀娸(Coast of Mahra)丗 儅乕儔(Mahra)偼傾儔價傾敿搰撿晹偱尰嵼偺僀僄儊儞搶晹偺抧堟偲僜僐僩儔(Socotra)搰傪椞搚偲偟偰偐偮偰偺儅乕儔 僗儖僞乕儞崙(Mhara Sultanate)偺摑帯椞偱1967擭偵嵟屻偺僗儖僞儞偑戅埵偟丄戙傢偭偰僀僄儊儞恖柉柉庡嫟榓崙(People's Democratic Republic of Yemen)偑惉棫偟偨丅
儅乕儔 僗儖僞乕儞崙(Mhara Sultanate)丗 僉僔儏儞偲僜僐僩儔偺儅僴儔
僗儖僞乕儞崙(Mahra Sultanate of Qishn and Socotra)枖偼僈僀僟偍傛傃僜僐僩儔偺儅僴儔 僗儖僞乕儞崙(Mahra Sultanate of Ghayda and Socotra)偲屇偽傟傞偙偺庱挿崙偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺惣抂偱僆儅乕儞(Oman)偲偺崙嫬抧懷偱偁傞楌巎揑側儅僴儔抧曽(Historical
Region of Mahra)偲僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)偵晜偐傇僜僐僩儔搰(Socotra)偱峔惉偝傟僶僰 傾僼儔乕儖挬(Banu Afrar Dynasty)偑摑帯偟偰偄偨丅偙偺庱挿崙偼儅乕儔崙(Mahra State)偲塢偆屇傃曽傕偝傟偰偄傞丅儅乕儔崙偺庱搒偼儅僴儔抧曽偱偼僉僔儏儞偱偁傝丄僜僐僩儔搰偱偼僞儉儕僟(Tamrida)偲偟偰抦傜傟傞僴僨傿乕僽乕(Hadiboh)偱偁偭偨丅1886擭偵偙偺庱挿崙偼塸崙曐岇崙(British Protectorate)偲側傝丄偦偺屻丄傾僨儞曐岇椞(Aden Protectorate)偺堦晹偲側偭偨丅1976擭偵儅乕儔崙偼僗儖僞乕儞惂傪曻婞偟丄怴偨偵撈棫偟偨撿僀僄儊儞(South Yemen or People's Democratic
Republic of Yemen)偺堦晹偲惉偭偨丅撿僀僄儊儞偼1990擭偵僀僄儊儞丒儉僞儚僉僄墹崙(Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, 1918 -
1962)傪宲彸偟偨杒僀僄儊儞(North Yemen or Yemen Arab Republic)偲摑堦偟丄僀僄儊儞嫟榓崙(Republic of Yemen)偲側偭偨丅儅僴儔抧曽偱偼傾儔價傾岅偵壛偊偰丄搶僀僄儊儞偲惣僆儅乕儞偱偟偐榖偝傟側偄儊僴儕岅(Mehri or Mahri)偑榖偝傟偰偄傞丅儅僴儔抧曽偼椬偺僆儅乕儞偺僪僼傽乕儖抧曽(Dhofar)偲旕傾儔僽岅丄擕崄(Frankincense)偺廳梫偝丄抧棟丄婥岓摍嫟捠偟偰偄傞丅摿偵婥岓偼嵐敊偵埻傑傟偰偄傞偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄撿搶偺婫愡晽偵傛偭偰崀塉偵宐傑傟偰偍傝丄僇儕乕僼(Khareef)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
儅儔僌(Marag)丗 Marag偼寣傪堄枴偡傞傜偟偔丄僗僐僢僩儔儞僪(Scotland)偺僎乕儖懓(Gaelic)偺寣偺僾僨傿儞僌(Pudding))偲傗偼傝僗僐僢僩儔儞僪椏棟偱梤傗巕媿偺憻暔傪崗傒丄寣丄僆乕僩儈乕儖(Oatmeal)丄崄恏椏偲堦弿偵堓戃偵偮傔偰幭偨僴僊僗(Haggis)偑偁傞丅偙傟偲偼暿偵傾儔價傾偐傜報搙偵揱傢偭偨偲塢偆崄恏椏偺岠偄偨僇儗乕埥偄偼僔僠儏乕偑偁傝丄僩儅僩儀乕僗偱條乆側栰嵷偑擖偭偰偄傞丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾偱偼僩儅僩偑擔杮偺忀桘傗枴慩偺條偵挷棟偺僟僔偲偟偰巊傢傟丄僩儅僩儀乕僗偺僗乕僾堦斒揑偱偁傞偺偱丄乽偙偙偱僩僂儌儘僐僔偺僷儞偵壛偊傜傟偨偺偼僩儅僩儀乕僗偺僔僠儏乕偱偁傞乿偲巚偆丅
儅儔僢僇(Malacca)丗 儅儔僢僇偼儅儗乕敿搰(Malay Peninsula)惣奀娸撿晹偵埵抲偡傞儅儗乕僔傾(Malaysia)偺廈媦傃廈搒偱丄搶惣岎捠偺梫徴儅儔僢僇奀嫭(Strait
of Malacca)偵柺偡傞峘巗偱偁傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar Coarst)丗 僀儞僪撿惣晹偱僇儖僫乕僞僇(Karnataka)丄働儔儔(Kerala)椉廈偵傑偨偑傝丄僑傾(Goa)偐傜僐儌儕儞枽傑偱偺傾儔價傾奀偵椪傓奀娸丅
儅儔僶乕儖彫娡戉(Malabar Flotilla)丗
1503擭2寧12擔偺僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)娡戉偲償傽僗僐 僟 僈儅(Vasco
da Gama, 1460 0r 1469 - 1524)巜婗偡傞億儖僩僈儖娡戉偲偺奀愴偱峠奀晹戉(Red Sea division)偲嫟偵僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺娡戉傪峔惉偟偨悢廫鋤偺僒儞僽乕僋(sambuk)偐傜惉傞彫娡戉丅
儅儔僽(Mahlab)丗 僀僄儊儞彈惈偵壔徬昳偲偟偰巊傢傟傞庬丅
儅儕(Mali)丗 傾僼儕僇杒惣晹丄媽暓椞僗乕僟儞(French Sudan)偺撪棨崙丄1960擭偵撈棫丄柺愊124枩km2丄恖岥1,079枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼僶儅僐(Bamako)丅
儅儕傾 僫儕僲(Maria Nallino)丗 僇儖儘 傾儖儀儖僩 僫儕僲(Carlo
Alberto Nallino)傪嶲徠丅
儅乕儕僋妛攈(Maliki Madhhab)丗 儅乕儕僋 僀僽儞 傾僫僗(Imam
Anas ibn Malik)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱僗儞僫攈偺巐戝朄妛攈偺堦偮偱偁傞丅儅乕儕僋偼傾僽 僴僯乕僼傽(Abu Hanif)偵抶傟偰儅僨傿乕僫乮Medina乯偱惗傑傟偨丅傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽傛傝庒擭偱偼偁偭偨偑摨帪婜偵惗偒丄憡屳偺妛幆偵怺偄宧堄傪暐偄偁偭偨偙偲偼桳柤偱偁傞丅幚嵺偵丄偺偪偵僴僫僼傿乕攈偺婎慴傪屌傔傞傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽偺掜巕偺堦恖偼傑偨儅乕儕僋偐傜傕妛傫偩偺偱偁偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儅儕僠儍僗(Malichas)丗 僫僶僥傾(Nabataean)偺墹(ca. AD 40 – AD 70)丅
儅儕乕僥儗乕僘(Marie-Thérèse)丗 儅儕乕僥儗乕僘(Marie-Thérèse, 1638-1683)偼僗儁僀儞岅柤傪Maria Teresa de Austria偲塢偄丄僼儔儞僗墹Louis 14悽偺斳偱 僗儁僀儞墹Philip 4悽偺柡偱偁偭偨丅
儅儕僪忛(Qasr Marid)丗 乽儅乕儕僪(Marid)乿偲尵偆尵梩偼橖枬丄斀峈丄怺崗丄嵾恖摍傪堄枴偡傞丅偦傟屘偵丄僈僗儖 儅乕儕僪(Qasr Marid)偼乽嫮屌偵嶌傜傟偨忛乿傪堄枴偟偰偄傞丅僨儏乕儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偺梫嵡偼梐尵幰僀僗儅'僀乕儖(Prophet Isma乫il)偺懅巕偱偙偺搒巗傪憂愝偟偨僨儏乕儅'(Duma)偑寶愝偟偨偲塢傢傟傞偑丄偦偺婲尮偼婭尦慜10悽婭偵慿傞偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偺忛偼僨儏乕儅僩 僕儍儞僟儖(Dumat al-Jandal)偺楌巎偲嫟偵崱擔傑偱巆偭偰偍傝丄尰嵼偼僕儍僂僼攷暔娰(Al Jawf Museum)偺堦晹偲側偭偰偄傞丅
儅儕儞僨傿(Malindi)丗 儌儞僶僒(Mombasa)偺彮偟杒偵埵抲偡傞儅儕儞僨傿偼15 - 16悽婭偵傾僼儕僇偲僀儞僪偺娫偺奜梞傪墶抐偡傞堊偺捠忢偺弌峘抧偱偁偭偨丅
儅儖僌(Al-Marg)丗 傾儔價傾岅偱儅乕僈儕儞(Margarin)偺揮幨偼塸岅撉傒偺傑傑側偺偱偙偙偱偼恖憿僶僞乕傪巜偡偲峫偊傞偺偑懨摉偩偲巚偆偑丄傾僔乕儖(Asir)偱僷儞偵揧偊傞偺偑朓枿丄埥偄偼帀朾側偺偱乽儅儖僌(Al-Marg)偼傾僔乕儖偱偼傾儖 僽僢儕(al-Burri)偲屇偽傟傞帀朾偱偁傞乿偲巚偆丅
儅儖僐 億乕儘(Marco Polo)丗償僃僱僣僀傾(Venezia or
Venice)偺椃峴壠(1254 - 1324)偱拞崙奺抧傪楌朘偟丄乽搶曽尒暦榐乿傪岥弎偟偨丅
儅儖僕 僟價僋(Marj Dabiq)丗 儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk Sultanate, 1250 - 1517)僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501-1516)偲僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299 - 1923)偺僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I, 1512-1520)偑1516擭8寧24擔偵愴摤傪奐巒偟偨傾儗僢億(Aleppo)嬤偔偺暯尨丅
儅儖僙僀儐(Marseille)丗 僼儔儞僗(French)嵟戝偺峘榩搒巗偱丄2005擭偺恖岥偼栺82枩恖偱僷儕 (Paris)偵師偓僼儔儞僗戞2埵丄搒巗寳恖岥偱偼僷儕偲儕儓儞 (Lyon)偵師偓戞3埵偺婯柾傪屩傞丅儅儖僙僀儐偺搒巗柤偼丄屆戙偺柤儅僢僒儕傾(Massilia)偑揮偠偨暔偱偁傞丅儅儖僙僀儐偺楌巎偼屆偔丄彫傾僕傾(Anatolia)偐傜棃偨屆戙僊儕僔傾偺堦柉懓偱偁傞億僇僀傾恖(Phocaea)偑婭尦慜600擭崰崰偵抸偄偨怉柉巗儅僢僒儕傾乮儔僥儞岅偱儅僢僔儕傾乯偵偦偺抂傪敪偡傞丅偙偺偨傔僼儔儞僗偵偍偄偰儅儖僙僀儐偼億僇僀傾恖偺奨(Cite Phoceenne)偲傕鉤柤偝傟偰偄傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儅乕儖僔傾僶(Marsiaba)丗 尰嵼偺儅儕乕僽 (Marib)偱僒儞乪傾(San乫a)偺搶偵偁偭偨僀儔僒儖僗(Ilasarus)偵廬懏偡傞儔僢儅僯僞僄晹懓(Rhammanitae)偵婣懏偟偰偄偨丅婭尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨僄僕僾僩憤撀僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偺巜婗壓偺儘乕儅掗崙孯偵傛傞屆戙撿傾儔價傾乮僸儉儎儖崙乯墦惇偱偼儘乕儅掗崙孯偼偙偺挰傪媫廝偟丄6擔娫偱惂埑偟偨偑悈偺晄懌偺堊偵偙偺挰偺曪埻傪懕偗傜傟側偐偭偨丅曔椄偺忣曬偵傛傟偽丄僈儖僗偼杮摉偵朏崄怉暔(aromatics)傪惗嶻偡傞崙偐傜嬐偐2擔峴掱偺応強偵嫃偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜埆堄偺摴埬撪恖偺堊偵偡偱偵偙偺峴孯偵6儢寧傪巊偭偰偟傑偭偨偺偱丄僈儖僗偼堷偒曉偡傋偒帪偱偁傞帠幚傪擣幆偟偨丅
儅儖儅儔奀(Marmara)丗 僩儖僐杒惣晹偺撪奀偱搶偼儃僗億儔僗奀嫭(Bosporus)傪宱偰崟奀偵惣偼僟乕僟僱儖僗奀嫭(Dardanelles)傪宱偰僄乕僎奀(Aegean Sea)偵捠偠丄屆戙柤偼僾儘億儞僥傿僗(Propontis)偲塢偭偨丅
儅儖儊儘(Quinces)丗 僶儔壢儅儖儊儘懓偺堦庬偱梞棞宍偺朏崄偺偁傞壥幚偼寴偔惗怘偵偼揔偝偢丄僕儍儉丄僕僃儕乕丄嵒摐捫偗摍偵偡傞丅
儅儘僒(Malotha)丗 婭尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨僄僕僾僩憤撀僈儖僗(Aelius Gallus)偺巜婗壓偺儘乕儅掗崙孯偵傛傞屆戙撿傾儔價傾乮僸儉儎儖崙乯墦惇偺婣楬偵僠儍傾僢儔(Chaalla)偲屇偽傟傞懞偵摓拝偟丄嵞傃丄愳偺嬤偔偵嵼傞儅儘僒(Malotha)偲屇偽傟傞暿偺懞偵拝偄偨丅儅儘僒 (Malotha)偼尰嵼偺僕僃僢僟 (Jeddah)偱偁傞丅
儅儞僇僶儞妰屛(Al-Manqabah Lagoon)丗 僕僃僢僟乮Jeddah乯偺媽巗奨杒杒惣偵愙偟丄奀娸慄偐傜杒搶偵擖傝崬傫偩挿墌宍偺榩偺條側姳妰丅
儅儞僈儖(Mangal)丗 傾儔價傾恖偑堦斒揑偵媃傟傞僠僃僗偺堦庬丅
儅儞僕儍僴乕懓梀杚柉(Maujahah Tribe)丗 價儖僋梠娾抧懷(Harrat al Birk)偱曻杚傪塩傓晹懓偱丄傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺乽壴忺傝偟偨抝払乿偲摨條偵僗僇乕僩傪慂偄偰偄傞偑丄摢偵偼僑僓偱嶌偭偨朮巕傪旐偭偰偄傞丅1993擭偵僒乕儕傿 儌僕儍乕(Thierry Mauger)挊嶌弌斉偟偨夝愢晅偒偺幨恀廤m偺崙傾僔乕儖(Undiscovered Asir)艔袎顐硞陚膫閭獣攽皳I側強懏偼巹偵偼暘偐傜側偄丅儅儞僕儍僴乕(Manjahah)懓梀杚柉偼洳滏乮僑僓乯偱嶌偭偨僥儞僩偵廧傒堏摦偟偰偄偨丅偙偺僑僓惢偺僥儞僩偼帺惗偟偰偄傞僄僟僂僠灲巕偺僩僢僼傿(Toffi)偺曇傫偩僑僓偱嶌偭偨壆崻傪帩偪丄偙偺壆崻偼嬐偐側旝晽偱傕帩偪忋偘傜傟偨丅帺惗偺僫僣儊灲巕偐傜憂堄偵晉傓偙偙偺恖払偼壠丄彫壆丄姄丄峧偍傛傃僒儞僟儖摍偺惗妶昁廀昳傪嶌傝弌偡丅彫壆偺拞偵偼恖乆偑偦偺忋偱怘傋偰怮傞僒儕乕儖(Sarir)屇偽傟傞崅偄儀儞僠擳帄僠儍乕儖億僀(Charpoy)偑抲偐傟丄偦偺媟偺堦偮偵擕潣漚偺堊偺昛抃悅捈偵捿偝傟傞丅嶳梤偺摴傪奜偟拲堄怺偔毢僇僶乕偱曪傑傟偨儔僀僼儖廵傗斵偺懛偺僾儔僗僠僢僋惢婡娭廵偵帄傞傑偱偁傜備傞暔偑捿偝傟偰偄傞丅儅儞僕儍僴乕梀杚柉偺洳滏惢偺僥儞僩偼戝曄僼傽儞僞僕僢僋偱偁偭偨偑崱偱偼偙偺條側僥儞僩偼尒傜傟柍偔惉偭偰偟傑偭偨丅
儅儞僟僽奀嫭(Strait of Bab al-Mandeb)丗 傾僨儞榩(Gulf of Aden)偲峠奀偺娫偺奀嫭偱僕僽僠(Djibouti)偲僀僄儊儞偺撿惣抂偵嫴傑傟傞丅
儈僇僩(Miqat)丗 廻応(Station)丅
儈僇儔僼 傾儖-僔儏儔僀儅僯(Mikhlaf al-Sulaymani)丗 僕僓儞廈偺堦抧曽偱丄儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 傾儕 傾儖-僀僪儕僔(Muhammad Ibn Ali Al-Idrisi)偑1818擭乮僸僕儕1234擭乯偵僩儖僐(the Turks) 偵懳偟偰怴偨側愴栶傪巒傔丄儈僇儔僼 傾儖-僔儏儔僀儅僯(the Mikhlaf al-Sulaymani) 抧曽偺僕僓儞巗(Jizan) 偺搶偵偁傞傾僽 傾儕僔儏(Abu Arish) 巗偱愴偄丄僩儖僐惃傪攕杒偝偣偨丅偦偺屻傕惃椡傪峀偘丄1911擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1329擭乯偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 -1923)偐傜偺撈棫傪愰尵偟偨丅偦偺巰屻丄偦偺恊懓摨巑偺憟偄偲側傝丄懅巕偺傾儕偼傾僽僪儖-傾僕僘 僀僽儞 傾僽僪儖 儔乕儅儞 傾儖 僒僂僪(Abdul-Aziz Ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud) 墹偺憤撀偲岎徛偟丄偦偺寢壥1930擭偵僥傿僴儅-(Tihamah)偼僒僂僕椞偲堦晹偲惉偭偨丅
儈僇儔僼 僕儍儔僔儏(Mikhlaf Jarash)丗 儚僨傿 價僔儍乕(Wadi Bishah)偺尮棳偵嬤偄屆戙偐傜偺挰偱僀僗儔儉埲慜偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺庱搒偱偁傝儈僇儔僼 僕儍儔僔儏(Mikhlaf Jarash)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
儈僓僩 僷僔儍(Midhat Pasha, 1822 - 1883)丗 僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottomah Turkish)偺戞堦師棫寷惂乮1876擭 - 1878擭乯庽棫帪偵戝嵣憡乮庱憡乯偲偟偰廳梫側栶妱傪壥偨偟偨惌帯壠丅僆僗儅儞掗崙傪傾僕傾偺崙偲偡傞側傜傾僕傾抧堟偱嵟弶偺寷朄偱偁傞僆僗儅儞掗崙寷朄偼儈僓僩丒僷僔儍(Midhat Pasha or Ahmet Sefik Mithat Pasha, 1822 - 1883)偑婲憪偟偨傕偺偱偁傞偙偲偐傜丄捠徧傪儈僓僩寷朄偲偄偆丅1872擭偵偼傾僽僨儏儖傾僘傿僘(Abd-ul Aziz 1861 – 1876)偵傛傝惌晎庱斍偱偁傞戝嵣憡偵擟偤傜傟偨偑丄帺桼庡媊揑側惌帯孹岦偐傜媨掛偲懳棫偟拞墰偐傜墦偞偗傜傟丄晄嬾偺帗暁帪戙傪憲偭偨丅1876擭丄傾僽僨儏儖傾僘傿僘偑戅埵偵捛偄崬傑傟丄儉儔僩5悽(Mehmed Murad V, 1876)偑懄埵偡傞偲崙壠昡媍夛媍挿偵曉傝嶇偒丄懄埵屻偺儉儔僩偑惛恄傪昦傓偲掜偺傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩2悽(Abdul Hamit II, 1876 - 1909)傪懄埵偝偣丄怴掗偺捄椷偵婎偯偄偰愝棫偝傟偨惂寷埾堳夛偺埾堳挿偵廇擟偟偨丅偙偆偟偰惂寷埾堳夛偑婲憪偟偨僆僗儅儞掗崙寷朄偺憪埬偼丄怱拞偱偼愱惂孨庡偵側傝偨偄偲峫偊偰偄偨傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩偺庤偵傛傞廋惓傪慻傒擖傟偰1876擭12寧23擔偵岞晍偝傟丄12寧17擔偵戝嵣憡偵廇擟偟偰偄偨儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偼戞堦師棫寷惂嵟弶偺戝嵣憡偲側偭偨丅偟偐偟丄傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩偵傛偭偰壛偊傜傟丄寷朄岞晍傪媫偖偁傑傝儈僓僩丒僷僔儍傕偦傟傪撣傫偩丄峜掗偼崙壠偵偲偭偰偺婋尟恖暔傪捛曻偱偒傞偲偺孨庡戝尃忦崁偑寢嬊儈僓僩帺恎偺庱傪峣傔傞偙偲偲側偭偨丅偡側傢偪丄寷朄惂掕傪弰傞宱夁偵偍偄偰儈僓僩偑崙撪偺夵妚攈傗奜崙偐傜偺巟帩傪廤傔偰惌帯壠偲偟偰偺抧曕傪屌傔偨偙偲偵斀姶傪傕偭偨斀儈僓僩攈偺惌帯壠偨偪偑愱惂暅妶傪朷傓傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩偲寢戸偟偰姫偒曉偟傪偼偐傝丄寷朄岞晍偐傜娫傕側偄1877擭2寧5擔偵儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偼寷朄偵掕傔傜傟偨婋尟恖暔偲抐掕偝傟丄戝嵣憡傪夝擟偝傟偰崙奜戅嫀傪柦偤傜傟偨丅梻1878擭2寧14擔偵偼摨偠偔寷朄偺掕傔偨孨庡戝尃偵傛偭偰旕忢帠懺愰尵偵婎偯偔寷朄偺掆巭偑柦偤傜傟丄儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偺庽棫偟偨戞堦師棫寷惂偼傢偢偐1擭2儢寧偱廔鄟偝偣傜傟偨丅偦偺屻丄捛曻傪夝彍偝傟偰僔儕傾抦帠(Governor of Syria)丄傾僀僪僁儞抦帠Governor of Aydin)側偳偵擟偤傜傟偰偄儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偼丄偦偺屻傕寷惌偺暅妶傪偼偐傝丄奜崙偲楢実偟偰夵妚偺宲懕傪恑傔傛偆偲偟偨丅偙偙偵帄偭偰1881擭丄傾僽僨儏儖僴儈僩偼儈僓僩丒僷僔儍傪戇曔偟丄攑掗傾僽僨儏儖傾僘傿僘嶦奞偺嵾偱巰孻傪愰崘丅儈僓僩丒僷僔儍偼棳孻愭偺傾儔價傾敿搰偺僞乕僀僼偱漀嶦偝傟偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia丒僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儈僢僓儞(Al-Middhan)丗 偙偺戜強梡昳偼巇忋偘傜傟偨愇偱嶌傜傟丄奜懁偵僴儞僪儖偲屇偽傟傞晅懏暔偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟偼摿偵儔僈僔儏(Raqash)偲屇偽傟傞擏僗乕僾傪崿偤偨怘暔傪擖傟傞偺偵巊傢傟傞丅儔僇僔儏偼僫僕儔儞偱偼恖婥偺偁傞怘帠偱偁傞丅傾儖 儈僢僓儞偼拞偺怘暔傪弌棃傞偩偗挿偄娫丄抔偐偔曐偮偺偵巊傢傟傞戜強梡昳偱偁傞丅儔僇僔儏偼傾儖儈僢僓儞偲嫟偵僺儔儈僢僪偺條側宍偺奧傪偐偗傜傟傞丅偙傟偱偙偺恖婥偺偁傞怘暔偼壗帪偱傕壗張傊偱傕塣傫偱峴偗傞丅
儈僢儔乕(Mr. Kenneth Miller)丗 傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑偺傾僔僗僞儞僩丅
儈僨傿傾儞(Midian)丗 儈僨傿傾儞(Midian)枖偼儊僨儎儞偼堦斒揑偵杒惣傾儔價傾偺傾僇僶榩(Gulf of Aqaba)偺搶娸偺搚抧傪巜偡偑丄偙傟偼摿掕偺抧棟揑側柤偱偼柍偔晹懓柤偱偁傞偲偺愢傕偁傞丅儈僨傿傾儞偲偦偺廧恖偵偮偄偰偼杦偳抦傜傟偰偄側偄偑丄儊僨儎儞摡婍(Midianite Pottery)傪娷傓峫屆妛揑側敪孈偐傜尰嵼偺僀儔僋(Iraq)丄儓儖僟儞(Joordan)丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi
Arabia)偍傛傃僀僗儔僄儖撿晹(Southern Israel)偵偐偗偰3,200擭偐傜3,300擭慜偵暥柧偑偁偭偨帠偑帵偝傟偰偄傞丅媽栺惞彂偵偼儈僨傿傾儞(Midian)偼傾僽儔僴儉(Abraham)偺懅巕偺堦恖偱偁傞偲婰弎偝傟偰偍傝丄儊僨儎儞恖(Midianites)偼儈僨傿傾儞偺巕懛偱杒惣傾儔價傾乮屆戙僷儗僗僠僫偺僙儉宯柉懓(Semitic)乯偺堦晹懓偲峫偊傜傟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗
Wikipedia乯
儈僨傿傾儞偺搚抧(Land of Midian)丗 僷儗僗僥傿僫撿晹偐傜尰嵼偺僒僂僕傾儔價傾杒惣奀娸晅嬤偲悇掕偝傟傞儈僨傿傾儞恖偺廧傫偩搚抧丅
儈僫(Mina)丗 儉僫乕偲傕塢偄丄屆戙僊儕僔儍丒僄僕僾僩偺廳検扨埵偱栿1.2億儞僪丅
儈僫(Mina)丗 傾儔價傾偺抧棟妛幰傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔(al-Makdisi)偼乽僸僕儍乕僘偺廳梫側擇偮偺峘偼拞崙偲偮側偑傞奀偱偁傞儈僫偺巗(Suq)偲僕儏僢僟(Juddah)偍傛傃儊僨傿僫(Madina)偺屆戙偺棨梘偘峘偱僄僕僾僩偺曮暔屔偱偁偭偨傾儖-僕儍乕儖(al-Jar)偱偁傞乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
儈僫乕偺扟(Mina)丗 儅僢僇(Mecca)傊偺弰楃婜娫拞丄弰楃幰偑僥儞僩惗妶偡傞弰楃抧丅偙偺抧偱媇惖嵳偵壠抺偺寣傪棳偡偺偱寣傪棳偡偙偲傪堄枴偡傞傾儉僫乕偐傜揮偠偰儈僫乕偲屇偽傟偨偲尵偆愢偲傾僟儉偑偙偺抧偱揤巊偵妝墍傪朷傫偱偄傞偲尵偭偨偙偲偐傜朷傒傪堄枴偡傞傾儉僯儎偐傜揮偠偰儈僫乕偲屇偽傟偨偲偺愢偑偁傞丅儈僫乕偺扟偼儅僗僕僪 僴儔乕儉乮惞儌僗僋乯偐傜搶偵5km棧傟丄娾嶳偵埻傑傟偨挿偝4km偺嵶挿偄扟偵惉偭偰偄傞丅乮娾攇僀僗儔乕儉帿揟偐傜堷梡乯
撿傾僼儕僇(South Africa)丗 傾僼儕僇偺撿抂偵偁傝丄1652擭埲棃僆儔儞僟恖(Dutch People)偑擖怉丄1814擭偵塸崙偑愯椞丄1910擭塸崙帺帯椞偲偟偰撿傾僼儕僇楢朚(Union of South Africa)傪慻怐丄傾僷儖僩僿僀僩(Apartheid)偱悽奅揑旕擄傪梺傃丄1961擭偵塸楢朚偐傜扙戅偟偰崙柤傪乽撿傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙(Republic of South Africa)乿偵曄偊丄嫟榓崙偵側傞丅1991擭傑偱偵恖庬嵎暿傪慡攑丄嬥丒僟僀傾儌儞僪傪嶻偟丄柺愊122枩km2丄恖岥4,790枩恖(2008)丄峴惌晎偼僾儗僩儕傾(Pretoria)丄棫朄晎偼働乕僾 僞僂儞(Cape
Town)偱巌朄晎偼僾儖乕儉僼傽儞僥乕儞(Bloemfontein)丅
乽撿傾儔價傾奀娸壂偺億儖僩僈儖恖払(Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast)乿丗 僒乕僕儍儞僩(R. B. Serjeant)挊丄僆僢僋僗僼僅乕僪(
乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(Descripyio Arabiae Meridionalis)乿丗 僀僽儞 儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)挊偺 乽僞儕僴 儉僗僞乕僔乕儖乮Tarikh al Mustahsir乯乿傪O.
儘僼僌儗儞(O. Löfgren )偑曇廤偟丄暃戣偲偟偰乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae
Meridionalis)乿偲柤晅偗儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱1951 - 1954擭偵弌斉偟偨丅
乽撿傾儔價傾傊偺椃乿丗 僴僀儞儕僋丄僼儔僀僿乕儖 僼僅儞 儌儖僣傾儞(Heinrich, Freiherr von Maltzan)挊丄1873擭偵僪僀僣偺僽儔僂儞僔儏償傽僀僋(Braunschweig) 偱弌斉 (Von MALTZAN, H. Reise nach Südarabien
Braunschweig 1873.)丅
撿僙儉岅(South Semitic)丗 撿僙儉岅(South Semitic)偼搶僙儉岅(East Semitic)偍傛傃惣僙儉岅(West Semitic)偲嫟偵悽奅3戝岅懓偺堦偮偱偁傞傾僼儘A僕傾岅懓(Afro-Asiatic Language)偺堦岅攈偱偁傞僙儉岅攈(Semitic Linguages)3戝暘攈偺堦偮偱偁傞丅撿僙儉岅(South
Semitic)偼傾儔價傾敿搰(Arabian Peninsula)撿娸傪拞怱偲偟偨屆戙撿傾儔價傾岅乮Old South Arabian乯偲傾僼儕僇偺妏(Horn of
Africa)偺峠奀娸偱尒傜傟傞僄僠僆僺傾 僙儉岅(Ethiopian Semitic)偺擇偮偺庡側暘攈偵暘偗傜傟傞丅彮側偔偲傕婭尦慜3,000擭戙偵偼僔儕傾(Syria)偍傛傃杒傾儔價傾嵐敊抧堟偱僙儉岅(Semitic)傪榖偡杚梤梀杚晹懓偑偄偨偑丄婭尦慜2,000擭婜偑廔傢傝偵嬤偯偔偲枾廤曻杚偵傛偭偰埆壔偟偨娐嫬忦審偺堊偵擾嬈偵堏峴偡傞偐丄偝傕側偗傟偽敿搰晹偐傜揱傢偭偰棃偨閜閗梀杚偵堏峴偟偰峴偐偞傞傪摼側偐偭偨丅偦偆惉傞偵楢傟偰弌尰偟偰偒偨撿僙儉岅偵懏偡傞懠偺傾儔僽杚抺柉傗岎堈柉偼惣傾儔價傾偲嫲傜偔拞墰傾儔價傾傪捠偟偰峀偑傝丄婭尦慜15悽婭偐傜婭尦慜14悽婭傑偱偵傾儔價傾敿搰偺杒惣偲僔僫僀(Sinai)偱撿僙儉岅(South Semitic)偑妋棫偟偨丅偦偺屻偺悢悽婭偺娫偵撿僙儉岅偼敿搰傪捠偭偰撿傊偲怹摟偟偰峴偒丄婭尦慜500擭枠偵偼僔僶墹崙(Sabaean)丄儈僫墹崙(Minaean)乮儅僀乕儞Ma`in乯丄僇僞僶乕儞墹崙(Qatabanian)偍傛傃僴僪儔儅僂僩墹崙(Hadramautic)摍僀僄儊儞偺僒僀僴僪暥壔(Sayhad)偺敪揥偲嫟偵屆戙撿傾儔價傾岅乮Old South Arabian乯偲偟偰僴僢僉儕偲暘偐傟偰妋棫偝傟偨丅屆戙撿傾儔價傾岅偼僸儉儎儖墹崙 (Hmyar or Himayarite)傪捠偠偰僄僠僆僺傾 僙儉岅(Ethiopian
Semitic)偵塭嬁傪梌偊偰偄傞偑丄偦傟帺恎偼楌巎偺拞偵偡偱偵徚柵偟偰偟傑偭偨丅
儈僼儔僽(Mihrab)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵偱偼儌僗僋偵楃攓偺曽岦傪帵偡堊偵暻柺偵偔傏傒偑愝偗傜傟傞丅乮僉僽儔(Qibla)傪嶲徠丅乯
儈儑僗 儂儖儌僗(Myos Hormos)丗 儉儔僒僉奓偺峘 (Mussel Harbour)埥偄偼儈儏僗峘(Myus Harbour)偼搶傾僼儕僇杅堈偲庪傝偺堊偵僼傿儔僨儖僼傽僗墹(King Ptolemaeus Philadelphus)偵傛偭偰偍傛偦婭尦慜274擭 (circa 274 B.C.) 偵抸偐傟丄嵞寶偝傟偨峠奀偺峘(Red
Sea ports) 偺堦偮偱偁偭偨丅傾儔價傾傗僀儞僪偐傜偺崄椏偑棨梘偘偝傟偨峘偱丄偦傟偐傜崄椏偼閜閗偵愊傑傟偰僫僀儖(the Nile)偺堦偮塣壨偵埵抲偡傞僥僶僀僗(Thebais)偺僐僾僞僗(Coptus)偵塣偽傟丄偦傟偐傜愳廙偱傾儗僉僓儞僪儕傾乮傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)乯偵塣偽傟偨丅屆戙嶌壠挊彂偺乽怺峠怓偺嶳
(Scarlet Mountain) 乿偲塢偆嶌昳偲偺娭楢偱偙傟偑尰嵼偺僐僢僙僀儖 (Kosseir) 偺杒偺儔僗 傾僽 僒僂儅乕(Ras Abu Sawmah)偱偁傞偲妋擣偝傟偰偄傞丅
儈儕僸儎(Milihiya)丗 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)搶撿搶40km丄儎僥傿僽嶳(Jabel Yatib)偺搶撿搶5 km偵埵抲偟丄怴愇婍帪戙弶婜丄摵愇帪戙丄惵摵帪戙偍傛傃揝婍帪戙偺堚愓偑巆傞丅
乽儈乕儖僴僩 僴儔儊僀儞(Morhat al-Haramein)乿丗 僀僽儔僸儉 儕僼傽僩 僷僢僔儍(Ibrahim Rifat Pasha)挊丄僸僕儏儔楌1344擭乮惣楋1925擭乯僇僀儘偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
儈儖儔(Myrrh)丗 僉儕僗僩偑惗傑傟偨偲偒偵搶曽偺嶰攷巑偑擕崄丄杤栻丄嬥傪偨偢偝偊僉儕僗僩偵夛偄偵棃偨偲偝傟偰偄傞丅摉帪偐傜旕忢偵崅壙側傕偺偱崄傝偼揤慠偺僇儞僼儖傪娷傒僋儗僆僷僩儔傕崄悈偵巊梡偟偨婰榐偑巆偭偰偄傞丅 悢愮擭傕偺娫丄乽搶梞偺曮乿偺1偮偵悢偊傜傟偰偒偨儈儖儔偼傾儔價傾偲僜儅儕傾(Somalia)丄僀僄儊儞(Yeman)偵惗堢偡傞僼僂儘僜僂栚
(Geraniales)烻壢(Burseraceae)僐儞儈僼僅儔懏(Commiphora myrrha)(儈儖儔僲僉懏)偺娏栘偺姴偐傜偲傟傞桘惈丄僑儉幙偺庽帀偱偁傞丅屆戙僄僕僾僩偺庡晈偼壆撪偱儈儖儔(Myrrh)偺棻傪擱傗偟偰僲儈傪嬱彍偟偰偄偨丅柉堛椕偱偼丄嬝擏捝傗儕僂儅僠偺峱栻偵攝崌偝傟偨丅 拞崙偱偼杤栻偲屇偽傟丄彮側偔偲傕搨偺帪戙乮惣楋600擭乯偐傜丄庡偵彎栻偁傞偄偼妶寣栻偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偰偄偨丅扐偟丄拞崙偺杤栻偲惣梞偺杤栻偲偼栻昳偺庬椶乮尮怉暔偑堎側傝娍曽栻偱僴僫杤栻乮拞崙乯丄僜儅儕傾嶻偺傕偺偼僱儕杤栻偲暘偗偰偄傞丅乮杤栻(mhyrr)傪嶲徠丅乯
儈儘僙儉(Mirocem)丗 儈乕儖 儂僙儉(Mir
Hóçem)丅乮僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Amir Husayn al Kurdi)傪嶲徠丅乯
儈儘僶儔儞(Myrobalan)丗 擬懷傾僕傾嶻僔僋儞僔壢儌儌僞儅僫懏偺棊梩崅栘偺帉棞栌(Terminaria chebula)偺姡憞偝偣偨幚偱丄愼椏丒僀儞僋丒旂側傔偟嵻偺尨椏偲側傞丅
儉傾乕僂傿儎乕(Muawiyah, 602 - 680)丗 儉傾乕僂傿儎(Mu'awiya ibn Abu Sufyan ibn Harb ibn Umayya)偼戞3戙僇儕僼(Calif, 644 - 656)僂僗儅乕儞('Uthman)(c. 579 - 656)偑埫嶦偝傟偰戞4戙(Calif, 656 - 661)僇儕僼偵傾儕乕('Ali)(598 or
600 - 661)偑廇擟偟偨摉帪偼僔儕傾憤撀偩偭偨偑丄僂儅僀儎壠(Umayyad Family)弌恎偩偭偨僂僗儅乕儞乮儉傾乕僂傿儎偺枖廬孼掜偵偁偨傞乯偺寣偺暅廞傪嫨傫偱傾儕乕偲懳棫偟偨丅儉傾乕僂傿儎(Mu'awiya)偼僗傿僢僼傿乕儞偺愴偄(Battle
of Siffin, May-July 657 CE)側偳偱傾儕乕偲愴偭偰師戞偵惃椡傪奼戝偟丄660擭偵偼僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)偵偍偄偰僇儕僼廇擟傪愰尵偟偨丅偦偺屻偵杮嫆抧僔儕傾偺僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)傪庱搒偵掕傔丄僇儕僼埵偺幚幙揑側悽廝壔傪巒傔偰僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Dynasty)(661-750)傪奐偄偨丅儉傾乕僂傿儎傪攜弌偟偨僂儅僀儎壠偼僋儔僀僔儏懓乮Quraysh tribe乯偺柤栧偱丄儉傾乕僂傿儎偺晝傾僽乕 僗僼儎乕儞(Abu Sufyan, 560 - 650)偼儅僢僇乮儊僢僇乯偺桳椡幰偲偟偰梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偵寖偟偔揋懳偟偨恖暔偱偁偭偨偑丄儉僴儞儅僪偑儊僢僇傪惇暈偟偨屻偵僀僗儔儉嫵偵夵廆偟偰偄偨丅
儉乕傾恖(Moorish)丗 尦棃偼儅僌儕僽偺愭廧柉偺儀儖儀儖懓傪巜偟偰偄偨偑丄傾僼儕僇杒惣晹偺儌儘僢僐(Morocco)偐傜儌乕儕僞僯傾(Mauritania)抧曽偵廧傓僀僗儔儉嫵搆偱儀儖儀儖懓(Berber)偲傾儔價傾恖偺崿寣晹懓傪巜偡條偵側傝丄8悽婭偵偼僀儀儕傾(Iberia)敿搰偵怤擖偟惇暈偟偨僀僗儔儉嫵搆傪巜偡條偵側傝丄偝傜偵11悽婭埲崀偵偼僀僗儔儉嫵崙傪寶愝偟偨杒惣傾僼儕僇偺僀僗儔儉嫵搆偺屇徧偲側傝丄15悽婭偐傜偼敊慠偲僀僗儔儉嫵搆堦斒傪巜偡條偵側偭偨丅
儉僇僢儔乕(Mukalla)丗 僀僄儊儞搶晹傾僨儞(Aden)榩偵椪傓峘挰偱恖岥6.5枩恖丄僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramaut)抧堟偺拞怱抧丅
儉僈儖掗崙(Great Mogul or Mughal Empire)丗 儉僈儖挬(Mogul)偼儉僈儖掗崙(Mughal Empire, 1526 - 1858)偲傕塢偄丄僀儞僪偵偍偗傞儌儞僑儘僀僪宯(Timurids of Turko-Mongol Descent)偺嵟戝偺僀僗儔儉墹挬偱嵟屻偺掗崙偱偁偭偨丅僥傿儉乕儖偺5悽乮6悽偲偺婰弎傕偁傞乯偺懛僶乕僽儖(Zahīr al-Dīn Muhammad Bābur, 1526 - 1530乯偑杒僀儞僪傪峌棯偟偰寶崙偟偨丅偦偺懛傾僋僶儖(Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar, 1556 - 1605)偼傾乕僌儔(Agra)偵搒偟丄掗崙偺婎慴傪屌傔偨丅18悽婭弶傔傑偱偑慡惙偱丄埲屻暘楐忬懺偵側偭偨丅塸崙搶僀儞僪夛幮孯偺尰抧梑暫偱偁傞僙億僀(Sepoy)偑儊乕儔僩(Meerut)丒僨儕乕(Delhi)偱婲偙偟偨朶摦偑杒晹僀儞僪奺抧偵旘傃壩偟偰撪棎忬懺偲側偭偨僙億僀偺斀棎(Indian Rebellion of 1857, 1857 - 1859)傪棟桼偵1858擭僀僊儕僗偵傛偭偰嵟屻偺峜掗偑戅埵偝偣傜傟丄柵朣偟偨丅
儉僋僞乕儖庱挿(Amir Mukhtar)丗 乽僊僕儎(giziya)傪帯悽偺嵟屻偺擔傑偱巤峴偟偨儊僢僇庱挿偼儉僋僞乕儖偱偁偭偨乿偲僀僽儞-傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir)挊乽僞儕僴 傾儖-儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al-Mustahsir)乿乮暃戣丗乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae
Meridionalis)乿乯偵偼弎傋傜傟偰偄傞丅
儉僓(Muza in Yemen)丗 峠奀撿堟傾儔價傾増娸偺彫偝側榩偺拞偺奀娸偑儉僓偲屇偽傟丄朄棩偱寛傔傜傟偨巗偺棫偮偺挰偑嶌傜偰偄偨丅儀儗僯僗(Berenice)偐傜撿偵峲奀偟偰12,000僒僞僨傿傾(stada)偺応強偱偁偭偨丅
儉僓僸儈乕儎(Muzahimiyah)丗 僂儖僋嵐敊(Uruq Desert)偵暲傇嵒媢偺楢側傝偺搶抂偱儕儎僪(Riyadh)偐傜70 km偺応強偵偁傝丄戝儕儎僪傊漪嵷椶傪嫙媼偡傞嬤峹擾嬈傪塩傓懞偱偁傞丅偙偺懞偱偼擾抧傪埻傓杊嵒椦偺栘杻墿乮儌僋儅僆僂乯(Casuarina)偺暲栘偑摿偵栚棫偭偰嫃傞丅偙偺挰偺峹奜偵偼壢妛媄弍搒巗(KACST)偺幚尡擾応偑偁傝丄巹偼傛偔捠偭偨丅
乽柍帨斶側傾儖儊僀僟偺巰偺梊崘(Alluding to the death of Francisco
d'Almeida in chastisement of such inhumanity)乿丗 僟儈傾儞 僨 僑僀僗(Damião
de Gofs)偼1509擭2寧3擔偵僨傿僂(Diu)壂偱偺嫢朶側奀愴偱偺柍帨斶側僼儔儞僔僗僐 僟儖儊僀僟(Francisco d'Almeida)偺峴堊偵懳偟偰巰傪傎偺傔偐偟偰偄傞丅帠幚丄億儖僩僈儖偵婣峲偺搑拞偱傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偼65柤偺晹壓偲嫟偵婌朷曯(the Cape of Good Hope)嬤偔偺傾僼儕僇偺奀娸偱僉儍僼儗懓(Caffres)偺朶搆払偵嶦偝傟偨丅傾儖儊僀僟(Almeida)偼愹(water
hole)偱晹壓偑偙偆傓偭偨彫偝側峌寕傊偺暅廞傪偟傛偆偲偟偰偄偨丅偦傟偼1510擭5寧1擔偺弌棃帠偱偁偭偨丅
儉僔儍僢僈乕儖(Mushaqqar)丗 僀僗儔儉偑巒傑傞彮偟慜偵僒僒儞挬(the Sasanians)偼僴僒 僆傾僔僗(Hasa Oasis)偺僴僕儍乕儖(Hajar)偵憤撀傪抸偒丄搶晹廈傪捈愙巟攝偟傛偆偲偟偰偄偨丅偙傟偼僒僒儞挬偑惣楋570擭偵奀偐傜怤棯偟偰惇暈偟偨僀僄儊儞(Yemen)愯椞壓偱偼傾儔價傾偺摨柨晹懓傪捈愙揑偵巟攝偡傞昁梫偑偁偭偨堊偲巚傢傟傞丅僒僒儞挬偺僴僕儍乕儖憤撀偼儉僔儍僢僈乕儖(Mushaqqar)偲屇偽傟傞嵲傪愯椞偟偨丅儉僔儍僢僈乕儖(Mushaqqar)偼儉僴僢儕儞(Muhallim)偺傾儔價傾岅偱偁傝丄戝偒側悈楬偑愝偗傜傟偰偄傞応強偲偟偰傾儔僽懓偵抦傜傟偰偄偨丅僟僯僄儖 億僢僩(Daniel T. Potts)挊偺乽僙儗僂僐僗挬偐傜惓摑僇儕僼帪戙偺杒搶傾儔價傾(Northeastern Arabia From the Seleucids to the
Earliest Caliphs)乿偵傛傟偽儂僼乕僼(Hofuf')偐傜儉僴僢儕儞乮Muhallim乯傑偱儉儔儞僯儅儖愳(Murannimal river)偑棳傟偰偄偨丅Landsat塹惎幨恀偵傛傟偽儉儔儞僯儅儖愳偺壨岥儉僴僢儕儞(Muhallim)偼敿寧榩(Halfmoon Buy)偺撿晹偵埵抲偟偰偄偨條偱偁傞丅
儉僕儍僸僨傿乕儞(Mujahideen)丗 撪柋徣強懏偺曈嫬丒嵐敊帯埨晹戉丄暯暈偺柉暫傕懡偔丄曈嫬丒嵐敊偺柉偵帯埨傪扴摉偝偣丄尰嬥廂擖偺摴傪梌偊偰偄傞丅曈嫬丒嵐敊偱偼晲婍丄傾儖僐乕儖丄杻栻摍偺僀僄儊儞摍偐傜偺枾桝庢掲傝偑庡側嬈柋偺條偱偁傞偑搒夛偱偼廆嫵寈嶡偲堦弿偵峴摦偡傞帠傕懡偄丅
儉僔儍儔價儎(Musharabiyah)丗 僕僃僢僟偱娙扨側僶儖僐僯乕偵巊傢傟偨憢榞丅
儉僗僞僼傽 儀僀(Mustafa Bey)丗 僄僕僾僩懢庣儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕(Mohammed
Aly Pasha)偺媊孼掜偱1812擭偺戞2師儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)憒摙嶌愴偱婻暫戉傪棪偄偰僕僢僟(Jidda)丄儊僢僇(Mekka)偍傛傃僞僀僼(Tayf)偵捈愙恑孯偟丄杦偳柍寣偱奐忛偝偣偨丅
儉僗僥傿僄暥壔 (Mousterian)丗 僱傾儞僨儖僞乕儖恖(Neanderthal)偺壔愇偼丄僪僀僣偺僱傾儞僨儖僞乕儖偱丄1857擭偵敪尒偝傟偨丅偐偮偰偼丄尰悽恖椶乮儂儌丒僒僺僄儞僗(Homo sapiens)乯偲偼暿偺庬偲峫偊傜傟偰偄偨偑丄尰嵼偼丄尰悽恖椶乮儂儌丒僒僺僄儞僗乯偺堦垷庬偲偝傟丄妛柤偼丄乽儂儌丒僒僺僄儞僗丒僱傾儞僨儖僞乕儗儞僔僗(Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)乿偵曄偊傜傟偨丅摨椶偺壔愇偼丄儓乕儘僢僷丄惣撿傾僕傾丄傾僼儕僇偱弌搚偟偰偄傞丅傑偨丄椶帡懱幙偺壔愇偼丄拞崙偺奺抧偱傕敪尒偝傟偰偄傞丅僱傾儞僨儖僞乕儖恖偼丄媽愇婍帪戙拞婜偺儉僗僥儕傾儞暥壔乮儉僗僥傿僄暥壔乯偺扴偄庤偱偁傞丅儉僗僥儕傾儞暥壔偺柤偼丄撿僼儔儞僗偺儖 儉僗僥傿僄偐傜戙昞揑堚暔偑弌搚偟偰偄傞偙偲偵桼棃偡傞丅愇婍惢嶌媄弍偑恑曕偟偨丅庡偲偟偰攳曅愇婍傪梡偄偨偑丄巊梡栚揑偵傛傝宍偺堘偆愇婍傪巊偄暘偗偨傛偆偱偁傞丅庪椔媄弍偵挿偠丄儅儞儌僗(Mammoth)側偳偺戝偒側廱傪傕庪偭偨丅壩偵傛傞挷棟傕峴偭偨丅寠傪孈偭偰巰幰傪杽憭偡傞晽廗偑偁傝丄庺弍傗廆嫵怱偺夎惗偊偑傒傜傟傞丅(http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_tajima/nenpyo-1/se-nean.htm)
儉僗儕儉偺惇暈(Muslim Conquests)丗 僀僗儔儉惇暈傗傾儔僽惇暈偲傕揮幨偝傟偰偄傞儉僗儕儉偺惇暈(632 - 732)偼僀僗儔儉梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad
ibn 乪Abdullah, ca 570 - 632)偺巰屻偵傪奐巒偝傟偨丅梐尵幰儉僴儞儅僪偼傾儔價傾敿搰偵怴偟偄惌帯宍懺偺摑堦崙壠傪庽棫偟偨丅偙偺摑堦崙壠偼惓摑僇儕僼帪戙(Rashidun, 632 - 661)偲僂儅僀儎挬(Uamayyad Caliphates, 661 - 750乯偺帯悽偺壓偱堦悽婭偺撪偵奼戝偟丄傾儔價傾敿搰偺榞傪墇偊丄杒惣僀儞僪(Northwest India)丄拞墰傾僕傾(Central Asia)丄拞搶(Middle East)丄杒傾僼儕僇(North Africa)丄撿僀僞儕傾(Southern Italy)偦偟偰僀儀儕傾敿搰(Iberia Penninsula)偼僺儗僱乕嶳柆(Pyrenees)傑偱峀戝側斖埻偵媦傫偩丅儉僗儕儉偺惇暈偼僒乕僒乕儞挬儁儖僔傾(Sassanid Empire, 226 - 651)偺柵朣偲搶儘乕儅掗崙乮價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙乯(Byzantine Empire, 395 - 1453)偺椞搚偺戝暆側憆幐傪彽偄偨丅傾儔僽偺壺乆偟偄惉岟偐傜偦偺攚宨傪棟夝偡傞偺偼擄偟偄偑丄乽僒乕僒乕儞挬偲搶儘乕儅掗崙偼壗廫擭傕屳偄偵愴偄丄孯帠揑偵旀暰偟丄嵐敊偐傜弌寕偟偰偔傞婡摦揑側傾儔僽廝寕晹戉傪岠壥揑偵梷惂弌棃側偐偭偨乿偲塢偆帠幚偑偁偭偨丅偝傜偵丄椉掗崙偺帯悽偱梷埑偝傟偰偄偨椺偊偽儁儖僔傾(Persia)偺儐僟儎恖(Jews)傗僉儕僗僩嫵搆(Christians)偲偐僔儕傾(Syria)偺扨惈榑攈僉儕僗僩嫵搆(Monophysites)摍偺懡偔偺恖柉偑椉掗崙偲廆嫵揑偵懳棫偟偰偄偨偺偱丄拤幚偱側偄偽偐傝偐丄帪偵偼傾儔僽怤擖孯傪娊寎偟偨丅(Wikipedia)
儉乫僞偺岎愴(Battle of Mu乫ta)丗 惣楋629擭偵3,000恖偺儉僗儕儉孯(Muslims)偲10枩梋恖偺價僓儞僠儞孯(Byzantines)偑儓儖僟儞愳乮Jordan River乯偺搶偺儉乫僞(Mu'ta or Mu乫tah)偱岎愴偟丄儘乕儅孯(Eastern
Roman or Byzantine)偑33攞偲埑搢揑偵恖悢偱桪惃偱偁偭偨偵傕峉傢傜偢攋傟偨丅偙偺抦傜偣偼慡傾儔價傾偲拞搶慡堟傪恔潪偝偣偨丅偙偺彑棙傪尒偰僔儕傾(Syria)偲偦偺嬤椬偵廧傓悢愮恖偺敿撈棫偺傾儔僽晹懓偼僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨丅
儉僞僢僂傿僼(Mutawwif)丗 弰楃払偵屬傢傟傞暥帤捠傝偺廃梀椃峴嬈幰(Circuit men)偡側傢偪僈僀僪偱偁傝丄弰楃払偺擏懱揑惛恄揑夣揔偝傪悽榖偡傞丅儉僞僢僂傿僼(Mutawwif)偼捠忢丄帺暘偵妱傝摉偰傜傟偨弰楃払偺曣崙傪抦偭偰偍傝丄偦偺尵梩傪榖偡丅
儉僟僢僼傽乕儖墹(King al-Mudhaffar)丗 傾僽僪 僇僨傿乕儖 僀僽儞 僼傽儔僕(Abd al-Qadir ibn Faraj)偼偦偺挊嶌乽僗儔僀儅儞偵娭偡傞彫巎(as-silab wa'l-uddah fi tarikh bandar
Judaah)乿偺拞偵乽僕僃僟(Jeddah)偺僔儍乕僼傿僀 儌僗僋(Masjid
ash-Shaf'i)偼惣楋1251擭丄僸僕儏儔楌649擭偵杤偟偨儉僟僢僼傽乕儖墹(King al-Mudhaffar)懄偪僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid) (1169 - 1249)偺墹僗儔僀儅儞擇悽 價儞 僒傾僪 僨傿儞(Sulayman
II bin Saad ad-Din)偵傛偭偰寶偰傜傟偨乿偲帵嵈偟偰偄傞丅
儉僞儈(Al-Muhtami)丗 19悽婭巒傔偵僞僶僽(Tabab)偺儉僞儈(al-Muhtami)偼價僔儍乕(Bishah)傪巟攝偟偰偄偨僔儏僋僶儞(Al Shukban)偲嫟偵僿僕儔楋1215擭乮惣楋1800擭/1801擭乯偵僨傿儔僀儎乕(Dir'iyah)傪朘栤偟偰僀僗儔儉傊偺暅婣偺屇傃偐偗傊偺巟帩傪愰尵偟丄偦傟偵掞峈偡傞幰傊偺愴偄偺堄巙傪昞柧偟偨丅
儉僞儈僪(Abbasid Caliph al Mutamid)丗 僀僽儞 僐乕儖僟僪價(Ibn Khordadbih, ca 820 - 912)偑嵸敾強偺妛幰偲偟偰巇偊偨傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid Caliphate, 750 - 1258)偺僇儕僼(Caliph al Mu乫tamid, 870 - 892)丅
儉僟乕儖 僀僽儞 僴僔儈(Mudar ibn Hashim)丗乽僞儕僴 傾儖-儉僗僞乕僔乕儖(Tarikh al-Mustahsir)乿乮暃戣丗乽撿傾儔價傾偺婰弎(subtitle: Descripyio Arabiae
Meridionalis)乿乯挊幰僀僽儞 傾儖-儉僕儍僂傿乕儖(Ibn al-Mujawir, 1204 - 1291)偼乽僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵僕僢僟(Jiddah)傪曪埻偟丄愯嫆偟偨偺偼儁儖僔傾恖(Persians)偱偦偺柤偑儉僟乕儖 僀僽儞 僴僔儈偱偁傞乿偲偺柌傪尒偨丅
儉僟儞儊僗(Mudammes)丗 儉僟儞儅僗(Mudammas)埥偼僼乕儖(Foul or Ful)偲傕屇偽傟丄僄僕僾僩偺恖乆偺岲傓椏棟偱丄僄僕僾僩嶻偺僜儔儅儊(Horsebean)傪悈偱浈偱偰丄惛惢偟偨僶僞乕帀朾(ghee)偲層灒傪崿偤偰怘傋傞丅僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺儂僥儖偺挬怘價僢僼僃偵偼昁偢丄嵶偐偔崗傫偩嬍偹偓丄梩嵷丄僆儕乕僽桘傪揧偊偰戝偒側捹偺傛偆側宍偺摵撶偵擖傟偰嫙偝傟丄偦偺枴偱挷棟恖偺榬偑昡壙偝傟偰偄偨丅巹偺嵐敊偺椃偱偼奨摴嬝偺堦慥斞壆偺條側怘摪偱抔偐偄儂僽僣乮傾儔價傾僷儞乯偵僔儍僋僔儑僇乮僩儅僩擖傝偺僆儉儗僣丒僗僋儔儞僽儖僄僢僌乯偲僼乕儖傪揧偊丄娒偄峠拑傪堸傓偺偑挬怘偺掕斣偱偁偭偨丅
儉僥乕儖懓(Muter)丗 僫僕僪(Najd)
4偮偺晹懓偺堦偮偱偁傞儉僥乕儖懓偼僈僔儉(Qasim)偐傜僋僂僃僀僩曽柺偺嵐敊傪愯嫆偟偰偄偨丅
儉僯僄儖(Muniel)丗 2003擭2寧偵巹偵摨峴偟偨僀儞僪恖偺塣揮庤偺柤慜丅
儉僴僀儖(Muhayil)丗 傾僽僴(Abha)偺杒23km偺棫懱岎嵎偵側偭偨儉僴僀儖暘婒偐傜熆傟扟僴儕(Wadi Hali)偺巟棳偵増偭偨摴傪壓傞偲丄僄儞僕儞僽儗乕僉傪栚堦攖岠偐偣傞掱偺媫岡攝偑僩儞僱儖傕娷傒12km傕懕偒丄婥壏偑忋偑傞偺傪敡偱姶偠傞丅偦偺崀傝偨抧揰偐傜傾乫僪儖 傾儖 僨傿乕僪(A'dl Al Deed)丄傾乫僪儖 傾儖 僴儅僔儏(A'dl Al Hamash)丄傾乫僪儖 僫僿僀僟乕(A'dl Naheydah)丄傾儖 僄僀僟乕(Al-Eydah)丄僈儕乕儞(Qareen)丄傾儖 僓乕儔(Al
Zahra)偲師乆偲抧柤偑弌偰偔傞偺偼熆傟扟枅偵悈棙尃傪桳偡傞壠懓偑堎側傞堊偩偲峫偊傜傟傞丅晹懓偲尵偆偵偼梋傝偵傕嵶暘壔偝傟偰偄傞偺偱壠懓偲屇傇帠偵偟偨丅偙傟傕傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺摿挜偱偁傞丅暘婒偐傜57km壓傞偲儉僴僀儖(Muhayil)偵拝偔丅儉僴僀儖(Muhayil)偐傜杒忋偡傞摴偼姰慡偵嶳柆偲嶳柆偺娫傪捠偭偰嫃傞丅偦偺摴抂偱偼閜閗傪巊偭偨塒偱層杻傪鐎偄偰層杻桘傪攧偭偰偄傞偺偼僥傿僴儅乕(Tihama)撈摿偺岝宨偱偁傞丅儉僴僀儖撿6 km偵偼僩僂僟僀僌僒(euphorpia)傗僼僌僗(figus)偺條側栘偑椙偔斏栁偟偰偄傞彫偝偄偑慺惏傜偟偄応強偑偁傞偦偆偩丅偙偙偵偼彫偝側棳傟偺熆傟扟儉僴僀儖(Wadi Muhayil)偑偁傝丄偦偺偍堿偱僽儖乕僗椢僴僩(Bruce's Green Pigeon)丄僔儏儌僋僪儕(Hamerkop)丄嬥怓塇僔儊(Golden winged Grosbeak)乮帩偮墌悕宍偺偔偪偽偟傪帩偮彫捁偺憤徧傾僩儕壢偺僔儊, 僉僽僞僀僔儊摍乯丄敀偄婄偺僶儞働儞乮儂僩僩僊僗壢乯(White browed Coucal)丄奃怓偺摢偺僇儚僙儈(Grey headed Kingfisher)丄敀偺偳僴僠僋僀(White throated Bee-eaters)丄彫偝側椢僴僠僋僀(Little Green Bee-eaters)偍傛傃惵杍僴僠僋僀(Blue cheeked Bee-eater)丄彫偝側僒儞僇僲僑僀乮嶋壢乯(Little Bittern)丄崟偲偝偐栭嶋(Black crowned Night Herons)丄燇栘崟僐儅僣僌儈(Black Bush Robin)丄僽儔僢僋僗僞乕僩(Blackstart)丄嵐敊僸僶儕(Desert Lark)偍傛傃擏宩嫻儂僂僕儘(Cinnamon-breasted Bunting)摍偺懡偔偺捁偑尒傜傟傞偦偆偱偁傞丅
儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕(Muhammad Ali)丗 儉僴僢儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad
Ali Pasha) (1769 - 1849)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman)偺僄僕僾僩憤撀(1805 - 1848)偱僄僕僾僩傪帯傔丄僄僕僾僩偵敿撈棫惌尃儉僴儞儅僪丒傾儕乕挬(1805 - 1953)傪庽棫偟丄愱惂巟攝偺傕偲偱晉崙嫮暫惌嶔傪嫮峴偟偰嬤戙僄僕僾僩偺婎慴傪抸偄偨丅
儉僴儞儅僪 傾儖儅僫(Muhammad Almana)偼1926擭偐傜1935擭傑偱媨掛捠栿傪柋傔丄偦偺慡婜娫傪傾僽僪僁儖傾僕僗墹(King Abdul Aziz, 1932 - 1953)偵曺偘丄屻偵偙偺執戝側墹偲偦偺恖惗偵偮偄偰偺挊柤側婰榐傪巆偟偨僒僂僕恖偱偁傞丅乮弌揟丗 嵼暷僒僂僕戝巊娰1966擭弌斉暔乯
儉僴儞儅僪 僀僪儕僔(Muhammad Al-Idrisi)丗 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 傾儕 僀僪儕僔(Muhammad Ibn Ali Al-Idrisi)偼1818擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1234擭乯偵僩儖僐 (the Turks) 偵懳偟偰怴偨側愴栶傪巒傔丄儈僇儔僼 僔儏儔僀儅僯 (Mikhlaf al-Sulaymani) 抧曽偺僕僓儞 (Jizan) 偺搶偵偁傞傾僽 傾儕僔儏 (Abu Arish) 巗偱愴偄丄僩儖僐惃傪攕杒偝偣偨丅僀僪儕僔偼偦偺屻傕惃椡傪峀偘丄1911擭乮僸僕儏儔楋1329擭乯偵僆僗儅儞掗崙(the Ottoman Empire)偐傜偺撈棫傪愰尵偟偨丅戞堦師悽奅戝愴(1914 - 1918)拞偵僕僓儞(Jizan)嬤偔偺僒僽儎(Sabya)偵峴惌晎傪峔偊偨儉僴僢儅僪
僀僽儞 傾儕 僀僪儕僔(Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi)偼僸僕儍僘(Hijaz)偺僔儍儕僼 僼僒僀儞(Sharif Husayn)摨條偵僩儖僐(Turk)偵媡傜偄乽塸崙懁偱偁傞乿偲愰尵偟丄僩儖僐偑傾儔價傾偐傜揚戅偟偨帪偵偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)偼僀僪儕僔(Idrisi)偺巟攝壓偲側偭偨丅1920擭偵僀僽儞 僒僂僪(Ibn Saud)偼傾僔乕儖(Asir)偍傛傃墦偔僼僟僀僟乕(Hudaydah)傑偱偺僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah) 傪僀僪儕僔(Idrisi)偺柤栚巟攝偺樤偱曐岇椞偲偟偰傾僽僴(Abha)傪愯椞偟偨丅1922擭偵儉僴僢儅僪 僀僪儕僔(Mohammad al-Idrisi)偑杤偡傞偲恊懓摨巑偺憟偄偲側傝丄僀僪儕僔偺懅巕偲孼掜偵棪偄傜傟偨暘懓娫偺撪愴偑懕偄偨丅僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲怴偨偵恑弌偟偨僒僂僕搚岓崙偼偙偺徴撍偺奺乆偺懁偵枴曽偟偨丅懅巕偺傾儕偼僀僽儞 僒僂僪墹偺憤撀偲岎徛偟丄傾僔乕儖(Asir)偍傛傃僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)傪僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙(the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)偵曇擖偡傞偲塢偆宍偱偙偺撪愴偼嵟廔揑偵夝寛偟偨丅偦偺寢壥1930擭偵僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)偼僒僂僕椞偺堦晹偲惉偭偨丅偙偺堊丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲僒僂僕傾儔價傾偺娫偵崙嫬暣憟偼愨偊偢丄1934擭偵乽傾僔乕儖(Asir)偍傛傃僥傿僴儅乕(Tihamah)傪僒僂僕傾儔價傾墹崙偵曇擖偡傞乿偲塢偆1934擭忦栺偑掲寢偝傟丄椉崙娫偺崙嫬暣憟偼堦墳偼廔椆偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄幚嵺偵偼偦偺屻傕崙嫬栤戣偼宲懕偟丄2000擭偵僕僃僟忦栺(the 2000 Jeddah Treaty)偑掲寢偝傟傞傑偱丄僒僂僕傾儔價傾偲僀僄儊儞偲偺崙嫬偼妋掕偟側偐偭偨丅乮拲丗 1818擭偵僩儖僐惃傪攕憱偝偣偨偺偼儉僴儞儅僪 僀僪儕僔(Muhammad Ibn Ali Al-Idrisi)偱偼柍偔丄怴恄旈庡媊夵妚幰(Neo-Sufi reformer)偱慶晝偺傾僴儅僪 僀僽儞 僀僪儕僗(Ahmad Ibn Idris丄1760 - 1837)偺條偵巹偵偼巚偊傞丅乯
儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞 乫傾僽僪 傾儖乕儚僢僴僽(Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab):丗 乮僔儍僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪(Shaykh Muhammad)嶲徠丅乯
儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋 僀僽儞 儎僒乕儖(Muḥammad
ibn Isḥaq ibn Yasar)丗 僀僽儞 僀僔儍僋(Ibn Ishaq)偍傛傃僔儔僩 儔僗儖 傾僢儔僼(Sirat Rasul Allah)嶲徠丅
儉僶僸儔(Mubahila)丗 恀幚傪妋偐傔傞屆戙偺曽朄偱偁傝丄廆嫵榑憟偱偼偦傟偧傟偺榑憟偡傞懁偵乽帺暘払偑惓偟偔惓摉偱偁傞乿偲偺恄惞側惥栺偑梫媮偝傟丄偦偟偰丄傕偟丄帺暘払偑塕傪偮偄偨応崌偺恄偺寖搟(wrath)偑帺暘払偵壛偊傜傟傞條偵恄偵媮傔丄乽偙偺條側応崌丄塕偮偒偼恄偺寖搟偵怗傟丄攋柵偟偰偟傑偆乿偲怣偠傜傟偰偄偨丅
儉僴儞儅僪 僀僽儞 儔僔乕僪(Muhammad Ibn Rashid)丗
19悽婭屻敿偵僴僀儖(Hail)拞墰偺嫮椡惃椡偱偁偭偨僔儍儞儅儖懓(Shammar)偺懓挿偱偁傝丄儔僔乕僪(Rashid)偼嫮椡側惌尃婎斦傪抸偒丄偦偺巟攝傪杦偳偺庱挿崙偵峀偘偨丅1891擭偵揋懳偡傞僒僂僕岒崙(Saudi Amirate)傪焤柵偡傞堊偵僴僒(al-Hasa)傪1871擭偵椞桳偟偨僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottomans)偍傛傃嫮戝側惃椡傪帩偮僴儖僽懓(Harb
tribe)偲摨柨傪寢傫偩丅偦偺1891擭偺屻敿偵僒僂僪壠偺廬懏偡傞僆傾僔僗(Oasisi)偱偁傞僇僔乕儉(al-Qassim)偑娮棊偝偣丄懕偄偰儕儎僪(Riyadh)傪棊忛偝偣偨丅
儉僴儞儅僪 僼僒僀儞 僴僀僇儖(Muhammad Husain Haikal, 1888 - 1956)丗 僄僕僾僩偺挊弎壠丄僕儍乕僫儖僗僩偱惌帯壠偱偁傝丄僄僕僾僩偑墹崙(Kingdom of Egypt, 1922 – 1953)偲偟偰撈棫偟偨屻偵儉僴儞儅僪 儅僴儌僂僪 僷僔儍(Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha, 1877 – 1941)偑慻妕偟偨戞擇師撪妕(1937 - 1939)偱撪柋扴摉崙柋憡偲嫵堢憡傪楌擟偟偨丅
儉僴儞儅僪傪怣曭偡傞弰楃払(Mahommedan Pilgrims)丗 僀僗儔儉嫵偺弰楃払丅
柍柤偺償僃僱僣僀傾偺慏挿(Anonymous Venetian Skipper)丗 偙偺慏挿偼傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)偱1537擭搳昫偟偰偄偨帪偵丄僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Turkish, 1299 - 1923)僗儗僀儅儞戝掗(Sulayman the Magnificent or Suleiman I, 1520 - 1566)偲償僃僱僣僀傾嫟榓崙(Venetian Republic)偺娫偱岎愴忬懺偲側傝丄曔傜偊傜傟偨丅1538擭丄僗儔僀儅儞 僇僨傿儉(Sulayman al-Khadim)巜婗壓偺僩儖僐娡戉偼僀儞僪偵偄傞億儖僩僈儖孯傪峌寕偡傞堊偺墦惇偵旛偊丄僗僄僘(Suez)偵廤寢偟偰嫃傝丄偙偺慏挿偼177恖偺拠娫偲嫟偵偙偺僩儖僐娡戉偱摥偔帠傪嫮梫偝傟偨丅偙偺柍柤偺慏挿偼掆攽偲擔乆偺摦偒傪悢偊偨擔帍傪曐娗偟丄偦傟傪帺暘偺朘傟偨搚抧搚抧偲帺暘偑姫偒崬傑傟偨帠審傊偺擬怱側娤嶡偱曗偭偨丅偙偺擔帍傕儔儉僔僆(G.B. Ramusio)偵傛偭偰弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅戣柤偩偗偑偙偺慏忔傝偺宱尡偺惉傝峴偒傪愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
儉僼僞乕儖(al-Mukhtar)丗 儉僼僞乕儖乮al-Mukhtar ibn Abi 乪Ubayd al-Thaqafi, 622 AD - 687 AD)偼僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 傾儕(Husayn ibn Ali)偺嶦奞偺屻偵儉僗儕儉悽奅傪巟攝偟偰偄偨僂儅僀儎挬(Umayyad Caliphate, 661 - 750)偵懳偟偰杁斀傪巜婗偟幐攕偟偨弶婜僀僗儔儉偺斀棎幰偱偁偭偨丅儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偑儊僨傿乕僫(Medina)偵堏廧傪巒傔偨622擭偵儉僼僞乕儖偼僞乕僀僼偱惗傑傟偨丅儉僼僞乕儖偼嵟弶偺僀僗儔儉摤憟(First Islamic Battles)偺堦偮偱偺弣嫵幰(Martyr)偺懅巕偱偁傝丄儉僴儞儅僪偑巟攝偟偨儊僨傿乕僫偱惉挿偟偨丅戞3戙僂儅僀儎挬僇儕僼(Third Umayyid Caliph)偺儎僕乕僪 僌(Yazid I Gu)偑683擭偵尃椡傪埇偭偨帪偵乽晄揔奿側儉僗儕儉偱巟攝幰偱偁傞乿偲帺暘払偑尒橍偟偰偄傞抝払偺悽廝偵傛傞屻宲偲偦偺惌晎傊偺晄枮傪帩偮儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偺悢偑憹戝偟偨丅686擭偵杣敪偟偨斀棎偼儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偺堦攈偵巟墖偝傟偰偄偨丅儉僼僞乕儖偼巜婗偟偨斀棎偼崱偺僀儔僋(Iraq)偺僋僼傽(Kufa)偐傜巒偭偨丅乽嵟屻偺惓摑僇儕僼(Last Rashidun Caliph, 656 – 661)傾儕 僀僽儞 傾價 僞乕儕僽(Ali ibn Abi Talib丄600 – 661)偺懅巕僼僒僀儞 僀僽儞 傾儕(Husain ibn Ali)偑儎僕乕僪孯偵傛偭偰僇儖僶儔(Karbala)偱弣嫵偟偝偣傜傟偨屻丄僼僒僀儞偵戙傢偭偰斀棎偟偨乿偲偺塢偆偺偑晽暦偱偁傞丅680擭10寧偵僇儖僶儔偱偺斶寑(Tragedy of Karbala)偑峴傢傟偰偄傞娫丄儉僼僞乕儖偼搳崠偝傟偰偍傝丄弌崠偟偰僇儖僶儔偱偺弌棃帠傪抦傝丄儉僴儞儅僪偺懛偺堊偵暅廞傪巒傔偨丅687擭4寧偵僋僼傽(Kufa)峹奜偱儉僒乪傾僽 僀僽儞 僘僶僀乕儖(Musa乫ab ibn Al Zubair)巜婗偺孯戉偵攕杒偟丄嶦偝傟丄偦偟偰懡偔偺儉僼僞乕儖偺捛廬幰払傕捔埑憒摙偝傟丄嶦偝傟偨丅儉僼僞乕儖偺摤憟偼尃椡偺堊偺斀棎偱偼柍偔丄儉僴儞儅僪偺壠懓嶦奞偵懳偡傞暅廞偱偁偭偨丅儉僼僞乕儖偼儉僴儞儅僪偺壠懓傪嶦奞偡傞偐丄偦傟傪彆偗偨恖娫丄堦恖堦恖丄偦偟偰慡堳傪尒偮偗師戞丄嶦偟偨丅儉僼僞乕儖偼孻傪愰崘偝傟儎僕乕僪偺憤撀偵嶦偝傟傛偆偲偟偰偄偨帪偱偝偊丄乽帺暘偼僀儅儉 傾儕(Imam Ali)偵尵傢傟偨擟柋傪廔傢傜偣偰偄側偄偺偱丄扤傕帺暘傪嶦偣側偄乿偲尵偭偨偲塢偆丅儉僼僞乕儖偺曟偼僋僼傽偺僋僼傽儌僗僋(Masjid Kufa in Iraq)偺拞偵偁傞丅
儉儔僒僉奓(Mussels)丗 儉儔僒僉僀僈僀椶僀僈僀壢(Mytilidae)偺怘梡奀悈嶻擇枃奓丅
儉儔僀僈儞(Murayghan)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)傪嫴傫偱僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偺搶偵嵼傞乽嵐恛乿偲塢偆堄枴偺柤傪晅偗傜傟偨晹棊丅
儉儔僩3悽(Murad III, 1546-1595)丗 僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire or Ottoman Turkish, 1299 - 1923)偺戞12戙僗儖僞儞(1574-1595)偩偑壗傕偟側偔偰傕柤嵣憡偨偪偑惌柋傪傗偭偰偔傟傞偲偄偆懱惂偑懕偄偨丅僴儗儉偵擖傝怹偭偰夣妝偵揗傟偨偨傔偵丄帺恎偺妝偟傒偵棎旓偟偰丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偺嵿惌傪埆壔偝偣丄掗崙偺悐戅偺尨場傪嶌傝弌偟偰偟傑偭偨
儉儕僈儞(Mr. William E. Mulligan)丗 傾儔儉僐怑堳丅
儉儚僢僸僪儞(Muwahhidun)丗 僔儍僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞
乫傾僽僪 傾儖乕儚僢僴僽(Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, 1703
- 1792)偑峀傔偨怴偟偄塣摦偱丄偙偺塣摦偺怣曭幰偼憂愝幰傪娪傒偰儚僢僴價 (Wahhabis)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄怣曭幰払帺恎偼帺暘払傪扨偵儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偲屇傫偱嫃傝丄傕偆堦偮偺屇傃柤偼桞堦恄怣嬄幰傪堄枴偡傞儉儚僢僸僪儞(Muwahhidun)偱偁傞丅夵妚塣摦偺婎杮揑側梫巪偼弶婜僀僗儔儉偺崻杮偱偁傞尩奿偝傊偺暅婣丄廆嫵揑側妚怴偺嫅斲丄夝庍偺尷掕偱偁偭偨丅屻偵戞堦師僒僂乕僪岒崙(First Saudi State, 1744 - 1818)*偲屇偽傟偨僒僂僪壠(House of Saud)偺惃椡傕僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)懁偐傜偼儉儚僸僨傿乕儞(Muwahhideen)埥偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabis)偲屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
儊僀儗僢僩(Maillet)丗 18悽婭屻敿偵僇僀儘偵挿偔廧傫偱偄偨恖丅
儊僈儖(Megal)丗乽栚乿傪堄枴偡傞偙偺岎嵎揰偼價僔儍乕(Bishah)傊偺暘婒偑偁傞儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)娫摴偺儕儎僪懁傊偺杮摴弌岥丅
儊僉僔僐 僪儖(Mexican Dollars)丗 儊僉僔僐 儁僜(peso)丒儁僜峝壿丅
儊乕僗(Mace)丗 僫僣儊僌(Nutmeg)偺壖庬旂傪姡憞偟偨僫僣儊僌偺暃嶻暔偱崄枴椏梡丒栻梡乮尦偺柤偼macir乯丅傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑 (Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼乽儊乕僗(Mace)傕僫僣儊僌偺暃嶻暔偲偟偰丄崄椏彅搰(Spice Islands)偲傕屇偽傟傞儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas)尨嶻偺儊乕僗(Myristica muscata)偐傜嵦傟傞丅偙傟偼僫僣儊僌傪巟偊偰偄傞撪妅偺廃埻偵宍惉偝傟傞昍忬偺奜旐(Tegument)偱偁傞乿偲愢柧偟偰偄傞丅
儊僜億僞儈傾(Mesopotamia)丗 彫傾僕傾搶晹偺嶳妜抧懷偐傜傾儔價傾榩偵帄傞僠僌儕僗愳(the Tigris) 偍傛傃儐乕僼儔僥僗愳(the Euphrates)偵偼偝傑傟偨棳堟慡懱偺憤徧偱丄悽奅嵟屆偺挰暥柧偺敪徦抧偱偁傝丄尰嵼偺僀儔僋偼偙偺抧曽偺戝晹暘傪娷傓丅
儊僢僇懢庣(Sharif of Mecca)丗 僸僕儍乕僘懢庣(Sherif of Hejaz)偲傕屇偽傟丄傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abassid, 750 - 1258)偑悐偊巒傔偨960擭崰偐傜儊僢僇偺廆嫵峴帠偺悽榖丄弰楃(Hajj)偺埨慡妋曐偍傛傃僸僕儍乕僘偺峴惌傪傾儕乕(Ali)偺巕僴僢僒儞(al-Hassan ibn Ali)偺宯摑偑戙乆扴摉偡傞傛偆偵側偭偨丅偙偺宯摑偺堦懓(Hawashim or Hashemite)偼儉僴儞儅僪(Muhammad)偺巕懛偱偁傞帠偐傜乽崅婱偺幰(noble)乿傪堄枴偡傞僔僃儕乕僼(Sheriff
or Sherif)偲屇偽傟偨丅僔僃儕乕僼偺拞偐傜儊僢僇憤撀偵擟柦偝傟傞幰傪儊僢僇懢庣(Sharif of Mecca)偲屇傃丄偦偺抧埵偼1201擭偵妋棫偟丄1924擭傑偱懕偄偨丅偙偺僔僃儕乕僼惌尃(Sharifate)偼僼傽乕僥傿儅挬(Fatimids,
909-1171)丄傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubids, 1171-1249)丄儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamelukes, 1250-1517)摍僄僕僾僩丒僔儕傾(Egypt & Syria)傪巟攝偟偨墹挬偺曐岇壓偵抲偐傟傞応崌偑懡偔丄姰慡偵撈棫偟偨惌尃偱偁偭偨帪戙偼傎偲傫偳柍偐偭偨丅傑偨嬤椬偺抧曽惌尃偲傕愨偊偢憟偭偰偄偨丅堦曽偱丄僔儍儕乕僼偼弰楃傪捠偠偰僀僗儔儉悽奅奺抧偺巟攝幰偐傜憽傝暔傪庴偗丄傑偨僄僕僾僩側偳偵僀僋僞乕(挜惻尃)傪庼梌偝傟偰廂擖傪妋曐偱偒偨丅枖丄儊僢僇偺彅巤愝偺偨傔偺儚僋僼(婑恑)傕僀僗儔儉悽奅偺奺抧偵愝偗傜傟偰偄偨丅1517擭埲崀偼僔儍儕乕僼惌尃偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299-1922)偺曐岇壓偵擖傝丄偦偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan)偼乽擇惞搒乮僴儅儔僀儞乯偺曐岇幰乿偲徧偟偰丄僀僗儔儉悽奅偱偺惌帯揑戞堦恖幰偱偁傞帠傪屩偭偨丅僆僗儅儞掗崙偑擟柦偟偨嵟屻偺懢庣偱偁傞僔儍儕乕僼 僼僒僀儞(Hussein bin Ali, 1908-1916)偼戞堦師戝愴拞丄僀僊儕僗偲寢傫傃丄僆僗儅儞掗崙偐傜偺撈棫傪愰尵偟丄偦偺孯偼傾儔僽偺惃椡傪廤傔偰僔儕傾(Syria)偺僟儅僗僋僗(Damascus)傪峌棯偟偨(Arab Revolt of 1916)丅僼僙僀儞偼僸僕儍乕僘墹(King of Hejaz, 1916-1924)偲徧偟丄偝傜偵僀僗儔儉悽奅偺僇儕僼(Caliph)偲徧偟偨偑丄1924擭傾僽僪 傾儖 傾僕乕僘 僀僽儞 僒僂乕僪(Abdul Aziz Ibn Al Saud, 1876-1953)偵攕傟偨丅埲屻丄儊僢僇偼僒僂乕僪壠(House of Saud))偺墹崙偺堦晹偲側偭偨丅乮暯杴幮怴僀僗儔儉帠揟丄娾攇僀僗儔儉帿揟丄Wikipedia摍乯
乽儊僢僇巗偲偦偺恄揳偺婰弎乿丗 僂僗僥儞僼僃儖僪(Wüstenfeld, F.)偺挊彂乽儊僢僇巗偵娭偡傞楌巎揑婰弎偺廚廤乿偺戞擇姫(Wüstenfeld, F. Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka
乽儊僢僇巗偵娭偡傞楌巎揑婰弎偺廚廤乿丗 僂僗僥儞僼僃儖僪(Wüstenfeld, F.)偼9悽婭偐傜16悽婭偺傾儔價傾偺擭戙婰偵傛傞儊僢僇巗偵娭偡傞楌巎揑婰弎偺廚廤傪傑偲傔1856 - 1861擭偵儔僀僾僠僢僸(Leipzig)偱弌斉偟偨(In WÜSTENFELD, F. Die Chroniken der Stadt Mekka Leipzig 1856 - 1861.) 丅
乽儊僢僇偲儊僨傿僫偺弰楃(Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à Medine)乿丗 僄僕僾僩堛巘僒乕儗 僜僂僢價(Saleh Soubby)偼1891擭偵弰楃傪峴偄丄杦偳強尒偺柍偄僕僢僟偵娭偡傞廫悢儁乕僕傪娷傓杮傪彂偒丄1894擭偵僇僀儘偱弌斉偟偨(Soubhy, S. Pèlerinage à la Mecque et à
Medine Cairo 1894.)丅
乽儊僢僇偺惣懁(Westward of Mecca)乿丗 僔乕儖僟乕儖 僀僋僶儖傾儕 僔儍乕(Sirdar
Ikbal Ali Shah)挊丄1928擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽儊僢僇偺僉儕僗僩嫵搆乿丗 傾僂僌僗僩僂僗 儔儕(Augustus Ralli)挊丄1909擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉(RALLI, A. Cheistians at Mecca London 1909)丅
乽儊僢僇偺戝憤撀揁偱偺懾嵼(Séjour chez Grand-Cherif de la Mecque)乿丗 僔儍儖儖 僨傿僨傿僄(Didier, C)挊丄1857擭偵僷儕偱弌斉(Paris 1857)丅
乽儊僢僇偺楌巎(History of Mekka)乿丗 僐僩儀僢僨傿儞(Kotobeddin)挊偺乽儊僢僇偺楌巎(History of Mekka)乿偵偼乽僄僕僾僩偺僗儖僞儞(Sultan of Egypt) 僇儞僜僂僄 僄儖 僑僂儕(Kansoue
el Ghoury)偑僿僽儔僀婭尦917擭偵屆戙偺僕僢僟偺暻傪寶偰偨乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅
儊僢僇僶儖僒儉(Balsam of Mecca)丗 傾僕傾丒傾僼儕僇嶻僇儞儔儞壢儈儖儔僲僉懏乮儌僣儎僋僕儏懏乯偺忢椢彫庽偱梩偵彎傪晅偗傞偲朏崄傪敪偡傞僊儗傾僪僶僂儉僲僉(Balm of Gilead)偐傜嵦傟傞僆儗僆庽帀偲偙傟偐傜惢偡傞朏崄偺偁傞擃峱傪儊僢僇僶儖僒儉(balsam of Mecca)偲傕塢偆丅
乽儊僢僇傊偺弰楃(Pligrimage to Mecca)乿丗 僐儃儖僪椷晇恖(Lady E, Cobbold)挊丄1934擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉丅
乽儊僢僇傊偺椃乿丗 僼儔儞僗宯傾儖僕僃儕傾恖幨恀壠僕儏儗 僋儘乕僟儞 僕僃儖償僃 僋乕儖僥儖儌儞(Jules Claudin Gervais - Courtellemont)挊丄1899擭僷儕偱弌斉(Gervais丂–Courtellemont Mon voyage à la Mecque
Paris 1899.)丅
乽儊僢僇傊偺摴(Road of Mecca)乿丗 儉僴儞儅僪 傾僒僪(Muhammad
Asad)挊丄1954擭儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
Mediterranean
Markets丗 抧拞奀巗応丅
儊僨儎儞恖(Midianites)丗 儈僨傿傾儞(Midian)嶲徠丅
囿囗(Agate)丗 愇塸丒嬍悜丒抈敀愇偺崿崌暔偱丄庡惉暘偼銹忬宂巁偱偁傞丅庽帀岝戲傪桳偟丄墲乆懠偺峼暔幙偑燌摟偟偰旤偟偄愒妼怓丒敀怓側偳幦暥條傪昞偡丅
儊僼儊僩2悽丗 僗儖僞儞 儊僼儊僩2悽(Fatih Sultan Mehmed, 1432-1481)偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299–1923)偺戞7戙峜掗偱丄僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僲乕僾儖(Constantinople)傪娮棊偝偣丄搶儘乕儅掗崙乮價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙乯(Byzantine Empire, 395-1453)傪柵傏偟丄掗崙偺椞搚傪戝偒偔峀偘偨偺偱乽惇暈幰乮僼傽乕僥傿僼乯(Fatih)乿偲屇偽傟偨丅儊僼儊僩2悽偼儃僗億儔僗奀嫭(the Bosporus)傪暵嵔偟丄拞墰傾僕傾傪墇偊傞棨忋岎堈楬偺崟奀傊偺僞乕儈僫儖峘偱偁偭偨僋儕儈傾敿搰(the Crimea)偺僇僢僼傽峘(Caffa)傗傾僝僼奀(the Sea of Azov)偺僞僫峘(Tana)摍傊偺捠峴傪幷抐偟偨丅偙傟偵傛偭偰丄峠奀偩偗偑埨慡偱幚梡揑側岎堈楬偲偟偰巆偝傟丄偙偺揱摑揑岎堈楬傪巟攝偟偰偄偨傾儔價傾恖偲僄僕僾僩恖偑崄恏椏岎堈偺帠幚忋偺撈愯尃傪姰慡偵庤偵偟偨丅
儊儕僂儉(Merium)丗 僄僕僾僩偺僗儖僞儞強懏偺1鋤偺戝宆慏丅
儊儕僋 傾僘(Melique Az)丗 16悽婭弶摢偺僌僕儍儔乕僩墹崙(Gujarat Sultanate, early 15th Century -
1573)僨傿僂(Diu)偺巟攝幰偱偁偭偨傾僢儎僘墹(Malik Ayyaz or Malik Ayyãz)丅
儊儖償(Merv)丗 僩儖僐儊僯僗僞儞(Turkmenistan)偺巗偱桳柤側恾彂娰偑偁傞丅
儊儖僔僗僪僁僋 僩僁償僲(Melchisedeck Thévenot)丗 東栿埥偄偼尨揟偐傜堷梡偟偨偙傟傑偱弌斉偝傟偨帠偺側偄條乆側扵専峲奀偺婰榐傪1672擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偟偨丅(Relation de divers voyages curieux qui
n'ont pas été publiés, et qu'on a traduits ou tirés des originaux... par
Melchisedeck Thévenot Paris 1672)丅
儌傾僽恖(Moabites)丗 儌傾僽(Moab)偲偼尰嵼偺儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偺巰奀搶娸偵増偭偨嶳偺懡偄嵶挿偄搚抧偺楌巎揑側柤慜偱偁傞丅屆戙偵偼偙偺搚抧偵儌傾僽恖偺墹崙偑偁傝丄昿斏偵惣偲側傝偺僀僗儔僄儖恖(Islaelite)乮儐僟儎恖(Jew)乯偲憟偭偰偄偨丅儌傾僽恖偼懡偔偺峫屆妛揑側敪尒偱偦偺懚嵼偑徹柧偝傟偰偄傞楌巎忋偺晹懓偱偁傞丅嵟傕戙昞揑側敪尒偼儌傾僽恖偑儐僟儎偺墹僆儉儕(Omri, reigned 876 – 869 B.C.)偺柤慜晄徻偺懅巕偵彑偭偨帠傪婰弎偟偨儊僔儎旇暥(Mesha Stele of Moabite Stone)偱偁傞丅庱搒偼尰嵼偺儓儖僟儞偺挰僕僶儞(Dhiban)偺椬偺僨傿儃儞(Dibon)偱偁偭偨丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
儌僇峘(Port of Moka)丗
Mocha丄Mokah偁傞偄偼Mukhā偲傕塸岅偵揮幨偝傟偰偄傞丅僀僄儊儞(Yemen)撿惣晹偺峠奀偵椪傓峘挰偱晅嬤偼僐乕僸乕偺嶳抧偺堊偵儌僇僐乕僸乕偺柤偱抦傜傟偰偄傞丅
栘杻墿乮儌僋儅僆僂乯丗 旐巕怉暔壢偺儌僋儅僆僂壢Casuarinaceae)偵懏偡傞僇僕儏傾儕乕僫(Casuarina equisetifolia or Casuarina stricta)偱丄僇僕儏傾儕乕僫(Casuarina)偼乽Casuarius乿偲偄偆捁偺柤慜偑岅尮偱丄尨嶻抧偼僆乕僗僩儔儕傾偱偁傞丅傾儔價傾敿搰偱偼姡憞偵嫮偄偺偱杊嵒椦偵椙偔巊傢傟偰偒偨僞儅儕僗僋(Tamarisk)偲屇偽傟傞屼桍乮僊儑儕儏僂乯偲摨偠庬椶偱偁傞偑丄僱僕嬋偑傜偢恀偭捈偖惗偊傞偺偱丄嬤擭偼僞儅儕僗僋偵戙傢偭偰杊嵒椦摍偵椙偔巊傢傟偰偄傞丅
儌僓儞價乕僋(Mozambique)丗 傾僼儕僇撿搶晹偺崙偱恖岥1800枩恖丄庱搒偼儅僾乕僩(Maputo)丄尦偼億儖僩僈儖椞搶傾僼儕僇(Portugueses
East Africa)丅
儌僓儞價乕僋奀嫭(Mozambique Channel)丗 僀儞僪梞惣晹偺傾僼儕僇戝棨偲儅僟僈僗僇儖搰偺娫偺儌僓儞價乕僋奀嫭(Mozambique Channel)偱偦偙傪棳傟偺憗偄抔奀棳偺儌僓儞價乕僋奀棳(Mozambique Current)偑撿棳偡傞丅
儌僗儕儞(Muslins)丗 尦儌僗儖偐傜嶻弌偟偨敄抧柸晍偺憤徧偱丄晛捠偼暯怐偺廮傜偐偄柸怐暔偱僞乕僶儞(turbans)傗堖暈偵巊傢傟傞丅
儌僗儗儉掗崙(Moslem Empire)丗 傾儖-儅僋僨傿僔乮al-Makdisi乯偑偦偺挊彂乽崙乆偺抦幆偺堊偺嵟揔側堦暥乿偱榑偠偨僀僗儔儉偺椞堟傾儔價傾偐傜巒傔偰僀儔僋丄儊僜億僞儈傾丄僔儕傾丄僄僕僾僩丄儅僌儕僽偺崙乆偦偟偰僗儁僀儞偵媦傃丄偙傟傜偼傎偲傫偳惣椞堟偲偟偰峫偊偰偍傝丄搶椞堟偲偟偰偼僀儔儞偺條乆側抧曽傪娷傫偱偄傞丅
乽儌僗儗儉掗崙偺婰弎(Descriptio Imperii Moslemici)乿丗 傾儖-儌僇僢僟僔(Al-Moqaddasi)挊丄傾儔價傾抧棟妛夛(Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum)偺M.
J. 僨 僕儑僄僕儏(M. J. de Goeje.)曇廤1906擭偵儔僀僨儞(Leyden)偱弌斉(Al-Moqaddasi Descriptio imperii moslemici
ed. by M.J. de Goeje; Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, t. III. 1906.) 丅
儌乕僛屲彂(Pentateuch)丗 媽栺惞彂偺弶傔偺屲彂乮憂悽婰(Genesis)丄弌僄僕僾僩婰(Exodus)丄儗價婰(Levitius)丄柉悢婰(Numbers)丄怽柦婰(Deuteronomy)乯偱儐僟儎崱擔偱偼偙傟傪棩朄(Torah)偲偡傞丅乮弌揟丗 Wikipedia乯
儌僢僙儖榩(Mossel Bay)丗 撿傾僼儕僇嫟榓崙(Western Cape)廈撿晹偺僀儞僪梞傪椪傓擖峕偱丄偦偙偵偁傞恖岥1.8枩偺峘挰偺柤偱傕偁傞丅
杤栻丗 杤栻偼儈儖儔(Myrrh)偲傕尵偄丄傾僼儕僇搶杒晹丄傾儔價傾撿晹嶻僇儞儔儞壢(Burseraceae) 僐儈僀僼僅儔懏偺杤栻庽 (Commiphora Myrrha) 偺庽帀偱偁傞丅僊儕僔傾恄榖(Greek Mythology)偵弌偰偔傞丄帺暘偑朣偔側偭偨曣偵帡偰偄傞偑屘偵晝偵垽偝傟丄巕傑偱恎偛傕偭偰偟傑偭偨垼偟偄墹彈儈儖儔偑巔傪曄偊偨庽偲傕尵傢傟偰偍傝丄偦偺偲偒偱偒偨巕偑價乕僫僗(Venus)偲楒偵娮傞傾僪僯乕僗(Adonis)偱偁傞偲尵傢傟偰偄傞丅偦偺楌巎偼屆偔丄婭尦慜2000擭崰偺僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偺僷僺儖僗(Papyrus)偵傕彂偐傟偰嫃傝丄崄椏丄壔徬昳丄孫崄偲偟偰巊傢傟傞懠偵丄儈僀儔乮栘擳埳乯乮Mummy丄栘擳埳乯嶌傝偵梡偄傜傟偨偺偱儈儖儔偼儈僀儔偵傕捠偠傞丅
乽儌僴儞儅僪嫵搆偺廆嫵偲晽廗偵偮偄偰偺惓妋側婰榐乿丗 僀僊儕僗恖僕儑僙僼 僺僢僣(Joseph Pitts)挊丄1704擭僀儞僌儔儞僪撿惣晹僨償僅儞廈(Devon)偺僄僋僙僞乕(Exeter)偱弌斉乮Pitts. J. True
and Faithful Account of the Religion and Manners of the Mahometans Exeter 1704.乯丅
儌僾儔(Moplah)丗 傾儔價傾恖偺晝偲僇儕僇僢僩(Calicut)偺尰抧彈惈偲偺娫偵惗傑傟偨巕嫙偲偦偺巕懛丅
儌儈僕僶僼僂(Sweet Gum or Storax)丗 晼偲偼暿庬偺儅儞僒僋壢偺棊梩崅栘偱拞崙丒戜榩偵帺惗丄崅偝栺10m丄廐偵崅梘偟弔怴椢偲嫟偵墿妼椢怓偺帗梇壴傪奐偒丅灆偺偁傞媴宍偺壥幚傪寢傇丅庽帀傪晼崌崄乮傆偆偙偆偟乯(Copalm)偲屇傃丄栻梡偵偡傞丅
儌乕儕僔儍僗(Mauritius)丗 儅僟僈僗僇儖(Madagascar)偺搶曽丄僀儞僪梞撿惣晹忋偺搰崙丄1968擭塸楢朚偺堦崙偲偟偰撈棫丄柺愊2,040 km2丄恖岥112枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼億乕僩 儖僀僗(Port
Louis)丅
儌乕儕僞僯傾(Mauritania)丗 惣傾僼儕僇偺戝惣梞偵柺偡傞抧曽丅
儌乕儕僞僯傾(Mauritania)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹偱戝惣梞偵柺偡傞媽僼儔儞僗怉柉抧丄1960擭偵撈棫丄僀僗儔儉嫟榓崙丄柺愊102.5枩km2丄恖岥228枩恖(1995)丄庱搒偼僰傾僋僔儑僢僩(Nouakchott)丅
儌儖僈儞 僓僼僃儕(Morgan az-Zaferi)丗
1517擭3寧14擔偵儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偑摓拝偟偨帪偺傾僨儞(Aden)偺庱挿偱丄偦偺屻僜傾儗僗偑1517擭偵嵞搙丄婑峘偟偨帪偵偼暈廬怱傪帵偝側偐偭偨丅
儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas)丗 僙儗儀僗(Celebes)搰偲僯儏乕僊僯傾(New Guinea)搰偺娫偵偁傞僀儞僪僱僔傾椞偺搰孮偱丄儌儖僢僇彅搰(Moluccas)偼暿徧傪崄椏彅搰(Spice Islands)偲傕塢偆丅
儌儞僶僒(Mombasa)丗 働僯傾撿搶娸壂偺嶺岃徥偐傜側傞彫搰偍傛傃摨搰偲杮搚偵傑偨偑傞峘挰乮60枩乯丅
儎
儎僋僩乮儎僋乕僩乯(Yakut)丗 儎僋乕僩偼惣楋1179擭偵惗傑傟丄懡偔偺帪娫傪僩儖僉僗僞儞(Turkistan)偺儊儖僽(Merv)偺桳柤側恾彂娰偱尋媶偵旓傗偟丄擇偮偺揱婰偲抧棟偺戝帿揟傪彂偒丄惣楋1229擭偵杤偟偨12悽婭偐傜13悽婭偵妡偗偰偺傾儔價傾抧棟妛偺傕偆堦恖偺執戝側恖暔偱偁傞丅
儎僋價 (Yakubi)丗 惓妋偱傑偠傔側曇廤偑寢壥偲偟偰懡偔偺懠偺挊幰払偵傛偭偰巊傢傟偨堊偵傾儔僽抧棟妛偺晝偲屇偽傟丄乽崙乆偺杮乮僉僞僽 傾儖-僽儖僟儞(Kitab al-Buldan) 乯乿 傪挊弎偟偨丅儎僋價偺偦偺婰弎偼惣楋905擭偲擔晅偺偁傞僥儏儖僯僪挬(Tulunids, 868 - 905) 偺彂偵巆偭偰偄傞丅儎僋價 (Yakubi)偵偮偄偰偼儎僋僩 (Yakut)偑乽儎僌價偼僸僕儏儔楋284擭乮惣楋897擭乯偵杤偟偨乿偲弎傋偰偄傞埲奜偼杦偳抦傜傟偰偄側偄丅
儎僟儅(Yadamah)丗 偙偺晹棊偼僫僕儔儞廈(Najran Province)惣晹拞墰偺傾僔乕儖廈(Asir Province)偺廈嫬晅嬤偵偁傝丄僫僕儔儞(Najran)偺杒110km偵埵抲埵抲偟丄鐐葌邆祩鈵鯋F摍偺庤巇帠乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅儎僟儅乕(Yadamah)偲價乕儖 僸儅(Bir
Hima)偲偺娫偺乽擕崄偺摴乿愓偱偼娾暻夋傗旇暥偑懡偔敪尒偝傟偰偄傞丅儎僟儅乕偲傕揮幨偟偰偄傞丅
儎僥傿僽嶳(Jabel Yatib): 僴乕僀儖(Hayil or Hail)搶杒搶35 km偵埵抲偟丄條乆側戝偒偝偺偨偔偝傫偺愇偐傜惉傞嵒娾偺媢偵婭尦慜500擭崰偵僒儉乕僪(Thamudic)旇暥偑擇搙偵傢偨傝崗傑傟偨丅
儎僩儕僢僷(Yatrippa)乮儎僗儕僽(Yathrib)乯丗 儊僨傿僫 (Medina) 偺僀僗儔儉埲慜偺柤慜偱偁傞丅
儎僴儎 僄僼僃儞僨傿(Yahya Effendi)丗 僄僕僾僩 儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕挬(Muhammad
Ali Dynasty, 1805 - 1953)憂巒幰儉僴儞儅僪 傾儕 僷僔儍(Muhammad Ali Pasha, 1805 - 1848)偺懅巕僩僂僜僂儞 僷僔儍(Tousoun
Pasha or Tusun Pasha, 1794 - 1816)偺堛幰(Physician)丅
儎僽儕乕儞(Yabrin)丗 僴儔僟乮Haradh乯偐傜嬻敀抧懷(Empty Quarter)傪撿100km壓偭偨屒棫偟偨僆傾僔僗偑儎僽儕乕儞(Yabrin)偱丄懡彮偺擾抧傕偁傞偑梀杚柉婎抧偺樔傑偄傪偟偨缈傃偨晹棊偱偁傞丅1990擭戙偵擖傝丄儎僽儕乕儞(Yabrin)廃曈偱偼悽奅嵟戝偺僈儚乕儖桘揷(Ghawar
Field)撿抧堟偺桘揷奐敪偲嬻敀抧懷偺擾嬈奐敪偑峴傢傟傞條偵側偭偨丅挷傋偰傒傞偲屆戙偐傜偺廤棊偱丄婭尦慜2,450擭偐傜婭尦慜1,700擭崰偵僶僴儗僀儞搰(Bahrain)傪偦偺庡側拞怱偲偟偰塰偊偨僨傿儖儅儞(Dilmun)暥柧偺堚愓偑儎僽儕儞丒僆傾僔僗(Yabrin Oasis乯偺僂儞儉丒傾儖-僰僢僔(Umm al Nussi)偱尒偮偐偭偰偄傞丅2005擭偺僒僂僕抧幙應検夛幮(the Saudi Geological Survey)儖僽傾儖僴儕嵐敊崙嵺挷嵏抍偺儖乕僩偐傜乽僆儅儞(Oman)偺僪僼傽乕儖抧曽(Dhofar)偵偁偭偨傾僪 (Ad)乮傾乕僪(A乫ad)乯偺堦懓偑嶌傝丄婭尦慜3000擭偐傜1悽婭崰傑偱岎堈偺拞怱偲偟偰斏塰偟偨亀揱愢偺幐傢傟偨搒巗僂僶乕儖乮Ubar乯亁偐傜惣傊岦偐偄丄僇乕儖僉乕儖(Al Kharkhir)晅嬤偐傜杒忋偟偰瑕愇徴撍愓偱偁傞儚僶乕儖孍抧(Warbar Crater)嬤朤偺僴僨傿僟 (Al-Hadidah傪敳偗丄偦偺杒惣栺250km偺儎僽儕乕儞(Yabrin)傪捠傝丄婭尦慜700擭偐傜婭尦屻偺弶傔偺悢悽婭偵搉偭偰岎堈尃塿偱塰偊丄搶晹廈偵攅傪彞偊偨亀撲偺搒巗崙壠僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)亁傊帄傞戉彜楬偺懚嵼偟偨乿偲巚傢傟傞丅偦傟傑偱巹偼乽傾儔價傾榩宱桼偺擕崄偺摴偼僂僶乕儖乮Ubar乯摍偐傜惣偵岦偐偄丄熆傟扟僴僪儔儅僂僩(Wadi Hadramaut)傗僒僀僴僪嵐敊(Sayhad Desert)傪捠傝丄僫僕儔儞(Najran)宱桼偟偰價乕儖 僸儅(Bir
Hima)傗僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偱抧拞奀偺儗償傽儞僩(the Levant)曽柺傊偺儖乕僩偲暘婒偟丄儎僽儕乕儞(Yabrin)傪捠傝丄僕儍儖僴(Gerrha)傊偲岦偐偆儖乕僩偩偗偩乿偲峫偊偰偄偨偑丄嬻敀抧懷(the Empty Quarter)傪廲抐偟偰捈愙杒偵岦偐偆儖乕僩偑偁傞曽偑帺慠偵巚傢傟傞丅
儎儉懓(Yam tribes)丗 僶僰 儎儉(Banu
Yam)偼僫僕儔儞抧曽(Najran)弌恎偺庡梫側戝偒側晹懓偱偁傝丄僇僴僞儞懓(Qahtanite)偵懏偟丄搶晹廈偺僴僕儍乕儖懓(Banu
Hajer)傗僂僕儏儅儞懓(Ujman)偲偼嬤偄恊懓偱偁傞丅儎儉懓偺戝敿偼僄僕僾僩偺僼傽僥傿儅挬(the Fatimid Caliphate)帪戙乮惣楋909擭偐傜1171擭乯偵僔乕傾攈(Shi乫ite)偺彫暘攈偱偁傞僀僗儅僀儖攈(Isma乫ili)偵夵廆偟偨偑丄僗儞僯乕攈(Sunni)偵棷傑偭偨晹懓柉傕嫃傞丅儎儉懓偼揱摑揑偵偼嬻敀抧懷嵐敊嬤朤傪梀杚偟偰偄偨儀僪僂僀儞偱偁傝丄僫僕僪乮Najid乯傪孞傝曉偟廝寕偟丄1775擭偺戞堦師僒僂僕岞崙愝棫偺崰偵偼僨儏儖儅(Dhruma)傪峌寕偟偰偄傞丅儎儉懓偼堏廧偵傛偭偰摿偵僕僃僢僟(Jeddah)傗僟儞儅儞(Damman)摍傪拞怱偵僒僂僕慡崙偵嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅
儎乕儎(Yahya)丗 1803擭偐傜僀僽儞 僒僂乕僪(Ibn Saoud, 1876 - 1953)偵僕僢僟(Djidda)傪曪埻偝傟偨僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(Sherif
Ghaleb) 偼1804擭偵儚僢僴乕僽攈(the Wahabys)偵儊僢僇(Mekka)傪奐忛(serrender)偟丄岞幃偵乽帺暘帺恎偑儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)傊偺夵廆幰(Proselyte)偱偁傝丄儚僢僴乕僽攈庱挿偵恇廬偡傞乿偲愰尵偟偨丅儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)偼偆傢傋偱傕偦偺嫵媊偵巀惉傪愰尵偟偨偙偺挰偵偼擖傜側偐偭偨偑丄偙偺堊偵僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐乮Ottoman Empire, 1299 – 1923曽偼戅媝偟側偗傟偽惉傜側傜偢丄1811擭傑偱偵偦偺尃埿偼僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偐傜姰慡偵幐傢傟偰偟傑偭偨丅1811擭偵懢庣儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕(Mohammed
Aly Pasha, 1805 - 1848)偼儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahabys)偵懳峈偡傞堊偵偦偺懅巕偺僩僂僜僂儞 儀僀(Tousoun
Bey, 1794 - 1816)巜婗壓偱孯帠晹戉(Body of Troops)傪憲偭偨丅偙偺戞堦師墦惇偱偼僩僂僜僂儞 儀僀偼僀僄儞儃(Yembo)偲儊僨傿僫(Medhina)偺摶偱攕杒偟偨偑丄1812擭偺戞擇師墦惇偼傕偭偲惉岟偟丄僩僂僜僂儞 儀僀偑偙偺擭偺9寧偵儊僨傿僫乮Madina乯傪扗夞偟丄懢庣Pasha)偺媊棟偺孼掜偺儉僗僞僼傽
儀僀(Mustafa Bey)偑偦偺巜婗壓偺婻暫戉傪棪偄偰僕僢僟(Jidda)丄儊僢僇(Mekka)偍傛傃僞僀僼(Tayf)偵捈愙恑孯偟丄杦偳柍寣偱奐忛偝偣偨丅僔僃儕僼 僈儗僽(the Sherif Ghaleb)偼懢庣儌僴儞儊僪 傾儕偺墦惇偑惉岟偡傞偲嶡抦偡傞偲丄乽帺暘帺恎偑岞偵僕僢僟偵擖忛偟偰棃偨僩儖僐偺桭恖偱偁傞乿偲愰尵偟偨丅偙偙偱偼僆僗儅儞掗崙(Osmanlys)懄偪僩儖僐(Turks)偑僕僢僟偵擖忛偟偨屻丄懢庣(Pasha)偲僔僃儕僼(Sherif)偺娫偱暘偗傜傟傞傋偒娭惻傪尰嵼偺惃椡偺桪埵惈偐傜懢庣(Pasha)偑慡偰傪庢偭偨堊偵椉幰偺娫偱憟偄偑婲偒偨丅懢庣(Pasha)偼僔僃儕僼(Sherif)傪廁恖偲偟偰僩儖僐偵憲傝丄偦偟偰偙偺帠審埲崀丄偙偺挰偼慡偰懢庣(Pasha)偺嵸検壓偲側傝丄怴偟偄僔僃儕僼偺儎乕儎(Yahya)偼僩僂僜僂儞(Tousoun)偐傜媼椏傪栣偆巊梡恖偺1恖偱偟偐側偐偭偨丅乮儓僴儞 儔僪僂傿僌 僽儖僋僴儖僩(Johana Ludwig Burckhardt)挊乽傾儔價傾丒僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偺椃(Travels in The Hedjaz of Arabia)乿偐傜彺栿乯
儐僗僼傿(Yusufi)丗 1儐僗僼傿(Yusufi)偼儊僢僇偺岎姺強偱偼13僇儔僢僩1僌儗僀儞憡摉偵憡摉偟偨(1 Yusufi is 13 Carats and 1 Grain.)丅
儐僟墹崙嵟屻偺攋嬊(Final Catastrophe for Kingdom of Judah)丗 僒僂儖(Saul,
1047 - 1007 BC)偺屻傪宲偄偩僟價僨墹(David, c.1037 - 967 BC)偵傛偭偰摑堦偝傟偨屆僀僗儔僄儖墹崙(United Monarchy or Older Kingdom of Israel, c.1050 -
c.930 BC)偼僜儘儌儞墹(Solomon, c.967 others 992 - c.938
BC others 953 BC)偺巰屻丄婭尦慜930擭偛傠暘楐偟偨丅撿偺儐僟墹崙(Kingdom of Judah, c.930 - 586 BC)偼儐僟懓(Tribe of Judah)偲儀僯儎儈儞懓(Tribe of Benjamin)偐傜峔惉偝傟偰偍傝丄杒偺僀僗儔僄儖墹崙(Kingdom of Israel or Northern Kingdom, c.930 - 722
BC)偼偦傟埲奜偺廫晹懓偐傜側偭偰偄偨丅儐僟墹崙偺柤偼儎僐僽(Jacob)偺巕偱偁偭偨儐僟(Judah)偺柤慜偵桼棃偟偰偄傞丅偟偽偟偽撿儐僟墹崙偲傕屇偽傟丄扨偵撿墹崙(Southern Kingdom)偲屇偽傟傞偙偲傕偁傞丅庱搒偼僄儖僒儗儉(Jerusalem)偱偁偭偨丅傕偲傕偲僟價僨偺堦懓偺巟攝偐傜杒偺僀僗儔僄儖墹崙偑撈棫偟偨宍偲側偭偨偨傔丄摉弶儐僟墹崙偱偼杒僀僗儔僄儖墹崙傪嵞傃惂埑偟偰慡搚傪摑堦偟傛偆偲偄偆堄婥崬傒偑嫮偐偭偨丅偦偺偨傔丄暘楐屻偺60擭娫偼撿杒墹崙偺娫偱偨傃偨傃愴偄偑孞傝曉偝傟偨丅偦偺屻偼榓夝偟偨椉崙偺娭學偑埨掕偟丄僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)側偳偺嫟捠偺揋偵懳偟偰嫟摨愴慄傪挘傞偙偲偑懡偐偭偨丅婭尦慜8悽婭偺拞偛傠偵偼椉崙偲傕椡偑廩幚偟丄僜儘儌儞偺嵟惙婜偵傕旵揋偡傞傎偳偺崙搚傪妉摼偟偨丅偟偐偟丄傾僢僔儕傾掗崙(Assyrian Empire)偑杣嫽偡傞偲婭尦慜722擭偵杒偺僀僗儔僄儖墹崙偼柵傏偝傟偰偟傑偭偨丅偦偺屻儐僟墹崙偼傾僢僔儕傾偵暈懏偡傞宍偱懚懕偟偰偄偨偑丄嵟廔揑偵婭尦慜597擭偵怴僶價儘僯傾 乮僇儖僨傾墹崙乯(Chaldea, 625 - 539BC乯偺僱僽僇僪僱僓儖2悽(Nebuchadnezzar II, c 630 - 562 BC)偺慜偵孅偟偨丅側偍偟偽傜偔偼撈棫崙偲偟偰偺懚嵼偑嫋偝傟偰偄偨偑丄寢嬊僄僕僾僩(Egypt)偲寢傫偱僶價儘僯傾偲懳峈偟傛偆偲偄偆婇偰偑幐攕偟丄婭尦慜586擭偵僄儖僒儗儉慡懱偲僄儖僒儗儉恄揳(Temple in Jerusalem or Holy Temple)偑攋夡偝傟丄巟攝幰傗婱懓偨偪偼庱搒僶價儘僯傾傊楢峴偝傟傞偙偲偵側偭偨丅偙傟傪僶價儘儞曔廁(Babylonian captivity or Babylonian Exile)偲偄偆丅(帒椏丗 Wikipedia) 傾價僔僯傾偺儐僟儎嫵搆払偼働僽儔 僫僈僗僩(Kebra Nagast)偺婰弎偵f儏 僰儚僗(Yousuf
Dhu Nuwas)偺幐媟乮惣楋525擭乯偑儐僟儎嫵搆偺墹崙(Kingdom of Judah, c.930 - 586 B.C.)偺攋嬊偱偁傞乿偲婰偟丄傕偆堦偮偺傾價僔僯傾(Abyssinia)偺杮偱偼乽僸儉儎儖懓偺杮(Book of Himyar)乿偲塢偆戣柤偱偙偺嶦滳偺榖傪弎傋偰偄傞丅
儐僟儎昐壢帠揟(Jewish Encyclopedia)丗 1901擭偐傜1906擭偵僯儏乕儓乕僋(NewYorkCity)偺僼儞僋 僄儞僪 儚僌僫儖僗幮(Funk and Wagnalls)偵傛傝弌斉偝傟偨昐壢帠揟偱偁傝丄儐僟儎嫵(Judaisam)偲儐僟儎恖(Jews)偺楌巎偲1901擭傑偱偺忬嫷偵偮偄偰12姫偵傢偗15,000審埲忋偺崁栚偑宖嵹偝傟偰偄傞丅
梐尵幰偺儌僗僋(Masjid ar-Rassoul or Prophet's Mosque)丗 僫僔乕儖-僀 僐僗儘僂 (Nasir-i Khosrow)偑惣楋1050擭9寧偵朘傟偨帪偵偼偙偺儌僗僋傪彍偄偰僕僢僟偺挰偺奜偵寶暔偼柍偐偭偨丅
梐尵幰儌僴僢儊僪偺僞僽僋墦惇(Expedition led by Prophet Muhammad to
Tabuk)丗 價僓儞僠儞(Byzantines)峜掗僇僄僒儖(Caesar)偼儉乫僞偺愴偄(Battle of Mu乫ta, 629)偺暅廞偲僀僗儔儉偺怹摟傪杊偖堊偵傾儔價傾怤峌偺孯旛傪柦偠偨丅梐尵幰偼偙傟偵懳偟丄乽偙偙偱儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偺庛偝傪尒偣傞帠偼僼僫僀儞偺愴偄(Battile
of Hunayn, 630)偱埑搢揑側懪寕傪庴偗攕杒悺慜偺傾儔價傾儞 僕儍僸儕儎(Arabian Jahiliya)孯惃傊偺摑惂偑娚傒丄儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah or Medina)撪奜偺婾慞幰払傪惃偄偯偐偣傞乿偲塢偆尩偟偄忬嫷傪擣幆偟丄恄偐傜梌偊傜傟偨帺暘偺巊柦傪壥偨偡堊偵捈偪偵愴応偱價僓儞僠儞孯(Byzantines)偵棫偪岦偐偆寛怱傪偟偨丅梐尵幰偼岞偵儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偵愴偄偺弨旛傪屇傃偐偗丄乽儘乕儅偼峌寕栚昗偱偁傞乿偲愰尵丄梐尵幰偼婭尦631擭偵3枩恖偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)暫巑偲嫟偵儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah)傪棧傟丄墦偔價僓儞僠儞(Byzantine)掗崙椞偺僔儕傾廈(Province of Syria)偵嬌傔偰嬤偄僞僽僋(Tabuk)傑偱峴恑偟偨丅梐尵幰偲偦偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)孯偺摓拝偑偁傑傝偵憗偐偭偨堊丄戝孯偺廤寢偑娫偵崌傢偢丄儘乕儅峜掗偼梐尵幰偲偺岎愴傪拞巭偣偞傞傪偊側偐偭偨丅
儓僔儏傾(Joshua)丗 儌乕僛(Moses)偺屻宲幰偱僀僗儔僄儖偺柉偺巜摫幰丅
儓僢僙乕儖(Yosser)丗 峠奀偱堢偮嶺岃偺堦庬偱偁傞丅嵟崅偺庬椶偼僕僢僟(Djidda)偲僑儞僼僅僪(Gonnfode)偺娫偱尒偮偐傝丄晄夣崟偄怓傪偟偰偍傝丄慺惏傜偟偔杹偒忋偘傜傟傞丟
悢庫(Rosaries)偼儓僢僙乕儖(Yosser)偺價乕僘偐傜嶌傜傟偨嵟崅媺昳偱偁傝丄偙傟梡偺價乕僘偼100棻枅偵昍偱捿偟丄偦偺戝偒偝偵傛偭偰1偐傜4僪儖(Dollars)偱攧傜傟偰偄傞丅偙傟傜偺價乕僘偼僕僢僟(Djidda)偺傠偔傠巘偵傛偭偰嶌傜傟傞丅偙偺堊丄僕僢僟偺庡梫峲楬(Principal Lane)偼儂僔儏 儓僢僙乕儖(Hosh Yosser) 偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅
儓僴儞 儔僪僂傿僌 僽儖僋僴儖僩(Johann Ludwig Burckhardt)丗 僗僀僗偺扵専壠(1784 - 1817)偱塸崙傾僼儕僇嫤夛偵屬傢傟偰僄僕僾僩傪扵専偟丄屆戙搒巗儁僩儔(Petra)傪敪尒丄僀僗儔儉嫵偲偵曄憰偟偰儊僢僇(Mecca)傗儊僨傿僫(Medina)傪楌朘偟偨丅乮乽傾儔價傾丒僸僕儍乕僘抧曽偺椃(Travels in The Hedjaz of Arabia)乿(http://saudinomad.karuizawa.ne.jp/Jeddah-Burckhardt.html)傪嶲徠丅乯
奪姇(Armour)丗 杊屼偺堊偺峛檋丒嬶懌椶丅
巐戝朄妛攈乮僗儞僫攈乯(4 Mainkine School of Sunni)丗 僗儞僫攈偺巐戝朄妛攈偵偼僴僫僼傿乕妛攈(Hanafi Madhhab)丄儅乕儕僋妛攈(Maliki Madhhab)丄僔儍乕僼傿僀乕妛攈(Shafi'i Madhhab)偍傛傃僴儞僶儖妛攈(Hanbali Madhhab)偺巐攈偑偁傞丅
僴僫僼傿乕妛攈(Hanafi Madhhab)偼尰嵼偺僀儔僋(Iraq)偵嫃廧偟偰偄偨傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽(Imam Abu Hanif)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱丄妶摦帪婜偼儉僴儞儅僪乮Muhammad乯偺杤屻偝傎偳帪傪抲偄偰偺傕偺偱偼側偄丅懡偔偺巘偵偮偄偰妛傫偩偲偝傟丄僔乕傾攈(Shia or Shi乫a)僀儅乕儉(Imam)丄僕儍傾僼傽儖 僒乕僨傿僋(Ja乫far ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq)傕偦偺堦恖偲偄傢傟傞丅傑偨丄嫵桭偺堦恖儅乕儕僋 僀僽儞 傾僫僗(Anas ibn Malik)偲夛偭偰偍傝丄掜巕払乮僞乕價僀乕儞(Tabiun)乯偺堦恖偲側偭偰偄傞丅
儅乕儕僋妛攈(Maliki Madhhab)偼儅乕儕僋 僀僽儞 傾僫僗(Imam Anas ibn Malik)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱丄儅乕儕僋偼傾僽 僴僯乕僼傽(Abu Hanif)偵抶傟偰儅僨傿乕僫乮Medina乯偱惗傑傟偨丅傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽傛傝庒擭偱偼偁偭偨偑摨帪婜偵惗偒丄憡屳偺妛幆偵怺偄宧堄傪暐偄偁偭偨偙偲偼桳柤偱偁傞丅幚嵺偵丄偺偪偵僴僫僼傿乕攈偺婎慴傪屌傔傞傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽偺掜巕偺堦恖偼傑偨儅乕儕僋偐傜傕妛傫偩偺偱偁偭偨丅
僔儍乕僼傿僀乕妛攈(Shafi'i Madhhab)偼僔儍乕僼傿僀乕(Imam Shafi'i)傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈偱丄僔儍乕僼傿僀乕傕傑偨傾僽乕 僴僯乕僼傽((Abu Hanif))傗儅乕儕僋(Malik)偵妛傫偱偍傝丄巘傊偺宧堄偼暥彂偵巆偭偰偄傞丅
僴儞僶儖妛攈(Hanbali Madhhab)偼傾僼儅僪 僀僽儞 僴儞僶儖(Imam Ahamad ibn Hanbal))傪巒慶偲偡傞妛攈丅斵偼僔儍乕僼傿僀乕(Imam Shafi'i)偵妛傫偩丅僔儍乕僼傿僀乕攈偲僴儞僶儖攈偺娫偵偼懡偔偺椶帡揰偑偁傞丅 儚僢僴乕僽攈(Wahhabis)偼僴儞僶儖妛攈偵懏偟偰偄傞丅乮弌揟丗 僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儔僀僗(Al-Lith乯丗 愄偼僛儗僙儞(Xeresen)偁傞偄偼僉僔儏儔儞(Qishran)偲傕屇偽傟丄峠奀娸偺僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺撿栺180倠倣丄僋儞僼儞僟(al-Qunfundah)偺杒栺150倠倣偵偁傞挰丅儔僀僗偵偼峠奀娸偺揟宆揑側奀娸墫幖抧(coastal sabkha)偑峀偑偭偰偄傞丅
儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)丗 乽僨傿僂壂偺岎愴乮1509擭2寧乯乿偱儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk Dynasty)偺娡戉偑姰慡偵夡柵偝偣傜傟偨偺傪抦傝丄僀儞僪偵偍偗傞億儖僩僈儖(Lusitanians)偺抧埵偺奼戝偲嫮壔傪寽擮偟偨僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501-1516)偼僗僄僘偱怴偟偄娡戉傪寶憿偟丄偦偺巌椷姱偵儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞(Rais Sulayman)傪擟柦偟偨丅僗儔僀儅儞偼僒儖儅儞 儔僀僗(Salman al-Rais)偲傕塢偄丄僩儖僐弌恎偺尦搝楆偱抧拞奀偺巹棭慏(corsair)奀懐偱偁偭偨丅偙偺娡戉偵偼30偺條乆側岥宎偺壩朇傪旛偊偨僈儗僆儞慏(galleon)14鋤偲廳壩朇傪慏庱偲慏旜偵旛偊偨6鋤偺僈儗乕慏(galley)偑娷傑傟偰偄偨丅偦偺忔慻堳偼僩儖僐恖(Turks)丄傾僼儕僇恖(African)丄儅儉儖乕僋恖(Mamluks)丄僀僗儔儉偵夵廆偟偨僉儕僗僩嫵搆(Christian
renegades)摍丄3,000梋恖偵媦傫偩丅儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞偼僕僢僟傊晪偒丄偦偙偺僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿(Husayn al-Kurdi)偺娡戉偲崌棳偟丄僗儔僀儅儞帺恎偑忋棨晹戉偲慡娡戉傪巜婗偟偰丄億儖僩僈儖恖払偵懳偡傞嵞峌寕傪奐巒偡傞條偵柦椷偝傟偰偄偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偑僕僢僟偵摓拝偡傞偲丄嵟埆偺応崌傪嫲傟偨僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偼偙偺寁夋傪庴偗擖傟丄怴偟偔擟柦偝傟偨暃巌椷姱(Second-in -Command)偺抧埵偱嫤椡偱偒傞帠傪婌傫偩丅斵摍偺堄抧偺埆偄丄婃側惈奿偺娫偺崌堄偼偍屳偄偵憡庤傪媈偭偰偍傝丄抁偄婜娫偟偐懕偐側偄偙偲偑徹柧偝傟偨丅偦傟偵傕偐偐傢傜偢丄斵摍偼偙偺巗偺杊屼傪梊傔屌傔偰丄1515擭偵僗儔僀儅儞娡戉傊偺柦椷傪姰椆偡傞堊偵僕僢僟傪弌敪偟偨丅僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偺嵟弶偺栚昗偼億儖僩僈儖恖払(Lusitanians)傊偺愴憟偺慜彛婎抧偲偟偰偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偺惇暈偱偁傝丄僀僄儊儞偱峴偭偨愴摤偼傾僨儞(Aden)傪娮棊弌棃側偐偭偨傕偺慡柺揑偵彑棙偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜1516擭偺弔偵僆僗儅儞僩儖僐(Ottoman Turks, 1299 - 1923)偺僗儖僞儞 僒儕儉堦悽(Sultan Salim I, 1512-1520)偑撍慠丄僔儕傾(Syria)偺儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks)椞撪偵峌傔崬傒丄僔儕傾杒晹偺傾儗僢億(Aleppo)嬤偔偺儅儖僕 僟價僋(Marj Dabiq)偺暯尨偱偺1516擭8寧24擔偺愴摤偱儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluks)懁傪暡嵱偟丄僗儖僞儞 僇儞僒僂 僈僂儕(Sultan Qansawh al-Ghawri, 1501-1516)傪愴応偱嶦奞偟偨丅偙偺堊偵僗儔僀儅儞娡戉偼1516擭廐偵偙偺抜奒偱僀僄儊儞偐傜僕僢僟傊偺揚戅傪寛掕偟偨丅1517擭1寧22擔偵僇僀儘(Cairo)偼僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐(the
Ottomans)懁偺庤偵棊偪丄僕僃僢僟乮Jeddah)傕僆僗儅儞 僩儖僐偲儊僢僇庱挿(Sharif of Mecca)偺巟攝傪庴偗傞帠偲側偭偨丅庒偄庱挿傾僽 僰儅僀僀(Abu Numayy)偼僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偺僕僃僢僟偱偺朶惌傪媻抏偟丄曔敍偟偨丅僼僒僀儞 僋儖僨傿偼儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞偵堷偒搉偝傟丄揗巰偝偣傜傟偨丅儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞偼1517擭4寧13擔偵儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀儖僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)憤撀巜婗壓偺億儖僩僈儖娡戉偑悈暯慄偵尰傟偨帪偵偼僕僢僟偺憤巜婗傪埇偭偰偄偨丅棐偲嶺岃徥偱幷暳偝傟偨嫹偄悈楬偲愴棯揑側朇偺戜嵗摍偵傛傞億儖僩僈儖娡戉偺徚栒傪嫲傟偨僜傾儗僗憤撀偑僕僃僢僟峌棯傪掹傔丄揚戅偡傞偺傪儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞採撀偼帺孯傪娸偵増偭偰惍慠偲尒帠偵峴恑偝偣側偑傜尒憲偭偰偄偨丅
儔僀僗懓(Rayth)丗 乽壴忺傝偟偨抝払乿偲屇偽傟偰偄傞僥傿僴儈 僇僴僞儞懓(Tihami Qahtan)偺廧傓傾儖乕僼傽儖僔儍乕(al-Farshah)偺撿堦懷偵廧傓儔僀僗懓(Rayth)傕摢忺傝傪偡傞丅斵摍偺乫僂僔儏僔儍乕('Ushshah丄Nest)偲屇傇敿墌偺彫壆偼僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)懓偺彫壆偵妑傋墶挿偱偁傞丅
儔僀僨儞(Leyden or Leoden)丗 僆儔儞僟惣晹撿僆儔儞僟廈(South Holland)偺儔僀儞(Rhine)愳暘棳偵椪傓巗偱恖岥12枩恖丅摨巗偵偼摨柤偺戝妛偑偁傞丅
儔僀儔(Layla)丗 儔僀儔(Layla)偼儕儎僪(Riyadh)偺撿300 km偱傾僗 僗儔僀僀儖(As Sulayyil)偺杒杒搶204 km偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅儚僨傿 僴僢僟乕儖(Wadi Haddar)増偄偺擾懞偱偁傝丄屆戙偐傜傾僼儔僕(Aflaj)偲塢偆僇儗乕僘(karez)傪堄枴偡傞傾儔價傾岅偲屇偽傟偰棃偰偍傝丄僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾偺懷悈憌偵娭偡傞尋媶彂偵傕儔僀儔偵偁傞屛徖孮偺幨恀偑彮側偐傜偢宖嵹偝傟偰嫃傞丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偙偺挰傪壗夞捠夁偟偰傕屛偺嵀愓偝偊尒傜傟側偐偭偨丅偙偺堊丄2000擭偺12寧29擔偵偙偺屛徖孮妋擣偺堊偵儔僀儔偵悁棷偟偨丅桪偟偄彈惈偺條側懞柤偺偙偺懞偺廧恖偺杦偳偼嬌傔偰尩奿側儚僴價攈(Wahhabist)偺夞嫵搆偱偁傝儉僞僢儚(Mutawwa丄廆嫵寈嶡偺枾掋)傪偨偔偝傫尒妡偗傞丅儉僞僢儚偼僒僂僨傿恖抝惈偺堖暈偱偁傞僩乕僽(Thawb)傪抁偔偟偰骠傪弌偟崟偄旹傪挿偔怢偽偟偰嫃傞丅偙偺懞偵嫃傞偺偑変乆偵庢偭偰偼梋傝夣揔偱偼柍偐偭偨偑丄僗乕僋(Suq)偱12 km撿偵壓傝傾僗僼傽儖僩曑憰傪偝傜偵12km搶傊偲擖偭偨傾儖 僈僥傿儞(Al Qatin)偲塢偆応強偑偦傟傜偟偄帠偑暘偐偭偨丅梻挬丄傾儖 僈僥傿儞(Al Qatin)傪朘傟傞偲丄抧昞偵偼幖偭偨朿傜偟暡偵帡偨愇峱偑業弌偟偰偄傞搶懁偑乽巎愓偵偮偒棫偪擖傞傋偐傜偢乿偲偺娕斅偑棫偭偰偄傞丅搆曕偱搚惙傝偲僼僃儞僗偱埻偄偵擖傝丄姳忋偑偭偨屛傪尒偮偗偨丅婔偮偐偺戝偒側僋儗僶僗偑搶惣偵憱偭偰嫃傝偦偺婔偮偐偼埫偔偰掙偑尒偊側偄掱戝偒偄丅偦偺怺偝偼30-40 m偱偦偺挿宎偼700 - 1,000 m偱撿傊偲彮偟搶偵僪僢僌儗僢僌偟側偑傜墑傃偰嫃傝抁宎偼200 - 300 m偱偁傞丅僪僢僌儗僢僌偟偰偄傞撪懁晹暘偺屛掙偼擇抜偵惉偭偰嫃傝忋抜偵偼捈宎10 m掱偺寠傜偟偄崟偄晹暘偑偁傞丅懡暘忂擕摯偵捠偠傞寠側偺偱偼側偄偐丅偙偺応強偑愹傪帵偡傾儖 傾儐儞(Al Ayun)偲塢偆柤偱屇偽傟偨屛徖孮偱偁傞丅偙偺屛徖孮偑熆傟偨偺偼偦傟掱愄偱偼柍偄偺偼愭掱偺婔偮偐偺彫壆偼屛徖孮偲偦傟傪庢傝姫偔椢抧偺旤偟偝傪妝偟傓堊偵嶌傜傟偨儕僝乕僩僴僂僗偱偁傞帠偐傜傕暘偐傞丅偙偺屛徖孮偼燇燆偺堊偺抧壓悈楬偺悈尮偵惉偭偰嫃偨丅僼僃儞僗偱埻傢傟偨堚愓偼偙偺抧偱擾嬈偲戉彜岎堈傪塩傫偩屆戙崙壠埥偄偼屆戙搒巗偺愓偩傠偆丅
儔僄傾僫(Laeana)乮傾僄儔僫(Aelana)乯丗 尰嵼偺傾僇僶(Aqaba)丅
儔僇僨傿乕償彅搰(Laccadive Islands)丗 儔僢僈僨傿償乮儔僢僇僨傿僽乯彅搰乮Laccadive乯偼僀儞僪撿惣娸壂320km偺傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)傑偨偼僀儞僪梞(Indian Ocean)偵晜偐傇27偺嶺岃徥(Coral Reef)偐傜側傝丄尰嵼偱偼儔僋僔儍僨傿乕僾彅搰(Lakshadweep)偲屇傇偺偑堦斒揑偱偁傞丅撿抂偺儈僯僐僀彅搰(Minicoy)丄杒抂偺傾儈乕儞僨傿乕價彅搰(Aminidivi)傕娷傔僀儞僪楢朚惌晎捈妽抧堟儔僋僔儍僨傿乕僾彅搰(Lakshadweep)傪惉偡丅恖岥偼60,595恖乮2001擭乯丅拞怱抧偼僇僶儔僥傿搰(Kavaratti)丅儔僋僔儍乕僨傿乕僾彅搰偺偡偖撿曽偵偼儌儖僨傿僽(Maldives)偑偁傞丅
儔僊僗(Laqeeth)丗 2003擭偵敪尒偝傟丄儔僊僗(Laqeeth)偲柤晅偗傜傟偨僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偺惣20km偵偁傞婱嬥懏峼嶳
閜閗偺壠抺壔(Domestication of Camels)丗 閜閗偼婭尦慜3,000擭婜偺娫偵撿傾儔價傾偱嶏擕梡偺摦暔偲偟偰傑偢壠抺壔偝傟丄姡憞偺巒傑傝偑閜閗偺杚抺偑峀傑傞偺傪懀偟偨丅閜閗偺壠抺壔偼丄姰慡側嶏擕梡摦暔偲偟偰偺棙梡偐傜巒傑傝丄晧扴偵懴偊傞摦暔偲偟偰偺棙梡偝傟丄婭尦慜2,000擭婜傪捠偠偰偦偺慜偺婭尦慜3,000擭婜偐傜巒傑偭偨傛傝斖埻偺峀偄梀杚偲傛傝掕拝偟偨擾嬈傊偺暘壔偺孹岦偑峏偵妋棫偝傟偨丅婭尦慜2,000擭婜偺廔傢傝偐傜婭尦慜1,000擭婜弶傔偵偐偗偰偺僆傾僔僗廤棊丄閜閗桝憲偵傛傞挿嫍棧岎堈傗閜閗偵婻忔偡傞晹懓偑慻怐偝傟偨丅懕偄偰婭尦慜1,000擭婜偺廔傢傝崰偐傜婻忔梡偺摦暔偲偟偰偺斾椶偺柍偄擻椡傪敪婗偟偨丅
乽閜閗偼儘儞僪儞偵峴偐側偗傟偽惉傜側偄(Camel must go London)乿丗
1923擭偐傜1925擭傑偱僕僢僟偱夁偛偟偨塸崙椞帠儕乕僟乕 僶僢儔乕僪嫧(Sir Reader Bullard)偑挊弎偟丄1961擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
儔僋儈僪挬 (Lakhmids)丗 乮儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)嶲徠丅乯
儔僌儚乕(Ragwah)丗 儕儎僪-僇儈僗 儉僔儍僀僩摴楬(Riyadh - Khamis Mushayt Road)娫摴偺價僔儍乕暘婒(Branch to Bishah)偺岎嵎揰偱乽朅乿傪堄枴偡傞柤偑晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅
儔僕儍傾僕儖堚愓(Al-Rajaajil)丗 儔僕儍傾僕儖堚愓偼僒僇僇(Sakaka)偺撿搶10km偱僫僼僪嵐敊(An Nafud)偺杒曈偵埵抲偟偰偄傞丅偙偺堚愓偼峫屆妛堚愓偼摵愇帪戙偺婭尦慜3愮擭戙偺拞婜偵懏偟丄堦斣偺摿挜偼棫偪愇孮偵偁傞丅偦偺棫偪愇孮偺悢偼栺50僌儖乕僾傕偁傝丄奺僌儖乕僾偼2婎偐傜19婎偺愇偺拰乮棫偪愇乯偱峔惉偝傟偰偄傞丅奺棫偪愇偺崅偝傗暆偼條乆偱偁傝丄偦偺婔偮偐偼崅偝偑3.5m偱暆偑75cm偁傞丅奺棫偪愇偼尦乆拰偺挿庤曽岦偑撿杒傪巜偡條偵捈慄偵暲傋傜傟偰嫃偨丅廬偭偰丄棫偪愇偺惓柺偼搶傪岦偄偰偄傞丅
儔僕儖梠娾尨(Harrat Al-Rajil)丗 乮僴僢儔梠娾抧懷(Al Harrah)嶲徠丅乯
儔僗 傾儖 僴僀儅(Ras Al Khaimah)丗 傾儔僽庱挿崙楢朚偺7庱挿崙偺堦偮丄儁儖僔儍榩(Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf)偲僆儅乕儞榩(Gulf of Oman)偺嫬奅偲側傞儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)奀嫭偵撍偒偩偟偨敿搰偵埵抲偟丄恖岥12枩恖丅岅尮偼乽僥儞僩偺愭抂乿丅
儔僗僇儖抧曽(Lascars)丗 儔僗僇儖(Lascars)偼婌朷曯傛傝搶偺報搙傗偦偺懠偺崙乆傪巜偟偰偄傞偑丄崱偱偼巊傢傟傞帠偼柍偄丅
儔僗儕僪挬(Rasulids Dynasty)丗 傾僀儐乕僽挬(Ayyubid, 1169-1250)偑傾儔價傾敿搰偺撿晹廈傪曻婞偟偨屻丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偲僴僪儔儅僂僩(Hadramawt)傪巟攝偟偨僀僗儔儉墹挬(1229-1454)偱偁傞丅儔僗儕僪挬(Rasulids Dynasty)偼撿傾儔價傾偺揱愢揑側懓挿偱偁傞僇僴僞儞(Qahtan)偺巕懛偲徧偟偨偑幚嵺偵偼儔僗儕僪偼僩儖僋儊儞懓(Turkmen)偺僆僌僘(Oguz)偺弌偱偁偭偨丅傾僢僶乕僗挬(Abbasid, 750-1258) 偺僇儕僼(Caliph)偺揱椷偱偁偭偨儔僗儖(Rasul)偺懅巕傾儕(乪Ali)偑僀僄儊儞偺傾僀儐乕僽挬嵟屻偺憤撀偺壓偱儊僢僇偺抦帠傪偟偰偍傝丄憤撀偐傜僀僄儊儞慡搚傪堷偒宲偄偩丅儔僗儖(Rasul)偺懛偺僂儅儖 僀僽儞 傾儕堦悽(乪Umar I ibn 乪Ali, 1229-1250乯偑僥傿僴儅乕掅抧(Tihamah)偺僓價僪(Zabid)偱寶崙偟丄偦偺屻嶳妜抧懷偺僒僫傾(Sanaa)傪庱搒偲偟偨丅僸僕儍乕僘(Hejaz)偼1252擭埲崀丄僄僕僾僩偺儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk, 1250-1517)偺懏崙偲惉偭偰偄偨偑丄僂儅儖 僀僽儞 傾儕堦悽傕惞搒儊僢僇(Mecca)傪巟攝偟偰偄偨丅
儔僢僋(lac)丗 儔僢僋僇僀僈儔儉僔偑暘斿偟偨庽帀忬暔幙丄墿妼怓偱偁傞偑昚敀偟偰敀儔僢僋偲偡傞丅傾儖僐乕儖傗僥儗僺儞桘偵梟偗傞丅惛惢偟偨敄斅忬偺暔偑僔僃儔僢僋(Shellac)偱儚僯僗摍偺尨椏丅
乮儔僢僋奓妅拵愼椏偺夠(Lac Gum) 丄儔僢僋奓妅拵愼椏偺夠(lump-倢倎們)丄儔僢僋奓妅拵偺懱昞傪偍偍偆庽帀(Stick-Lac)丅
儔僢儅僯僞僄晹懓(Rhammanitae)丗 僀儔僒儖僗(Ilasarus)偵婣懏偡傞晹懓丅乮弌揟丗 僗僩儔儃(Strabo)挊偺乽抧棟妛(the Geography
of Strabo)乿偱偺I尦慜24擭偐傜峴傢傟偨儘乕儅掗崙孯偺屆戙撿傾儔價傾乮僸儉儎儖崙乯墦惇乿偺婰帠乯丅乽儔僢儅僯僞僄晹懓(Rhammanitae)偼僲傾(Noah)偺慭懛儔乕儅(Raamah or Rama)偺懅巕僔僶乮僒僶(Sheba)乯偺巕懛偱僔僶懓(Sabaeans)偵娷傑傟傞乿偲偺婰弎傕偁傞丅
儔僥儞(Laten)丗 姎傒梡偺僪儘僢僾忬偺擕崄丅
儔僩儖(Rattle)丗乮峵検扨埵乯1儔僩儖(rattle)偼15償傽僉傾(Vakias)偱1/2儅僂儞僪(Maunds)偱偁傞丅姺嶼偡傞偲1.11lbs偱栺0.5kg偲側傞乮僂傿儖傾儉 儈儖僶乕儞(William Milburn)挊1823擭弌斉偺乽搶梞岎堈(Oriental Commerce乿嶲徠丅乯
儔僴(Al-Raha)丗 僸僕儏儔楋473擭丄惣楋1081擭偵傾儔僽懓偑傗偭偰棃偰丄僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺挰偼曪埻偝傟偨丅僕僢僟(Jiddah)偺廧恖偼悈偑朢偟偔惉偭偨偺偱帺暘払帺恎偺慏偵忔偭偰摝憱偟偨丅斵摍偼奀傪渇渞偭偨偑偦偺撪偺埥傞幰払偼僔僢儔僀儞(Al-Sirrayn)丄儔僴(Al-Raha)偍傛傃傾僒乕儖(Athar)偵嫃傪峔偊偨丅
儔僴梠娾抧懷(Harrat Ar Raha)丗 傾儔價傾弬忬抧偺杒惣偵妏偵偁偭偰傕僩僽僋(Tabuk)偼峠奀偐傜悂偄偰偔傞晽偐傜壩嶳偺崟偄廤抍僴僢儔僩 傾儖 儔僴(Harrat Ar Raha)偵幷傜傟庣傜傟偰嫃傞丅僒儔儚僩(Sarawat)偺嶳椗偑梠娾戜抧偵惉偭偰偄傞応強偼僞僽僋(Tabuk)偲儅僟僀儞 僒儗乕(Madain
Salih)偺娫偺僴僢儔僩 傾儖 儔僴(Harrat ar Raha)傗僴儔僢僩 乫僂儚僀儕僪(Harrat 'Uwayrid)偍傛傃偦偺撿偺僴僢儔僩 傾僘 僓價儞(Harrat
az Zabin)傗僴僢儔僩 儖僫僀僀乕儖(Harrat Lunayyir)丄峏偵儅僨傿僫乕(Madinah)偐傜僞僀僼(Taif)偵帄傞僴儔僢僩 儔僴乕僩(Harrat Rahaht)摍僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)嶳柆偵偼峀偔堦斒揑偵尒傜傟傞丅偙傟傜偼戞巐婭偵宍惉偝傟偨堦楢偺梠娾抧懷偱偁傝丄僴僢儔僩 傾儖 儔僴(Harrat Ar Raha)偼偦偺撪偺嵟傕杒惣偵埵抲偟丄僞僽僋(Tabuk)偲僸僗儅(Hisma or Hasma)嶳抧偺撿偵埵抲偡傞丅偙偺梠娾抧懷偼僇儞僽儕傾婭(Cambrian)嵒娾暯尨偺忋偵棳弌偟偨尯晲娾幙偺梠娾偱弌棃偰偍傝丄550m偺崅偝偵傕媦傫偱偄傞丅
儔僶儞(Leven)丗 儗償傽儞僩(Levant)偍傛傃杒傾僼儕僇偺儓乕僌儖僩偵帡偨敪峺擕丅
儔僶儞 僴儊僪(Leven-Hamed)丗 暒摣偝偣丄嫮偄巁傪壛偊偰巁枴傪弌偟偨旕忢偵擹岤側儈儖僋丅
儔價乫傾乕懓(Rabi'ah)丗 熆傟扟僟儔乫(Wadi Dala')偱偼僥儞僩惗妶傪偟偰偄傞嶳梤帞偄偺晹懓偺儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓偑廧傫偱偄傞丅儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)偲塢偆晹懓柤偐傜偼杒曽傾儔僽偺傾僪僫乕儞晹懓(Adnanite Tribes)偲巚傢傟傞丅儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓帺恎偼乽慶愭傪僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜棃偨傾僔儏儔僼 傾儖乕僼僒僀僯僀儎乕(Ashraf al-Husayniyyah)偩乿偲尵偭偰偄傞偑丄儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓偺揋偼乽儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓偼僣僔僈僱僗(Tsiganes or Gypsies)枖偼僶僌僟僢僪(Baghdad)偺僴儖儞 傾儖乕儔僔僪(Harun al-Rashid)媨掛偺報搙偐傜棃偨僟儞僒乕傪慶愭偲偡傞杒晹傾儔價傾偺堦晹懓偱偁傞撲偺僗儖僢僶(Sulubba)懓偩乿偲尵偆丅儔價乫傾乕(Rabi'ah)懓偺愨懳偵娫堘偄側偄帇椡偑摦暔偺塩傒偺嬐偐側嵀愓傕尒偮偗偩偡丅偙偺抧曽偵弌杤偡傞昢偵偮偄偰柧傜偐偵斵摍偼偦傟傪尒傞偺傪戝曄擬朷偟偰偄傞丅昢偺側傔偟偰側偄栄旂傪帪乆崪摕昳偺僈儔僋僞傪攧傞揦偱尒偐偗傞帠偑偁傞丅僶僀僩 僇僢僒僼(bayt khassaf)偲屇偽傟傞儔價乫傾乕懓 (Rabi'ah)偺堏摦僥儞僩偺棫攈側崪慻傒偺彫壆偺曇傒崌傢偣傜傟偨暍偄偼偳傫側婥徾偵傕懴偊丄撪晹偼嫃怱抧偑椙偄丅
儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)丗 擇悽婭偵僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偐傜堏廧偟偰偒偨儔僼儉懓(Lakhum Tribe)偺僶僰 儔僼儉巟懓(Banu Lakhm)弌恎偺傾儉儖(`Amr)偼儉儞僫乕僓儖懓(Muntherids)偲傕屇偽傟偨僀儔僋撿晹偵廧傫偱偄偨傾儔僽僉儕僗僩嫵搆偺僌儖乕僾傪摑崌偟丄惣楋266擭偵僸乕儔(al-Hirah)傪庱搒偡傞墹挬傪寶崙偟偨丅偙偺墹挬偼傾儉儖(`Amr)偺弌恎晹懓偺柤偵場傫偱儔僼儉挬(Lakhmid Kingdom)偲柤晅偗傜傟丄偦偺柉偼儔僼儉懓(Lakhmids)偲屇偽傟傞條偵側偭偨丅帊恖払偼偙傟傪抧忋偺妝墍偲挊弎偟丄埥傞傾儔僽帊恖偼偙偺挰偺夣揔側婥岓偲旤偟偝傪乽僸乕儔偱偺堦擔偼堦擭偺帯椕傛傝傕桪傟偰偄傞乿偲弎傋偰偄偨丅偦偺懅巕偺僀儉儖' 僇僀僗(Imru乫 al Qais)偑僉儕僗僩嫵偵夵廆偡傞偲僸乕儔慡懱偑師戞偵僉儕僗僩嫵偵夵廆偟偨丅僀儉儖'僇僀僗(Imru乫 al Qais)偼摑堦傾儔僽偺墹崙傪柌傔傒偰棨孯戝晹戉傪曇惉偡傞堦曽偱丄傾儔價傾榩(Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf)偱妶摦偡傞奀孯椡傪敪揥偝偣偨丅僀儉儖'僇僀僗偼傾儔價傾偺懡偔偺搒巗傪扗偄庢傞偲嫟偵僒乕僒乕儞挬(Sassanid, 226 - 651)偺墹払偺惗傑傟屘嫿偱偁傞僷儖僗導(Province of Pars)傪娷傓儁儖僔傾(Persia)偺奀娸搒巗傕廝寕偟偨丅僒乕僒乕儞挬偼偙傟偵懳偟偰惣楋325擭偵僔儍乕僾乕儖擇悽(Shapur II, 309 – 379)偑榋枩恖偺儁儖僔傾孯(Persians)傪棪偄偰丄儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)偵怤峌偟偨丅僀儉儖' 僇僀僗(Imru乫
al Qais)偼儘乕儅峜掗(Roman Empire)僐儞僗僞儞僥傿僂僗擇悽(Constantius II, 317 – 361)偵墖孯傪媮傔偨偑丄偦偺墖孯偼娫偵崌傢側偐偭偨丅儁儖僔傾孯偼僸乕儔(al-Hirah)偲偦偺廃曈傪嫢朶偵峌傔棫偰丄儔僼儉挬棨孯傪夡柵偝偣丄僸乕儔傪愯椞偟偨丅僔儍乕僾乕儖擇悽偼暅廞偺堊偵曔椄払偺尐偵寠傪奐偗丄儘乕僾傪捠偟偰悢庫宷偓偵偟偨丅偙偺堊偵僔儍乕僾乕儖偼傾儔價傾岅偱偼尐傪堄枴偡傞僝儖乪傾僋僞乕僼(Zol 乪Aktaf)偲傕徧偝傟傞丅僔儍乕僾乕儖偼傾僂僗 僀僽儞 僇儖儔儉(Aus ibn Qallam)傪梚棫偟丄偙偺搒巗偵帺帯尃傪梌偊丄儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)傪儁儖僔傾掗崙杮搚偲傾儔價傾敿搰偺懠偺傾儔僽晹懓(Arabs)偺娫偺娚徴抧懷偲偟偨丅擇擭宱偭偨惣楋330擭偵斀棎偑婲偒丄傾僂僗 僀僽儞 僇儖儔儉(Aus ibn Qallam)偼嶦偝傟丄僀儉儖' 僇僀僗(Imru乫 al Qais)偺懅巕偑墹埵傪宲彸偟偨丅偦偺屻偺儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids偺庡側揋崙偼僒乕僒乕儞挬(Sassanid)偺廻揋偺價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙乮搶儘乕儅掗崙(Byzantine Empire, 395 - 1453乯)偵楆懏偟偰偄偨僈僢僒乕儞挬(Ghassanids, 3rd Century - 636)偲側偭偨丅屲悽婭偺屻敿偵僉儞僟墹崙(Kindah Kingdom)偑拞墰傾儔價傾偺彅懓傪堦偮偺嫮偄楢崌偵寢懇偝偣丄巜摫幰僼僕儖(Hujr)偼儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)偺塭嬁壓偵偁傞搶傾儔價傾偺僶僋儖(Bakr)偺椞搚傪帺桼偵捠峴偡傞條偵側傝丄榋悽婭偺巒傔偵偦偺懛偺僴儕僗 僀僽儞 乫傾儉儖(Harith ibn 'Amr)偼儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)傪惇暈偟丄庱搒偺僸儔乕(Hirah)傕愯椞偟偨丅僴儕僗(Harith)偺杤偟偨惣楋528擭傑偱偵儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)偼僒僒儞挬(Sasanian)偺墖彆偱偦偺椞搚傪扗夞偟丄惃椡傪庢傝栠偟偨丅儔僼儉墹崙(Lakhmid Kingdom)偼偦偺惃椡傪榋悽婭枛傑偱偼堐帩偟丄僉儕僗僩嫵僱僗僩儕僂僗攈(Nestorian)偺庡梫側拞怱偲傕側偭偨偑丄儔僼儉墹(Last Lakhmid King)僰乪儅儞嶰悽(Nu乫man III)偑僒乕僒乕儞挬(Sassanid) 僐僗儔僂擇悽(Khosrau II,
590 - 628)傊偺棤愗傝偺媈榝偱惣楋602擭偵巰孻偵張偣傜傟偨丅乽幚嵺偵偼僐僗儔僂擇悽偑僰乪儅儞嶰悽偵柡傪僴乕儗儉偵嵎偟弌偡條偵梫媮偟嫅愨偝傟偨偺偱徾偵摜傒嶦偝偣偨偺偩乿偲偺愢傕偁傞丅儔僼儉墹崙(Lakhmid Kingdom)偼柵朣偟丄僒乕僒乕儞挬偵暪崌偝傟偨丅僸乕儔(al-Hirah)偼攑婞偝傟丄偦偺帒嵽偼偦偺旀暰偟偨憃巕搒巗僋乕僼傽(Kufa)嵞寶偵巊傢傟偨丅偙傟偑乽儉僗儕儉 傾儔僽(Muslim
Arabs)傊偺僒乕僒乕儞挬(Sassanid Dynasty)偺娮棊偲僀僗儔乕儉嫵搆偺儁儖僔傾惇暈(Islamic
Conquest of Persia)偺棤偵偁傞廳梫側梫慺偺堦偮偱偁傞乿偲峫偊傜傟偰偍傝丄乽僴乕儕僪 僀僽儞 儚儕乕僪(Khalid ibn al Walid)偵傛傞惣楋633擭5寧偺僸乕儔偺愴偄(Battle of Hira)偵僒乕僒乕儞挬偑攕傟偨攚屻偵偼儔僼儉挬(Lakhmids)巆搣偺儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偺僗僷僀偲偟偰摥偒偑偁偭偨乿偲塢偆丅
儔儅僟儞(Ramadan Haj)丗
2000擭12寧偵摨峴偟偨僄儕僩儕傾恖偺塣揮庤偺柤慜丅
儔儉僔僆(G.B. Ramusio)丗 償僃僯僗(Venice)偺忋堾偺旈彂偱偁傝丄傾儞僪儗傾 僐儖僒儕(Andrea Corsali)偺僕儏儕傾乕僲(Giuliano)偍傛傃儘儗儞僝 僨僀 儊僨傿僠(Lorenzo dei Medici)埗擇捠偺庤巻傪乽庡梫側峲奀偺廂榐乿偲偟偰嵟弶偵弌斉偟偨丅
儔儚僔儞(Rawashin)丗 儁儖僔儍岅偺宍梕帉rawshan偺暋悢宍偱憇楉(splendid)丄偁偞傗偐(bright)偺堄丅
儔儞儎乕(Ranyah)丗 儊僢僇廈(Makkah Province)搶晹偺熆傟扟儔儞儎乕(Wadi Ranyah)偺壓棳堟偵嵼傞挰偱丄乽婌傃乿偺堄枴傪娷傓偙偺挰偺柤偼枺椡揑側彈惈偺柤偱傕偁傝丄壔徬昳偺彜昳柤偵惉偭偰嫃偨傝丄僴乕儗儉偺榖偺拞偵搊応偟偨傝偡傞丅尦僉儍儕儎僂乕儅儞偱崅婱側旤杄偲愻楙偝傟偨姶妎丒抦惈傪帩偮儓儖僟儞(Jordan)偺儔僯傾墹斳(Queen Rania)偺柤傕摨偠岅尮偱偁傞丅枖丄擔杮偺乽徏壓僈僀傾僥僋僲乿偲塢偆夛幮傕乽僯儏乕 僽儖乕乿偲偺彜昳柤偱徯夘偟偰偄傞旤偟偄怓崌偄偺扺偄僄儊儔儖僪僌儕乕儞怓偺屼塭愇摍偺愇嵽偑儔儞儎乕偺嬤偔偱偼嶻弌偝傟偰偄傞丅
儕償傿儞僌僗僩儞乮David Livingstone)丗 僀僊儕僗偺愰嫵巘偱扵専壠(1813 - 1873)丄1841擭埲棃傾僼儕僇墱抧偺扵専傪懕偗丄1871擭偵僗僞儞儕乕(Henry Morton Stanley)偲偺绠鐞偼挊柤丄搝楆杅堈偺攑巭偵峷專丄乽揱摴椃峴婰乿丄乽僓儞儀僕愳偲偦偺巟棳乿摍偺挊嶌偑偁傞丅
儕償僅儖僲(Leghorn or Livorno)丗 僀僞儕傾拞晹僩僗僇僫(Tuscany)廈偺僥傿儗僯傾奀(Tyrrhenian Sea)傪椪傓峘挰偱恖岥17枩恖丅
儕乕僇儉 僀儞僨傿(Rihkam Indi)丗 僄僕僾僩偱偼僞僼傽儕僋(Tafarik)偲塢偄丄僕儍儚(Jawa)偐傜偺桝擖昳偺堦偮丅
乽棨抧偺抧宍(Configuration of the Earth)乿丗 僀僽儞 僴僂僇儖(Ibn Hauqal)挊嶌乽棨抧偺抧宍(Configuration of the
Earth)or(Configuration de la Terre乿偼J.H. 僋儗僀儅乕(J.H. Kramers)偲G.
儚僀僩(G. Wiet)偵傛偭偰曇廤偝傟丄1964擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偰偄傞(Kitab Surat al-Ard (Configuration de la
Terre) tr. and ed. by J.H. Kramers and G. Wiet.
儕僋儅儞僗嫧(Sir Ryckmans)丗 僑儞僓僌 儕僋儅儞僗嫧(Sir Monseigneur Gonsague Ryckmans)偼價乕僗僩儞(A.F.L. Beeston)偲嫟偵僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John Philby)偑庤彂偒偱憲偭偨娾暻夋傗旇暥傪傾儔價傾偺楌巎忋偺廳梫側敪尒偱偁傞帠傪擣抦偟偨儘僂償僃僀儞(Loivain)偺妛幰丅
儕僌儕傾奀(Liguria)丗 抧拞奀杒晹僐儖僔僇(Corsica)搰杒曽偺奀堟丅
儕僕儍儖 傾儖儅乫(Rijal Alma' or Rijjal Al Ma乫a)丗 媢椝惈偺僥傿僴儅乕嶳抧(Hilly Tihamah or Tihamah Slopes)偺儕僕儍儖乕傾儖儅乫(Rijal Alma')晹懓摨柨偺堦偮懞偱偁傞丅乽尰嵼偺僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偵偁偭偨屆戙墹崙僒僶(Saba, 8th
Century BC - AD 275) 偺搒儅儕僽(Marib)偐傜堦抍偺恖乆偑棧傟偨丅旕忢偵尩偟偄椃偺枛偵斵摍偼偙偺尟偟偄抧曽偵扝傝拝偒懞傪抸偄偨乿偲塢偄丄1,000擭傕偺揱摑偑偁傞丅偦偺寶抸條幃偼僀僄儊儞(Yemen)偵椶帡偟丄壠乆偵偼偙偺抧曽偱嵦傟傞戝棟愇偑巊傢傟偰偄傞丅壗憌偵傕梫嵡偺條偵嶌傜傟偨壠乆偼旤偟偄愇憿傝偱丄奐岥晹傪忺傞偺偵愇塸偑岲傑傟偰偍傝丄奿巕幦柾條偑偡傋偰偺憢偲斷偺忋偵晅偗傜傟偰偄傞丅儕僕儍儖 傾儖儅乫(Rijal Alma')偼尦乆丄扞敤(terraced field)偱彫敒丄戝敒偍傛傃僉價摍傪嵧攟偡傞擾懞偱偁偭偨偑丄僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾嵟崅曯僒僂僟嶳(Jebel Sawdah)偵嬤偔丄僜僂僟乕崙棫岞墍偐傜墑挿慡挿3,500m丄昗崅嵎1,000 m偺戝偒側娤岝梡僇乕僽儖僇乕偱寢偽傟偰偐傜偼娤岝偵傕椡傪擖傟偰偄傞丅揱摑揑側壠壆偼懞恖払偵傛偭偰60搹曐懚偝傟丄懞偺拞怱偵偼2,000揰傕偺偙偺搚抧偺廗姷傗揱摑傪揥帵偡傞慺惏傜偟偄懞棫偺攷暔娰偑惍旛偝傟偨丅懞偵偼娤岝媞傪憡庤偵揱摑椏棟傪弌偡怘摪傕彮側偔偼柍偄丅巆擮側偑傜僆僒乕儅丒價儞丒儔乕僨儞(Osama bin Laden)偺巜帵傪庴偗偨傾儖 僇僀僟傾(Al-Qaeda)偑2001擭9寧11擔偵婲偙偟偨傾儊儕僇摨帪懡敪僥儘帠審偺幚峴斊偵偼偙偺挰偺弌恎幰偑懡偐偭偨帠偱傕抦傜傟傞條偵側偭偨丅
棡徥(Patch Reefs)丗 屒棫偟偰嶶嵼偡傞彫偝側嶺岃徥丅
儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)丗 億儖僩僈儖(Portogal)偺庱搒偱偁傝丄恖岥564,652恖乮2001擭乯丅杒堒38搙43暘丄惣宱9搙8暘丅億儖僩僈儖柤偼乽儕僕儏儃傾乿偲偄偆丅戝惣梞偵棳擖偡傞僥乕僕儑愳(River Tagus)偺壨岥偵埵抲偡傞億儖僩僈儖嵟戝偺峘榩搒巗偱偁傞丅僥乕僕儑愳増偄偺偡偖嬤偔傑偱媢偑敆偭偰偍傝丄巗奨抧偺懡偔偼偦偺媢偺忋偵敪払偟偰偄傞偨傔暿柤乽7偮偺媢偺奨乿偲傕屇偽傟傞丅壞偼惏傟偨擔偑懡偔傎偲傫偳塉偑崀傜側偄丅帪愜傾僼儕僇曽柺偐傜棃傞擬攇偵傛傝40搙嬤偔側傞偙偲傕偁傞偑丄姡憞偟偰偄傞偨傔擔堿偵偼偄傞偲夁偛偟傗偡偄丅栭偼婥壏偑壓偑傞偺偱敡姦偔側傞偙偲傕偁傞丅搤偼丄偖偢偮偄偨揤婥偑懡偔側傞偑丄偦傟傎偳婥壏偼掅偔側傜側偄丅愥偼傔偭偨偵崀傞偙偲偼側偄丅儕僗儃儞偼屆戙偐傜僼僃僯僉傾恖乮僇儖僞僑恖乯側偳偵傛傝峘偲偟偰棙梡偝傟偰偒偨丅摉帪偼僼僃僯僉傾岅偱傾儕僗丒僂儃偲屇偽傟偨丅婭尦慜偺僊儕僔傾恖偺廤棊愓偑弌搚偟偰偄傞丅婭尦慜205擭偵儘乕儅偺巟攝壓偵擖傝丄僆儕僺僜偺柤偱抦傜傟傞丅婭尦慜48擭偵偼儘乕儅搒巗偺帒奿傪梌偊傜傟丄僼僃儕僉僞僗丒儐儕傾偲夵柤丅懏廈儖僔僞僯傾(Lusitanian)偺庱搒偲側偭偨丅719擭偵僀僗儔儉嫵搆偱偁傞儉乕傾恖偵愯椞偝傟傞丅埲屻1147擭偵嵟弶偺億儖僩僈儖崙墹傾僼僅儞僜1悽(Afonso Henriques I)偑僀僗儔儉嫵搆搆傪惇暈偡傞傑偱僀僗儔儉嫵搆偵巟攝偝傟偨丅1255擭偵偼丄億儖僩僈儖墹崙偺庱搒偲側偭偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儕乕僟乕 僶僢儔乕僪嫧(Sir Reader Bullard)丗
1923擭偐傜1925擭傑偱僕僢僟偱夁偛偟偨塸崙椞帠偱丄1961擭偵儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨乽閜閗偼儘儞僪儞偵峴偐側偗傟偽惉傜側偄(the Camel must go London)乿偺挊幰丅
儕僠儍乕僪 僴僋儖乕僩(Ricard Hakluyt)丗 僀儞僌儔儞僪偺抧棟妛幰(c. 1552 - 1616)偱丄1580擭偵桳柤側乽庡梫側峲奀(Principal Navigation)乿傪弌斉偟偨丅
儕僠儍乕僪 F. 僶乕僩儞(Sir Richrad Francis Burton)丗 塸崙偺扵専壠(1821-1890)偱僆儕僄儞僩妛幰偱偁傝丄儓乕儘僢僷恖偲偟偰弶傔偰僞儞僈僯乕僇(Tanganyika)屛傪敪尒偟偨丅枖丄愮堦栭暔岅(The
Arabian Nights)偺慡栿傪惉偟悑偘偨丅
儕僠儍乕僪 億乕僐僢僋(Richard Pococke)丗 塸崙偺椃峴壠(1704 - 1765)偱僔儕傾丄儊僜億僞儈傾丄僄僕僾僩摍傊椃傪偟丄婭峴偲偟偰傑偲傔偨丅傾儖僺僯僗僩偺憪暘偗偱傕偁傝丄傾僀儖儔儞僪偺僆僜儕乕(Ossory)偺庡嫵偱傕偁偭偨丅億乕僐僢僋(Pococke)偼1737擭偐傜1742擭傑偱拞搶(the Orient)傪椃偟偨婭峴暥乽搶梞偲婔偮偐偺偦偺懠偺崙乆偺婰弎(A Description of the East and some other
Countries)乿傪幏昅偟丄儘儞僪儞偱1743 - 1745擭偵弌斉偟偨丅
儕僢儀(Ribbé)丗 忋僄僕僾僩偱嶻偡傞僞僶僐偱梩偼姡偐偟偰傕椢偱偁傞丅
儕僲僐儖儔(Rhinocolura or Rhinocorura)丗 僄僕僾僩杒搶晹偵嬤偄僼僃僯僉傾(Phoenicia)偺屆戙僄僕僾僩偲僀僗儔僄儖偺搚抧偺娫偱抧拞奀搶娸撿晹偺尰嵼偺僄儖 傾儕僢僔儏(El-Arish)丅
儕僶僰僗嶳柆(Mount Libanus)丗 儗僶僲儞嶳柆(Lebanon Mountains)偺屆戙柤丅
儕僸儎乕儞(Lihyan)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰杒惣晹偵偁偭偨屆戙傾儔價傾偺墹崙偱丄婭尦慜1700擭偐傜婭尦慜400擭傑偱巊傢傟偨屆戙杒傾儔價傾暥帤(Okd North Arabian)偱抦傜傟偰偄傞丅偙偺墹崙偼慜婜偵偼偦偺庱搒偑僨僟儞(Dedan)偵偁偭偨堊丄僨僟儞墹崙(Dedanite)偲偺柤偑巊傢傟偰偄偨丅僨僟儞偼傾儔價傾敿搰杒惣晹偱僞僀儅(Teima)偺撿惣110km晅嬤偵偁傝丄尰嵼偼傾儖 僂儔(Al 乪Ula)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞丅儕僸儎乕儞墹崙(Lihyan
Kingdom)偵偮偄偰偼杦偳暘偐偭偰偄側偄偑丄傾儔僽宯晥妛偱偼屆戙傾儔僽偺僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偺巕懛偱偁傞偲偝傟偰偄傞丅偦傟偱傕崱擔丄僶僰 儕僸儎儞懓(Banu Lihyan)偼帺暘払傪僒儉乕僪懓(Thamud)偱偼柍偔僕儍儖僴儉懓(Jarham)偺巕懛偺傾儔僽懓偱偁傞偲峫偊偰偄傞丅屆戙偺儕僸儎乕儞懓偼媽栺惞彂偵儐僟儎恖梐尵幰偲偟偰搊応偡傞僄儕儎(Ilyas, Elijah or Elias)偺懛儕僸儎乕儞 僀僽儞 儂僒僀儖(Lihyan ibn Hothail)偺懅巕払偱偁傝丄斵傜偑僒僂僕傾儔價傾惣晹僸僕儍乕僘(Hijaz)偺傾僪僫儞懓(Adnanite)堦攈偺僶僰 儂僒僀儖懓(Banu Hothail)偱偁偭偨丅儕僸儎乕儞懓(Lihyan)偼僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraish)偑杒惣僸僕儍乕僘(North-wastern Hijaz)偺巟攝幰偲側傞慜偺巟攝幰偱偁傝丄僋儔僀僔儏懓(Quraish)偲僐僓乪傾懓偲嫟偵(Khoza乫ah)僓儉僓儉悈(Zamazam)偺堜屗傪強桳偟偰偄偨丅
儕儀儕傾(Liberia)丗 傾僼儕僇惣晹丄戝惣梞偵柺偟丄1829擭傾儊儕僇怉柉嫤夛偑奐曻搝楆偺擖怉抧偲偟偰攦廂丄奐曻搝楆偑堏廧偟丄寶崙丄1847擭偵撈棫丄曋媂抲愋慏惂搙偱悽奅堦偺彜慏曐桳崙丄柺愊11枩km2丄恖岥276枩恖丄庱搒偼儌儞儘償傿傾(Monrovia)丅
棾煹崄乮傝傘偆偤傫偙偆乯(Ambergris)丗 儅僢僐僂寏偐傜嵦庢偝傟傞徏帀偵帡偨堦庬偺崄椏丄阬崄乮偠傖偙偆乯偵帡偨晽夒側朏崄偑偁傞丅
儕儎僪(Riyadh)丗 乽懡偔偺椢抧乿傪堄枴偡傞柤傪晅偗傜傟偨僒僂僨傿傾儔價傾偺庱搒丅
儕儏乕僨儕僢僣(Luderitz)丗 僫儈價傾嫟榓崙(Namibia)撿晹偺僇儔僗廈(Karas Region)偵埵抲偡傞戝惣梞(Atlantic Ocean)偵柺偟偨峘挰偱偁傞丅儘僶乕僩峘(Robert Harbour)偲僔儍乕僋搰(Shark Island)偺廃曈偵奐敪偝傟偨彫婯柾側椙峘偑偁傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儕儏乕儀僢僋(Lübeck)丗僪僀僣杒晹僔儏儗僗僂傿僸 儂儖僔儏僞僀儞(Schleswig- Holstein)廈偺僶儖僩奀(Baltic Sea)偵椪傓峘榩丒彜岺嬈搒巗乮22枩乯丟拞悽偺廳梫側僴儞僓摨柨(Hanseatic League or Hansa)偺搒巗丅
椢惵(Verdigris or Patina)丗 嬻婥拞偺悈暘偲擇巁壔扽慺偑嶌梡偟偰摵偺昞柺偵惗偢傞椢怓偺嶬傃偱椢怓婄椏偲偟偰巊傢傟傞丅
乽椃峴埬撪(Navigatio ac Itinerarium)乿丗 僆儔儞僟偺桳柤側椃峴幰僸儏乕僑乕 償傽儞 儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Hugo van Linschoten, 1563 - 1611)挊偱1599擭偵僴乕僌弌斉偝傟偨丅
乽儕儔 僸僕儍僕儎(Al-Rihlah Al-Hijaziyah)乿丗 儉僴儞儅僢僪 儔價僽 僶僞僰僯(Muhammad Labib al-Batanuni)挊丄僸僕儏儔楌1329擭乮惣楋1911擭乯僇僀儘偱弌斉偝傟偨丅
儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Linschoten)丗 僕儍儞 儂僀僿儞僗 僼僅儞 儕儞僗儂乕僥儞(Jan Huyghen von Linschoten, 1563 - 1611) 僆儔儞僟偺椃峴壠偱乽搶僀儞僪丒惣僀儞僪搉峲婰(Navigatio
ac Itinerarium)乿傪挊弎偟丄1599擭偵僴乕僌偱弌斉偟偨丅
儖僀僗 僨儖 儅儖儌儖 僇儖償傽僴儖(Luis del Mármol Carvajal)丗 僌儔僫僟(Granada)惗傑傟偺楌巎彂偺挊幰偱偁傝丄1535擭偐傜22擭娫偵傢偨偭偰僗儁僀儞(Spain)偺傾僼儕僇帠嬈慡偰偵嶲壛偟偰偄偨丅
儖僔僞僯傾恖(Lusitanians)丗 億儖僩僈儖恖偼僀儀儕傾敿搰偺屆戙儘乕儅偺1廈偺柤偱尰嵼偺億儖僩僈儖偲僗儁僀儞偺堦晹偱丄億儖僩僈儖偺屆柤儖僔僞僯傾(Lusitania)偱偁傞偙偲偐傜儖僔僞僯傾恖(Lusitanians)偲傕屇偽傟偰偄偨丅
儖僟乕(Ar Rudah)丗 僞僗儕僗(Tathlith)偺惣晹抧嬫偵偁傝丄乽杚憪抧乿偲柤晅偗傜傟偨晹棊丅
儖僥僽(Ruteb)丗 6寧偺廔傢傝偵僫僣儊灲巕偑寢傇怴偟偄幚丅
儖價乕(Ruby)丗 巁壔傾儖儈僯僂儉乮傾儖儈僫乯偐傜側傞峼暔偱峾嬍偲屇偽傟傞丅榋曽徎宯偱峝搙9丄嬥崉側偄偟僈儔僗偺岝戲傪帩偪丄惵丒愒丒墿丒妼奃怓摍摟柧偁傞偄偼敿摟柧偱偁傞丅儖價乕偼僒僼傽僀傾偲嫟偵峾嬍偺堦曄庬偱峠怓傪懷傃偨摟柧偁傞偄偼摟柧偵嬤偄曮愇偱丄儈儎儞儅乕偵庡偵嶻弌偡傞丅
儖僽傾儖僴儕(Ar Rub' Al-Khali)丗 僒僂僕傾儔價傾(Saudi Arabia)偺撿晹偼嬻敀抧懷(the Empty Quarter)埥偄偼儖僽傾儖僴儕 (Ar Rub' Al Khali)偲塢偆柤偱抦傜傟偨洎敊偲偟偨嵐敊抧懷偱偁傞丅搶偼僆儅乕儞嶳柆(Oman Mountains)丄撿偼傾儔價傾奀(Arabian Sea)増偄偺奀娸嶳柆偺墱偵偁傞戜抧偵丄撿惣晹偼僀僄儊(Yemen)儞偲傾僔乕儖(Asir)偺嶳榌偺媢偵埻傑傟傞杶抧偑嬻敀抧懷偱偁傝丄挿偝偑栺1,200km偱嵟戝暆偑650 km嬤偔偁傞丅偦偺柺愊偼僼儔儞僗丄儀儖僊乕偲僆儔儞僟嶰崙傪崌傢偣偨傛傝戝偒偔栺650,000 km2 傕偁傝丄偦偺拞偺儀僪僂僀儞(Bedouin)偑扨偵儕儅儖(al-Rimal)偲屇傫偱偄傞嵒媢抧懷偼楢懕偡傞嵒嵐敊偲偟偰偼悽奅嵟戝偱偁傞丅
儖乕儉丒僙儖僕儏乕僋挬(Seljuk Sultanate of Rum, 1077 - 1308)丗 僙儖僕儏乕僋挬(Seljuq Dynasty)偺抧曽惌尃偲偟偰暘楐偟偰抋惗偟傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)抧曽傪拞怱偵巟攝偟偨僥儏儖僋恖(The
Turkic peoples)偺墹挬丅庱搒偼丄1097擭埲崀僐儞儎(Konya)丅乽儖乕儉乿偲偼乽儘乕儅乿偺堄枴偱丄僀僗儔儉寳偐傜尒偨搶儘乕儅掗崙(Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, 395 - 1453)椞偱偁偭偨偨傔摉帪偼傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)偺抧傪巜偡尵梩偲偟偰梡偄傜傟偨丅傾僫僩儕傾(Anatolia)傪嫆揰偲偟偨偙偲偵傛傞丅廧柉傕戝敿偑惓嫵夛乮Eastern
Orthodox Church乯傪怣嬄偡傞僊儕僔儍恖(Greeks)偩偭偨丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儖儊僗(Rumes乯丗 傾儔價傾岅偱儘乕儅恖(Romans)偺堄枴偱偁傝丄價儔僪 儖儉(Bilad ar-Run)偼傾儔價傾恖(Arabs)偵偲偭偰帺暘払偺崙嫬偵嬤偄價僓儞僥傿儞掗崙(the Byzantine empire)偺搚抧偱偁傝丄偙偺梡岅偼摨偠搚抧偑僩儖僐恖偺巟攝(Turkiish Rule)偵側偭偰傕巊傢傟偨丅儖儉(Rum)偼憡摉婜娫偵搉偭偰慡偰偺搶抧拞奀柉懓傪堄枴偡傞條偵側偭偨丅(Mediterranean Sea was Bahar ar-Rum.)懠偺惣梞恖偼傂偲傑偲傔偵偟偰僼傽儔儞僕(Faranji)埥偄偼僼儔儞僋僗(Franks)偲偟偰堷梡偟偰偄偨丅偙偺儖儉(Rum)偲塢偆岅傪傾儔價傾岅偐傜偲偭偨傾儖儃働儖働(Alboque)偼僩儖僐恖(Turks)丄儅儉儖乕僋恖(Mamluks)丄傾儔價傾恖(Arabs)傪嬫暿偣偢偵儌僗儕儉(Moslems)偲摨媊岅偵巊偭偨丅偙偺條偵偟偰尵岅妛揑(philological)側柇側嬋夝偺堊偵丄傾儔價傾岅(Arabs)偱儘乕儅恖(Roman)傪堄枴偡傞岅偼億儖僩僈儖恖挊幰偺堦晹偺嶶暥偺拞偱偼傾儔價傾恖帺恎傪堄枴偡傞條偵惉偭偰棃偨丅
儗僀僔儏(Reysh)丗 囿囗偺價乕僘(Agatebeads)丄乽僰價傾偺椃峴婰(Travels in Nubia)乿偺僔僃儞僨傿偺復(Airticle Shendy)偵偼乽儃儞儀僀偐傜帩偭偰棃傜傟丄傾僼儕僇偺傑偝偵拞怱偱巊傢傟傞乿偲偺婰弎偑偁傞丅
楈擫崄乮儗僀價儑僂僐僂乯(Civet Musk)丗 僛僶僪(Zebad)偲屇偽傟丄搶撿傾僕傾偵暘晍偟丄彫摦暔傗壥幚傪怘傋傞嶨怘惢偱栭峴惈偺阬崄擫乮僕儍僐僂僱僐乯偼惗怋婍偺嬤偔偵阬崄態傪帩偪丄摿庩側崄傝偺暘斿塼傪弌偡丅
儗償傽儞僩(Levant)丗搶晹抧拞奀偍傛傃偦偺増娸彅崙偺楌巎揑側柤徧丅
儗僂働 僐儊(Leucê Comê or Leuke Kome)丗 尰嵼偺儎儞僽乕 (Yanbu) 偱偁傞僀僄儞儃 (Yenbo) 杒偵偁傝丄敀偄懞傪堄枴偡傞儗僂働 僐儊偺惓偟偄埵抲偼柧妋偱偼柍偄偑摉帪偺儗僂働 僐儊 (Leuke Kome) 偼擕崄丒杤栻偺嶻抧偱偁傞撿僀僄儊儞偍傛傃僪僼傽乕儖 (South Yemen and Dhofar) 偲偺杅堈偺拞怱抧偩偭偨丅儕僠儍乕僪 僼儔儞僔僗 僶乕僩儞(R.F. Burton)偼乽儈僨傿傾儞偺搚抧(the Land of Midian) London 1879, t. II, p. 133-140乿偺拞偱乽峠奀偺傾儔價傾娸杒堒25亱6'乮尰嵼偺僂儞儉 儕僢僕(Umm Lijj)偺埵抲乯偵偁傞僴僂儔(al-Haura)偱偁傞乿偲尒側偟偰偄傞丅偙偺婰弎偺偨傔偵僶乕僩儞偼幚嵺偵偙偺抧堟傪朘傟偰偼偄傞偑乽偙偺條側応強偑屆戙偵斏塰偟偨彜嬈峘偺愓偱偁傞偲峫偊偝偣傞徹嫆偼柍偐偭偨乿偲嫮挷偟偰偄傞丅峲奀婰乮儁儕僾儔僗 (Periplus)乯偺弶婜偺拲庍幰払偼埥傞掱搙偼al-Haura傕敀傪堄枴偟偰偄偨帠傕偁偭偰僶乕僩儞偺敪尒傪巟帩偡傞孹岦偵偁偭偨丅偦偟偰偙偺傾儔價傾岅偺柤慜偼僾僩儗儅僀僆僗(Ptoplemy)乮僗僐僼(W.H. Schoff)偺堷梡彂拞 (op. cit.丄opere citato丄in the work cited) 偺101暸嶲徠丅乯偵傗偼傝敀傪堄枴偡傞傾僂傾儔(Auara)偲偟偰偁傜傢傟偰偄傞丅僴僂儔(Al-Haura)偼尰嵼偺抧恾偵偼婰嵹偝傟偰嫃側偄偑丄偦偺堒搙偐傜偼僀僃儞儃 (Yenbo) 偺杒惣135km偵偁傞僂儞儉 儖僢僕乮Umm Lujj)偲堦抳偡傞丅
儗僆儞 儘僔儏(Léon Roches)丗
1884 - 1885擭偵僷儕偱弌斉偝傟偨乽32擭娫偺僀僗儔儉崙墶抐(Trente-deux Ans à travers i'Islam, 1832 -
1864)(Paris 1884 -1885).乿偺挊幰偱偁傞丅偙偺杮偺拞偱偼僕僢僟偵偮偄偰148暸偲154暸偵擇夞弎傋傜傟偰偄傞偩偗偱偁傞丅乽儘僔儏偑朘傟偨偲偟偰偄傞抧曽偵偵娭偡傞抧棟揑側徻嵶偑柍偔丄儊僨傿僫(Medina)偍傛傃儊僢僇(Mecca)偵偮偄偰偺婰弎偼柧傜偐偵僽儖僋僴儖僩(Burckhardt)乮僗僀僗偺楌巎壠 1818 – 1897乯偐傜偺搻嶌偱偁傞丅偙偺堊偵丄儘僔儏偺弰楃偵娭偟偰偼尩偟偄媈榝偑岦偗傜傟偰偍傝丄廬偭偰丄儘僔儏偺僕僢僟朘栤偵偮偄偰傕媈榝偑偁傞乿偲儁僙攷巑(Dr. Angelo Pesce)偼弎傋偰偄傞丅
乽楌巎憄彂(Library of History)乿偺栿丗僨傿僆僪儘僗 僔僋儘僗(Diodorus Siculus)偺挊彂楌巎憄彂偺戞1姫偐傜戞4姫偼僆乕儖僪僼傽乕僓乕(C. H Oldfather)偵傛偭偰塸栿偝傟丄儘儞僪儞偲働儞僽儕僢僕偱1946擭偐傜1953擭偺娫偵弌斉偝傟偰偄傞丅(Diodorus of
儗僐儞僉僗僞(Reconquista)丗
718擭偐傜1492擭傑偱偵峴傢傟偨僉儕僗僩嫵崙偵傛傞僀儀儕傾敿搰偺嵞惇暈妶摦偺傪儗僐儞僉僗僞(Reconquista)偲憤徧偟偰偄傞丅屻僂儅僀儎挬(Caliphate of Córdoba, 756 - 1031)偵傛傞惣僑乕僩墹崙(Visigoth, 415 - 711)偺惇暈偲丄偦傟偵懕偔傾僗僩僁儕傾僗墹崙(Kingdom of Asturias, 718 - 925)偺寶崙偐傜巒傑傝丄1492擭偺僌儔僫僟(Granada)娮棊偱廔傢傞丅儗僐儞僉僗僞偼僗儁僀儞岅偱乽嵞惇暈乿傪堄枴偡傞丅億儖僩僈儖岅偱偼摨捲偱儖僐儞僉僔儏僞(Reconquest)偲偄偆丅擔杮岅偱偼崙搚夞暅塣摦傑偨偼丄嵞惇暈塣摦偲栿偝傟傞丅乮僂傿僉儁僨傿傾乯
儘僀儞晍(Breechcloth)丗 敀偲墿怓偺柸巺傪崿偤偰怐偭偨旕忢偵惛岻側怐暔偱嶌傜傟偰偄傞丅弸偄崙偺抝払偑崢偵姫偒晅偗傞堦枃偺晍乮崢姫偒(loincloths)乯丅
儘僕儍乕擇悽(Roger II)丗 1095 - 1154擭丄僲儖儅儞懓偱僔僔儕乕偺墹(1130 - 1154)(the Norman, King of Sicily)丄1105
- 1130擭偼僔僠儕傾攲丅
乽儘僕儍乕偺杮(Book of Roger)乿丗 乽僉僞僽 傾儖-儖僕儍儕(Kitab al-Rujari)乮儘僕儍乕偺杮(Book of Roger) 乯乿埥偄偼乽僰僓僩 傾儖-儉僔儍僞僌 僼傿 僀僋僥傿儔僋 傾儖 傾僼傽僋(Nuzhat al-Mushataq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afraq)乮悽奅偺條乆側抧曽傪曻楺偟傛偆偲偡傞幰払偺婌傃(The delight of those who seek to wander through the regions of the
world)乯乿偲柤晅偗偨僀僪儕乕僔乕(Idrisi)偺桳柤側挊嶌偱偁傝丄乽僀僪儕乕僔乕偺抧棟(Géographie
d'Edrisi)乿偲偟偰A. 僕儑僽乕儖(A. Jaubert)偵傛偭偰東栿丒曇廤偝傟丄1836 -
1840擭僷儕偱弌斉偝偰偄傞丅
儘乕僘(Cecil J. Rhides)丗 僀僊儕僗怉柉抧偺惌帯壠(1853 - 1902)丄撿傾僼儕僇偺僟僀傾儌儞僪丄嬥偺嵦孈傪撈愯偟嫄晉傪抸偒丄働乕僾怉柉抧庱憡偲惉偭偰丄撿傾僼儕僇傪惇暈偟偨偑嬌抂側怤棯惌嶔偱幐媟丅
儘僢僕傾(Loggia)丗 寶暔偺惓柺傗懁柺偵偁偭偰丄掚側偳傪尒壓傠偡拰楲丅
儘乕僨僔傾(Rhodesia)丗 儘乕僘(Cecil
J. Rhides)偺柤偵場傓傾僼儕僇撿晹偺媽僀僊儕僗怉柉抧丄1953擭儘乕僨僔傾丒僯儎僒儔儞僪楢朚(Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland)乮拞墰傾僼儕僇楢朚(Central African Federation)乯傪寢惉丄1964擭杒儘乕僨僔傾偼僓儞價傾(Zambia)丄僯傾僒儔儞僪(Nyasaland)偼儅儔僂傿(Malawi)偲偟偰撈棫丄撿儘乕僨僔傾偼1965擭偵堦曽揑偵撈棫傪愰尵偟儘乕僨僔傾偲徧偟偨偑丄1980擭僕儞僶僽僄(Zimbabwe)偲偟偰惓幃偵撈棫偟偨丅
儘僪償傿僐 僨 償傽儖僥儅(Lodovico de Varthema)丗 儃儘乕僯儍(Bolognese)弌恎偺朻尟壠丅償傽儖僥儅偼償僃僯僗(Venice)傪1502擭12寧偵弌敪偟丄傾儗僋僒儞僪儕傾(Alexandria)丄僇僀儘(Cairo)丄儀僀儖乕僩(Beirut)丄僟儅僗僇僗(Damascus)丄儊僨傿傾丄儊僢僇丄僕僓儞(Jizan)傾僨儞(Aden)丄僀僄儊儞(Yemen)丄僄僠僆僺傾(Ehiopia)丄儁儖僔傾(Pedrsia)丄僂僘儀僉僗僞儞(Uzbekistan)丄僀儞僪(India)丄價儖儅(Burma)丄儅儔僢僇(Malacca)丄儅儗僀僔傾(Malaysia)丄僙僀儘儞(Ceylon)偵峴偒丄億儖僩僈儖(Portuguese)偑奐偄偨働乕僾枽(Cape)宱桼偺峲楬偱婣崙偟偨丅儊僨傿僫(Medina)偍傛傃儊僢僇(Mecca)傊偼搝楆梑暫(Mamluk)傪憰偭偰朘傟丄偦偺挊彂乽傾儔價傾偺嵐敊偵娭偟偰 (Concerning Arabia Destrta)乿偱弎傋偰偄傞條偵梐尵幰偺曟丄僇乕僶恄揳(Kaaba)偍傛傃弰楃偺媀幃傪扥擮偵娤嶡偟丄僀僗儔儉偺惞抧傪婰弎偟偨嵟弶偺儓乕儘僢僷恖偲側偭偨丅
乽儘僪償傿僐 僨 償傽儖僥儅偺1502擭偐傜1508擭傑偱偺椃峴婰乿丗 乽儃儘乕僯儍(Bolognese)弌恎偺朻尟壠儘僪償傿僐 僨 償傽儖僥儅偺1502擭偐傜1508擭傑偱偺椃峴婰(Itinerary of Lodovico de Varthema of
Bologna from 1502 to 1598)乿偼1510擭偵儘乕儅(Rome)偱弌斉偝傟丄偦偺僀僞儕傾岅偺尨彂傪僕儑儞 僂傿儞僞乕 僕儑乕儞僘(John Winter Jones)乮屆暔嫤夛(F.S.A)乯偑僴僋儖乕僩嫤夛(the
Hakluyt Society)偺堊偵峴偭偨東栿偑偙偺椃峴婰偱偁傞丅摨椃峴婰偵偼乽償傽儖僥儅(Varthema)偲偦偺撿傾僕傾椃峴(a
Discourse on Varthema and his Travel in Southern Asia)乿偵娭偡傞儘儞僪儞偱弌斉偝傟偨儕僠儍乕僪 僇乕儖僫僋 僥儞僾儖嫧(Sir Richard Carnac Temple)偺1928擭偺榑暥偺24-25暸傕揧偊傜傟偰偄傞丅償傽儖僥儅(Varthema)偺弶婜偺塸暥東栿偼乽儖僀僗 僂僃乕儖僩儅儞僰僗偺峲奀弍偲峲奀(The Navigation and Voyages of Lewis Wertomannus)乿偲偟偰1576擭偵儕僠儍乕僪 僄僨儞(Richarde Eden)偵傛偭偰儔僥儞(Latine)偐傜塸岅偵婛偵東栿偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺弶婜偺塸暥東栿偼僄僨傿儞僶儔(Edinburgh)偺傾僂儞僕儍乕償傿儖嫤夛乮the
Aungervile Society)偵傛偭偰1884擭偵嵞斉偝傟偨丅摨嵞斉杮偺62暸偵僕僢僟偵娭偡傞婰弎偑偁傞丅
儘僩儘(Rotolo)丗 廳検扨埵儘僢僩儘偼栺172/3僆儞僗(Ounces)偺廳偝(Avoirdupois)偱崱偱偼偙偺廳検扨埵偼巊傢傟偰偄側偄丅儘僢僩儘偼(1 ounces=1/16pound=454/16=28.375g)偱姺嶼偡傞偲栺501.3倗丅
儘乕僰(Rhône)丗 僼儔儞僗拞搶晹儘乕僰傾儖僾(Rhône-Alpes)抧堟寳偺導偱導搒偼儕儓儞(Lyons)丅
儘乕儅掗崙(Romans)丗 27 B.C.偵僆僂僌僗僩僁僗 僔乕僓乕(Augustus Caesar, 27 BC – AD 14)偲懜徧偝傟偨僆僋僞償傿傾僰僗(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus)偵傛傝寶愝偝傟丄395 AD偵搶惣偵暘楐偟偨丅
儘乕儅掗崙帪戙(Roman Empire)丗 僆僋僞償傿傾僰僗(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus)偑傾僂僌僗僩僁僗(Augustus)偺懜徧傪懻偄偨婭尦慜27擭偐傜偺惣儘乕儅掗崙柵朣偟偨惣楋476擭傑偱偲堦斒揑偵尵傢傟偰偄傞偑丄丄儘乕儅掗崙偑搶惣偵暘楐偟偨惣楋395擭丄搶儘乕儅掗崙柵朣偟偨惣楋1453擭摍偺愢傕偁傞丅
儘僿僀傾(Loheia in Yemen)丗 乽僀僄儊儞偺峘儘僿僀傾(Loheia in Yemen) 偺捈偖壓偵偼媿丄梤偍傛傃閜閗傪梀杚傗曻杚偡傞暯榓側恖乆偺廧傓抧曽偑嵼傞乿偲僇儖僗僥儞 僯乕僽乕儖(Carsten Nieburhr)偑偦偺挊彂乽傾儔價傾偲偦偺廃曈偺椃峴婰(Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the
East)乿偱徯夘偟偰偄傞丅
儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)丗 億儖僩僈儖偺戞2戙僀儞僪憤撀傾儖僼僅儞僜 僟儖儃働儖僋(Alfonso d'Alboquerque)偺屻宲幰偲偟偰1515擭4寧7擔偵儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀傾僈儕傾 (Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偑僀儞僪憤撀偵廇擟偟丄儕僗儃儞(Lisbon)傪1,500柤偺暫巑傪忔偣偨15鋤偺慏偐傜惉傞彫娡戉偲嫟偵弌峲偟偨丅峠奀偱儅儉儖乕僋挬僗儖僞儞偺僄僕僾僩娡戉偵懳偡傞墦惇傪巜婗偡傞帠偵側偭偨僜傾儗僗憤撀偼挿偔暋嶨側弨旛偺屻丄1517擭2寧8擔偵僑傾傪37鋤偲傕47鋤偲傕塢傢傟傞條乆側宆幃偺慏偲1,200恖偺億儖僩僈儖恖暫巑丄800恖偺曗彆孯戉偍傛傃儅儔僶儖奀娸(Malabar)偐傜偺800恖偺慏忔傝偲嫟偵弌峲偟偨丅1517擭4寧13擔偵僜傾儗僗憤撀焵壓偺億儖僩僈儖娡戉偑悈暯慄偵尰傟偨帪偵偼儅儉儖乕僋挬僗儖僞儞偺僄僕僾僩娡戉儔僀僗 僗儔僀儅儞採撀(Rais Sulayman)偼僕僢僟偺憤巜婗傪埇偭偰偄偨丅僜傾儗僗憤撀偼乽偙偺峘傊偺弌擖傝偼嶺岃徥偱幷暳偝傟偨嫹偄悈楬傪捠傝敳偗傞昁梫偑偁傝丄偦傟偵梫偡傞帪娫偵帺暘払偺慏傪愴棯揑側朇偺戜嵗偐傜柍婥枴偵暠偄棫偮憡摉側椡偺朇壩偵懳偟偰旕忢側婋尟偵嶯偟偰偟傑偆乿偲僕僃僢僟峘傊偺峌寕傪暘愅偟偨丅偦偺忋丄幩掱傊嬤偯偔慏偵懳偡傞寈崘偺堦惸幩寕偲僗儔僀儅儞採撀偺孯戉偑娸偵増偭偰尒帠側峴恑傪偡傞條巕偑僜傾儗僗憤撀偵嵟埆偺嫲傟傪妋怣偝偣偨丅2擔娫偺乽偳傫側媇惖傪暐偭偰傕忋棨傪帋傒偨偄乿偲婅偆娡挿払偲偺寛掕偺柍偄丄擬傪懷傃偨媍榑偺屻偵丄僜傾儗僗憤撀偼懷摨偟偰偒偨崙墹偺巜帵彂傪尒偣側偑傜奆傪捔傔偨丅偦偺巜帵彂偵偼乽峌寕偼儊僢僇(Mecca)傗棙偑彮側偔丄婋尟偺懡偄偙偺巗僕僃僢僟(Jiddah)傛傝傕傓偟傠僄僕僾僩娡戉傪栚偑偗傞傋偒偱偁傞乿偲婰偝傟偰偄偨丅嗦嘞側僗儔僀儅儞採撀偑嵗徥偝偣偰偄偨偺偱揋娡戉傪峌寕偱偒側偄傑傑丄僜傾儗僗憤撀偼1517擭4寧16擔偵僕僢僟奀堟傪弌峲偟偰僇儔儅儞(Karaman)傊偲峲峴偟偨丅僜傾儗僗憤撀偼僇儔儅儞偱儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk)偺梫嵡傪揚嫀偟偨丅偟偐偟側偑傜丄偙偺峳椓偲搰偺斶嶴側廻攽偺拞偱僾儗僗僞乕 僕儑儞(the Prester John)傊偺戝巊偺巜柤傪庴偗偨僪儞
僪僁傾乕僥 僈儖僶儞(Dom Duarte Galvão)傪娷傓懡偔偺億儖僩僈儖恖払偑昦婥偲婹偊偵搢傟丄堦曽偱偦偺拞偺17柤偑曔椄偲偟偰僕僢僟偵楢傟嫀傜傟偨丅傾僨儞(Aden)傊偺峌寕偑幐攕偟偨帪偵儅儉儖乕僋挬(Mamluk)偺娡戉偵悈傗怘椘傪嫙媼偟偰嫃偨偺偱丄僜傾儗僗憤撀偑棯扗偟丄壩傪偐偗偨傾僼儕僇奀娸偺僛儕儔(Zelia)傪塈夞偟偨屻偱丄僜傾儗僗偼偙偺巗乮傾僨儞乯傊偲墶抐偟偨丅偦偙偱偼丄嬃偄偨帠偵丄僜傾儗僗憤撀偼傕偼傗娊寎偝傟側偐偭偨丅擬怱偵摥偔傾僨儞偺廧恖偼帠幚丄梫嵡傪廋暅偟丄傾僨儞(Aden)偺庱挿傾儈乕儖 儌乕儖僈儞 僓僼僃儕(Amir Morgan az-Zaferi)偼傕偼傗暈廬偡傞婥帩偪偼柍偐偭偨丅僜傾儗僗憤撀偼偙偺庛偭偨忔慻堳偱峌寕偡傞偺偼摼嶔偱偼柍偄偲峫偊丄偦偙傪棫偪嫀偭偨丅偦傟偐傜僜傾儗僗憤撀偼焵壓偺慏偵僜儅儕傾杒晹偺傾僨儞(Aden)榩偺峘挰儀儖儀儔(Berbera)偵岦偐偆條偵巜帵偟偨丅僜傾儗僗憤撀偼僛儕儔(Zelia)偱峴偭偨條偵丄偙偺奀峘乮儀儖儀儔乯傪怤棯偟丄從偗暐偍偆偲峫偊偰偄偨偑丄撍慠偺棐偑僜傾儗僗憤撀偺娡戉傪僶儔僶儔偵偟丄悢昐恖偑擄攋偟偰巰朣偟偨丅1517擭7寧偵僔儖償僃僗(Slives)偺憁惓偱丄億儖僩僈儖崙墹僪儞 儅僯儏僄儖(Dom Manuel or Manuel I, 1469-1521)偺嬈愌傪婰榐偟偨楌巎壠僕僃儘僯儌 僆僜儕僆(Gerónimo Osório, 1506 - 1580)偑弌斉偟偨乽墹偺恖惗偲執嬈(Da Vida e Feitos de el-Rey)乿偺暥偺拞偵乽... 憤撀儘億 僜傾儗僗 僨 傾儖儀儖僈儕傾(Lopo Soares de Albergaria)偼儂儖儉僘(Hormuz)偵婣偭偰偒偨丅憤撀僜傾儗僗偼傾僨儞(Aden)偵億儖僩僈儖偺梫嵡傪抸偔偺偵幐攕偟丄僗儖僞儞偺娡戉傪從偒暐偆偺偵傕幐攕偟丄僕僢僟偱偺愴偄偵幐攕偟丄傾價僔僯傾峜掗(tEmperor of Abyssinians)偺戝巊傪埨慡側応強偵忋棨偝偣傞偺偵傕幐攕偟丄柦椷偝傟偨擟柋傪堦偮傕払惉弌棃側偐偭偨丅偦偺忋丄憤撀僜傾儗僗偼敿暘夡柵偟偨娡戉偲偦偺忔慻堳払傪楢傟婣傝丄忋棨偟偨丅忔慻堳払偼奀忋偺愴偄偱揋偺巆媠偝偲杦偳巰偺娫嵺偐傜摝傟偰棃偰偍傝丄婹偊丄妷偒丄斶嶴偱懪偪偺傔偝傟偰偄偨乿偲婰弎偝傟偰偄傞丅
儘乕儗儞僗(T.E. Lawrence)丗Thomas
Edward Lawrence(1888 - 1935)丄塸崙偺峫屆妛幰丒孯恖丒嶌壠丄乽The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926)乿丅1914-1916擭丄僆僗儅儞僩儖僐掗崙(Ottoman Empire, 1299 - 1923)偺巟攝偵懳偡傞傾儔僽恖偺斀棎傪塸崙岺嶌堳偲偟偰巟墖偟丄傾儔價傾偺儘乕儗儞僗偲屇偽傟偨丅
儘乕儗儞僗偺僴儔僩 傾僢儅乕儖峌寕(Lawrence乫s attack in Halat Ammar)丗
1917擭9寧18擔丄儓儖僟儞(Jordan)崙嫬偺僴儔僩 傾僢儅乕儖(Halat Ammar)抧嬫偱儘乕儗儞僗(T.E. Lawrence)偑擇廳楢偺僪僀僣惢婡娭幵偵尅堷偝傟偨僩儖僐偺楍幵傪扙慄偝偣偨丅偦偺楍幵偵偼9幵椉偵暘忔偟偨憚暫偲僆乕僗僩儔儕傾恖偺朇弍巜撿偍傛傃壠懓偲嫟偵婣嫿偡傞彨峑払偑忔偭偰嫃偨丅偦偺揝摴偑巭傔傜傟偨応強偵偼崱偱傕婡娭幵堦椉偲儀儖僊乕惢偺媞幵偑巆偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺巆奫偼儘乕儗儞僗偑偦偺挊嶌偵弎傋偰偄傞條偵偼攔悈嫈偵嬤偔偵偼柍偄丅僴儔僩 傾僢儅乕儖抧嬫(Halat Ammar Zone)偱偺峌寕偼庡偵崱偱偼儓儖僟儞椞偺儉僪儚儔(Mudowara)摍傕偭偲杒偱峴傢傟偨丅惣楋1917擭丄僩儖僐偼懝彎偟墶搢偟偵惉偭偨戜嵗傪夞廂廋棟偟偨偄偲朷傫偱偄偨丅嫲傜偔偼夡傟偨婡娭幵偼僴儔僩 傾僢儅乕儖墂(Halat Ammar Railway Station)偺撿300m偵1919擭偐傜1924擭傑偱曻抲偝傟偰嫃偨丅偦偺婜娫偵偼偙偺椞桳栤戣偱潌傔偰嫃偨抧堟偵偼柍惌晎忬懺偑懕偒丄揝摴娗棟幰偼儉僪儚儔(Mudowara)偐傜撿偵偮偄偰偼朄傗拋彉傪嫮壔偡傞惌帯揑尃埿傪帩偭偰嫃側偐偭偨丅
儘儗儞僜 僽儕僩(Lourenço Brito)丗
1507擭崰偺僇僫僲傾(Cananore)偺億儖僩僈儖梫嵡巌椷姱丅
儚僋僼(Waqf)丗 儚僋僼(Waqf)偼廆嫵揑怣戸婎嬥偱偺旕塩棙抍懱偱偁傝丄宱棟挔曤忋偱廂擖偲巟弌偑掁傝崌偆條偵偦偺妶摦偑峴傢傟偨丅
儚僟僀(Wadai)丗 傾僼儕僇杒搶晹偱僀僗儔儉嫵崙偺尦撈棫崙偱尰嵼偼僠儍僪嫟榓崙(Republic of Chad)搶晹丅
儚僢僴價(Wahhabis)丗 僔儍僀僋 儉僴僢儅僪 僀僽儞
乫傾僽僪 傾儖乕儚僢僴僽(Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab)偑峀傔偨怴偟偄塣摦偱丄偙偺塣摦偺怣曭幰偼憂愝幰傪娪傒偰儚僢僴價 (Wahhabis)偲屇偽傟偰偄傞偑丄怣曭幰払帺恎偼帺暘払傪扨偵儉僗儕儉(Muslims)偲屇傫偱嫃傝丄傕偆堦偮偺屇傃柤偼桞堦恄怣嬄幰傪堄枴偡傞儉儚僢僸僪儞(Muwahhidun)偱偁傞丅夵妚塣摦偺婎杮揑側梫巪偼弶婜僀僗儔儉偺崻杮偱偁傞尩奿偝傊偺暅婣丄廆嫵揑側妚怴偺嫅斲丄夝庍偺尷掕偱偁偭偨丅儉僗儕儉(Muslims)払偼僀僗儔儉朄偺巐偮惓摑側妛峑偺嵟傕曐庣揑側嬨悽婭偺憂巒幰偱偁傞僀僽儞 僴儞僶儖(Ibn Hanbal)偺嫵偊傪怣曭偟偨丅儉僗儕儉(Muslims)払偼惣楋1262 - 1328擭偺僔儕傾儞 僴儞僶儕 僀僽儞 僞僀儈僀儎乕(Syrian Hanbali ibn Taymiyyah)偺峴愓傪捠偟偰僀僽儞 僴儞僶儖(Ibn Hanbal)偺嫵偊嬤偯偙偆偲偟偨丅僔儕傾儞 僴儞僶儕 僀僽儞 僞僀儈僀儎乕(Syrian Hanbali ibn Taymiyyah)偼僋乕儖乫傾儞(Qur'an)丄僗儞僫(Sunna)埥偄偼梊尵幰偺尵偄揱偊偵柪偆帠柍偔峉揇偟丄惞幰悞攓丄惞摪悞攓偍傛傃偦偺懠偺妚怴傪旕擄偟偨丅夵妚偺拞怱嫵媊偼扨堦恄怣嬄埥偄偼恄偺扨堦惈傪堄枴偡傞僞僂僸僪(tawhid)偱偁傝丄廬偭偰帺暘払傪儉儚僢僸僪儞(muwahhidun)偲屇傫偩丅恄偲妑傋丄嬤偯偒枖偼採実弌棃傞暔偼柍偄丅廬偭偰惞恖偺偲傝側偟枖偼梊尵幰偺庤堷偒傪捠偟偰偺恄傪悞攓偟傛偆偲偡傞偺偼懡恄嫵摨條偵堎抂偱偁傝丄巰偵抣偡傞丅偙傟偑儉僗儕儉(Muslims)払偺惞摪傗曟偺攋夡傊偺尩奿側擬忣偱偁傞
儚僨傿乫傾乕(Al Wadi'ah)丗 搚毢偺嵐敊偲僒僽僇(salt flat)偺拞傪捠偭偰僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)偐傜恀撿傊偲傾儖 儚僨傿乫傾乕(Al
Wadi'ah)傪栚巜偡丅傾儖 儚僨傿乫傾乕(Al Wadi'ah)偐傜僔儍儘僂儔乕(Sharourah)曽柺偵偼挿偄愩偺條側宍偱搚毢偺嵐敊偑僒僽僴傪敽偭偰杒傊偲撍偒弌偟偰偄傞丅偙偺撍偒弌偟偼嵒偵暍傢傟偰偼嫃側偄丅儀僪僂僀儞偺揤枊偑摴楬偵増偭偰惣懁偵暲傃搶懁偵偼彫偝側嵒媢楍偑摴楬偲捈妏曽岦偵暲傫偱偄傞丅僔儍儘僂儔乕偐傜51 km偱傾儖 儚僨傿乫傾乕偺擖傝岥偺傾乕僠偵拝偔丅偙偺曈傝偼僒僂僕傾儔價傾寶崙慜偵偼僀僄儊儞椞偱偁傝丄擕崄偺摴(the frankincense trail)傪捠傞戉彜偑儖僽傾儖僴儕嵐敊傪墇偊傞慜偵悈傪曗媼偟偨嵟屻偺応強偱偁偭偨丅偦傕偦傕傾儖 儚僨傿乫傾乕(Al Wadi'ah)偼挋憼傪堄枴偟偰偍傝丄愄偐傜梀杚偡傞儀僪僂僀儞偺婎抧側偺偩傠偆丅婔偮偐偺儚僨傿傕偙偙偵廤傑偭偰棃偰嫃傝偙偺抧堟偺悈応偵惉偭偰嫃傝懞偺擖傝岥嬤偔偵偼4偮偺媼悈僲僘儖偲崅壦悈憛偑愝偗傜傟偰偄傞丅傾儖 儚僨傿乫傾乕(Al Wadi'ah)偼僀僄儊儞椞偐傜嬤偔僒僂僨傿 傾儔價傾椞嬻敀抧懷偺嵟撿抂偵摉偨傞丅1948擭1寧6擔丄僙僔僕儍乕(Wilfred Thesiger)偼儅儞儚僋(Manwakh)偐傜6恖偺尰抧恖摨峴幰偲嫟偵擇搙栚偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊墶抐偵弌敪偟偰偄傞丅偦偺弌敪慜偵丄僙僔僕儍乕偼儅儞儚僋(Manwakh)偺惣偵偁傞傾僽儖(Al Abr)偲塢偆堜屗傪朘傟偰偄傞丅偙偺傾僽儖(Al Abr)偑埵抲揑偵尰嵼偺儚僨傿傾(Al Wadi'ah)偱偁傞丅
儚乕僪(Mr. Philip Ward)丗 傾儞僕僃儘 儁僙攷巑偺傾僔僗僞儞僩丅
儚僴僶壩岥(Wahba Crater)丗 傾儔價傾敿搰偺戙昞揑側憇娤側宨娤偺堦偮偲偟偰儚僴僶暚壩岥(Wahba Crater or Maqla Tamia)偑嫇偘傜傟傞丅偙偺暚壩岥偼僞僀僼(Taif)偺254km杒搶偺懡偔偺壩岥媢傪帩偮僉僔儍僽梠娾抧懷(Harrat Kishb)偺惣抂偵偁傝丄拞怱偑敀偄捈宎3Km偺壩岥偑崟偄梠娾棳偺屌傑偭偨戝抧偵怺偔棊偪崬傫偱偄傞丅壩岥暻偺崅偝偼213m(700feet)傕偁傝丄僞乕儖儅僢僋(Tarmac)偺娙堈曑憰摴楬偑壩岥傑偱晅偗傜傟傞慜偵偼壩岥偺墢偵壗偺昗幆傕柍偄堊丄梉埮偺條側埫偄拞偱嬤偢偔偲丄旕忢偵婋尟偱偁偭偨丅乽偙偺壩岥偑瑕愇徴撍(Meteorite Impact)偱嶌傜傟偨乿偲偺愢傕偁傞偑丄巹偑挷嵏偟偨尷傝偱偼乽娫堘偄側偔壩嶳妶摦偱弌棃偨壩岥媢偺堦晹偱偁傞乿偲巚偭偰偄傞丅乽尯晲娾傪娷傓梟夝偟偨儅僌儅(Molten Basaltic Magma)偑抧壓悈(Subterranean Water)偲愙怗偟丄抧壓悈忲婥敋敪(Underground Phreatic Eruption)傪婲偙偟宍惉偝傟偨乿偲尵偆妛幰傕偄傞丅杒懁偺壩岥暻偺忋偺曽偵朅棫偪側偑傜桸偒弌偡丄峼愹偑偁傝丄偦偺壓偺扞忬偵惉偭偨暯抧偺抮偵棳傟崬傫偱偄傞丅偦偺抮偺廃傝偵偼僫僣儊儎僔(Date Palm)偑椦偲側傝丄椢偺憪偑岤偔栁偭偰丄枺椡揑側宨娤傪嶌偭偰偄傞丅抮偺揇偺拞偵偼奮(Water Frog)傗惵偄昰(Green Leech)偑惗懅偟偰偄傞丅嬻偵柭偒惡偑嬁偐偣偰偄傞僸儓僪儕(Bulbul)偱丄懢梲捁(Sunbird)偼偙偺壩岥偺嬤偔偺傾僇僔傾(Acacia)偺椦偵彫偝側憙傪嶌傝廧傫偱偄傞偺偱帪乆丄偦偺巔傪尒傞偙偲傕弌棃傞丅壩岥屛偵偼悈偼柍偔丄敀偄壩嶳惈偺寢徎(White Sodium Phosphate Crystal)偱暍傢傟偰偄傞丅壩岥偺掙傑偱僫僣儊灲巕偺椦偺拞傪揱偭偰丄搊傝崀傝偡傞帠傕弌棃傞偑丄堸椏悈丄擔嵎偟旔偗丄媟廃傝摍枩慡偺弨旛偑昁梫偱偁傞丅摿偵丄擬偄壞応偑拲堄偟側偔偰偼側傜側偄丅枖丄11Km偁傞壩岥偺墢傪弰傞曕偔偙偲傕弌棃傞丅偙偺壩岥偱堦斢梉曢傟傗栭柧偗偺慺惏傜偟偄宨娤傪挱傔傞堊偵丄攽傑傞帠傕弌棃傞丅壩岥傪尒偍傠偣傞娾扞偵偼栰塩(Camping Site)偵揔偟偨応強傕懡偄丅壩岥偺廃埻偱偼壩嶳妶摦偱弌棃偨岝傜側偄崟梛愇(Obsidian)偲敿曮愇偺炿烻愇(Peridot)傪尒偮偗傞帠傕弌棃傞丅壩岥偺杒偲搶偺嵐敊偺拞偵偼昞柺偺嵶攇偑崱偱傕僴僢僉儕偲幆暿偱偒傞屆偄梠娾偺棳傟偲梠娾偑椻偊偰棳傟偺巭傑偭偨愭抂傪尒傞帠偑弌棃傞丅偙偺梠娾偼斾妑揑怴偟偔丄婭尦屻1256擭偵儊僨傿僫(Medina)偺嬤偔偱敋敪偺偁偭偨壩嶳妶摦偲摨帪婜偺暔偲巚傢傟傞丅偙偺壩岥偐傜20Km杒杒搶傊恑傓偲3Km挿偝偺屛偑偁傝丄偦偺廃埻偼晄栄偺抧偲偼偲偰傕巚偊側偄條偵傾僇僔傾偺椦偲椢偺娏栘偵暍傢傟偰偄傞丅偦偺惷偐側屛偺揇悈偺拞偵偼彫偝側姇奀榁(Triops)偑惗懅偟偰偄傞丅
儚僶乕儖孍抧(Warbar Crater)丗
1932擭偵僀僊儕僗恖扵専壠僼傿儖價傿(Harry St. John Philby)偑揱愢偺幐傢傟偨搒巗僂僶乕儖乮Ubar乯偺扵嶕拞偵嬼慠丄瑕愇徴撍孍抧乮Meteorite Crater乯偱偁傞儚僶乕儖孍抧(Warbar Crater)傪敪尒偟偨丅(21º 30.153'N , 50º 28.445'E乯乮僼傿儖價傿偼僂僶乕儖乮Ubar乯傪儚僶乕儖(Wabar)偲塢偆柤偵岆栿偟偰偄偨丅乯僼傿儖價傿偼堦儢寧偵媦傃夁崜側嵐敊傪椃偟偰500m巐曽偵嵒娾偲崟偄僈儔僗幙偲揝僯僢働儖瑕愇偺攋曅偑嶶傜偽傝丄擇偮偺戝偒側嵒偵杽傕傟偨墌偄孍抧偑偁傞偺傪尒偮偗偨丅僼傿儖價傿偑帩偪婣偭偨僒儞僾儖偐傜儚僶乕儖孍抧(Warbar Crater)偑瑕愇徴撍孍抧乮Meteorite Crater乯偱偁傞帠偑敾柧偟偨丅1994擭偵僆僼儘乕僪塣斃夛幮僓僸僪 僩儔僢僋僞乕(Zahid Tractor Corporation)偑壞偺嬻敀抧懷嵐敊墶抐傪峴偄丄暷崙抧幙挷嵏壢妛幰僕僃僼儗乕 僂傿儞(Jeffrey C. Wynn)偑彽偐傟偰摨峴偟偨丅僓僸僪
僩儔僢僋僞乕偼1994擭偲1995擭偵搒崌嶰夞偺墶抐傪峴偭偨丅1994擭5寧婥壏61亷偵媦傇拞丄搑曽傕柍偔戝偒側嵒媢偺娫偵儚僶乕儖孍抧(Warbar Crater)傪尒偮偗傞帠偑弌棃偨丅偙偺斖埻偼500m x 1000m偺斖埻偵媦傃丄僼傿儖價傿偑敪尒偟偨捈宎116m偲64m偺擇偮偺寠偵壛偊偰丄捈宎11m偺戞嶰斣栚偺寠偑尒偮偐偭偨丅抧昞偼堦晹丄瑕愇徴撍偺徴寕偱弌棃偨僈儔僗忋偺娾曅(impactite)丄昚敀偝傟偨敀偄偒傔偺峳偄愇奃幙偺嵒娾偱晹暘揑偵峔惉偝傟丄崟偄僈儔僗僗儔僢僌(balck glass slag)偲儁儗僢僩(pellet)偑嶶棎偟偰偄傞丅尰応偵偼瑕愇偺攋曅偺僐僽僔戝偺揝偑嶶傜偽偭偰偄傞丅偦偺拞偱堦斣戝偒側傕偺偼閜閗偺釒偲偁偩柤偝傟丄1965擭偵敪尒偝傟偨廳偝2.2僩儞偺揝偺夠偱偁傞丅 偙偺夠偼尰嵼丄儕儎僪偺僒僂僪戝妛(King Saud University in Riyadh)偵揥帵偝傟偰偄傞丅偙偺瑕愇偺徴撍懍搙偼4枩偐傜6枩km/h偱憤廳検偼3.5愮僩儞偲悇掕偝傟偰偄傞丅瑕愇偺徴撍偼260擭埲撪偺弌棃帠偱偁傝丄1863擭偐傜1981擭偵妡偗偰儕儎僪偱栚寕偝傟偨壩偺嬍偺堦偮偱偁傝丄乽1863擭儕儎僪乮Riyadh)忋嬻傪捠夁偟儚僶乕儖抧揰偵岦偐偭偨嫄戝側棳惎偱偼側偄偐乯偲塢傢傟偰偄傞丅(Wikipedia偐傜彺栿)
儚乕僽 僀僽儞 儉僫僢價乕(Wahb ibn Munabbih)丗 儁儕僔儍弌恎偺僀僄儊儞偺楌巎壠偱偁傞乮惣楋634擭 - 惣楋732擭乯丅儉僫僢價乕偼僔儏傾僀僶乕峘(Port Shuaybah)偵偮偄偰乽慏偼棐偱僔儏傾僀僶乕傊偲墴偟棳偝傟偨丅偦偙偼僸僕儍乕僘偺旔擄強偱儊僢僇偺峘偱偁傝丄僕儏僢僟傊棃傞慏偺搳昫抧偱偁傞乿偲弎傋偰偄傞丅
儚儕(Wály)丗 摑帯幰(Governnor)丅